Ethics and Social

Responsibility
– P.A. 223
PROF. NOEL EVANGELISTA

GROUP NO. 1
HAJAR E. ALI
YUSAIRAH D. DARAPA
SITTIE WARDA O. H. RASOL
DARLIN MAY S. MALAGANTE
MIKHAIL O. SABDANI
YSANN PEARL C. ZAMBRONA

OCTOBER 21, 2022 / 5:30 – 8:30 P.M.

CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE
▪ What is Ethics?
▪Traditional Arrangement of Field of Ethics
▪Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory
▪Framework for Ethical Decision-Making
▪Summary and Conclusion
What is Ethics?
PREPARED BY: HAJAR E. ALI
CHAPTER I
 • The word “ethics” is derived from the Greek
word “ethos” which refers to character,
guiding beliefs, standards or ideas that
pervade a group, community or people.

INTRODUCTION • Ethics is a branch of Philosophy that is

concerned with human conduct. It is also
often called moral philosophy.

•The word moral is from Latin “mores” which

also means customs or habits.
 • Ethics is the rational reflection on what
is right, what is wrong, what is just, what
is unjust, what is good and what is bad
MEANING in terms of human behavior.
OF
ETHICS • Ethics refers to the evaluation of moral
values, principles and standards of
human conduct and its application in
daily life to determine acceptable
human behavior.
THE SITUATION PR
 According to Webster, “Ethics is the discipline
dealing with what is good and bad and with
moral duty and obligations”.
DEFINITION
OF According to Philip Wheel Wright, “Ethics is a
ETHICS branch of Philosophy which is the systematic
study of selective choice of the standards of
right and wrong and by which it may be
ultimately directed.
 ❑ Ethics isa branch of philosophy that
“involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong
DIFFERENCE behavior.
BETWEEN
ETHICS AND ❑ Morality can be a body of standards or
MORALITY principles derived from a code of conduct
from a particular philosophy, religion, or
culture, or it can derive from a standard that
a person believes.
Traditional
Arrangement of
Field of Ethics
PREPARED BY: YUSAIRAH D. DARAPA
Traditional Arrangement of Field
of Ethics
1. Meta Ethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics
Traditional META ETHICS
Arrangement - Deals with the nature of the right or
of Field of good, as well as nature and
Ethics justification of ethical claim
1. Meta Ethics
2. Normative Ethics ETHICAL CLAIM / MORAL
3. Applied Ethics
- Principles and values based on what
a person/society believes are the
right, proper or acceptable ways of
behavior
Traditional NORMATIVE ETHICS
Arrangement - Deals with the standard and
of Field of principles used to determine whether
Ethics something is right or good
1. Meta Ethics

2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics
Traditional APPLIED ETHICS
Arrangement - Deals with the actual application of
of Field of ethical principles to a particular
Ethics situation
1. Meta Ethics

2. Normative Ethics

3. Applied Ethics
Compare and Contrast
META ETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS APPLIED ETHICS
• Digs into morality of ethical • Questions the good or bad of • Examines specific
claims an action controversial issues

• What is morality to start with • Concerned with guidance on • What we should do in a

• What does it mean to call how we should live/decide specific situation such as
something right or wrong what to do abortion, war, animal rights
• Issues addressed tend to be • Issues addressed tend to be • Issues addressed tend to
more fundamental more fundamental change over time
Three Broad Types
of Ethical Theory
PREPARED BY: SITTIE WARDA O. H. RASOL
 Approaches to ethics:

1.Consequentialist
Theories 1. The Utilitarian Approach – common approaches to making ethical decisions,
with consequences that concern large groups of people, in part because it
instructs us to weigh the different amounts of good and bad that will be
produced by our action.

2. The Egoistic Approach – known as ethical egoism, or ethics of self-interest.

which are primarily 3. The Common Good Approach – this approach to ethics underscores the
networked aspects of society and emphasizes respect and compassion for
concerned with the ethical others, especially those who are more vulnerable.
consequences of
particular action.
THE SITUATION PR
 1. The Duty-Based Approach – emphasized the importance
2. Non- of the personal will and intention to ethical decision
making.
Consequentialist
Theories 2. The Rights Approach – this approach stipulates that the
best ethical action is that which protects the ethical
rights of those who are affected by the action. “All
humans have right to dignity.”
which tend to be broadly
concerned with the 3. The Fairness or Justice Approach – fairness of starting
intentions of the person point is the principle for what is considered just.
making ethical decision
about particular actions. 4. The Divine Command Approach – this approach sees
what is right as the same as what God commands, and
ethical standards are the creation of God’s will.
3. Agent-
Centered 1. The Virtue Approach – emphasizes the importance of
acting virtuously (in an appropriate manner) in a
Theories variety of situations.

which, unlike
Consequentialist theories 2. The Feminist Approach – emphasize the importance
are more concerned with of experiences of women and other marginalized
groups to ethical deliberation.
the overall ethical status of
individuals, or agents and
are less concerned to
identify the morality of
particular actions.
 Applied Ethics
Terms used in Ethical Judgements

1. Obligatory
2. Impermissible
3. Permissible
4. Supererogatory
Framework for
Ethical Decision-
Making
PREPARED BY: DARLIN MAY MALAGANTE
Framework for making ethical
decisions
Decisions about right and wrong permeate every life.
Ethics should concern all level of life: Making good ethical
decision requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issued
and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects
of decision and weighing the consideration that should
impact our choices of course of action.
The consequentialist framework

In the consequentialist frameworks we focus on the future

effects of the possible causes action, considering the
people who will be directly or indirectly affected.
We asked about what outcomes are desirable in a given
situation, and consider ethical conduct to be whatever will
achieve the best consequences.
It helps in situations involving many people, some
of whom may benefit from the actions, while others
may not.
The duty framework
▪In the duty framework, we focus on the duties and
obligation that we have in the given situation, consider
what ethical obligation we have and what things we
should never do.
▪Ethical conduct is defined by doing one’s duties and
doing the right thing, and the goal is performing the
correct action.
 The virtue framework
In the Virtue Framework , we try to identify the character
traits (either positive or negative) that might motivate us in
a given situation.
We are concerned with what kind of person we should be
and what our actions indicate about our character.
Framework for Ethical
Decision-Making
(Continuation)
PREPARED BY: MIKHAIL O. SABDANI
Putting the By framing the situation or choice you are facing in one of
the ways presented above, (Virtue Framework) specific

Framework features will be brought into focus more clearly. However,

it should be noted that each framework has its limits : by

together focusing our attention on one set of features, other

important features may be obscured. Hence, it is
important to be familiar with all three frameworks and to
understand how they are relate to each other – where the
may overlap, and where they may differ.

THE SITUATION PR
 The Consequentialist Framework – Focus on the future
effects of the possible courses of the action, considering the
people who will be directly and indirectly affected.

The Three (3)

Eg. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. But if telling a lie would help save a
person's life, consequentialism says it's the right thing to do.

Frameworks The Duty Framework – focus on the duties and obligations

that we have in a given situation and consider what is
ethical obligations we have and what things we should never
1. The Consequentialist do. / Performing the correct action
Framework
Eg. It is wrong to kill innocent people. It is wrong to steal. It is wrong to tell lies. It is right to keep
promises.
2. The Duty Framework
The Virtue Framework – we try to identify the character traits
3. The Virtue Framework (either positive or negative) that might motivate us in given
situation. We are concerned with what kind of person we
should be and what out actions indicate about out character.
Eg. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and
prudence are all examples of virtues.
The chart below is designed to highlight the main contrasts between the three frameworks:
Consequentialist Duty Virtue

Deliberative process What kind of outcomes should I What are my obligations in this What kind of person should I be
produce (or try to produce)? situation, and what are the (or try to be), and what will my
things I should never do? actions show about my
character?

Focus Directs attention to the future
effects of an action, for all
. people who will be directly or
indirectly affected by the
action,
Directs attention to the duties Attempts to discern character
that exist prior to the situation traits (virtues and vices) that
and determines obligations, are, or could be, motivating the
people involved in the situation.

Definition of Ethical Conduct Ethical conduct is the action Ethical conduct involves always Ethical conduct is whatever a
that will achieve the best doing the right thing: never fully virtuous person would do
consequences failing to do one’s duty. in the circumstances.

Motivation Aim is to produce the most Aim is to perform the right Aim is to develop one’s
good. action. character.
 Because the answers to the three main types of ethical
questions asked by each framework are not mutually
exclusive, each framework can be used to make at least some
progress in answering the questions posed by the other two.

Conclusion of In many situations, all the three frameworks will result in the
same – or at least very similar – conclusions about what you
the chart should do, although they will typically give different reasons
for reaching those conclusions.

However, because the focus on different ethical features, the

conclusions reached through one framework will occasionally
differ from the conclusions reached on (or both) of the others.

Applying the
Frameworks to
Cases
When using the frameworks to
make ethical judgements about
specific cases, it will be useful to
follow the process -
One of the most important things to do at the beginning
of ethical deliberation is to locate, to the extent possible,
the specifically ethical aspects of the issue at hand.
Sometimes what appears to be an ethical dispute is
really a dispute about facts or concepts.
For example: some Utilitarians might argue that the
death penalty is ethical because it deters crime and thus
produces the greatest amount of good with the least
harm. Other Utilitarians, however, might argue that the
death penalty does not deter crime, and thus produces
more harm than good.
The argument here is over which facts argue for the
morality of a particular action, not simply over the
morality of particular principles. All Utilitarians would
abide by the principle of producing the most goods with
the least harm.
 We all have an image of our better
selves—of how we are when we act
ethically or are “at our best.” We
Additional probably also have an image of what an
Pointers ethical community, an ethical business,
an ethical government, or an ethical
society should be. Ethics really has to
do with all these levels—acting
ethically as individuals, creating ethical
organizations and governments, and
making our society as a whole more
ethical in the way it treats everyone.
 Every advantage in the past is
Thank you! judged in the light of the final
issue. — Demosthenes
Consideration of
Partners Involved,
Act and Conclusion
PREPARED BY: YSANN PEARL ZAMBRONA
 ➢Another important aspect to reflect upon are the various individual
and groups who may be affected by your decision.

CONSIDER THE ➢Consider who might be harmed or who might benefit.

PARTNERS ➢“Gather all of the relevant Information”

INVOLVED ➢Get the facts.

➢Evaluates your decision-making options by asking the following

question.

❖Which action will produce the most good and do the least harm?

❖Which action treat people equally or proportionately?

❖“Making a decision and consider it.”

❖After examining all of the potential actions which best addresses

the situation. How do I feel about my choice?
 Many ethical situation are uncomfortable because
➢

we can never have all of the information. Even so,

ACT we must often take action.

➢Ethical Value = Denotes something’s degree

importance with the aim of determining what action
of life is best to do, or values of different actions.
 ➢ Making ethical decisions require
sensitivity to the ethical complication
CONCLUSION of problems and situations.
➢It also requires practice.
➢Having a framework for ethical
decision making is essential.
References/ Sources: Wikipedia.com

Making Choices:Ethical Decisions at the Frontier of Global Science 2011

Ethical Theories used in decision-making- googledrive.pdf

Report Guide provided by Professor Noel Evangelista

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOoffXFpAlU

https://www.slideshare.net/binagadhiya1/introduction-to-ethics-
117011288Making

slideshare.net/PrachiChaudhary13/ethics-75391722

https://www.slideshare.net/santhasatheesh/1ethics

https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/difference-between-ethics-and-morality

Brown University Library: Resource Guide fro Science and Society 2022
|On the Web

Ethical Theories used in decision-making- googledrive.pdf

References/ Sources: Wikipedia.com

Making Choices:Ethical Decisions at the Frontier of Global Science 2011

Ethical Theories used in decision-making- googledrive.pdf

Brown University – A framework for Making Ethical Decisions