Power System Control

2021 (2nd Semester)

Course Code: EE-2421

4th Grade Electrical Engineering Department

Dr. Mohammad E. Rizk

 Power System Control

Voltage and reactive Load frequency control and

power control active power control
Course Assessment
• Total (150 = 75 + 75) mark are distributed as follows,

1. 90 (45 + 45) mark (Final Test)

2. 40 (20 + 20) mark (Mid-Term)

3. 20 (10 + 10) mark (Oral)

• Simulation project (group work) (+10) marks over)

Voltage and Reactive Power Control
• Topics to be covered in this part

1. Voltage drop Computation in power systems

2. Synchronous Machine (Excitation Control) in power system plants.

3. Reactive power compensation for voltage control in the transmission and distribution

systems

4. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

5. Voltage Stability.
References
• Haadi Saadat, Power System Analysis (2002)

• Murty, P. S. R., Operation and Control in Power (2008)

• C. L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems-New Age (2010)

• Muhammad H. Rashid, Power electronics devices, circuits,

and applications-Pearson (2014)

Voltage and Reactive Power Control
• Synchronous generators produce both real power (P) and reactive power (Q) to the

power system.

• Q is required for loads that need magnetic field excitation like induction motors and

transformers.

• In addition, the requirements of Q in the transmission system is the difference

between the absorbed and produced Q. (I2X – V2B)

• At balance, I/V = (B/X)1/2 → Natural (surge) impedance loading (SIL) of the system.
 Simple Power System Model

MATLAB Simulink for a simple power system model

 Load = 60 MW

• The receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage.

• The impedance of the load is less than the surge impedance of the line.
 Load = 360 MW

• The receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage.

• The impedance of the load is less than the surge impedance of the line.
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control
• Why the Inductance absorb Q and the Capacitance produce Q in AC power system?

• If an alternator is loaded by an inductor, then a part of the magnetic field of the

alternator is absorbed by the inductor to build its magnetic flux every ½ cycle.

• If an alternator is loaded by a capacitor, the capacitor supplies a current with the change
in voltage every ½ cycle. Due to the 180 deg. phase shift between the capacitor current
and inductor current, the capacitor current is added to the magnetic field of the
alternator.
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control
• Well designed power system → Good quality of reliable supply.

• Good quality → Voltage levels are within the reasonable limits.

• Equipment operates satisfactorily if the voltage is within ±3% or ±5% of their ratings.

• If the voltage varies beyond its limits, the equipment performance suffers and hence, the
equipment life is also sacrificed.

• For example, the induction motor torque (which forms about 70% of the total load) varies
as square of the terminal voltage.

• Thus, controlling the system voltage is very much necessary.

 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

• When power is supplied to a load through a transmission line keeping the sending end

voltage constant → the receiving end (load) voltage undergoes

variations depending upon the magnitude and the power factor of the load.

• The higher the load with smaller power factor is → the greater the voltage

variation becomes.
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

• Voltage variations at a node (bus) indicate unbalance between the reactive power

(Q) generated and consumed by the node.

• If the generated (Q) is greater than consumed, the voltage goes up and vice versa.

• Whenever the voltage level of a particular bus undergoes variation this is due to the

unbalance between the two vars (Q) at that bus.

 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

 Plot the phasor

diagram

• In Figure, the generator node with reference voltage 𝑽𝟏 and the load node with voltage 𝑽𝟐 .

• The two bus bars are interconnected through a short line.

• Assume a lossless line (𝑅 = 0) and constant 𝑽𝟏 (by adjusting the generator excitation), then

𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑰 ∙ 𝒁 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑰 ∙ 𝑗𝑋 (1)
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

𝑽∗𝟏 ∙ 𝑰 = 𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄 or 𝑽𝟏 ∙ 𝑰∗ = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 (2)

• Eq. (2) represents the supplied power by the generator assuming inductive load, hence the current
supplied by the generator is:

𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄
𝑰=
𝑽∗𝟏

• Let 𝑽𝟏 is the reference phasor so its angle = 0, → 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽∗𝟏.

• Substituting by 𝑰 into Eq. (1), we get the following

 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 − ∙ 𝑗𝑋
𝑽∗𝟏

𝑄∙𝑋 𝑃∙𝑋
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑉1 − −𝑗 (3)
𝑉1 𝑉1
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control
• It is shown that the load voltage 𝑽𝟐 is not significantly affected due to the load real
component 𝑃 as it is perpendicular to the phasor 𝑽𝟏 whereas the voltage drop due to
reactive component 𝑄 is directly subtracted from 𝑽𝟏 .

• Assuming the voltage drop due to 𝑃 is negligible, the voltage drop is directly proportional to
𝑄 as follows,

𝑄∙𝑋
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ≅ (4)
𝑉1
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control
𝑄∙𝑋
• In order to keep 𝑽𝟐 fixed for a particular 𝑽𝟏 , the voltage drop must remain
𝑉1

constant.

𝑄∙𝑋
• 𝑄 could be locally adjusted to keep 𝑉1
constant at the value which fixes 𝑽𝟐 at

the specified value.

• The local adjustment of 𝑄 can be obtained by connecting shunt capacitors or shunt

synchronous compensators to inject 𝑄 and/or shunt inductors (reactors) to absorb
𝑄 (for light loads or capacitive loads).
 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

• Another possibility is that the product 𝑄 ∙ 𝑋 be kept constant by introducing series

capacitors 𝑋𝑐 to reduce the total reactance.

• Since the voltage variation is more for larger loads (larger reactive power), the variation
could be controlled by switching in suitable series capacitors 𝑋𝑐 .

• Shunt compensation → inject or absorb 𝑄 by injecting or absorbing reactive

currents at a specific bus (node).

• Series compensation → modify the total reactance between the sending and
receiving ends to control the voltage drop.