Power System Control – 2

2019 (2nd Semester)

Course Code: EE-2421

4th Grade Electrical Engineering Department

Prepared by
Dr. Mohammad E. Rizk
 Active and Reactive Power Generation
by Synchronous Machines
• The torque angle between the rotor Rotor poles
flux and stator flux is 90 deg. Te
N
Tm
• Maximum torque is produced by the
ωms
machine in this case.
S N
• At steady state the input mechanical
Stator poles
torque and the output electrical
torque are equal and opposite. S
 Active and Reactive Power Generation
by Synchronous Machines
• In this case, the torque
angle is 45 deg. Demagnetizing Rotor poles
effect
Te
• The machine supplies (Consuming Q) N
S Tm
(Consuming P) ωms
both active and
reactive power as Stator poles

shown in the figure.

N
S
 Active and Reactive Power Generation
by Synchronous Machines
• In this case, the torque angle is 0 Demagnetizing effect
(Consuming Q) Rotor poles
deg.
N
• The machine supplies only reactive S Tm
ωms
power as shown in the figure. Te = 0

• The input mechanical torque is only (No P Consuming)

to overcome the mechanical losses

Stator poles N
S
 Active and Reactive Power Generation
by Synchronous Machines
Cos
Xs
Tm
N
Field ωms
Eo Vt Load Rotor poles
(Consuming P) Te
Eo
-Sin Sin
Vt
• Phasor diagram for a loaded Demagnetizing
effect
synchronous generator. S (Consuming Q)

-Cos
 Reactive Power Generation by
Synchronous Machines
• Synchronous generators are able to produce both lagging and leading vars.

• The over-excitation of a generator field produces vars while under excited

field causes vars to be absorbed.

• At lagging power factors, the limit on var generation is imposed by either

rotor heating (due to maximum excitation current limit) or by stator heating
(thermal MVA loading limit of the stator) consideration.
 Effect of Excitation Control
• Consider a synchronous machine with terminal voltage 𝑉𝑡 .

• The direct axis rotor angle with respect to a synchronously

revolving axis is 𝛿.

• The voltage due to the dc excitation acting along the

quadrature axis is 𝐸𝑞 and 𝐸𝑞′ is the transient voltage along
this axis.

• If the real power, 𝑃 of the load changes and the dc field

Case (a)
current, 𝐼𝑓 of the alternator remains constant, the
abovementioned quantities change as shown in this Figure.
 Effect of Excitation Control
• If 𝐼𝑓 is changed such that 𝐸𝑞′ corresponding the transient
flux linkages along the q-axis is maintained constant, the
power transfer could be increased by 30-60% greater
Case (b)
than case (a) and the quantities are plotted for case (b) in
this Figure.

• If 𝐼𝑓 is changed along with 𝑃 simultaneously so that 𝑉𝑡 is

maintained constant, the power transfer could be
increased by 50-80% more than case (a) and the
Case (c)
quantities are plotted for case (c) in this Figure.
 Voltage Regulation and Power Transfer
• If the fall of terminal voltage 𝑉𝑡 is assumed to be linear, then the graphs of machine
terminal voltage with load 𝑃 can be represented by the relation.

𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 ∙ 1 − 𝐾𝑃 (1)

• Where 𝐸𝑜 is the non-load terminal voltage and 𝐾 is the regulation coefficient.

𝐸𝑉
• Since, 𝑃= 𝑋
∙ sin 𝛿

𝐸𝑜 𝑉 𝐸𝑜 𝑉
𝑃= ∙ sin 𝛿 − ∙ 𝐾𝑃 ∙ sin 𝛿
𝑋 𝑋

• 𝛿 is the angle between 𝐸 and 𝑉.

 Voltage Regulation and Power Transfer
𝐸𝑜 𝑉
• Substituting 𝑃𝑚 = and solving for 𝑃.
𝑋

𝑃𝑚 ∙sin 𝛿 𝑃𝑚
𝑃= , 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
1+𝑃𝑚 ∙𝐾∙sin 𝛿 1+𝑃𝑚 ∙𝐾

• Ideally, where the excitation control is perfect,

𝐾 = 0, then
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑚
 Exciter and Voltage Regulator
• Exciter function: is to increase the excitation current for voltage drop and decrease it for
voltage rise.

• The voltage change is defined as,

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓

• where 𝑉𝑡 is the terminal voltage and 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 is the reference voltage.

• Exciter ceiling voltage: The maximum voltage that may be attained by an exciter with
specified conditions of load.

• Exciter response: The rate of increase or decrease of the exciter voltage, when a change
in this voltage is demanded.
 Exciter and Voltage Regulator
• Exciter build up: depends upon the field resistance and changing it by cutting or adding.

• The greatest possible control effort is the complete shorting of the field rheostat when
maximum excitation current is reached in the field circuit. This can be done by closing the
contactor shown in the Figure.