Hugo Award

The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science
Hugo Award
fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year,
given at the World Science Fiction Convention and chosen by its
members. The Hugo is widely considered the premier award in
science fiction. The award is administered by the World Science
Fiction Society. It is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of
the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Hugos
were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction
Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955.

The awards were originally given in seven categories. These

categories have changed over the years, and the award is currently
conferred in seventeen categories of written and dramatic works. Awarded Best science fiction or
The winners receive a trophy consisting of a stylized rocket ship on for fantasy works of
a base; the design of the trophy changes each year, though the previous year
rocket itself has been standardized since 1984. The Hugo Awards
Presented World Science Fiction
are considered "the premier award in the science fiction genre",[1]
and winners are often noted on book covers. by Society
First 1953
The 2022 awards were presented at the 80th Worldcon, "Chicon awarded
8", in Chicago on September 4, 2022. The 2023 awards will be
presented at the 81st Worldcon, "Chengdu Worldcon", in Website thehugoawards.org (htt
Chengdu, China on August 19, 2023. p://thehugoawards.org)

Award
The World Science Fiction Society (WSFS) gives out the Hugo
Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and
achievements of the previous year. The Hugos are widely
considered the premier award in science fiction.[2][3][1][4][5] The
award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the
pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is
considered one of the "fathers" of the science fiction genre.[6]
Works are eligible for an award if they were published in the prior
Hugo Awards through the years
calendar year, or translated into English in the prior calendar year.
exhibited in Helsinki, 2017.
There are no written rules as to which works qualify as science
fiction or fantasy, and the decision of eligibility in that regard is left
up to the voters, rather than to the organizing committee. Hugo
Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science
Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The selection
process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with six nominees per category, except
in the case of a tie.[7] The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, and include both written and
dramatic works.[8]
For each category of Hugo, the voter may rank "No Award" as one
of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they
feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they
feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for "No
Award" other than as one's first choice signifies that the voter
believes the nominees ranked higher than "No Award" are worthy
of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not.[9]

The six works on the ballot for each category are the most- David Hartwell, Charles N. Brown,
nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of and Connie Willis pose with the 2008
stories that can be nominated. With the exception of 1956, the first Hugo Awards
years of the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up
novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded.[7]
Initial nominations are made by members in January through March, while voting on the ballot of six
nominations is performed roughly in April through July, subject to change depending on when that year's
Worldcon is held.[10] Prior to 2017, the final ballot was five works in each category.[11] Worldcons are
generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each
year.[6][12]

The idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention.[13]
The idea was based on the Academy Awards,[14] with the name "Hugo" being given by Robert A. Madle.
The award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason in 1953, based on the design of hood
ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a finned rocket ship on a wooden base. Each subsequent trophy,
with the exception of the 1958 trophy (a plaque), has been similar to the original design. The rocket trophy
was formally redesigned in 1984, and since then only the base of the trophy has changed each year.[15]
There is no monetary or other remuneration associated with the Hugo, other than the trophy.[7]

Retro-Hugos

Retrospective Hugo Awards, or Retro-Hugos, were added as a concept to the Hugo Awards in 1996. They
are awards given for years in which no Hugos were originally awarded. Prior to 2017, they could be
awarded for works in a year 50, 75, or 100 years prior, after 1939, where there was a Worldcon but where
no Hugos were awarded. Retro-Hugos are given by a Worldcon in the categories that are currently in use,
and are optional; some Worldcons have chosen not to award them despite a year being eligible. Even for
years in which Retro-Hugos are given, not all categories receive enough nominations to receive a ballot.[7]
In 2017, the eligible years were specified to be 1939–1952 and 1954, which expanded the possible years to
include those post-1939 in which no Worldcon was held at all. Of the fifteen years eligible, awards have
been given for eight.[7][16][17][18]

History

1950s

The first Hugo Awards were presented at the 11th Worldcon in Philadelphia in 1953, which awarded
Hugos in seven categories.[19] The awards presented that year were initially conceived as a one-off event,
though the organizers hoped that subsequent conventions would also present them.[20] At the time,
Worldcons were completely run by their respective committees as independent events and had no oversight
between years. Thus there was no mandate for any future conventions to repeat the awards, and no set rules
for how to do so.[21]
The 1954 Worldcon chose not to, but the awards were reinstated at the 1955 Worldcon, and thereafter
became traditional. The award was called the Annual Science Fiction Achievement Award, with "Hugo
Award" being an unofficial, but better known name.[6] The nickname was accepted as an official alternative
name in 1958, and since the 1992 awards the nickname has been adopted as the official name of the
award.[14][22]

For the first few years, Hugo Awards had no published rules, and were given for works published in the
"preceding year" leading up to the convention, which was not defined but generally covered the period
between conventions rather than calendar years. In 1959, though there were still no formal guidelines
governing the awards, several rules were instated which thereafter became traditional. These included
having a ballot for nominating works earlier in the year and separate from the voting ballot; defining
eligibility to include works published in the previous calendar year, rather than the ambiguous "preceding
year"; and allowing voters to select "No Award" as an option if no nominated works were felt to be
deserving of the award.[23] "No Award" won that year in two categories: Dramatic Presentation and Best
New Author.[24] The eligibility change additionally sparked a separate rule, prohibiting the nomination of
works which had been nominated for the 1958 awards, as the two time periods overlapped.[23]

1960s

In 1961, after the formation of the WSFS to oversee each Worldcon committee, formal rules were set down
in the WSFS constitution mandating the presenting of the awards as one of the responsibilities of each
Worldcon organizing committee. The rules restricted voting to members of the convention at which the
awards would be given, while still allowing anyone to nominate works; nominations were restricted to
members of the convention or the previous year's convention in 1963.[23] The guidelines also specified the
categories that would be awarded, which could only be changed by the World Science Fiction Society
board.[25] These categories were for Best Novel, Short Fiction (short stories, broadly defined), Dramatic
Presentation, Professional Magazine, Professional Artist, and Best Fanzine.[26] 1963 was also the second
year in which "No Award" won a category, again for Dramatic Presentation.[27]

In 1964 the guidelines were changed to allow individual conventions to create additional categories, which
was codified as up to two categories for that year. These additional awards were officially designated as
Hugo Awards, but were not required to be repeated by future conventions.[28] This was later adjusted to
only allow one additional category; while these special Hugo Awards have been given out in several
categories, only a few were ever awarded for more than one year.[8]

In 1967 categories for Novelette, Fan Writer, and Fan Artist were added, and a category for Best Novella
was added the following year; these new categories had the effect of providing a definition for what word
count qualified a work for what category, which was previously left up to voters.[29][30] Novelettes had also
been awarded prior to the codification of the rules. The fan awards were initially conceived as separate from
the Hugo Awards, with the award for Best Fanzine losing its status, but were instead absorbed into the
regular Hugo Awards by the convention committee.[23]

1970s

While traditionally five works had been selected for nomination in each category out of the proposed
nominees, in 1971 this was set down as a formal rule, barring ties.[23] In 1973, the WSFS removed the
category for Best Professional Magazine, and a Best Professional Editor award was instated as its
replacement, in order to recognize "the increasing importance of original anthologies".[31][32]
After that year the guidelines were changed again to remove the mandated awards and instead allow up to
ten categories which would be chosen by each convention, though they were expected to be similar to those
presented in the year before. Despite this change no new awards were added or previous awards removed
before the guidelines were changed back to listing specific categories in 1977.[23][33] 1971 and 1977 both
saw "No Award" win the Dramatic Presentation category for the third and fourth time; "No Award" did not
win any categories afterwards until 2015.[34][35]

1980s and 1990s

In 1980 the category for Best Non-Fiction Book (later renamed Best Related Work) was added, followed
by a category for Best Semiprozine (semi-professional magazine) in 1984.[36][37] In 1983, members of the
Church of Scientology were encouraged by people such as Charles Platt to nominate as a bloc Battlefield
Earth, written by the organization's founder L. Ron Hubbard, for the Best Novel award; it did not make the
final ballot.[38] Another campaign followed in 1987 to nominate Hubbard's Black Genesis; it made the final
ballot but finished behind "No Award".[39] 1989 saw a work—The Guardsman by Todd Hamilton and P. J.
Beese—withdrawn by its authors from the final ballot after a fan bought numerous memberships under false
names, all sent in on the same day, in order to get the work onto the ballot.[40]

In 1990 the Best Original Art Work award was given as a special Hugo Award, and was listed again in
1991, though not actually awarded, and established afterward as an official Hugo Award.[22][41] It was then
removed from this status in 1996, and has not been awarded since.[42] The Retro Hugos were created in the
mid-1990s, and were first awarded in 1996.[7]

Since 2000

Another special Hugo Award, for Best Web Site, was given twice in 2002 and 2005, but never instated as a
permanent category.[43][44] In 2003, the Dramatic Presentation award was split into two categories, Long
Form and Short Form.[45] This was repeated with the Best Professional Editor category in 2007.[46] 2009
saw the addition of the Best Graphic Story category, and in 2012 an award for Best Fancast was
added.[47][48]

In 2015, two groups of science fiction writers, the "Sad Puppies" led by Brad R. Torgersen and Larry
Correia, and the "Rabid Puppies" led by Vox Day, each put forward a similar slate of suggested
nominations which came to dominate the ballot.[49][50] The Sad Puppies campaign had run for two years
prior on a smaller scale, with limited success. The leaders of the campaigns characterized them as a reaction
to "niche, academic, overtly [leftist]" nominees and the Hugo becoming "an affirmative action award" that
preferred female and non-white authors and characters.[49][51] In response, five nominees declined their
nomination before and, for the first time, two after the ballot was published.[52][53] Multiple-Hugo-winner
Connie Willis declined to present the awards.[54] The slates were characterized by The Guardian as a "right
wing",[49] "orchestrated backlash" [55] and by The A.V. Club as a "group of white guys",[56] and were
linked with the Gamergate controversy.[50][57][58] Multiple Hugo winner Samuel R. Delany characterized
the campaigns as a response to "socio-economic" changes such as minority authors gaining prominence and
thus "economic heft".[59] In all but the Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form category, "No Award"
placed above all nominees that were on either slate, and it won all five categories that only contained slate
nominees.[52] The two campaigns were repeated in 2016 with some changes, and the "Rabid Puppy" slate
again dominated the ballot in several categories, with all five nominees in Best Related Work, Best Graphic
Story, Best Professional Artist, and Best Fancast.[60]
In response to the campaigns, a set of new rules, called "E Pluribus Hugo", were passed in 2015 and
ratified in 2016 to modify the nominations process. Intended to ensure that organized minority groups
cannot dominate every finalist position in a category, the new rules define a voting system in which
nominees are eliminated one by one, with each vote for an eliminated work then spread out over the
uneliminated works they nominated, until only the final shortlist remains. These rules were ratified in 2016
to be used for the first time in 2017. A rule mandating that the final nominees must appear on at least five
percent of ballots was also eliminated, to ensure that all categories could reach a full set of nominees even
when the initial pool of works was very large.[61] Each nominator is limited to five works in each category,
but the final ballot was changed to six in each; additionally, no more than two works by a given author or
group, or in the same dramatic series, can be in one category on the final ballot.[11]

In 2018 the newest permanent category, Best Series, was begun; it was run the year prior as a special Hugo
Award prior to being ratified at the business meeting.[62] Another special Hugo Award, for Best Art Book,
was run in 2019 but not repeated or made a permanent category.[63] The 2021 Hugo Awards featured a
special Hugo award for video games. The Hugo Study Committee is evaluating a proposal for a "Best
Game or Interactive Experience" category, which they or others may propose to the 2022
convention.[64][65]

Categories
Current categories
Year
Categories Current description
started

Best Novel 1953 Stories of 40,000 words or more

Best Novella 1968 Stories of between 17,500 and 40,000 words

Best Novelette 1955 Stories of between 7,500 and 17,500 words

Best Short Story 1955 Stories of less than 7,500 words

Best Series 2017 Series of works

Works which are either non-fiction or noteworthy

Best Related Work 1980
for reasons other than the fictional text

Best Graphic Story 2009 Stories told in graphic form

Best Dramatic
Presentation Dramatized productions, divided since 2003
1958
(Long and Short between works longer or shorter than 90 minutes
Forms)

Best Semiprozine 1984 Semi-professional magazines

Best Fanzine 1955 Non-professional magazines

Best Professional
Editors of written works, divided since 2007
Editor
1973 between editors of novels or editors of
(Long and Short
magazines and anthologies
Forms)

Best Professional
1953 Professional artists
Artist

Best Fan Artist 1967 Fan artists

Best Fan Writer 1967 Fan writers

Best Fancast 2012 Audiovisual fanzines

 Former repeating categories
Years
Categories Description
active

Best Professional 1953–

Professional magazines
Magazine 1972

Stories of shorter than novel length. This

category is generally treated as the same award
1960–
Short Fiction as Best Short Story (see winners there), but it
1966
also included works of novella and novelette
length.
1990,
Best Original Art
1992– Works of art
Work
1996

Former categories awarded by individual Worldcons

Years
Categories Description
active

Best Cover Artist 1953 Artists of covers for books and magazines

Best Interior
1953 Artists of works inside magazines
Illustrator
Excellence in Fact
1953 Authors of factual articles
Articles

Best New SF Author

1953 New authors or artists
or Artist

#1 Fan Personality 1953 Favorite fan

Best Feature Writer 1956 Writers of magazine features

Best Book Reviewer 1956 Writers of book reviews

Most Promising New

1956 New authors
Author
Outstanding Actifan 1958 Favorite fan

Best New Author 1959 New authors

Best SF Book 1964,

Book publishers
Publisher 1965
Best All-Time Series 1966 Series of works

Printed fictional works which were not novels,

Other Forms 1988
novellas, novelettes, or short stories
2002,
Best Web Site Websites
2005

Best Art Book 2019 Books of artwork

Best Video Game 2021 Video Games

Worldcon committees may also give out special awards during the Hugo ceremony, which are not voted on.
Unlike the additional Hugo categories which Worldcons may present, these awards are not officially Hugo
Awards and do not use the same trophy, though they once did.[8][66] Two additional awards, the
Astounding Award for Best New Writer and the Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book, are presented
at the Hugo Award ceremony and voted on by the same process, but are not formally Hugo Awards.[62][67]

Recognition
The Hugo Award is highly regarded by observers. The Los Angeles Times has termed it "among the highest
honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing",[68] a claim echoed by Wired, who said that it was
"the premier award in the science fiction genre".[1] Justine Larbalestier, in The Battle of the Sexes in Science
Fiction (2002), referred to the awards as "the best known and most prestigious of the science fiction
awards",[69] and Jo Walton, writing in An Informal History of the Hugos, said it was "undoubtedly science
fiction's premier award".[3] The Guardian similarly acknowledged it as "a fine showcase for speculative
fiction" as well as "one of the most venerable, democratic and international" science fiction awards "in
existence".[70][71] James Gunn, in The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (1988), echoed The
Guardian's statement of the award's democratic nature, saying that "because of its broad electorate" the
Hugos were the awards most representative of "reader popularity".[72] Camille Bacon-Smith, in Science
Fiction Culture (2000), said that at the time fewer than 1000 people voted on the final ballot; she held,
however, that this is a representative sample of the readership at large, given the number of winning novels
that remain in print for decades or become notable outside of the science fiction genre, such as The
Demolished Man or The Left Hand of Darkness.[73] The 2014 awards saw over 1900 nomination
submissions and over 3500 voters on the final ballot, while the 1964 awards received 274 votes.[74][75][76]
The 2019 awards saw 1800 nominating ballots and 3097 votes, which was described as less than in 2014–
2017 but more than any year before then.[77]

Brian Aldiss, in his book Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction, claimed that the Hugo Award
was a barometer of reader popularity, rather than artistic merit; he contrasted it with the panel-selected
Nebula Award, which provided "more literary judgment", though he did note that the winners of the two
awards often overlapped.[78] Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of the
premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of Salon.com terming it "science fiction's most
prestigious award".[79]

The official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional
tool.[80][81] Gahan Wilson, in First World Fantasy Awards (1977), claimed that noting that a book had won
the Hugo Award on the cover "demonstrably" increased sales for that novel,[82] though Orson Scott Card
said in his 1990 book How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy that the award had a larger effect on foreign
sales than in the United States.[83] Spider Robinson, in 1992, claimed that publishers were very interested in
authors that won a Hugo Award, more so than for other awards such as the Nebula Award.[73] Literary
agent Richard Curtis said in his 1996 Mastering the Business of Writing that having the term Hugo Award
on the cover, even as a nominee, was a "powerful inducement" to science fiction fans to buy a novel,[84]
while Jo Walton claimed in 2011 that the Hugo is the only science fiction award "that actually affects sales
of a book".[3]

There have been several anthologies of Hugo-winning short fiction. The series The Hugo Winners, edited
by Isaac Asimov, was started in 1962 as a collection of short story winners up to the previous year, and
concluded with the 1982 Hugos in Volume 5. The New Hugo Winners, edited originally by Asimov, later
by Connie Willis and finally by Gregory Benford, has four volumes collecting stories from the 1983 to the
1994 Hugos.[85] The most recent anthology is The Hugo Award Showcase (2010), edited by Mary
Robinette Kowal. It contains most of the short stories, novelettes, and novellas that were nominated for the
2009 award.[86]

See also
List of science fiction awards
List of joint winners of the Hugo and Nebula awards
Nebula Award
BSFA Award
Locus Award

References

Citations
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External links
Official website (http://www.thehugoawards.org)
Current rules (including Constitution) of the WSFS (http://www.wsfs.org/rules-of-the-world-sci
ence-fiction-society/)

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