LAB RPORT

Sulaimani Polytechnic University

Oil & Energy Engineering

Bernoulli’s Equation

prepper :
Mhamad omer
SUPERVISOR : Mrs. Zhina - Mr.bestun
Group:A
2021-2022

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1.Introduction:(1)
Aims:
The objective of the experiment is to prove that the correlation between the static
head and the Keltic head is existing according to Bernoulli’s equation. During this
experiment, Bernoulli’s equation and continuity equation should be used to test the
conservation of mass and energy respectively.
(2) Theory:
In a fluid system, such as airflow and current, with the increase in flow velocity,
the pressure which produced by fluid will decrease. Daniel Bernoulli discovered
this principle in 1738. And this principle was called as Bernoulli’s principle. The
content of Bernoulli’s principle states that when incompressible fluid flow steady
in the duct, with the increase in flow velocity, the static pressure of fluid will
decrease. Inversely, with the decrease of flow velocity, the static pressure of fluid
will increase. However, the total magnitude of static pressure and kinetic pressure
of fluid is constant. So Bernoulli’s principle is shown as:

This equation is called Bernoulli’s equation. In this equation, p represents pressure

represents flow velocity, represents density represents acceleration of gravity, h
represents height and C is a constant number. This equation can also show as:

In this equation,p1 represents the static pressure at section 1,p

represents the static pressure at section 2.Cause Bernoulli’s equation is inferred by
the conservation of mechanical energy. So only ideal fluid is available, which
viscosity can be ignored and can not be compressed. From the Figure1, Bernoulli’s
equation can be understood more clearer.

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When liquid flow, the mechanical energy of liquid flow will exist in three different
kinds ofform.The three different kinds of forms are potential energy,pressure
energy and kinetic energy.Andthese three different kinds of form can be converted
to each other.In the ideal situation,whichwithout flow energy loss.The total energy
of these three different kinds of form is constant.Bothsides of the equation,which is
shown above,are divided byg.So BernoulliÕs principle can berepresented like:

Also,the principle of plane takes off is based on BernoulliÕs principle.In

hydraulics andfluidics,BernoulliÕs principle is applied widely.During this
experiment,only water passes through the tube.Based on the conservation of
mass,thetotal rate of fluid is constant.So the formula is shown below:

From this equation,A1 is the cross sectional area at section 1,v

is the velocity of the flow, A is the cross sectional area at section 2,v is
the velocity of the flow.

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2.Diagram:

Figure 2:The experiment set-up

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3.Procedure:
1.The equipment of this experiment was shown in Figure 2.
2.Firstly,the experiment set-up was checked and a piece of paper was put behind
the manometertubes.
3.Secondly,the pump was started and a flow of water was initiated through the test
rig.
4.Next,the swivel tube was adjusted at the outlet tank to obtain a head of 100mm.
5.Thirdly,the height of the water level was marked in each manometer tube on the
paper,which was put behind the manometer tubes before.
6.After this,data was recored on results sheets.
7.Finally,the time taken to fill the measuring tank from 0 to 10 litres was measured
and recorded.

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Discussion:
After we calculated the total head,the magnitude of total head of different distance
from inlet isdifferent.Compared with tapping 1 and tapping 11,although the value
of flow area,velocity anddynamic head is the same,the total head of tapping 1 and
tapping 11 is different. Compared withtapping 2 and tapping 10,tapping 3 and
tapping 9 and so on,the same problem existed.We can seethat,from the error for
total head is really high.It means that this problem effect the final results anderror
is existed during this experiment.
1.Cause pipe inner surface cannot frictionless absolutely.When fluid flow through
the pipe,fluid and pipe will produce frictional resistance.This frictional resistance
will consume the fluid pressure.Thatis the reason why after fluid flow through a
certain length pipe,the pressure of fluid will decrease.Toexplain this
phenomenon,the formula is shown below:

This equation is called drag equation.From this equation, is the drag force,
is the densityof the
fluid,v is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, is the drag coefficient-
a dimensionlessnumber and A is the cross sectional area.2.When we mark the
height of the water level on the paper,which was put behind the manometertubes
before,it is impossible to keep the same level with water level entirely accurate.
Improvement:
1. To solve the problem of the frictional resistance,we can shorten the distance
from the inlet.Then,the error will be decreased,the final results will become more
accurate.2.To solve the problem of marking,we can mark on the manometer
tubes,and measure the statichead when we finish the experiment.
8.Conclusion:
In this experiment,with the measurement of static head, the relationship between
the static headand the keltic head is existing according to BernoulliÕs equation.
9.Reference:

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Mannymax(2007)Bernoullis law derivation diagram,available

at:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg
(Accessed:1st November 2015)

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