SOCSCI 102N IC 🧊

PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS) Padayon!

TOPIC: DEFINITION OF TERMS AND SOCIOLOGICAL 6. Minority group

PERSPECTIVES Characteristics:
○ disadvantaged
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
Discriminated, denied of opportunities
★ Contemporary issues ○ group solidarity
★ Legislations There is association, identifying each other with same
★ Other IPs experiences
★ Land ○ physically and socially isolated
★ Cultures Not much integrated with the majority
★ Resources 7. Prejudice
Consists of opinions, attitudes held by members of
INTRODUCTION: PHILIPPINE ETHNIC LANDSCAPE another group from another. Preconceived views.
Only in the mind and not shown into actions.
★ Archipelago of 7,500 islands
8. Discrimination
★ At least 106 ethnic groups
Application of prejudice. The actual behaviour.
★ More than 180 languages
★ Diverse religious tradition
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AND ETHNICITY

DEFINITION OF TERMS: 1. FUNCTIONALISM THEORY - views society as a whole unit,

made up of interrelated parts that work together.
1. Indigenous People (IPs) - descendants of original
Every member has its functions and works together. It is
people/occupants of lands before it is taken over or
interconnected with each other. Ex. Sports, teamwork, a team
conquered by others.
consists of coaches, members with different positions,
- A group of people who… through resistance to
supporters, and audience.
political, social, and cultural inroads of colonization,
2. CONFLICT THEORY - society is composed of groups that
non-indigenous religions and cultures, became
are competing with one another for scarce resources.
historically differentiated from the majority of the
Not equal thus, it generates conflicts and changes. Example in
Filipinos.
sports, teams compete for points. Supporters show loyalty
- Considered as a minority group but not all minority
through t-shirts which could lead to conflicts. This then
people are IPs.
motivates people to evolve overtime.
Even before we are colonised by the Spaniards, Americans,
Generates conflicts and competes with one another.
and Japanese. Lands must be under their possessions before
3. FEMINIST - that women have been systematically
colonisation.
oppressed and that men have been historically dominant.
- Autonomy / Autonomous
Explores the inequality between both genders. Men have
To be considered as an indigenous people, one must:
greater privilege than women.
- Identify self as an indigenous person
4. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - views society as composed
- Must be recognized and accepted by the indegenous
of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their
community (Reciprocal and Acceptance)
views of the world, and communicate with one another.
First people to be living in a place
Not backed by evidence
2. Marginalization
Birds of the same feather - solidarity?
Person is placed in a powerless position.
Assigned meanings. Agreement on interpretation. Ex.
3. Deculturation
Handshake is a greeting because we agreed to give that
Process of losing one culture and being replaced by another.
meaning. Waving your hand back and forth means saying
Could be forced or voluntary Ex. patronize international films,
hello.
songs, media over the local one (voluntary). Colonization -
forcefully integrated their culture and traditions back then
(forced). ATTITUDES OF MAJORITY TOWARDS MINORITY
4. Ethnicity 1. All-weather liberals
Cultural practices that distinguish a given community of Unprejudiced mind, no discrimination. Equal
people. Practices like language, dress, religion. Jewelries, etc. treatment.
Tangible side or appeal to senses 2. Fair-weather liberals
5. Culture Unprejudiced but due to influence and fear, there is
Set of distinctive spiritual, intellectual, and emotional features discrimination (through actions).
of a social group. 3. Timid bigots
A larger scale that encompases ethnicity. Way of living, They are prejudiced but due to some reasons (legal
systems of values, beliefs, punishments, laws, rules. consequences) they do not discriminate.

1 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022

SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
4. Active bigots
Prejudiced and discriminates
Robert Merton – prejudice and discrimination go hand in
hand. A sociologist.
GENERAL FACTORS
1. Ethnocentrism
- A belief that one’s culture is superior over other
cultures. “Own culture is the best”
- Evaluate other cultures by using your own culture as
a standard. “Different perception but mine is better”
Belief that one's own culture is better than other groups.
Differentiate or judge between the ingroup and out group.
2. Closure
- Process where groups maintain boundaries
separating themselves from the others. Isolate
themselves or physically separate from minorities.
Safeguards its positions and privileges to its own group while
not letting the outsiders have access. They draw boundaries to
keep the resources to their own group and exclude others from
using them.
3. Allocation of resources
- When a person integrates himself in the majority, one
must risk to lose or let go of the indigenous culture.
- Have your own resources but there is no access. Ex.
resources from the government.
(Adjust or fitting self)
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CORRELATION
BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND RACISM
1. Opposition between white and black as cultural
symbols.
Discrimination in skin color. Dark skinned people are seen as
inferior. Dark people are seen as evil and white people are
seen as pure.
2. The coinage and diffusion of the concept of ‘race’
itself.
Division in the society.
3. Exploitative relations which the Europeans
established with non-white peoples.
Slave trait? Denial of rights to non white people.
GLOBAL PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS
1. Genocide - Rwandan Massacre, Holocaust
- When a dominant group destroys the minority group
(killing).
2. Population Transfer - forced out
- Indirect transfer which means making the life of the
minority miserable to make them leave voluntarily.
- Direct transfer means the major groups expel the
minority. (Lumads)
IC 🧊
Padayon!
3. Internal Colonialism
- dominant groups exploit minority groups for
economic advantage.
- Dominants manipulate social institutions to suppress
minorities and deny them full access to their society
benefits. Done by their fellow citizens and not by
outsiders. (Land grabbing)
Lack of knowledge?
Exploitation of the minority group for the dominant groups
economic advantage.
The practice of oppression and exploitation of minor groups
and it is done by their fellow citizens. It could be done by using
the opponent's weakness or disadvantage like lack of
knowledge.
4. Segregation
- Separation of racial/ethnic groups happens.
Dominant group is allowed to make social distance to
the minority while the minority is being exploited for
labour. (slaves before - slave trade)
Intentional separation of groups of people with differing
characteristics
5. Assimilation
- Could be force or permissible
- Minority is absorbed into mainstream culture.
- Forced assimilation means that the dominant group
refuses to let the minority practice their own culture.
(follow customs, speak language), they force people
to give it up and make them practice their culture
(dominant culture).
- Permissible assimilation means that minorities are
allowed to adopt the dominant group’s patterns in
their own way and speed.
6. Multiculturalism (Pluralism) - good kind pattern.
- Permits or encourages racial and ethnic variation.
The minority group can maintain their separate
identities and participates fairly in the social
institutions (education to politics)
- Let the minority integrate with the majority without
risking their own culture.
Unit 2: ROOTS OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE: FILIPINO
INDIGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES
ROOTS OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE
- Elders as traditional decision-makers
- Collective, except in Tinguuian, Abra
- Non-confrontational
2 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
SPANISH COLONIZATION
Classification of Natives
1. Indios *reduccion
Christians. Persuaded by the spaniards.
2. Tribus infieles (infidel tribes)
Rejected reduccion. Preserved culture. Labelled as primitive
and tribal.
3. Gold Expedition
Resulted due to ambivalence between low and high landers
(created a gap). Nasiraan ng spaniards.
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
1. St. Louis Exposition - St. Louis World Fair (Igorot
Village) - exhibit
Badmouthed Filipinos. Justify the colonization to the ph. Put
Filipinos in a bad light.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDIGENOUS ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
By F. Landa Jocano - for point of comparison, see the other
file.
1. Pisan
2. Puro
3. Ili
4. Magani
5. banwa
https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippin
e%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/2004/Nu
m%201-2/05_Indigenous%20Leadership%20and%20Govern
ance.pdf
GENDER RELATION IN ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
How do they see women in the indigenous community?
Situating Gender and Difference
- Biological differences
Physically and biologically weaker than men. Men are more
capable. Women do not evolve like men.
- cultural processes
Prohibits women like, in jobs. Only at home, responsible for
child bearing.
- Public and private domains
ROLE OF WOMEN IN ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
BONTOK, MT. PROVINCE
- Men’s work vs. Women’s work
Equal footing. Respect the same as men.
- Women not confined to private domain
- Public rituals and ceremonies, w/ XPNs
Allows women but selected. There are limits like peace making
or war fairs. They must let the male elders lead.
- Trading
- Socializing
Not prohibited or discouraged to join.
- access to critical resources
IC 🧊
Padayon!
- inherit valuable productive property
- high degree of autonomy
- men and women share domestic work
Marginalization of the role of women in Cordilleran ethnic
communities
1. Shift to commercial agriculture
Some tribes have women who are limited. Only males are
given the chance to do farming? / access to technologies
2. Corporate mining
Requires mostly men in their operations. Look at women
differently (not that efficient or productive)
WOMEN WHO DARE: LANAO, DEL SUR
Rido – Bad blood between two families; violent clan feud and
conflict; killings; family of murdered man has a duty to
retaliate
Clan feuds. Kill in return. Put the justice in their hands. Settle
the matter themselves than the letting the government.
mutual killing between families of clans who are in conflict
- Women as mediators in Rido
Gets in the middle of the conflict and see if they can be a help
to the resolution
Women is not involve or killed
- blood money to family
To settle the conflict
- Kanduli: ritual gathering of the two clans
Swear upon quoran
- Women to get body of killed relative
- Murder of woman demands higher penalty/blood
money; killer (man) akin to a coward
Women – more patient and less hot-headed than men
Men’s Pride
Qualifications:
1. Highly esteemed (daughter of datu, local bai alibi)
2. Impartiality
No bias. Let both parties meet halfway. Fair and reasonable
3. Education – Koranic teachings
Should be well versed to convince the family in conflict
4. Person of means
Shes has luxury and resources for her needs and wants
They are the one to provide the blood money or demand by
the other party.
Provide something to resolve or address the issue (if a
mediator have the means to do it)
Challenges to Women Mediators:
1. Attitude of men nowadays
2. Easier access of guns
NOTIONS OF JUSTICE IN THE CORDILLERA
Similarities in Dispute-Settlement Practices
- Elders
Could be decision maker except in abra
- Collective, except in Tingguian, Abra
- face-to-face (arbitration) or in aid of a handler
(mediation)
3 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N IC 🧊
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS) Padayon!

A: Hearing conducted by the elders (decision makers) -not Subsequence law from torrens system
formal. (Arbiter) Process for private claims
M: go between person - let the parties talk. Mediator will only 4. Public Land Act (CA 141)
a. Alienable or Disposable
be the facilitator and not the one to decide. Mediator has no
Pwede ibenta o ipamana
authority.
b. Timber
- non-confrontational Export wood
- Role of barangay c. Mineral Lands
May witnesses or they can be the one to settle Pwede mag mina
may at any time and in a like manner transfer such lands from
one class to another, for the purposes of their administration
and disposition.
5. Forestry Act of 1904 – Mari-it (Panay Island)
6. Mining Law of 1905
7. Public Land Acts of 1913, 1919 and 1925
PO: offences against the community 8. Jones Law of 1916, Sec. 9
9. Jones Law of 1916, Sec. 11
PM:
10. Forest Law 1917
Differences in Dispute-Settlement Practices 11. 1935 Constitution
1. Sapata 12. Forestry Administrative Order No. 14-1
● Ceremonial oath done iin murder, stealing
● Agree on punishments then decide on a period
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
● There is like an ill-effect if it happens, it means that,
it is the suspect. The one who did the wrongdoing will CONSTITUTIONAL ANCHORS
(Art. II, Sec. 22)
suffer the consequences depending on the
“The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous
punishment like (Blindness, body deformities cultural communities within the framework of national unity
● Less/rarely used because of fear and development.”
2. Fines
● Settlement payments (Art. XII, Sec. 5)
● Money, animals, farm land. There is no fixed fine. “The State, subject to the provision of this Constitution and
national development policies and programs, shall protect the
3. Vengeance
rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral
● “Higanti” not allowed and encouraged to be done in lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well
other places except for kalinga (somehow) being.”

Unit 3: PHILIPPINE NATIONAL LAND USE POLICIES AND (Art. XIV, Sec. 17)
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S LAND RIGHTS “The State shall recognize, respect and protect the rights of
indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop their
http://hrao.pnp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IPRA-
cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these
LAW-1.pdf rights in the formulation of national plans and policies.”
COLONIAL POLICIES THAT AFFECTED THE IP’s LAND USE
AND TENURE THE IPRA (INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS ACT OF 1997)
1. Regalian Doctrine RA 8371- signed by fidel ramos
All lands of the public domain belong to the State. 1. recognize, protect, and promote the rights of
Used by the Spaniards to establish control. indigenous cultural communities or indigenous
2. Torrens System people
Proof of land ownership - land registration. 2. create National Commission of Indigenous People
Land title under the state if wala, it is considered na belong sa 3. Provide Indigenous peoples the right to their
state. ancestral domains and lands.
From the Americans - used to establish control 4. Ensure their economic, social and cultural well being
Negative effects: FOCUS ON PREJUDICE, discrimination, and stereotypes
● Only rich people have the means to process a land
title. Poor members of the community are left with
nothing. Hence, the state will claim the land. (will be DEFINITION OF TERMS: IPRA
named under the Republic state of PH)
● Block titling - one big parcel of land will only be
under the name of one person (Representative). ANCESTRAL DOMAINS ANCESTRAL LANDS
Negative because in the long run, these could lead to
disputes in the family. 1. All areas generally lands occupied, possessed
● Too bureaucratic. Mahabang process. belonging to the indigenous and utilized by individuals,
● Intricagacy? Hindi maintindihan ng IPs peoples held under a families and clans who are
3. Land Registration Act of 1902

4 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022

SOCSCI 102N IC 🧊
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS) Padayon!

“For a very long time”. Pinapractice na since then.

2. claim of ownership,
3. Areas should be occupied
and possessed communally
or individually
4. When? since time
immemorial.
Larger landscape
It includes: (large)
- Ancestral lands
- forests
- Pasture
- Residential
- agricultural
- hunting grounds
- bodies of water
- mineral and other natural
resources
Certificate of Ancestral
Domain Title (CADT) -
issued to ancestral domains
to recognize the IPs
members of the indigenous
people since time
immemorial, by themselves
or through their
predecessors in interest,
under claims of individual or
traditional group ownership,
continuously to the present.
Including, but not limited to:
- residential lots
- rice terraces or paddies
- private forests
- Swidden farms
- Tree lots
Certificate of Ancestral
Lands Title (CALT) -
recognizes ICs or
indigenous communities or
IPs over their ancestral
lands
“Pinapractice na noon noon pa”. Prove that that land exists
thousand years.
Period of time that IPs can use if they want to prove something
(claims)
4 BUNDLE OF RIGHTS UNDER IPRA
1. Right to Ancestral Lands and Domains
● Right of ownership
● Right to develop lands & natural resources
● Right to stay in territories
● Right in case of displacement
● Right to regulate entry of migrants
● Right to safe clean water and air
● Right to claim part of reservations
● Right to resolve conflict
● Rights to ancestral lands
● Right to transfer land/property (AL)
● Right to redemption (AL)
● (responsiblilities of IP/ICCs)
● - Maintain ecological balance
● - Restore denuded areas
● - Observe laws
2. Right to Self-Governance and Empowerment
Self governance & self determination
Use commonly accepted justice systems, peace building
processes, conflict resolution institutions

Free Prior Informed Consent
The consensus of all members of the ICCs/IPs to be
determined in accordance with their respective customary
laws and practices, free from any external manipulation,
interference, and coercion, and obtained after fully disclosing
the intent and scope of the activity, in a language and process
understandable to the community.
We have to get the consensus or consent of all indigenous
people in the community before we conduct an activity that
involves them or their practices such as researches, movies,
etc.
Individual Claims
Claims on land and rights thereon which have been
devolved to individuals, families, and clans including, but not
limited to, residential lots, rice terraces or paddies and tree
lots.
Native Title
Pre conquest rights to lands and domains as far back as
memory reaches under a claim of public ownership. Never
have been public lands and been held that way before spanish
lands …. Go way back before colonization.
Spaniards made a system para mag karon ng lastname ang
Filipinos - by using wheel of names? (basta pinapili sila :( )
3. Rights to Social Justice and Human Rights
equal protection & non-discrimination - during armed conflict
- employment
- basic social services
Humanization of laws. They are not perfect. Involving ICs and
keeping them protected
4. Right to Cultural Integrity
Talks about culture, way of living, and practices of ICs that has
to be protected. Covers, procedures and systems when it
comes to farming, etc. avoiding commercialization.
preserve & protect culture, traditions, institutions
- restitution of cultural, intellectual, religious & spiritual
property taken without their FPIC or in violation of their laws,
traditions & customs
- IKSPs & to develop own science and technologies
IKSPs - indigenouse knowledge systems and practices.
These are knowledges, institutions, mechanisms and
technologies that evolve or develop through time, with in or
outside their domain.
Refer to knowledge, innovations, practices,
institutions,mechanisms and technologies of the IPs that
evolved/developed through time as they relate to their natural
and human environment, within or outside their AD.

5. Creation of NCIP
Time Immemorial

5 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022

SOCSCI 102N IC 🧊
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS) Padayon!

https://www.sec.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2018_
NON- RECOGNITION OF AD, ALL RIGHTS AND CLAIMS,
RTD_NCIP-PPT-PRESENTATION-SUSTAINABILITY-1.pdf CULTURAL PROTECTION
http://hrao.pnp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IPRA-
LAW-1.pdf (Page 30) ● Land grabbing (by members of the majority groups,
by rep of corporations, also by the state itself),
RIGHT TO ANCESTRAL LANDS AND DOMAIN displacement
Responsibilities of IP/ICCs ● Lumads, Ibalois
● Maintain ecological balance
● Restore denuded areas INSURGENCIES/ ARMED CONFLICTS
● Observe laws
● Chico River Hydroelectric Dam Project ‘70’s
● Macli-ing Dulag
RIGHT TO SELF-GOVERNANCE AND ENVIRONMENT Ex. NPAs
● Self-governance & self-determination
● Use commonly accepted justice systems, DEVELOPMENT AGGRESSION
peace-building processes, conflict resolution
RA 7942 (Mining Act of 1995)
institutions
● Mansaka, Mandaya, Tagbanua, Mangyans
● Original livelihood?
RIGHT TO SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ● New practices?
Equal protection & Non-discrimination ● Economic Benefits of Mining and Logging Activities?
● During armed conflict ● Mangyan
● Employment
● Basic social services
CLIMATE CHANGE
Humanization of law
PD 1559 (Revised Forestry Code)
● Environmental Costs?
RIGHT TO CULTURAL INTEGRITY ● Social Costs?
● preserve & protect culture, traditions, institutions ● Status of CADT/CALT application
● Restitution of cultural, intellectual, religious &
spiritual property taken without their FPIC Nor in
PARADIGM SHIFT AND IPRA
violation of their laws, traditions & customs
● IKSPs & to develop own science and technologies There is a status quo
1. Recognition of customary law.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSPs)
Unwritten laws. ​"a general practice accepted as law"
2. That indigenous forest dwellers were the degraders
CHALLENGES TO IPs VIS-A-VIS APPLICATION OF IPRA of the natural environment through their
unsustainable resource management practices.
If ipra cannot response well, they are lacking when it comes to
implementation.
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
1. Non-recognition of AD, AL rights and claims, cultural
(NCIP)
protection
Threatened or displaces
2. Insurgencies / Armed Conflicts FUNCTION OF NCIP
IPs ang naiipit (women and kids) sa wars at laban between
1. Recognition of Ancestral Domain/Land
militar and rebels. Wala na choice kundi sumama sa willing
2. IP education and advocacy
mag shelter kasi walang choice
3. Legal and Adjudication Services
Disparity
One of the most important
3. Climate change
4. Development Aggression
Climate and Development A are combined CHALLENGES TO NCIP
1. IP population data and statistics
Reliable data and statistics. Kailangan para malaman if sino
ang kailangan nilang tulungan. Sino mas importanteng IC ang
kailangan ng tulong
2. Instability of policy environment

6 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022

SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
There are environment for NCIP that makes it hard for NCIP to
implement their actions kasi paiba iba daw yung situation ng
NCIPs
3. Awareness
Need to increase awareness and recognition of traditional
socio-political institution and structures and customary laws
for civil peace building
4. Institutional strengthening of NCIP
Mismong office ng NCIP ay either kulang sa tao o power to
operate
5. Women on program and policy planning and
development
Involvement of women in policy and planning kasi may
instances na sila ang namamarginalize
6. Budget constraints
FINALS!
TOPIC: UNDRIP, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, IP’S
SOCIO-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL RIGHTS
UNDRIP
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
DECLARATION
● 2007
● 25 Years
● By IPs, for the Ips
● Ratified by 144 countries - Consultation of different
ICs around the world - Signatories to the declaration
● Canada, US, NZ, Australia - did not acknowledge
PURPOSE
1. Acknowledgment
Acknowledge the rights of IPs. Right to self-determination and
the right to practice their culture.
Enables a certain declaration to impose its purpose fully.
First step. “ Everything starts switch acknowledgment.
2. Awareness
“To raise awareness”. Awareness of the people or countries
about the challenges the people are facing. Provide laws,
actions, and programs.
3. Human rights-based approach
Does not only focus on recognition but, also recognizes IPs as
humans. MAs specific kung ano ang kailangan ng ICs.
4. Guide to policy-making
To guide the countries. Sets a standard that countries should
obey.
SALIENT FEATURES
IC 🧊
Padayon!
1. Right to cultural identity (Art. 2)
They should not be looked down upon and should be seen as
equal to others. No discrimination. Right to exercise cultural
identity without prejudice.
2. Protection from discrimination (Art. 4)
Governments must ensure the IPs must be treated as equals
regardless of their culture, religion, and practice.
3. Right to life, liberty, and security (Art.7 )
everyone has the right to live. Freedom. Right to be safe and
secured. They should not be exposed to violence.
4. Assimilation or destruction of culture (Art.8)
Right to not be assimilated. Right against the destruction of
culture.
5. Belonging to an indigenous community or nation.
(Art. 9)
Not be discriminated against if they belong to ICs.
6. Right to culture (Art. 11)
Right to practice to revive their culture and traditions.
7. Right to spiritual and religious traditions and
customs (Art. 12)
Same with number 6
8. Right to know and use language, histories, and oral
traditions (Art. 13)
Have the right to recover and use their language, religion, and
culture in the future generations.
9. Establishment of educational systems and access
to culturally sensitive education (Art. 14)
Have the right to set up their own schools and education
system
Children should also be given access and equal right to the
formal educational system. They should not be deprived.
10. Accurate reflection of indigenous cultures in
education (Art. 15)
One of the major problems. Not verifying the lessons.
Inaccurate and not being counterchecked by the government
or DEPED.
11. Media (Art. 16)
Have to right to create media like Tv stations, Radio stations,
and newspapers in their own language.
12. Participation in decision-making (Art. 18)
I have the right to decision-making, to select who represents
them. Ex. Bangsamoro law. They should bei included kasi sila
yung maaapektuhan daw.
13. A spiritual relationship with traditional land and
resources (Art. 25)
Ips have the right to take part in exercising their beliefs. They
are not members of a certain religion.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES’ SELF-DETERMINED DEVELOPMENT
POST-WORLD WAR II
● Classification of countries, developed and developing
● Development = Economic Growth
● Effect on indigenous peoples?
7 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N IC 🧊
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS) Padayon!

Even with those provisions, that is not enough to

MODERNIZATION & THE IPs
really implement all the rights, implement the rights
IMPROVING THE WELL-BEING OF THE IPs of our indigenous people, however we have our
agency that is task to implement these provisions.
● With the passing of IPRA it create of paradigm shifts,
READING 2: UN DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE when we say paradigm shifts meaning there is a
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (UNDRIP) status quo, meaning ung current na recognize na
BEGINNINGS nangyayare, current status quo and that status qou
was eventually toubled down kumbaga nabaliktad
1971 - Jose Ricardo Cabo
kase nagkaroon ng IPRA, with the IPRA there are 2
Working group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP)
paradigm shifts:
○ Recognition of customary law
DRAFTING TO ADOPTION ■ Before there was a monopoly on
1985 - the first draft of UNDRIP the part of the government, on the
1993 exercise of laws, dati kung ano ang
2006 - under the human rights council’s batas na iniimplement ng
1st Session -30:2 votes : 12 abstentions (neither) government that is the hardened
2007 - the adoption of the General Assembly fast rule, because that is the law
143:4:11 regardless of your culture, values.
Before IPRA the rights of the
Indigenous people, their practices,
CANADA’S ABORIGINALS culture is not recognize.
● First Nations, Melis, and Inuit. ■ Customary laws are unwritten laws
● Before Canada was colonized by Europeans, there are that are, because of the continued
IPs already living there. practice of these unwritten laws
throuput time they are considered
as binding in the society,in SAPATA
BASIS OF RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
or practices when it comes to
Culture must be the top priority imposing of fines out of the
1. Right against forced assimilation settlement disputes, or mga
There is a prohibition by the majority to practice religion, procedures ng mga indigenous
language, culture, and tradition. people. These are customary laws
2. Right of participation because they do not write it on a
Should also be provided / recognized. They must take part in paper, these are considered as a
decision-making. (Free prior informed consent) binding in the society because of
3. Right to the preservation of culture its long and continues practice by a
community or a society. With that
EFFECT OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS/POVERTY the status quo before, the state has
ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS a monopoly in the implementation
and exercise of laws, sila
● Programs such as the UN Millenium Development
nagiimplement may written laws na
Goals
ganto. And dapat sundan niyo yan,
● Leads to further marginalization of the Ips
that was actually a challenge for
the IPRA because IPRA nga
PARADIGM SHIFT AND THE IPRA
recognizes the customary laws, the
● The passing of IPRA is a landmark event in the culture of the indigenous people,
history policy of the Philippines because finally there and there is a mandate to not only
is a legislation, there is finally recognizes and recognize and acknowledge thos
acknowledges, stipulates or states provisions that but to also protect the customary
protect and penalizes that usually applies to laws of the indigenous people,
corporations, unlawfull intrution yan lang therefore there is this shifting of
pinepenalize sa IPRA, and with that there is only a the status qou or the paradigm
fine for that unlawfull intrution for that ancestral kase before the state ang may
domains of 500,000 thousand and even if the officer Karapatan na magsabi na land mo
na may-ari ng company na nagintrude are held liable. to so iregister mo. Since the

8 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022

SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
implementation of the IPRA there
is a recognition and protection of
the customary laws.
○ That indigenous forest dwellers were the
degraders of the natural environment
through their unsustainable resource
management practices.
■ General perception, status quo that
there is a general perception
among the majority that
indigenous people destroy the
environment, or that their prctices
are not sustainable and that they
bring about the destruction of the
lands, boodies of water tha they are
using daw, pero that is the status
qou. Like ung mga nagkakaingin, na
these practices are not sustainable,
sinisira daw ang environment na
instead of protecting it mas
dinedstroy daw. This status quo was
shifted because of the
implementation of IPRA,because
with IPRA there was this research
na, there have to be consultation
with the group of people affected
by the law, they found out na hindi
ganun, na the implemnattion of
IPRA, they actually saw how
indigenous people protected these
lands and bodies of water and how
they sustained the use of these
lands and water.
■ They have these beleifs na
nakakatulong ket papano, and
these practices na nakakatulong sa
pagpreserve ng environment there
was just a stereotyping against
them. and that strereo typing was
tubled down because of IPRA.
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (NCIP)
● An independent agency under the office of the
president, a primary government agency responsible
for the formulation, implementation coverdd by the
IPRA. Among their responsibilities of the NCIP is the
mandate to issue, issueance of CALTICE, before an
indigenous community is able to get a title form the
NCIP they need to apply it sa DenR, and DENR is
iisuehan ng mga papers.
● FUNCTIONS OF NCIP
○ Recognition of ancestral domain/Land
■ They make sure of the issuance of
CLATIE AND KAKTIE, they have to
IC 🧊
Padayon!
recognize and akcnolegde the
claim, they issue the katd and caltd
if they are qualified, they are also
tasked of education and advocacy
and under this they have other
functions pa.
○ IP education and advocacy
■ IPs are a little or behind
modernization, but that doesn’t
mean they do not have their own
system, they do have their own
system and processes which should
be recognized and protected of
course we still want them to
experience or gradually develop.
Give them the oppurtuniy to have
education, NCIp is given the
function to also make sure to
provive educational programs to
thid deserving indigenous people
na gusting magaral ng formal
education. NCIP must also make
sure that they have access to this
educaiton
○ Legal and adjudication services
■ Actually refers to the power or
functon of IPRA to hear and decide
cases involving indigenous people
or comnmnity, so before a person
or an indigenous community could
file before the court kas they have
to go before the NCIP, of course
one cannot go straight to the court,
they have to go to the nCIP first,
this rule is based on the cdoctrine
of exhaustion of adminisrtrative
remedies. When we say
administration we refer to the
agencies, like POEA, OWA, kase
these agancey provide muna the
necessary mediation or arbitration
kase mas light ung environment it
is not adversarial, meaning not A vs
B na need magpresent ng
evidences.
■ NCIp actually gets in between the
indigenous community and kung
sino ang adversary nila and there is
still, linency pagdating sa mga
cases. When indigenous
communities file cases, there are
no filing fees if the community
interest is involve, kapag mga
indigenous people ang mga
nakapamngalan sa pangalan, wala
9 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
silang filing fee. They are trying to
make it easir for the indigenous
people. It varies from case to case.
● CHALLENGES TO NCIP
○ IP population data and statistics
■ NCIP faces challenges also, there is
no official or reliable baseline
information on the poverty profile
and gender disaggregated data of
the IP population, thereis a
challenge on the NCIP as regards
to the data they have, they might
have data from perhaps surveys or
from researches done by some
sholars or authors by private
entities however this is onot
enough for them akse wlaamng
reliable data. They need the data to
determine who they need to help,
sino mga mas importanteng IP na
need ng tulong or baka di sila
aware na may nakatira dito sa lugar
nae to, if hindi nareach eto ng NCIp,
then they are not included.
■ They need a reliable data or
information about the IP who are in
poverty
○ Instability of policy environment
■ There is an environment for the
NCIP that makes it hard to
implement the functions kase paiba
iba ung situation ng mga IP, some
of them, for example, is the
problem sa titling of ancestral
domain and ancestral alnds.
■ Once they are exposed with
modernization, nagiiba na ung
culture nila, ung practices nila,
beliefs and all.
○ Awareness
■ There is a need to increase
awareness and recognition of
traditional, political institutions and
customary laws for civil peace
building. These IP they have their
own practices, beliefs, system na
they excersie. A lot of members of
the majority, a lot of people from
the majority groups are not aware
of the customary laws, so that is
what the NCIp is trying to inform
the members of majority groupd
about their practices.
IC 🧊
Padayon!
■ They cannot conduct information
dessimination to the practices of
the IP because eof budget siguro.
■ May kakulangan sa pagraise ng
awarenes
○ Institutional strengthening of NCIP /
Institutional and human resource
capacities of the NCIP to fulfill its mandate
■ Ung mismong office ng NCIp is
kulnag sa tao, or kulang sa
manpower. An office cannot just
operate kase gusto niya lang, they
lack institutional auhtoirty, or wider
power to enable them to extend
help, and also they lack manpower
to conduct research, programs,
awareness dissimenation that they
need to do that limiuts the nCIP
○ Women on program and policy planning
and development
■ There is a limited participation of
women, there is a ch
○ Budget constraints
UNIDRIP, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, IP’s
SOCIO-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL RIGHTS
● UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION OF INDIGIENOUS
PEOPLES (UNIDRIP)
○ This is an international instrument adopted
by the United Nations, on September 13,
2007.
○ Goal is to enshrine (according to Article 43)
the rights that “constitute the minimum
standards for the survival, dignity and
well-being of the indigenous peoples of the
world.”
○ The UNDRIP protects collective rights that
may not be addressed in other human rights
charters that emphasize individual rights,
and it also safeguards the individual rights
of Indigenous people.
○ This was 25 years in the making, sobrnag
tagal ng prjnoprose kase they found it
necessary na irecognize ng hindi lang ng
countries ung rights ng IP. The Undrip is for
the IPs since it was the product of
consultation of different indigenous
communities around the world, hindi lang
mga tao na hindi member ng IP ang member
nato. They made this, they are the ones who
know the issues happening in their country.
○ Was ratified by 144 countries, these 144
countries are signatories and one of them is
the Philippines, there aer other countries
10 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
who did not acknowledge this of this, and
this are Canada, US, New Zealand, and
Australia and very ironic because they have
IP in their countries. Their reason is that
particularly Canda, is because hindi daw
feasible and impossible to attain daw the
recognition and protection for the
Indigenous people. Before madiscover ni
Christopher Columbus, may mga nakatira na
diyan na mga IP, hindi siya bakanteng
country na nadiscover na wlaang tao, there
are already tribes lhiving there, ung mga
Indians sila ung original na naninirahan sa
US, because of colonization, sila pa ung
mismong napatalsik. Rights are not
acknowledged even if they are the first
habitants of the country.
○ Aboriginals, those aboriginals, 3 types of
people in Canada and they are not
recognized since impossible to attain daw.
○ A declaration by the United nations Is not
legally binding, it is a set of standards to the
implementation to following their laws.
○ Canada tried to semi-vote in favor pero they
didn’t vote na nagsign sila, they just issued
interviews saying na they are finally
acknowledging this and are trying to
support the UN Drip.
○ PURPOSE:
■ Acknowledgement: we
acknowledge the rights of the IP’s
and not only that they have
self-determination that they have
the right to practice their culture,
tradition. These rights should be
recognized and protected;
acknowledgement already enables
a certain declaration to fully
impose its purpose if
inaakcnowledge yan. It starts with
acknowledgement since there is a
great possibility to integrate. Way
back in 19987, was signed in 2007
the UNIDRIP in thePhilippines, but
in other countries medjo hirap pa
sila na iintigrate ung policies
■ Awareness: awareness of the
people or countries themesleves
should be aware of the challenges
that this IP are facing, not only be
aware but they should act or
provide actions, programs to
address this awareness of these
challenges that are being faced by
the IP. Raise awareness not only in
IC 🧊
Padayon!
your own country but to other
country as well, declaration is made
since it creates awareness
■ Human-rights-based approach:
the UNDRIP was implemented
using, drafted in a way that it is
human rights based, it does not
only focus on the recognition also,
hindi ung naglagay lang sila dun ng
“the rights of the IP should be
protected” but rather more specific
ung mga nilagya dun, the culture,
practices must be protected kung
ano ajng kailangan ng mga IP. It is
drafted in a away that it is
specifically address the rights of
the IP, the rights the challensges
that theya re facing
■ Guide to policymaking: purpose is
to guide the countries in their
legislation, in their internal laws,
the declaration are not legally
binding in a country, countries
could and could not follow this
declaration, however being a
member of the IP there is a kind of
pressure if hindi siya susunod or if
di siya gagawa ng action to
reinforce the declaration. It
becomes a guide since it sets a
standard na dapat sundin ng mga
countries.
○ SALIENT FEATURES OF UNIDRIP
■ Right ot cultural identity
■ IP are equal to other
people, and ey have the
right to be different, they
have the right ot still
exercise their practices
but they should not be
look down because of it
they should be treated
equal, not driscirminated.
That differentiation must
not be a basiss or
discrimination or prejudice
against them, the way
these IP dress, they eat d
nalla, they have t right to
practice this without being
dirscriminated
■ Protection from discrimination
(art. 4)
■ Should be treated aa
people regardless of their
11 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
culture that they are a
member of IP,
■ These are provisions that
address the rights of the
IP
■ Right to life, liberty and security
(Art. 7)
■ Is born to the right for life,
to live freely, freedom
from not only other
people but also from the
government.
■ Assimilation or destruction fo
culture ( art 8)
■ Assimilation is the process
of accepting one cultural
group into another, it is
the way wherein a person
is forced to accept
another culture. It is
pursued through harsh
and extreme policies.
Under this right, IP and
individuals have the right
to not be assimilated or
not to accept or froec to
accept someone culture.
Right against assimilation
■ Belonging to an Indigenous
community or nation (art. 9)
■ They may not be
discriminated because of
their belonging to a
specific community or
nation, they should not be
discriminated because of
that.
■ Right to Culture (art 11)
■ Right to practices rin to
revive their culture and
tradition. The government
should work with the IP to
ensure indigenous
property rights to their
culture, knowledge,
spiritual should be
respected. Government
should address cases,
■ Right to spiritual and religious
traditions and customs (Art 12)
■ To revive their culture, this
is one of the
■ Right to know and use language
histories and oral traditions (Art 13)
IC 🧊
Padayon!
■ The IP have the right to
recover use and pass on
future generations their
histories, languages, and
literature and use their
names. The right to be
heard and understood in
their languages and
different settings. If
needed, they should have
an interpreter.
■ They have the right ot
preserve their customs,
languages, oral tradiitons
ot their descendants, they
should be accorded with
an avenue to use their
dialects or k=own
language in government
institutions.
■ Establishment of educational
system and access to culturally
sensitive education (Art 14)
■ They have the right to set
their own education
system. Children should
have give access and be
given the equal right to
enter in formal education
system and not be forced
rin and be given the
option. Nut they should
not be deprieved
■ Accurate reflection of indigenous
cuktures in education (art 15)
■ Major problem, incorrect
information shown in the
educational material
about the cuture, physical
appearance and not
accurate na hindi
nadodouble check na
hindi vineverify ung mga
materials na binibugay sa
students nila.
■ Information’s about the IP
should be correct because
the children reading the
materials are like spnge
and kung ano una nilang
makita un na ung forever
nilang alam.
■ Everything that is shown
or taught in the
educational material
12 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
should be correct. Since if
it is incorrect, it creates
discrimination
■ Media (art 16)
■ Have the right to create
their own media, tv
station, radio stationa dn
newspaper in their own
language and have the
right to access these.
■ Participation in decision making
(art 18)
■ They have the right to
participate in decision
making in all matter
affecting them these
includes the right of IP to
select who represents
them and to have
Indigenous decision
practices respected.
■ Spiritual relationship with
traditional land and resources (Art
25)
■ UNDRIP says that IP have
the right to take part, or
have the right to practice
their culture, traditions.
■ This should not be taken
against them,
UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
● UNDRIP - is a reinforcement of the law that we have,
because in reality the IPRA was already passed into
law way before the UNDRIP was approved, which is a
good development in the Philippines. It is not only
the IPRA which is used as basis to enforce the rights
of the indigenous people, its not only the IPRA but
also the UNDRIP, of course it is not mandatory for the
states to follow but it is used for guidelines.
● It is used for basis for some countries to enhance
their existing laws, the provisions of the IPRA will
cater specifically based on how our community is
evolving, with the globalizing world, our community is
not only continuously enhancing but it is
continuously developing, with technology a lot of
indigenous community are being affected but also
their traditional culture. So, some provisions are
already outdated, or no longer in harmony with the
existing conditions of the society and of course, they
must be amended.
IC 🧊
Padayon!
HISTORY
BEGINNINGS
● 1971 – Jose Ricardo Martinez Cobo
● Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP)
● UNDRIP started almost 30 to 25 years ago before it
was passed or approved by the United Nations. In
1971, there was a special rapporteur, name Cobo an
independent expert working on behalf of the United
Nations, the special rapporteur are the ones who
promote, study, they study on a specific issue or
matter that involves the implementation of human
rights. They are experts and well learned in their
fields. With them, they create a report after they have
gathered data, they have studied on the human
rights, they submit these reports to the UN in order
for the UN to act on it whether they need to create a
program for that.
● After Cobo, researched ad studied on the
implementation of human rights that involves
indigenous community, he concluded that there is
lacking, or there are a lot of discrimination,
deculturation that involves the indigenous
community, he submitted the report before the UN
and of course the UN acted on that because they saw
the grave violation to it. And later on, it eventually,
the working group of indigenous people was created.
● Later, this was adopted by the working group, and of
course they are recommending that is should be
drafted. In 1985, that was the first draft of the
UNDRIP, until there where further deliberations on it.
● 1993 – another draft was created.
● 2006 – under the Human Rights Council’s 1st Session
– 30:2 votes; 12 abstentions. 2 countries, Russia and
Canada voted against the UNDRIP. Abstentions –
neither yes nor against the adoptions, no vote.
● 2007 adoption of the General assembly – 143:4:1 – 4
countries voted against this, Canada, USA, Australia,
and New Zealand are the ones who voted against the
UNDRIP, since 143 countries approved or in favor of
this, then it was eventually adopted.
CANADA’S ABORIGINALS
● First Nations, Metis, and Inuit
● Canada has a long-standing history with indigenous
community, long before the Europeans came into
Canada there were already Indigenous communities
living in Canada.
● These Aboriginals are the original inhabitants, they
have their own political system, economical system.
They have their own system,
● For so many years, before they were colonized, they
know they have indigenous people, until today, the
13 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
government of Canada is not persuaded of the
effectiveness of the UNDRIP,
● They are saying that UNDRIP is impossible,
BASIS OF RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
● Given the right to pursue development at your own
phase, at your own version that you are not
sacrificing your own culture just to develop or to be
more civilized or to be in equal footing.
1. Right against forced assimilation – there is a
prohibition upon the members of the indigenous
communities to practice their culture and tradition.
2. Right of participation – for them to reach or attain
the right to participation should be provided or
recognized. They must take part in decision-making,
on of the key, provision of UNDRIP is free prior
consent, in relation, if they will acknowledge that
indigenous communities would have free prior
consent.
3. Right to preservation of culture – they must be able
to pass on heir culture and traditions to the next
generations and its up to the next generation to
improve it as long as it is not destroyed.
EFFECT OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS/ POVERTY
ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS
There are a lot of criticism in the readings,
● Programs such as the UN Millennium Development
Goals – these are goals that the UN members agreed
to in 2000, they said that these goals must be
achieved by the year 2015, these goals are for world
leader to combat poverty, disease, literacy,
environmental degradation, hungry, discrimination
against women. These programs are not mainly
focused on indigenous community, there is no
specific MDG that caters to indigenous community,
since the main goal for some is to combat poverty, a
lot of projects by the government who are committed
to attaining these, implemented programs, projects
that will help in the elevation of poverty to increase
their economy. A lot if these programs did not really
help the indigenous community,
● Leads to further marginalization of Ips
● Why?
MODERNIZATION, ECONOMIC, DEVELOPMENT, AND
INDIGENOUS SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND IP’s
SELF-DETERMINED DEVELOPMENT
● Self-determination as the right to be developed to
have one own version of development, IP have their
IC 🧊
Padayon!
own culture, a tradition that they like to preserve, IP
do not want the kind of development that other have
since they have their own, they do not want to lose it
and their traditional practices. Europeans colonized
countries and can set up their own culture and
traditions in the different parts of the world which
resulted to a Eurocentric point of view. A lot of people
around the world, they see this tradition as a standard
kaya nagkaroon ng Euro centric. It became the
standard wround the world, and it is the standard of
development that inspired for other countries to
follow. These countries does not see it na parang In a
balance way.
● Indigenous development – characteristics (based on
the philosophy that humans should live within the
limits of the natural world, that humans should be
underpin under the:
● Indigenous development is what they are trying to
attain because not all members of the community
most especially the IP can attain theat development
and therefore what they believe in kase is that they
should develop in their own way,
1. Reciprocity – there should be a
give-and-take relationship between
humans and nature because they have
this belief that the nature are the ones
that sustains the nature and protects
them
2. Solidarity – means that man is one with
nature such that the destruction of
nature is the destruction of man, ganun
nila pinapakahalagahan ang resources
na meron sila whether it could be land,
water that could be found in those
areas, they think that if you destroy the
source of your needs of course
magbabackfire un sa kanila, so
therefore they think there should be
some sort of solidarity
3. Equilibrium – there should be a state of
balance between two opposing forces of
course they have to take only what they
need and should not overconsume to
give time to replenish, and this is where
sustainability comes from. S a lot of
Indigenous community have a lot of
practices wherein it is important for
them to make sure that their practices
are sustainable na they do not take
more than what they need.
4. Collectivity- the care for nature is for a
collective cost, those present, and those
who have live before and those who will
outlive you. They have this some sort of
14 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
responsibility to take care of nature not
only for their present community but
also for their future community. They
have this responsibility that considers
the future generation that would use
these resources.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
● Response to criticisms of the dominant development
model
○ The dominant development model is the
Euro centric development, and it focuses on
the kind of development that the western
countries, European countries and former
colonizers (they were the first one to attain
the kind of modernization that is way
advanced than the kind of development that
other countries have before that becam ethe
standard for development and they thought
that that is the kind of normal development
and tried to impose that development to
countries they colonized.
○ As a response to the criticism to the
development model, they saw the
characteristics of indigenous development
as very backwards and masyadong mabagal.
If un ang icoconsider nila, how will they be
able to attain the Euro centric model of
development, they may reach it but
matatgalan sila because they must consider
a lot of things. Because they saw it as
backwards, most communities, after the
second world war, the countries were
categorized by developed and not
developed. Most ly the developed are the
western countries, European countries and
the rest of the world are developing
countries and they saw that these
developing countries must follow this
modern developing model. To put back
these countries at the center of
development they put up programs, they
influenced, persuaded these countries in
education, health and skills and encourage
investments in business where business
must flourish in a certain country whether it
is for export, whether it requires exploitation
of resources. This kind of response did not
work on indigenous communities kase they
have to give up the characteristics of
development, a lot of them where not taken
in consideration including their culture and
so on.
IC 🧊
Padayon!
○ Those programs are not enough to address
economic growth bot on the part of the
majority and indigenous communities
because there is lacking kase eh. It was
found out that the poorest possess the
richest natural resources. A lot of countries
around the world for example Africa, a lot of
lands in Africa was bought or exploited by
international countries, what China would do
is to give loans to these countries or with
their government in exchange of
exploitation of loans. Kaya di nauubusan ng
resources si China because they contract
loans.
○ These programs didn’t work to have
economic growth, the solution is for this is
that the governments have to effectively
implement their internal laws that address
and solve the problem that address the
indigenous people and have to consider the
UNDRIP and guide the countries on what
policies they should implement int heir
countries on what laws they should pass that
are specifically address to answer or to
solve the issues involving the indigenous
community. The problem with the UNDRIP is
that it doesn’t have an enforcement body it
just depends on good faith and trust upon
its members to adopt in the laws
● CULTURE?
○ The culture is set of distinctive material
intellectual and emotional features of a
society or a social growth that encompasses
not only art but also involves literature,
nature of living. This is not actually the
primary consideration when it comes to
attaining modernization because when
countries are categorized by developing to
developed countries, the kind of
modernization that these developed
countries became the standard of
modernization, and it is the idea of the state
of economic and political advancement
enjoyed by the west or USA became the
kind of development. This was considered as
veery problematic kase this kind of
modernization did not fully address.
○ The programs that was implemented by the
UN were not effective because they did not
approach, they did not implement the
programs in a way that it would consider the
indigenous communities. Because all
indigenous communities are different, they
have different set of traditions, culture. One
size does not fit all, if these government will
15 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022
SOCSCI 102N
PHILIPPINE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES (FINALS)
continue to impose the kind of
modernization that is not fit for this kind of
indigenous communities then they will ntot
really be able to address problems involving
indigenous communities.
● MODERNIZATION?
● Are the culture, vales, and identities of IPs seen as
obstacles to development and modernization?
○ The answer to this is: yes, for those who take
advantage:
■ Because their lands and resources
are rich and indigenous people are
not willing to freely dispose them
■ If the indigenous
community have given the
right to free prior
informed consent because
of the UNDRIP, because
UNDRIP provides that.
However, a lot of countries
do not want to adopt
UNDRIP ot their laws
because it is not
compatible. However,
Philippines have made a
law way before the
UNDRIP was developed to
address the problems of
the indigenous people.
■ Indigenous people’s culture and
values are seemed to be
contradictory to the values of the
market economy such as
accumulation of profit, hyper
consumption, and competitiveness.
■ These concepts does not
go in harmony with the
kind of indigenous
development, if we are
going to consider
equilibrium, solidarity,
reciprocity, pwedeng
mawala ung profit mo,
hyper consumption
became a practice
because of people’s or this
kind of attitude developed
because of globalization.
We have access to the
different products. This
hyper consumption
attitude goes against the,
it does not go compatibly
in the equilibrium (there
should be a harmony
IC 🧊
Padayon!
when it comes to taking
natural resources, it
should be sustainable.)
○ That those of course who are exploiting of
course these indigenous communities and
resources sees it this way because they are
the ones who are using and abusing the
resources that these indigenous
communities are using. We must consider
that these indigenous communities have
been living and using these resources as
their daily need for many years and this has
been their source of primary needs. And
these entities that are taking advantage of
their resources is not reasonable for them to
take away their resources, that’s inhumane
naman. For example, you’re a mining
business, and you see an opportunity to
mine golds and diamonds, but there are a lot
of indigenous people living there, you may
see that as an advantage, so you process the
permits and granted the permits. But if you
look it in an ethical view, you will gain profit,
but the indigenous people will loss.
○ Those who take advantage of these
indigenous communities most especially the
rich ones. The majority groups of the
countries have the resources to exploit
these indigenous communities.
● After WWII – countries were categorized. Why was
this problematic?
○ The categorization of the countries after
WW2, it became problematic because it
meant that the Euro centric version of
development should take place in the
developing countries to attain the level of
developed countries. It is problematic
because it did not approach the needs of the
indigenous communities, it was not
considered. Para sa mga developed
countries is to teach the developing
countries the way they did. One size does
not fit all, since there are a lot if different
indigenous people that cannot easily accept
these development kase they have these
beliefs, values and traditions. They see their
resources, nature not the same way as these
developed countries, they see development
as in line with their culture and tradition.
16 | BSTM-TIM 3A | SEM 1 2022