Quantum Mechanical Model

• The quantum mechanical model is based on quantum

theory, which says matter also has properties associated
with waves. According to quantum theory, it’s impossible to
know the exact position and momentum of an electron at
the same time. This is known as the Uncertainty
Principle. The quantum mechanical model of the atom
uses complex shapes of orbitals (sometimes called
electron clouds), volumes of space in which there is likely
to be an electron. So, this model is based on probability
rather than certainty.

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Energy Levels or Shells
• Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed
distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may
be found. Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles in an
atom that move around the positive nucleus at the center.
Energy levels are a little like the steps of a staircase. You can
stand on one step or another but not in between the steps.
The same goes for electrons. They can occupy one energy
level or another but not the space between energy levels.

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Energy Levels or Shells
The main or the principal energy
levels (n) are numbered starting with n=1
as the energy is infinite. The succeeding
energy level is located farther from the
nucleus. Electrons in energy levels at
increasing distances from the nucleus Principal Maximum # of
have increasingly higher energies. Energy level, electrons
n allowed
The maximum number of electrons 1
2
2 x (1)2=2
2 x (2)2=8
for specific energy level can be 3 2 x (3)2=18

calculated using the formula 2n2 where n 4

5
2 x (4)2=32
2 x (5)2=50
is the principal energy level. 6 2 x (6)2=72

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Subshells (Orbitals)
A subshell, also called as orbitals is a group of orbitals.
Subshells are collections of orbitals which share the same
principle quantum number and angular momentum quantum
number, l, which is denoted by the letters s, p, d, f and so on.
Different subshells have different orbital shapes, and electrons
in subshells with the same l orbit the nucleus in the same
approximate shape.

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Subshells (Orbitals)
There are four different types
of subshells. These various types
of subshells are denoted by the
letters s, p, d, and f. Each
subshell has a maximum number
of electrons which it can hold: s -
2 electrons, p - 6 electrons, d -
10 electrons, and f - 14
electrons. The s subshell is the
lowest energy subshell and the f
subshell is the highest energy
subshell.
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S - Orbital

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P - Orbital

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D - Orbital

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F - Orbital

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Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
According to this principle “no two
electrons in an atom will have
same value of all the four
quantum numbers”. In other
words, we cannot place two
electrons with the same value of s
in a 1s orbital. The orbital diagram
does not represent a possible
arrangement of electrons

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Hund’s rule
According to this rule, “Electron
pairing in p, d and f orbitals
cannot occur until each orbitals of
a given subshell contains one
electron each or is singly
occupied”. The important point to
be remembered is that all the
singly occupied orbitals should
have electrons with parallel spins
i.e in the same direction either-
clockwise or anticlockwise.

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Aufbau Principle
This principle states that the
electrons are added one by one to
the various orbitals in order of
their increasing energy starting
with the orbital of lowest energy.
The increasing order of energy of
various orbitals is
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<3d<5s<
5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p…
… just like from first floor taking
the stairs going to the 7th floor of
a building.
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Aufbau Principle

Si Sharon, Pumasok Sa Pinto. Si

Daddy, Pumasok sa Door. Paano
si Francis, Daddy? Paano si
Francis, Daddy? Paano?

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Sample Problems
Calcium and its atomic number is 20.
Step 1: Write the electron configuration of calcium. Remember
to apply the rules and principles in arranging electrons.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Step 2: Now let’s illustrate the electron spin and arrangement
of electrons for calcium. Reminder, apply again the rules and
principles in arranging electrons.

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Sample Problems
Gallium and its atomic number is 31.
Step 1: Write the electron configuration of gallium.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
Step 2: Illustrate the electron spin and arrangement of
electrons for Gallium.

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Sample Problems
Tungsten that has an atomic number of 74.
Step 1: Write the electron configuration of calcium.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4
Step 2: Illustrate the electron spin and arrangements of the
electrons.

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 Development of the Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table is the tabular arrangement of all the
chemical elements on the basis of their respective atomic
numbers.

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 Dobereiner’s Triads
Dobereiner arranged a group
of three elements with similar
properties in the order of
increasing atomic masses and
called it a triad. He showed that
the atomic mass of the middle
element is approximately the
arithmetic mean of the other two.
But, Dobereiner could identify only
the following three triads from the
elements known at that time.

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 Newland’s Law of Octaves
Dobereiner arranged a group
of three elements with similar
properties in the order of
increasing atomic masses and
called it a triad. He showed that
the atomic mass of the middle
element is approximately the
arithmetic mean of the other two.
But, Dobereiner could identify only
the following three triads from the
elements known at that time.

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 Newland’s Law of Octaves
Dobereiner arranged a group
of three elements with similar
properties in the order of
increasing atomic masses and
called it a triad. He showed that
the atomic mass of the middle
element is approximately the
arithmetic mean of the other two.
But, Dobereiner could identify only
the following three triads from the
elements known at that time.

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 Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
Dmitri Mendeleev when arranged
in the order of the elements
atomic numbers show a periodic
variation of atomic structure and of
most of their properties.
Mendeleev's table was nine tenths
of the way there, but needed one
important modification before it
became the modern periodic table
- the use of atomic number as the
organizing principle for the
periods.
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 Modern Periodic Table of Elements
periodic table is a graphical layout of the chemical elements,
organized into rows and columns according to their basic
characteristics. The table allows scientists to easily grasp the
relationships and similarities among the elements, which are
the building blocks of all matter.

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 Atomic Number and Mass
periodic table is a graphical layout of the chemical elements,
organized into rows and columns according to their basic
characteristics. The table allows scientists to easily grasp the
relationships and similarities among the elements, which are
the building blocks of all matter.

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 Atomic Number and Mass
periodic table is a graphical layout
of the chemical elements,
organized into rows and columns
according to their basic
characteristics. The table allows
scientists to easily grasp the
relationships and similarities
among the elements, which are
the building blocks of all matter.

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 Periods
The rows in the periodic table are
called periods. Atoms of these
elements all share the same
highest electron energy level.

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 Groups
Groups are the columns of the
table. Atoms of elements within a
group have the same number of
valence electrons. These
elements share many similar
properties and tend to act the
same way as each other in
chemical reactions.

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Groups

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Groups
34Se- 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4
Block-
Period –
Group –
Valence Electron –

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Groups
26Fe- 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
Block -
Period –
Group –
Valence Electron –

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Groups
17Cl - 1s22s22p63s23p5
Block -
Period –
Group –
Valence Electron –

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 Groups
Phosphorus - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p3
Block -
Period –
Group –
Valence Electron –

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