SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS

Medina Hernández Vanessa Alejandra 2EM19

Tarea 4. Ecuaciones diferenciales de primer
orden y orden superior
1.- Encontrar los valores del punto de equilibrio y
diagramas de fase de las siguientes ecuaciones:
1.1 𝒙̇ = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙
𝑥̇ = 𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑥̇ = 0
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 0
2𝑥 = 0 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 𝑒1 = 0 𝑥 𝑒2 = −2
𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑔̇ (𝑥 𝑒 ) = 4𝑥 + 4
𝑔̇ (0) = 4 > 0 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑔̇ (−2) = −4 < 0 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
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250

200

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100

50

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

-50

Solución:
𝑥̇ − 4𝑥 = 2𝑥 2
𝑥 −𝑛 = 𝑥 −2
𝑥 −2 (𝑥̇ − 4𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 )
𝑥 −2 𝑥̇ − 4𝑥 −1 = 2
𝑧 = 𝑥 1−𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1
𝑧̇ = −𝑥 −2 𝑥̇
 −𝑧̇ − 4𝑧 = 2
𝑧̇ + 4𝑧 = −2

𝑧 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ∫ 𝑄(𝑡)𝑒 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑧 = 𝑘𝑒 −4𝑡 + 𝑒 −4𝑡 ∫ −2𝑒 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑢 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑡
4
1
𝑧 = 𝑘𝑒 −4𝑡 −
2
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1
−4𝑡
1
𝑘𝑒 − = 𝑥 −1
2
1
=𝑥
1
𝑘𝑒 −4𝑡 −
2
 1.2 𝒙̇ = 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙
𝑥̇ = 𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = 8𝑥 2 + 16𝑥
𝑥̇ = 0
8𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 = 0
8𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 0
8𝑥 = 0 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 𝑒1 = 0 𝑥 𝑒2 = −2
𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = 8𝑥 2 + 16𝑥
𝑔̇ (𝑥 𝑒 ) = 16𝑥 + 16
𝑔̇ (0) = 16 > 0 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑔̇ (−2) = −16 < 0 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
250

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100

50

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-50
Solución:
𝑥̇ − 16𝑥 = 8𝑥 2
𝑥 −𝑛 = 𝑥 −2
𝑥 −2 (𝑥̇ − 16𝑥 = 8𝑥 2 )
𝑥 −2 𝑥̇ − 16𝑥 −1 = 8
𝑧 = 𝑥 1−𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1
𝑧̇ = −𝑥 −2 𝑥̇
−𝑧̇ − 16𝑧 = 8
𝑧̇ + 16𝑧 = −8

𝑧 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ∫ 𝑄(𝑡)𝑒 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑧 = 𝑘𝑒 −16𝑡 + 𝑒 −16𝑡 ∫ −8𝑒 16𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑢 = 16𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 16𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑡
16

−16𝑡
1
𝑧 = 𝑘𝑒 −
2
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1
 −16𝑡
1
𝑘𝑒 − = 𝑥 −1
2
1
=𝑥
1
𝑘𝑒 −16𝑡 −
2
1.3 𝒙̇ + 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑥̇ = 𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = −𝑥 + 2
𝑥̇ = 0
−𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥𝑒 = 2
𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = −𝑥 + 2
𝑔̇ (𝑥 𝑒 ) = −1 < 0 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
8

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-2

-4
Solución:
𝑥̇ + 𝑥 = 2

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ∫ 𝑄 (𝑡)𝑒 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫ 2𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑡 + 2
1.4 𝒙̇ + 𝒙 = 𝟖
𝑥̇ = 𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = −𝑥 + 8
𝑥̇ = 0
−𝑥 + 8 = 0
𝑥𝑒 = 8
𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = −𝑥 + 8
𝑔̇ (𝑥 𝑒 ) = −1 < 0 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
 8

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-2

-4

Solución:
𝑥̇ + 𝑥 = 8

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ∫ 𝑄 (𝑡)𝑒 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫ 8𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑡 + 8
 1.5 𝒙̇ = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝑥̇ = 𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥̇ = 0
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑒1 = 1 𝑥 𝑒2 = −1
𝑔(𝑥 𝑒 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑔̇ (𝑥 𝑒 ) = 2𝑥
𝑔̇ (1) = 2 > 0 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑔̇ (−1) = −2 < 0 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
8

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-2

-4
Solución:
𝑥̇ = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥2 − 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡
(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 𝑎2 = 1
𝑢=𝑥 𝑎=1
𝑑𝑥
∫ =𝑡+𝑘
(𝑢 2 − 𝑎 2 )
1 𝑢−𝑎
𝐼𝑛 | |=𝑡+𝑘
2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
1 𝑥−1
𝐼𝑛 | |=𝑡+𝑘
2 𝑥+1
𝑥−1
𝐼𝑛 | | = 2𝑡 + 𝑘
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
𝐼𝑛| |
𝑒 𝑥+1 = 𝑒 2𝑡+𝑘
 𝑥−1
= 𝑘𝑒 2𝑡
𝑥+1
𝑥 − 1 = 𝑘𝑥𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑘𝑒 2𝑡
𝑥 − 𝑘𝑥𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝑘𝑒 2𝑡 + 1
𝑥 (1 − 𝑘𝑥𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 𝑘𝑒 2𝑡 + 1
𝑘𝑒 2𝑡 + 1
𝑥=
1 − 𝑘𝑥𝑒 2𝑡