Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12
Z est for P rogress

Z eal of Partnership

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
First Semester- Quarter 2: Module 10
Government Programs and Initiatives in
Addressing Social Inequalities e.g. local,
national, global

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 Development Team of the Module
Writer/s: Airene G. Elcamel
Editor: Florence S. Gallemit, Marirose Breto
Evaluators: Perga A. Cadiente
Florence S. Gallemit
Dr. Jephone Yorong
Illustrator: Name of illustrator/Photographer
Layout Artist: Peter Alavanza, Name of layout artist
Management Team: Dr. Isabelita M. Borres, CESO
III Dr. Eugenio B. Penales
Sonia D. Gonzales
Dr. Ella Grace M. Tagupa
Dr. Jephone P. Yorong
Florence S. Gallemit

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 Target
After going through this module, you are expected to:

 List the government programs and initiatives in addressing social inequalities


  Identify the different social inequalities
 Describe social inequalities

Review
Get your notebook on UCSP. Multiple Choice. Answer the following questions.
Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. A process wherein the members of the society are ranked in terms of their superiority

a. Class
b. Stratification
c. Discrimination
d. Differentiation
2. These are mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors, mangers, owners of
small businesses, executive, etc.
a. Upper class
b. Middle class
c. Lower class
d. High class
3. A type of Class System that prohibits social mobility. An example this type of Class
System is Indi‟s Caste System
a. Open Class System
b. Closed Class System
c. Irrevocable Class System
d. Social Mobility
4. Those who are socially desirable possess a high level of:
a. Wealth, Influence, Prestige
b. Prestige, Power, Popularity
c. Health, Wealth, Power
d. Wealth, Power, Prestige

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 5. The three social classes in social stratification
a. Prestige, esteem and power
b. Ascribed status, achieved status and status
c. Social stratification, political stratification and social mobility
d. Upper class, Middle class and Lower class

Lesson
Social Inequalities
10

Discover
People having unequal access to various resources and privileges in society are social
inequality. They may be deprived of economic stability, political influence, education and
many more. They may not receive the same resources and privileges as other people
because of their economic standing, ethnicity and gender.
Social inequality is characterized by three factors: wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth
refers to the amount of material resources a person has access to. Power refers to the
ability of a person to make others follow him/her. Lastly, prestige is a person‟s influence and
status in a society. Social inequality also exists in many areas, these are: gender, sex, race,
age, ethnicity, religion and kinship.
There is a wide gap between the rich and poor; poverty and social inequality are
interrelated and they both can have effects on an individual. It was said that income
inequality can cause psychological stress, which can affect the health of a person. In
addition to this, those from deprived communities, which have lower economic status,
experience poorer health compared to those who are well off. Social inequality can also
affect society as a whole; crime rates and violence tends to increase.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or statuses
within a group or society is referred to as social inequality. Social inequality occurs when
resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, generally through norms of allocation,
that bring about specific patterns along lines
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of socially defined categories of persons. Economic inequality, described on the basis
of the unequal distribution of income or wealth, is the most frequently studied type of
social inequality.
Social and natural resources other than purely economic resources are also unevenly
distributed in most societies and, thus, may contribute to social status. The distribution of
rights and privileges, social power, transportation, adequate housing, access to public
goods and services such as education or the judicial system, credit and financial services
such as banking and other social goods and services can also be affected by the norms
of allocation.
Despite the fact that many societies worldwide get hold of their resources and are
distributed on the basis of merit; study shows that the allocation of resources often follows
delineations that differentiate diverse social categories of persons on the basis of other
socially defined characteristics.
For example, social inequality is correlated to racial inequality, gender inequality, and
ethnic inequality as well as other status characteristics.
Social inequality is shaped by a range of structural factors, such as geographical
location or citizenship, and is often underpinned by cultural discourses and significant
identities. For example, whether the poor are „deserving‟ or „undeserving‟. In simple
societies, those that have few social roles and statuses occupied by its members, social
inequality may be very low. In tribal societies, for example, a tribal head or chieftain may
hold some privileges, use tools, or wear marks of office to which others do not have access.

The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many ways. The following
are some examples.
1. Access to capital
Marx described capital as the means of production. It is the main resource of a
person in order to survive. Capital exists in different forms: financial capital
(money), cultural capital (culture), human capital (skills and knowledge), social
capita (networks), and symbolic capita (honor and prestige).

Scarcity in symbolic capital also causes inequality. For example, everyone is

expected to be treated equally in a voter’s registration. Everyone queues and follows
the procedure. However, when a VIP (e.g., a popular celebrity) joins the registrants,
the staff treats the VIP better than the other registrants, and lets him/her cut the
queue. Inequality happens because of the VIP’s symbolic capital as a popular
celebrity.
2. Gender Inequality
Since the 1990‟s the female population among all societies in the worl have taken
leaps toward gender equality. However, they are still far from achieving complete
gender equity. According to the 2015 Human Development Report of UNDP,
females are still discriminated in health, education, political representation, labor
market, and more.
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 In the Philippines, violence to women is still rampant. In 2013, almost 24
thousand cases of violence against women have been reported (Philippine
Commission on Women, 2014). One reason can be attributed to the large
Christian population of the country.

3. Inequality to cultural minorities

Inequality also manifests in cultural minorities, such as ethnic groups, sexual
minorities, persons with disabilities (PWD), and religious minorities.

Stereotype is the most common basis for inequality against minorities. For example,
many Filipinos think of Bajau people as ill-mannered street dwellers. Since some of
the street dwellers are violent towards people who refuses to give donations, many
urban citizens tend to associate the Bajau people with violence and rudeness.

For sexual minorities in the country, such as LGBTs, the common stereotype is that
gay men are hairdressers or entertainers, and lesbian women are cross-dressing
butches (Pascual, 2012; Martin, 2013). Gay men are often portrayed in the mass
media as people whose weakness is sex men.

Discrimination also exists in the treatment of persons with disability (PWDs). Not all
overpasses, not just in the country but the world, have ramps which differently
abled can use in crossing roads; same with trains and public utility vehicles (PUVs).
Most entertainment establishment, do not have facilities for the blind and deaf for
them to equally enjoy the establishment.

Another case of inequality can be seen in how religious minorities are treated in a
place dominated by a certain faith.

4. Global Inequality
the financial system of the world have developed unevenly, historically, such that the
entire geographical regions were left stalled in poverty and illness, while the rest of
the world began to reduce poverty illness.
Countries need to embrace/adapt an integral program that looks at the problem across the
social, economic and environment dimensions, as well as access to education health care
and resources to effectively solve inequality. Vital to these solutions is a host of
interventions that promote equitable access to resources and services, as well as inclusive
growth with decent jobs and livelihoods for all people within society.

The CCT implementation of DSWD in the Philippine is a manifestation of the government‟s

effort toward an equitable society. The Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4Ps)
reaches out to the poorest of the poor by giving them social assistance and development.
In this way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from extreme poverty.

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The gap between the classes widens through time. Because of this, policy makers and
social reformers aim to attain equitable distribution of wealth and income through various
government transfers, like conditional cash transfer (CCT) that is being implemented by
the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

Non-formal education refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried

outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a
segment of the population.
It offers alternative learning opportunities for the out of school youth and adults specifically
those who are 15 year old above and unable to avail themselves of the educational services
and programs of formal education. It reaches out to citizens of varied interest, demographic
characteristics, and socioeconomic origins and status. Its primary objectives are to provide
literacy programs to eradicate illiteracy.
Special Education (SPED provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and instructional
materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly higher or lower than the
average or norm. it aims to develop the maximums potential of the child with the special
needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant and take advantage of the opportunities for
a full and happy life.
Implementation of Programs and Services for Persons with Disabilities in
every Province, City and Municipality
Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be created in every province,
city and municipality. The local chief executive shall appoint a PWD affairs officer who shall
mange and oversee the operations of the office, pursuant to its mandate under this act.

 Department of the Interior and Local Government Memorandum Circular No. 2010-
103, dated 23 September 2010. This contains the implementing rules and regulations
around RA 10070.
Accessible Polling Places Exclusively for Persons with Disabilities and Senior
Citizens
Republic Act Number 10336, dated 23 July 2012. “The State shall ensure that persons with
disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their right to political participation without
discrimination or restrictions. Towards this end, the state shall design systems and
procedures that will enable persons with disabilities and senior citizens to register and vote
by them.”
 COMELEC Resolution 9763, dated 30 August 2013. This contains the
implementing rules and regulations around RA 10336.
Equal Opportunity Employment
Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012. “At least one percent (1%) of all positions
in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons with
disability: Provided, that private corporations with more than one hundred (100) employees
are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions for persons with
disability.
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Anti-Bullying Act

Republic Act Number 10627, dated 05 June 2013. “Bullying shall refer to any severe or
repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or electric expressions, or a
physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student that has the
effect of actually causing or placing the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional
harm or damage to his property; creating a hostile environment at school for the other
student; infringing on the rights of the other student at school; or materially and substantially
disrupting the education process or the orderly operation of the school‟.

Other Policies

DEPED Child Protection Policy Dated 14 May 2012. The document outlines the Philippine
Department of Education‟s Policies and Guideline on protecting children in school from
violence, exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse, cruelty and other conditions
prejudicial to their development.

Analyze
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in your notebook or a
separate sheet of paper.
Activity 1

1. What are the factors that characterized by social inequality?

2. Provide examples of social inequality for each.
a. Access to capital
b. Gender inequality
c. Cultural minorities (ethnic groups, LGBTs, PWD, etc.)
d. Global inequality
3. Should the government set up centers or working establishment exclusive for
persons with disability? Why?
4. Should the government encourage business to make it easier for persons with
disability to work? Why?

Activity 2

1. Is the entire world, growing more or less unequal?

2. Do you agree that men and women should be treated the same way?
3. Do you think men and women today have equal opportunities in our society? Why or
why not?
4. How minorities treated by society?
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Activity 3

1. Name at least 5 government programs in addressing the social inequality.

Enrichment Activity

Activity 1
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Write your answer in your UCSP notebook. Do not write
anything in this module.
1. ________________ is the most common basis for inequality against minorities.
2. The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society is referred to as
______________.
3. Social inequality is characterized by three factors:________________,
4. _________________
5. _________________
6. The implementation of DSWD in the Philippines is a manifestation of the
government‟s effort an equitable society. The _________________ reaches out to
the poorest of the poor by giving them social assistance and development. In this
way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from extreme poverty.

7. _________________________ provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and

instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly
higher or lower than the average or norm. it aims to develop the
maximums potential of the child with the special needs to enable
him/her to become self-reliant and take advantage of the
opportunities for a full and happy life.
8. _____________________ refers to any organized systematic educational
activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the population.
9. ___________ in symbolic capital also causes inequality.
10. Social inequality also exists in many areas, these are: ______________,
11. _____________
12. _____________
13. _____________
14. _____________
15. _____________
16. _____________

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Activity 2

Directions: Multiple Choice. Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer
in your UCSP notebook. Do not write anything in this module.
1. Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012. “At least one percent (1%) of all
positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for
persons with disability: Provided, that private corporations with more than one

2. hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%)
of all positions for persons with disability.
a. Anti-bullying act
b. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
c. Equal opportunity employment
d. Disability law
3. Social inequality also exists in many areas, which one is not included?
a. Gender
b. Race
c. Talent
d. Sex
4. Republic Act Number 10336, dated 23 July 2012. “The State shall ensure that
persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their right to
political participation without discrimination or restrictions.
Towards this end, the state shall design systems and procedures that will enable
persons with disabilities and senior citizens to register and vote by them.”

a. Accessible polling places exclusively for persons with disabilities and

senior citizen.
b. Anti-bullying act
c. Equal opportunity
d. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
5. The implementation of DSWD in the Philippines is a manifestation of the
government‟s effort an equitable society. The _________________ reaches out to
the poorest of the poor by giving them social assistance and development. In this
way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from extreme poverty.

a. Anti-bullying act
b. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
c. Equal opportunity employment
d. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
6. ____________________ refers to any organized systematic educational
activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the population.

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 a. Special Education
b. Global Inequality
c. Non-formal Education
d. Gender Inequality

Activity 3
Directions: Fact or Bluff. Write the word Fact if the statement is correct and the Bluff if the
statement is incorrect. Write your answer in your UCSP notebook. Do not write anything in
this module.
1. Social inequality is characterized by two factors: wealth, power and prestige.
2. Social inequality also exist in many areas, these are: gender, sex, race, age,
ethnicity, religion and kinship.
3. Inequality also manifests in cultural minorities, such as ethnic groups, sexual
minorities, persons with disabilities (PWDs), and religious minorities.
4. Stereotype is the most common basis for inequality against minorities.
5. The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many ways.
Like for examples, access to capital, gender inequality, inequality to cultural
minorities, global inequality.
6. SPED refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried outside of the
framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of
the population.
7. Special Education (SPED provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and
instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly higher or
lower than the average or norm. it aims to develop the maximums potential of the
child with the special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant and take
advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.
8. Anti-Bullying Act states that “At least one percent (1%) of all positions in all
government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons with
disability: Provided, that private corporations with more than one hundred (100)
employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions for
persons with disability.
9. Social inequality can also affect society as a whole; crime rates and violence tends
to increase.
10. The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions
or statuses within a group or society is referred to as social inequality.

10
 Gawain
Directions: Get your notebook, and then answer the following activity. Do not write anything
in this module.

1. List down Famous Personalities who excel in their field of specialization WOMEN

WHO WHO WHO

EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE

TRANSGENDER

WHO WHO WHO

EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE

2. Give 5 top solutions to income inequality base on your society base on your priority.

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 Remember

 Social inequality is characterized by three factors: wealth, power, and prestige.


 Social inequality also exists in many areas, these are: gender, sex, race, age,
 ethnicity, religion and kinship.
 The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or
statuses within a group or society is referred to as social inequality. Social
inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly,
generally through norms of allocation, that bring about specific patterns along lines of
 socially defined categories of persons.
 The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many ways. Like
for examples, access to capital, gender inequality, inequality to cultural minorities,
 global inequality.
 Countries need to embrace/adapt an integral program that looks at the problem
across the social, economic and environment dimensions, as well as access to
education health care and resources to effectively solve inequality. Vital to these
solutions is a host of interventions that promote equitable access to resources and
services, as well as inclusive growth with decent jobs and livelihoods for all people
 within society.
 The CCT implementation of DSWD in the Philippine is a manifestation of the
government‟s effort toward an equitable society. The Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino
Program (4Ps) reaches out to the poorest of the poor by giving them social
assistance and development. In this way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly
 be alleviated from extreme poverty.
 Equal Opportunity Employment Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012.
“At least one percent (1%) of all positions in all government agencies, offices or
corporations shall be reserved for persons with disability: Provided, that private
corporations with more than one hundred (100) employees are encouraged to
reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions for persons with disability. 

12
 Evaluation

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your
answer in your notebook.
1. Social inequality is characterized by three factors
a. Wealth, power and prestige.
b. Wealth, inequality and prestige
c. Wealth, power and class
d. Wealth, status and prestige
2. People having unequal access to various resources and privileges in society is called

a. Gender inequality
b. Social inequality
c. Ethnic minorities
d. Global inequality
3. _________is a person‟s influence and status in a society.
a. Wealth
b. Power
c. Prestige
d. Status
4. ___________ refers to the amount of material resources a person has access to.

a. Wealth
b. Power
c. Prestige
d. Status
5. ___________ refers to the ability of a person to make others follow him/her.
a. Wealth
b. Status
c. Prestige
d. Power
6. Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012. “At least one percent (1%) of all
positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for
persons with disability: Provided, that private corporations with more than one
hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all
positions for persons with disability.

13
 a. Equal opportunity employment
b. Anti-bullying act
c. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
d. Disability law
7. Social inequality also exists in many areas, which one is not included?
a. Gender
b. Race
c. Talent
d. Sex
8. Republic Act Number 10336, dated 23 July 2012. “The State shall ensure that
persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their right to
political participation without discrimination or restrictions.
Towards this end, the state shall design systems and procedures that will enable
persons with disabilities and senior citizens to register and vote by them.”

a. Anti-bullying act
b. Equal opportunity
c. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
d. Accessible polling places exclusively for persons with disabilities and senior
citizen
9. Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be created in every
province, city and municipality. The local chief executive shall appoint a PWD affairs
officer who shall mange and oversee the operations of the office, pursuant to its
mandate under this act.
a. Anti-bullying act
b. Equal opportunity
c. Implementation of programs and services for persons with disabilities in every
province, city and municipality.
d. Accessible polling places exclusively for persons with disabilities and senior
citizen.
10. Inequality also manifests in cultural minorities, which one is not included?
a. Ethnic groups
b. Sexual minorities
c. Person with disabilities (PWD)
d. Prestige
11. _____ is the most common basis for inequality against minorities.
a. Stereotype
b. Minorities
c. Inequality
d. Equality
12. The implementation of DSWD in the Philippines is a manifestation of the government‟s
effort an equitable society. The _________________ reaches out to the poorest of the
poor by giving them social assistance and development. In this way, it is hoped that the
beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from extreme poverty.

14
 a. Anti-bullying act
b. Equal opportunity employment
c. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
d. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
13. The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many ways, which
one is not included?
a. access to capital
b. gender inequality
c. global inequality
d. social status
14. ___________ in symbolic capital also causes inequality.
a. scarcity
b. inequality
c. status
d. minority
15. ____________________ refers to any organized systematic educational
activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of
learning to a segment of the population.
a. Special Education
b. Non-formal Education
c. Gender Inequality
d. Global Inequality

15
References
Ederlina d. Balena, Dolores M. Lucero, Arnel M. Peralta,Consultant: Adelina A.
Sebastian,Understanding, Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High

Arthur S. Abulencia, Rowel S. Padernal, Social Dynamics, A Worksheet on Understanding Culture Society
and Politics

Myla M. Arcinas, PhD, Project Director: Ronaldo B. Mactal,Understanding Culture, Society and Politics