NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE-2206 Electrical Network Analysis Lab

Batch: 2021-2025 Semester: III
Session: Fall-2022
EXPERIMENT NO-09:
Measurement of active, reactive and apparent
power of single phase power system on RLC
loads.

Student Name: Daniyal Khalid

Registration No: F21603046

Date of Experiment: 15-01-2023

Psychomotor Domain Rubric Based Assessment

Levels of Achievement
Unacceptable Just acceptable Basic Good Excellent Marks
(0-1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Ability to conduct an experiment
II. Implementation and Results

Affective Domain Rubric Based Assessment

Levels of Achievement
Unacceptable Just acceptable Basic Good Excellent Marks
(0-1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Individual and Group
Engagement

Lab Report Rubric Based Assessment in Affective Domain

Levels of Achievement
Unacceptable Just acceptable Basic Good Excellent Marks
(0-1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
I. Data Analysis and Presentation
II. Results and Conclusion

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Experiment No: 09

Title: Measurement of active, reactive and apparent power of single-phase

power system on RLC loads.

Objectives

Students are expected to learn about the Measurement of active, reactive and apparent power of
single-phase power system on RLC loads.
To understand the schematic diagram corresponding to the measurement of the RLC load.

Electrical Load:
An electrical load is the part of an electrical circuit in which current is transformed into something
useful. Examples include a lightbulb, a resistor and a motor. A load converts electricity into heat, light
or motion. Put another way, the part of a circuit that connects to a well-defined output terminal is
considered an electrical load. Three basic types of loads exist in circuits: capacitive loads, inductive
loads and resistive loads. These differ in how they consume power in an alternating current (AC)
setup. Capacitive, inductive and resistive load types correspond loosely to lighting, mechanical and
heating loads.

There are three types of power.

1. Active Power
2. Reactive Power
3. Apparent Power

Active Power:
Active Power is the actual power which is really transferred to the load such as transformer, induction
motors, generators etc and dissipated in the circuit.

Alternative words used for Real Power (Actual Power, True Power, Watt-full Power, Useful Power,
Real Power, and Active Power) and denoted by (P) and measured in units of Watts (W) i.e. The unit of
Real or Active power is Watt where 1W = 1V x 1 A.

Active Power in AC Circuits:

But the situation in Sinusoidal or AC Circuits is more complex because of phase difference (θ)
between Current and Voltage. Therefore, average value of power (Real Power) is P = VI Cosθ is in
fact supplied to the load.
In AC circuits, when circuit is pure resistive, then the same formula used for power as used in DC as
P = V I.

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Active Power Formulas:

 P=VxI (In DC circuits)
 P = V x I x Cosθ (in Single phase AC Circuits)

P = √3 x VLx IL x Cosθ or (in Three Phase AC Circuits)

P = 3 x VPh x IPhx Cosθ
 P = √ (S2 – Q2)or
 P =√ (VA2 – VAR2) or
Real or True Power or Active Power = √ (Apparent Power2 – Reactive Power2) or
kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)
 P = Power in Watts
 V = Voltages in Volts
 I = Current in Amperes
 Cosθ = Power Factor (Phase angle Difference)
 VL = Line Voltage
 IL = Line Current
 S = Apparent Power in VA (Volt Ampere)
 Q = Reactive Power in VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive)

Also known as (Use-less Power, Watt less Power)

Reactive Power:
The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known as reactive
Power (Q). Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as
reactive power. Reactive Power represent that the energy is first stored and then released in the form of
magnetic field or electrostatic field in case of inductor and capacitor respectively. Reactive power is
given by Q = V I Sinθ which can be positive (+ve) for inductive loads and negative (-ve) for capacitive
load.
The unit of Reactive Power is Volt-Ampere reactive i.e. VAR where 1 VAR = 1V x 1A.
In more simple words, in Inductor or Capacitor, how much magnetic or electric field produced by 1A x
1V is known as the unit of Reactive Power.

Reactive Power Formulas:

 Q = V I Sinθ
 Reactive Power = √ (Apparent Power2– True power2)
 VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)
 kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
Where:
 θ = Phase angle

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Apparent Power:
The Product of voltage and current if and only if the phase angle differences between current and
voltage are ignored. Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to
as apparent power. The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power. In an
AC circuit, the product of the r.m.s voltage and the r.m.s current is called apparent power which is
denoted by (S) and measured in units of Volt-amp (VA).
It is the product of Voltage and Current without phase angle.
The unit of Apparent power (S) VA i.e. 1VA = 1V x 1A.
When the circuit is pure resistive, then apparent power is equal to real or true power, but in inductive
or capacitive circuit, (when Reactance’s exist) then apparent power is greater than real or true power.
Apparent Power Formulas:
 S=VI
 S = √ (P + Q2)
 Apparent Power = √ (True power2 + Reactive Power2)
 kVA = √kW2 + kVAR2

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Connections for single phase loads:

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Table for RL:

Voltage fixed
100V

S.no R L Current P (Watt) Q (VAR) S (VA) P.F

1 2 2 90 7 5 9 0.80
2 2 3 109 7 7 10 0.71
3 2 4 134 7 11 14 0.57
4 2 5 154 8 13 16 0.53

Table for RLC:

Voltage fixed
100V

S.no R L C Current P (Watt) Q (VAR) S (VA) P.F

1 3 3 1 121 11 5 12 0.90
2 3 3 2 115 11 -2 11 0.95
3 3 3 3 114 11 -3 11 -0.94
4 3 3 4 109 11 -6 13 -0.86

Conclusion:
In this lab we learnt the concept of Active power (true power or real power),Reactive
power and Apparent power.we can practically implement the RL circuit in the trainer and
observe when we increase the inductive load or inductance in RL circuit the Reactive power
increase and PF decrease.we also implement RLC circuit in this circuit we absorb when we
increase the capacitive load or capacitance the Reactive power decrease and PF increase. Power
factor is inversely related with Reactive power . When PF is equal to 1 Active power is equal to
Apparent power.
P=S