Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

2nd Year 2nd Semester

ME 2102: Basic Mechanical Engineering Sessional

(Credits: 0.75 & 3/2 hours/week)
Experiments based on ME-2101 (Basic Mechanical Engineering)
Course Teachers:

Md. Mahbubur Rahman Md. Ramjan Ali

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
DUET, Gazipur-1707 DUET, Gazipur-1707
Mobile: 01729-178312 Mobile: 01734-646067
E-mail: mmrahman@duet.ac.bd E-mail: ramjan@duet.ac.bd

Class Schedule:
Section A Tuesday (08:00 – 10:30) AM
Section B Wednesday (01:50 – 04:20) PM

Marks Distribution:
Marks
Attendance & Class performance 10%
Quiz 50%
Reports & Performance on Experiments 40%

Name of the Experiments: (Part-A)

1. Study of 4-stroke CI and SI Engine.
2. Study of a Gas Turbine Power Plant.
3. Study of Mini Steam Power Plant.
4. Determination of the Viscosity of Different Oils using Saybolt Viscosimeter.
5. Determination of Flash Point and Fire Point of an Oil.
6. Determination of the Heating Value of Natural Gas by Gas Calorimeter.
Expt. No.: 01
1. Title of Expt.: Study of 4-stroke CI and SI Engine.
1.1 Learning Objectives
1. To understand all the parts of four stroke CI and SI engine
2. To understand the working principle of four stroke CI and SI engine
3. To understand the differences between CI and SI engine

1.2 Apparatus
Cut out model of four stroke diesel and petrol engine

Figure 1.1 Cutaway view of an IC engine

1.3 Main Parts

• Cylinder Block
• Piston
• Cylinder head
• Connecting rod
• Crankshaft
• Oil sump
• Camshaft
• Valves
1.4 Labelled diagram of IC Engine

Figure 1.2 Cutaway view of an IC engine showing important parts

Figure 1.3 Exploded view of an IC engine

1.5 Description of main parts
1.5.1 Cylinder block
Cylinder block or Cylinder are main part of an engine. It is a
part in which combustion of fuel takes place. All other parts like
piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, water jacket etc. are bolted
on it.
Figure 1.4 Cylinder Block

1.5.2 Piston
Piston is placed in the cylinder and transmits thrust to the
connecting rod. It is free to move. It compresses the air fuel mixture
and convert the fuel energy into mechanical energy. It transmits the
power to the crankshaft.

Figure 1.5 Piston

1.5.3 Cylinder Head

Cylinder head is fitted on the top of cylinder block and the
function of the cylinder head is to seal the working end of
cylinder and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover
head valves of the engine. The valves, spark plug, camshaft
etc. are fitted on it.
Figure 1.6 Cylinder Head

1.5.4 Connecting Rod

It connects piston to the crank shaft and transmit the motion and
thrust of piston to crankshaft. The lower end of connecting rod is
connected to the piston and the bigger is connected to the crank
shaft.

Figure.1.7 Connecting Rod

1.5.5 Crankshaft
It is located in the bottom end of cylinder block. It transmits the
reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion. This rotary
motion used to rotate wheels of the vehicle.

Figure 1.8 Crankshaft

 1.5.6 Oil Sump
It is bolted at the lower end of the cylinder block. All the oil for
lubricating the movable parts is placed in it.

Figure 1.9 Oil Sump

1.5.7 Camshaft
It is fitted either in the cylinder head or at the bottom of the cylinder
block. It is use to open or close valves at proper timing in multicylinder
engine.

Figure.1.10 Camshaft

1.5.8 Valves
It is fitted on the cylinder head. It regulates the flow of air fuel mixture
inside the cylinder and exhaust gas outside the cylinder block. When both
inlet and exhaust valves are closed no pressure can go inside or outside of
cylinder block.

Figure 1.11 Valves

1.5.9 Spark Plug

It is used in Petrol engine (Spark Ignition Engine). It is fitted on the cylinder
head. It is used to ignite the air fuel mixture inside the cylinder at the end of
each compression stroke.

Figure.1.12 Spark Plug

1.5.10 Injector
It is used in Diesel engine (Compression Ignition Engine). It is fitted on
the cylinder head. It is used to inject fuel in spray form inside the cylinder
at the end of compression stroke.

Figure 1.13 Injector

 1.5.11 Push Rod
It is used when the camshaft is situated in the bottom of the cylinder
head. It regulates the timing of valves open and close through rocker
arm and camshaft.

Figure 1.14 Push Rods

1.5.12 Manifold
It is bolted on the cylinder head one each for intake and exhaust. Its
function is to evenly distribute air-fuel mixture for intake & collects
the exhaust gases from all cylinders.

Figure 1.15 Manifold

1.5.13 Piston Rings

It provides the good sealing fit and less friction resistance between
piston and cylinder. It is split at one point so it can be easily
installed into the grooves cut in the piston.

Figure 1.16 Piston Rings

1.5.14 Gaskets
It is used to seal the cylinder head and cylinder so no pressure is
allowed to escape. It is placed between the cylinder block and
cylinder head.

Figure 1.17 Gasket

1.5.15 Gudgeon Pin (Piston Pin)

It is the parallel spindles fitted through the piston boss and connecting
rod small end. It connects the piston to the connecting rod.

Figure 1.18 Gudgeon Pin

 1.5.16 Engine Bearing
Bearings are used to support the moving parts. The purpose of bearings is to reduce
friction. The crankshaft is supported by bearing. In engine two types of bearing are
used sliding bearing and rolling bearing.

Figure 1.19 Bearings

1.6 Working Principle of Four Stroke Engine

The diesel engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed
hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug (compression ignition rather than spark
ignition).

Figure 1.20 Working Procedure of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Figure 1.21 PV diagram for Diesel Engine

In diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then
compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 23:1. This high compression
causes the temperature of the air to rise. At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is
injected directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a void
in the top of the piston or a pre-chamber depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel
injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed
evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporizes fuel from the surface of the droplets. The
vapor is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the
droplets continue to vaporize from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in
the droplets has been burnt.
Combustion occurs at a substantially constant pressure during the initial part of the power
stroke. The start of vaporization causes a delay before ignition and the characteristic diesel
knocking sound as the vapor reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in
pressure above the piston.
When combustion is complete the combustion gases expand as the piston descends further; the
high pressure in the cylinder drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.
As well as the high level of compression allowing combustion to take place without a separate
ignition system, a high compression ratio greatly increases the engine's efficiency. Increasing
the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where fuel and air are mixed before entry to
the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent damaging pre-ignition. Since only air is
compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before
top dead centre (TDC), premature detonation is not a problem and compression ratios are much
higher.

Figure 1.22 Working Procedure of Four Stroke Petrol Engine

Figure 1.23 PV diagram for Petrol Engine

1.7 Differences between SI and CI Engines

Sr. No. Spark Ignition Engines Compression ignition Engines

1 Petrol is used as fuel Diesel oil used as fuel

2 Works on Otto cycle Works on Diesel Cycle
3 Mixture of air and petrol is taken Pure air taken during suction stroke
during suction stroke
4 Spark plug is used to ignite the Fuel pump and fuel injector are used to inject the
mixture diesel oil in the cylinder and its combustion take
place due to high temperature of air.
5 Compression ratio 7:1 to 10:1 is used Compression ratio 14:1 to 18:1 is used
6 Thermal efficiency is low due to Thermal efficiency is higher due to higher
lower compression ratio (about 30%) compression ratio (35 to 40%)
7 For the same compression ratio Otto For the same compression ratio, Diesel cycle is
cycle is more efficient less efficient
8 Lighter and cheap Heavy and Costly
9 Low maintenance High maintenance
10 Quantitative governing is used Qualitative governing is used

1.8 Discussion
Answer the following questions
(i) Define compression ratio. State numerical value of compression ratio used is CI and
SI engines.
(ii) Thermal efficiency of CI engine is more than SI engine, why?
(iii) For the same compression ratio, Otto cycle is more efficient than Diesel cycle,
Justify.
(iv) Why IC engines are cooled? Which type of cooling is used in two stroke SI engines?
(v) What is function of fuel pump in CI engines?
(vi) What is function of fuel injector in CI engines
(vii) How are the suction and exhaust valves operated in IC engines?
(viii) What are the main parts of IC engines?
(ix) What are the differences between SI and CI engines?
(x) Piston rings are used on the piston why?
(xi) Write the name of the subsystems of IC engines?
(xii) Draw the valve timing diagram of four stroke SI and CI engines.