CHAPTER 1

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS

1.1. COMPONENTS OF WATER

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS vi. Pump: for providing water to roof
water water tank .
i. Water main.
vii. Underground water tank: for
ii. Water meter. containing reserved water and fire
iii. Water distribution system: water.
 Water main.
 Pump line
 Distribution line.
iv. Plumbing fixture and fittings:
washbasin, toilet, shower, ect.
v. Roof water tank
CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Pipe material
Plastic pipe PVC
Pipe PPR
CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
 CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
Nominal Diameter – ND

Pipes are used to have nominal diameter N (approximately equivalent to outer

diameter) according to measurement system of US (inch) or SI (m).

Common pipe size with nominal diameter : 21 mm (3/4”); 27mm (1”); 34mm
(1 ¼”); 42mm (1 ½”);

49mm (1 ¾”); 60mm (2”);

76mm (2 ½”);90mm (3”);

114mm (4”); 140mm (5”);

CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
 CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
1.2. PRESSURE IN WATER SUPPLY
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM hđh : head-loss through water meter

The necessary pressure for buildings htd : necessary free pressures of

is determined as follows: plumbing fixtures
Preliminary calculation: hd : total head-loss
Hctnh = 10 + 4(n-1) (6.1) hcb : minor head-loss
Other equation:

Hctnh = hhh + hđh + htd + hd + hcb (6.2)

where:

hhh : geometric height from the external

water supply pipe to the most
unfavorable plumbing fixture
 CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS

1.3. SCHEMATICS OF WATER

DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY
1. Schematic 1:
The most simple schematic is applied for
the case in which the pressure of water
main is always so big.
Hoday  Hctnh và Honight  Hctnh
where:
Hoday – pressure of water main at day
time.
Honight – pressure of water main at night
time.
Hctnh – necessary pressure for
buildings.
SCHEMATICS
2. Schematic 2:
Schematic 1 is combined with roof
tank.
Hoday < Hctnh và Honight  Hctnh
Roof water tank

Schematic 2
 SCHEMATICS
3. Schematic 3:

This is the most safe water distribution

system in buildings. It is applied for
hotels, office buildings, apartments.
.
 Water distriution systems in Buildings
(Handbook of Utilities and Services for Building)
Low Rise Buildings
Single Pressure
Zones
Low Rise Buildings
Multiple Pressure Zones
Medium- Rise Buildings
Multiple Pressure Zones
Medium- Rise Buildings
Upfeed/Downfeed
Systems; Multiple Pressure
Zones
High - Rise Buildings
Circulation-Type Hot-
Water Distriution
Systems
Upfeed/Downfeed Systems; Single Pressure Zone
Upfeed Systems; Single Pressure Zone
Downfeed
Systems; Single
Pressure Zone
Comination
Downfeed
/Upfeed
Systems; Single
Pressure Zone
Comination
Downfeed
/Upfeed
Systems;
Multiple
Pressure Zone
 CHAPTER 1
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
2. Calculated flow for pipelines:
1.4. DESIGN THE WATER
1- For buildings:
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
(l/s) (6.3)
1. Line design
The pipelines are designed as
K – depending on equivalent flow
following criterions:
N – total equivalent flow
i. All of pluming fixtures must be
supplied by the pipelines.
ii. Total pipelines is smallest.
iii. It is easy to be checked, repaired
and managed.
iv. It is assured to be beautiful.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS

(2) For public buildings (hotels, schools,

dormitories, ect)

l/s (6.4)

Example 1:
To determine calculated flow and diameter
for pipelines NN1, NN2 and MN. Know:
qsh = 200 (l/person-day), v=1,8 m/s;
plumbing fixtures are as follows:
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS

Example 2: 3. Calculted flow according to Water

Supply and Drainage for Buildings
To determine calculated flow for pipelines
Standard BXD 1999
NN1, NN2 and MN of one hospital. Know:
plumbing fixtures are as follows According to equivalent flow of each
pipeline and diagrams
Flow (L/minute)

Equivalent flow
Flow (L/minute)

Equivalent flow
3. Calculation procedure

i. According to the pressure of water main, one suitable schematic of

water distribution system is selected.

ii. To select water meter

iii.To determine the size of underground tank and roof water tank

iv. To select pump .

v. To determine the suitable diameter (main and branch line, ect)

2- Water meter
Pump selection:
Pump flow:

Qb = Qsd (l/s)

Qsd – calculted flow through the main pipeline from underground

water tank to roof water tank (l/s)

Pump head

Hb = Hhh + Hsd + hw

(where Hhh = z – o , with o is minimum water level of

underground water tank)
Underground water tank
 Regular volume:
WBC = 1,5.Qday /n (m3)
WBC : regular domestic volume
Qday : total daytime capacity for building (m3).
n : times of opening and closing pump in one day

 Total volume:
VBC = WBC + W1
W1 : volume for fire prevention (m3)
Roof water tank
Regular volume:
W = Qb/4n (m3)
Qb : pump capacityt
n : times of opening pump in one hour

 W > 5% total capacity of building, 10 – 20%

Example:
Determination:
One building with 10 floors and 100
1/ To determine the volume of
apartment with 4 persons/apartment,
underground water tank and roof water
qsh = 200 L/person-day. The height of
tank.
apartment is 3,8 m. Total equivalent
2/ To determine water meter and the
length of plumbing fixtures and fittings
pump parameters.
is equal to 45% of pipeline length.
3/ To determine calculated flow of each
One apartment has the following
apartment, floor and building.
plumbing fixtures: 2 bathtub, 4
washbasin, 2 toilet, 2 showers and 1 4/ To determine the diameter of each

washing machine apartment, floor and building, v=1,8 m/s

The major loss:

h d (m ) = 10,69 ( Q/ CH ) 1,85 ( L / D 4,87 )
hd: major headloss (m)
CH: roughness coefficient (CH = 140)
Total headloss: hw = kxhd (45% = k = 1,45)