• Angle is a plane figure consisting of two rays

having the same endpoint.

• The sides of an angle are the rays; one is the
initial side; the other is the terminal side.
• A central angle of a circle is an angle whose
sides’ common endpoint, its vertex, is at the
center of the circle.

An angle is formed by rotating a ray about its

endpoint.

• An angle is said to be positive if the ray

rotates in a counterclockwise direction,
and the angle is negative if it rotates in a
clockwise direction.
Converting degree radian, and vice versa
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Formula

20o 30’ 18” = 20o + (30+18/60)

20o + (30 + 0.3) Arc Length → 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

20 + (30.3/60)

20 + 0.505

20o 30’ 18” = 20.505o Measure of the central angle → 𝜃 = s/r

19.251° = 19o (0.251 x 60)’ • A sector of a circle is the portion of the

19o (15.06)’ interior of a circle bounded by the initial and
terminal sides of a central angle and
19o15’ (0.06 x 60)
intercepted arc.
19.251° = 19o15’3.6”

RADIANS 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜃/2𝜋 (𝜋𝑟2) = 1/2𝜃𝑟2

Angle in standard position

✓ angle fits a coordinate system.

✓ origin is the vertex.
✓ initial side coincides with the positive x-axis.

Coterminal angles

• Two angles in standard position that

have a common terminal side.
 • Smallest positive coterminal (𝜃 - 360) Cotangent Function: 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱
• Largest negative coterminal (𝜃 – 360) Domain: all real numbers except 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Definition of the Trigonometric Functions in Terms
Range: all real numbers or ℝ
of a Unit Circle
Secant Function: y = secx
Domain: all real numbers except 𝑥 ≠ (2𝑘+1) (𝜋2), 𝑘
𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

• Trigonometric functions are sometimes Range: (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)

referred to as the circular functions. Cosecant Function: y = cscx

Domain: all real numbers except 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Range: (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Reference Angle Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

• A periodic function is a function that
• It is the angle between the terminal side and
repeats its values on regular intervals or
the x-axis.
“period”
a. Quadrant I – 𝜃R = 𝜃
b. Quadrant II – 𝜃R = 180 – 𝜃 or 𝜃𝑅 = 𝜋 − 𝜃
c. Quadrant III – 𝜃R = 𝜃 – 180 or 𝜃𝑅 = 𝜃 − 𝜋
d. Quadrant IV – 𝜃R = 360 – 𝜃 or 𝜃𝑅 = 2𝜋 − 𝜃

Domain & Range of Circular Functions

• Amplitude of a periodic Function - refers to
• Domain (x – axis) is the set of possible input the to the height of the graph and defined to
values. be half the difference of maximum value

• Range (y – axis) means the set of possible M and the minimum value m.

output values. Sine Function: 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 & Cosine Function: y = cosx

Sine Function: 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 Amplitude = a

Period = 2𝜋/b
Domain: all real numbers or ℝ
• Phase Shift - the distance (c) that one
Range: [−1,1] graph must be shifted to the right or to
Cosine Function: 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 the left.

Domain: all real numbers or ℝ

Range: [−1,1]
Tangent Function: 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
• Vertical Shift - the distance (d) that one
Domain: all real numbers except 𝑘𝜋/2, 𝑘 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 graph must be shifted upward or
downward.
Range: all real numbers or ℝ
Graphs of Tangent and Cotangent Functions
y = atanbx
Period: 𝜋/b
Vertical Asymptote: x = ± 𝜋/2b
Phase Shift: right or left
Vertical Shift: upward or downward Pythagorean Identities:

Asymptote: • sin2θ + cos2θ = 1

• 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐𝛉 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐𝛉 – 1 or 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐𝛉+ 1 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐𝛉

y = acotbx • 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐𝛉= 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝟐𝛉–1 or 1 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐𝛉= 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝟐𝛉

Period: 𝜋/b SUM, DIFFERENCE AND COFUNCTION IDENTITIES

Vertical Asymptote: x = ± 𝜋/2b • Cosine Difference Identity:

Phase Shift: right or left cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
Vertical Shift: upward or downward • Cosine Sum Identity:
Asymptote: cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

Graphs of Cosecant and Secant Functions ✓ Sine Sum Identity:

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
• cscx = 1/sinx and secx = 1/cosx
✓ Sine Difference Identity:
Period = 2𝜋/b sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
Phase Shift: right or left Tangent Sum Identity
Vertical Shift: upward or downward
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
• The domain of an expression or equation is Tangent Difference Identity

the set of all real values of the variable for

which every term (or part) of the
expression/equation is defined in the set DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES
of real numbers R.
❖ Double –angle identities for cosine
• An identity is an equation that is true for all
a) cos 2A = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐀−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐀
values of the variable in the domain of the
b) cos 2A = 2𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐀 – 1
equation.
c) cos 2A = 1 − 2sin2A
• A conditional equation must be false for at
❖ Double –angle identities for sine
least one element from its domain.
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
A trigonometric identity is an equation involving ❖ Double – angle identities for tangent
trigonometric ratios of an angle, where the
equation holds true for a defined range of values
of the angle.
HALF - ANGLE IDENTITIES

➢ Angle Identity for Cosine

➢ Angle Identity for Sine

➢ Angle Identity for Tangent

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

▪ The Inverse Sine Function

Domain: [-1, 1]
Range: [−𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
▪ The Inverse Cosine Function
Domain: [-1, 1]
Range: [0, 𝜋]
▪ The Inverse Tangent Function
Domain: all real numbers
Range: [−𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]