LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

QUARTER II/ SEMESTER I

Name: _________________________________________ Score:_______

Grade & Section _________________________ Subject: EARTH SCIENCE

Name of Teacher: GAYLORD BRENT R. RABANG Date: ___________________

I. Title: Geological Time Scale

II. Type of Activity: Concept notes with formative activities

LAS for summative assessment ( Written Work

Performance Task)

III. MELCs: Describe the history of the Earth through geologic time (S11ES-
IIj-39)
IV. Learning Objective/s:
appreciate the immensity of geologic time and recognize that
the Earth has a very long history;
identify the timing and duration of the major events in Earth’s
history;
recognize how short human history is in relation to the history
of the Earth.
V. Reference/s:

For Print Material/s:

Olivar III, J. T. Rodolfo, R. S. & Cabria, H. Exploring Life Through Science
Series-Earth Science, pp. 218-221
Religioso, T. F.& Vengco, L. G., Discovering Earth and Solar System, pp. 8-12
Thompson, G. R. & Turk, J., Introduction to Earth Science, pp. 211-213

VI. CONCEPT NOTES

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Just a year is subdivided into months, months into weeks, and weeks into days,
geologic time is split into smaller intervals, the units are named, just as months and
days are. The largest time units are eons, which are divided into eras. Eras are
subdivided, in turn, into periods, which further subdivided into epochs.

The geologic column and the time scale were originally constructed on the basis of
relative age determinations.
When geologists developed radiometric, they added absolute ages to the column
and time scale. Geologists commonly use the time scale to date rocks in the field.
Imagine that you are studying sedimentary rocks in the walls of Grand Canyon. If
you find an index fossil or a key bed that has already been radiometrically dated by
other scientists, you know the age of the rock you are studying, and you do not need
to send the sample to a laboratory for radiometric sampling.

Based on the radiometric dating of carbonaceous chondrites (meteorite fragments)

believed to have originated from the formation of the Solar Sytem, the age of our
planet is 4.54 billion years old.

The Earliest Eons of Geologic Time: Precambrian Time

The earliest eons-the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eons-often are not
subdivided at all, even though together they constitute a time interval of 4 billion

2
years. these early eons commonly referred to with the informal term Precambrian,
because they preceded the Cambrian Period, when fossil remains became very
abundant. Precambrian accounts for 88% of Earth’s history, starting with the
formation of Earth about 4.54 Gya up until 570 Mya. These times, the planet was
thought to be hot, steaming, and hostile landscape, the primitive crust of the newly
formed planer is only beginning to cool.

There are few fossils

of Hadean Eon (Greek
for “beneath the
Earth”) is the earliest
time in Earth history
and ranges from the
planet’s origin 4.6
billion years ago to 3.8
billion years ago. Only
a few Earth rocks are
known that formed during the Hadean Eon and no fossils of Hadean age are known,
making it difficult to subdivide the Hadean Eon are based on fossils. Little is known
about the Hadean, few rocks of that age that exist are intensely deformed and
metamorphosed. But as its name implies, its condition was like hell.

There are few fossils among the rocks of the Archean Eon (Greek for “ancient”), and
they are not preserved well enough to allow for finely tuned subdivision of this eon
that spanned from 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago. The fossil record does indicate that
life began on Earth 3.2 to 3.5 billion years ago, although the exact date is uncertain.
Plate tectonics allowed crustal building and the formation of volcanic belts and
sedimentary basins. Marine rocks during this eon contain fossil remains of
microscopic algae and bacteria.

Diverse groups of fossils have been found in sedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic
Eon (Greek for “earlier life”), 2.5 billion to 543 million years ago. The most complex
are multicellular and have different kinds of cells arranged into tissues and organs. A
few types of Proterozoic shell-bearing organisms have been identified, but shelled
organisms did not become abundant until the Proterozoic Era. The rifting of the
continental crust and its subsequent filling with sedimentary and volcanic rocks
occurred during the Proterozoic. Extensive iron deposits also formed in shallow
Proterozoic seas, indicating there was enough free oxygen to precipitate iron oxide
minerals from the iron oxide minerals from the iron in the water, the increase in the
amount of oxygen is thought to be a result of photosynthetic actions by primitive life
forms in the sea which includes stromatolites.

• The Precambrian or Cryptozoic Era (4.6 Ga - 540 Ma)

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๏ Represents 80% of Earth’s history
๏ Also known as the eon of “hidden
life” due to obscure fossil records.
• Hadean Eon (4.56 - 3.8 Ga)
๏ From “Haedes”, Greek god of the
underworld
๏ Chaotic time because of several
meteorite bombardment
๏ Atmosphere reduction (methane,
ammonia, carbon dioxide)
๏ Start of the hydrologic cycle and
the formation of the world oceans
๏ Life emerged in this “hostile” environment
• Archean Eon (3.8 - 2.5 Ga)
๏ Anaerobic (lack of oxygen)
๏ No ozone
๏ Photosynthetic prokaryotes (blue
green algae) emerged and started
releasing oxygen to the atmosphere.
๏ Life forms are still limited to single-
celled organisms without nuclei
(prokaryotes) until 2.7 Ga when
Eukaryotes emerged.
• Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Ga - 540 Ma)
๏ Oxygen level reaches ~3% of the
atmosphere
๏ Rise of multicellular organisms represented by the Vendian fauna
๏ Formation of the protective ozone layer

Sedimentary rocks of the Phanerozoic Eon which covers the most recent 543 million
years of geologic time, contain abundant fossils (phaneros is Greek for evident).
Four changes occurred at the beginning if Phanerozoic time that greatly improved
the fossil record:
1. The number of species with shells and skeletons dramatically increased.
2. the total number of individual organisms preserved as fossils increased lately.
3. the total number of species preserved as fossils increased greatly.
4. the average sizes of individual organism increased.

Shells and skeletons are much more easily preserved than plant remains and soft
body tissues. thus in rocks of the earliest Phanerozoic time and younger, the most
abundant fossils are hard, tough shells and skeletons.

PHANEROZOIC eon means visible” life. It is further subdivided into Paleozoic,

Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The Paleozoic eras is separated into periods:
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian, the era is
marked the beginning of life as shown by the sudden abundance of complex
organisms with hard parts in the fossil record. This is known as the Cambrian

4
explosion. These organisms included trilobites and organisms with hard shells like
cephalopods. In the early Paleozoic, life was restricted to the sea and included
graptolites, brachiopods, bryozoans, and mollusks. During this time, there was there
was a single southern land mass while the northern landmasses are still separated.
By the end if the Paleozoic, all of the continents had come together to form the
supercontinent Pangea. This formation resulted in an extreme weather condition and
one of the greatest extinction events in the Earth’s history where up to 75% of
amphibian species and 80% of marine species disappeared. This time was also
characterized by the rapid development characterized by the rapid development of
land plants, armor-plated fishes, sharks, and bony fishes. The Devonian period is
known as the age of fishes. Air-breathing amphibians began to move from ocean to
land. Large tropical swamps dominated much of the landscape. Large areas of
swamps flourished during Carboniferous, which would become the coal deposits that
exist today.

• Phanerozoic Eon (540 Ma - present)

๏ Eon of “visible life”
๏ Diversification of life
๏ Many life forms are represented in
fossil records (with preservable hard
parts).

• Paleozoic Era (540 - 245 Ma)

๏ Age of “ancient life”
๏ Rapid diversification of life as
represented by the Cambrian fauna
(Cambrian explosion)
๏ Dominance of marine invertebrates
๏ Plants colonize land by 480 Ma
๏ Animals colonize land by 450 Ma
๏ Oxygen level in the atmosphere approaches present day concentration
๏ Massive extinction at the end (end of Permian extinction)

• Mesozoic Era (245 - 65 Ma)

๏ Age of reptiles
๏ Dominance of reptiles and dinosaurs
๏ Pangaea starts to break-apart by 200 MA
๏ Early mammals (220 Ma)
๏ First birds (150 Ma)
๏ First flowering plants (130 Ma)
๏ Mass extinction at the end of the
Cretaceous (65 Ma)

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• Cenozoic Era (65 Ma - present)

๏ Age of mammals
๏ Radiation of modern
birds
๏ Early primates (60
Ma)
๏ Continents near
present-day positions
(40 Ma)
๏ First hominids (5.2
Ma)
๏ Modern humans (0.2
Ma)
๏ Global ice ages begin (2 Ma)

Subdivision of the Phanerozoic Eon into three eras is based on the most common
types of life during each era. Sedimentary rocks that formed during the Paleozoic Era
(Greek for “old life”) contain fossils of early life-forms, such as invertebrate, fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees. The Paleozoic Era ended
Permian mass extinction wiped out 90% of all marine species, two-thirds of reptile and
amphibian species, and 30% of insect species.

The Mesozoic Era is most famous for the dinosaurs that roamed the land. Mammals
and flowering plants also evolved during this era. The Mesozoic era ended 65 million
years ago with another mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs.

During the Cenozoic Era (Greek for “recent life”), mammals and grasses became
abundant. Humans have evolved and lived wholly in this era.

The eras of Phanerozoic time are subdivided into periods, the time unit most
commonly used by geologists. Some of the periods are named after special
characteristics of the rocks formed during that period. For example, the Cretaceous
Period is named from the Latin word for chalk (creta) after chalk beds of this age in
Africa, North America and Europe. Other periods are named for the geographic
localities where rocks of that age were first described. For example, the Jurassic
Period is named for the Jura Mountains of France and Switzerland. The Cambrian
Period is named from Cambria, the Roman name of Wales, where rocks of this age
were first studied.

In addition to the abundance of fossils, another reason that details of Phanerozoic time
are better known than those of Precambrian time that many of the older rocks have
been metamorphosed, deformed, and eroded. It is simple probability that the older a
rock is, the greater the chance that metamorphism or erosion has destroyed the rock
or the features that record Earth’s history.

6
 The Mesozoic era occurred from about
245 Mya to 66 Mya. This era is known as
the age of the dinosaurs as the fossil
records of this era is dominated by
dinosaur species. There were a variety of
dinosaur species during this time, which
included carnivores, herbivores, winged
reptiles, and marine reptiles. By the mid-
Mesozoic, Pangea rifted into norther
Laurasia and southern Gondwanaland.
During the mesozoic era, new trees such
as conifers appeared and mammals were
just beginning to emerge during this time.
The end of the Mesozoic is marked by another mass extinction which wiped out
dinosaurs.

The Cenozoic era, also

called age of recent life or
age of mammals, contains
the last 66 million years of
Earth’s history. It is
subdivided into tertiary and
Quaternary periods. These
periods are then divided
into several epochs:
Paleocene, Eocene,
Oligicene, Miocene, and
Pliocene for the Tertiary; and Pleistocene and Holocene for the Quaternary.

The Cenozoic era has the most complete geologic record of

any era because it is the youngest and the rocks are more
accessible and are not yet deformed metamorphism. These
continents were fully separated and plate tectonics have
generated many volcanic and orogenic events. During this
era, life forms continued to become more complex. The
fossil record shows a diverse array of mammals, flowering
plants, grasses, and microscopic foraminifera. New birds
and mammalian species evolved and adapted to the new
floral species.

Prehistoric humans also began to

engage during this era and mass
extinction events occurred toward the
end of Pleistocene epoch, which
corresponds to the end of last ice age.
This extinction event caused the
disappearance of mammoths,
mastodons, saber-toothed tigers, and ground sloths among other organisms that
were adapted to the cold climate of the glacial period.

7
Based on the subdivision of geologic time scale, we are now in the Holocene epoch
of the Quaternary period, of the Cenozoic era, of the Phanerozoic eon.

You can do this!

Task 1. My timeline. Supply the date, year or age when you had events in your life.
Events in your life / Timeline of your Life
__________________ when you started second grade

__________________ when you were born

__________________ when you started kindergarten

__________________ when you learned to ride a bike

__________________ when you learned to walk

__________________ when you learned to read

__________________ when you lost your first tooth

__________________ today’s date

Task 2. All about the past. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What process does a cyanobacteria undergo to produce oxygen?
O A. Atmospheric pressure O C. Photosynthesis
O B. Ozone layer O D. Pressure and heat

2. Which AMONG THE FOLLOWING is the youngest periods of Phanerozoic eras?

O A. Cambrian O C. Permian
O B. Ordovician O D. Silurian

3. How long did Mesozoic era recover after Permian–Triassic extinction event?
O A. 10 million years O C. 30 million years
O B. 20 million year O D. 40 million years

4. Which of the following is known as “Age of Dinosaurs?”

O A. Cenozoic O C. Paleozoic
O B. Mesozoic O D. None of the choices

5. What is Pangea?
O A. All continents on earth form single landmass
O B. All continents on earth separates form islands
O C. All continents come together and separates later on
O D. None of the choices

Task 3. History and Science fusion. Read and analyze the following questions.
Blacken the circle of the letter that best answers each question.

8
1. What is the major event during Cenozoic era?
O A. Diverse array of mammals flowering plants, and foraminifera.
O B. Most rapid and widespread diversification of life.
O C. Rocks have been so deeply buried.
O D. Known as the age of dinosaurs.
2. What is the earliest form of life on Earth?
O A. Fungi O C. Microorganism
O B. Virus O D. Cyanobacteria
3. When was Paleozoic Era ended?
O A. Wiped out of the dinosaurs
O B. Wiped out of birds and mammals
O C. Permian–Triassic extinction event
O D. Rubbed out of flowering plants and grasses
4. Which era occurred from about 245 Mya to 66 Mya?
O A. Cenozoic O C. Paleozoic
O B. Mesozoic O D. Proterozoic
5. Which part of the Earth history Precambrian exists?
O A. Early O C. Recent
O B. Middle O D. None of the choices

You can do more!

Task 4. The what? Supply information to the question asked.

1. What is the longest part of the Earth’s History?
_________________________________________________________

2. How many divisions are there in the history of the earth?

________________________________________________________

3. What era did Permian–Triassic extinction event happen?

_______________________________________________________

4. What is the earliest form of life?

________________________________________________________

5. How did the ozone layer develop over time?

_________________________________________________

Task 5. ERA-n the World. Match the letter that corresponds

COLUMN A COLUMN B

______ 1. CYANOBACTERIA A. Also called ancient life is the earliest

of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic
Eon
______ 2. CENOZIC ERA B. Rapid and widespread diversification of
life in Earth's history.

9
______ 3. MESOZOIC ERA
______ 4. PALEOZOIC ERA
______ 5. CAMBRIAN
EXPLOSION
C. Marked by another mass extinction which
wiped out the dinosaurs.
D. Age of mammals
E. The blue-green algae thought to be one
of the earliest forms of life on Earth.

Task 6. Everything about the past. Select the letter of the best answer.
1. Why are there no fossils found during the Hadean Era?
A. They were too deformed and metamorphosed due to extreme heat
B. Due to aging, rocks had dis-integrated with water and other solvents
C. They are too deep that geologist cannot reach them
D. Fossils are ambiguous; they cannot really determine which one started the
Hadean era

2. What differs Precambrian to Phanerozoic eon?

A. Phanerozoic gave birth to all types of rocks C. Life was evident during the
Phanerozoic
B. Minerals were not present at Precambrian D. Water exceeded half of the
world’s composition

3. The end of era for both Mesozoic and Paleozoic era was indicated by what event?
A. Famine B. Rise of an epidemia C. Oxygen scarcity D. Mass
extinction

4. What epoch did the mass extinction of humans happen that Ice Age that killed
most prehistoric humans so with mammoths, mastodons, sloths and saber-toothed
tigers
A. Halocene B. Pilocene C. Miocene D. Pleistocene

5. Which epoch is believed to be the age of fishes?

A. Devonian B. Scandinavian C. Miocene D. Pleistocene

Challenge Yourself!

10
Task 7. Tik-tok!
Shown to you is a 24-hour
equivalence of Earth’s History.

Share your interpretation of the

scale.

_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

Task 8. Ask away.

1. True or false: The geologic time scale is fixed and unchanging. Explain your answer.
2. Why do we use sedimentary rocks in determining the history of earth instead of
metamorphic rocks?
3. How do fossils form on different locations on Earth?
4. Why is Earth 4.54 billion years old?
5. What is the role of massive extinction in the geological time scale?
Task 9. Rarr! Rarr! Rarr! Answer briefly the questions regarding dinosaurs.

1. What are your thoughts about dinosaurs?

2. Having knowledge about dinosaurs through, toys, movies and museums, what do
you think are true and not so true about them?
3. If dinosaurs could have existed til now, would you think humans would still be
dominant? Why?

11
4. Would you agree with the idea of reviving dinosaurs? If yes, for what purpose
would you think would they be beneficial? If not, why?
5. What are your biggest fantasies about dinosaurs? What do you think are their
amazing skills?

Level Up!
Task 10: My vision of what is was like in the past.
Take one period in a certain era and draw your vision of the era. Include in the scene
probable biotic and abiotic factors that might have existed, organisms that existed
and give a little explanation of what you have drawn.

Task 11. Human Evolution

12
One thing really interesting about geological timeline is how it gives clarification of
how we humans evolved and brought about what we are now. Not only how we
transformed physically but onto how humans dominated the planet and breakthrough
the building of the society.
With these, you can read more about the human evolution and with documented
artifacts through this link- https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-origin-of-our-
species.html to answer the following questions:
1. Give notable physiological changes present modern humans from
2. Evolution is one of the key characteristics of a living organism. Give factors that
brought evolution to humans.
3. Climate change plays role in evolution, describe your belief how may humans look
like after a million years.
4. In any case that you might encounter a suspicious artifact or a fossil of your own
discovery, what would you do knowing its value and prestige?
5.
Task 12. Science-profession wanna-be.
Geologist, Paleontologist and Archeologist share roles in this field. Look into their
roles and functions especially their contribution towards discoveries of fossils and
plotting them on the Earth’s history. Include narratives about their work.
Geologist Paleontologist Archeologist

VII. Notes to Teachers:

Scoring Rubrics for Essay Answers

Criteria 4 3 2 1 %
Included events Most of the Some events Many major
are important included included are events are
Quality of and interesting. events are trivial, and excluded,
content No major important or major events and too
25
details are interesting. are missing. many trivial
excluded. One or two events are
major events included.
may be

13
 missing.

The timeline The timeline The timeline The timeline

contains at least contains at contains at contains 1 or
Quantity of facts 5–6 events least 3–4 least 2-3 no event.
related to the events events related 30
topic being related to the to the topic
studied. topic being being studied.
studied.
Facts are Facts are Facts are Facts are
accurate for all accurate for accurate for often
Accuracy events reported almost all most (~75%) inaccurate
25
of on the timeline. events of the events for events
content reported on reported on reported on
the timeline. the timeline. the timeline.
Events are Almost all Most Most events
Sequence placed in events are (~75%) of are
of proper order. placed in the events incorrectly
content 10
proper order. are placed in placed on
proper the timeline.
order.
Events are Events are Events are Events are
clearly described not described described
Sentence fluency described well, but well and using vague
using language is language is language or 5
accurate sometimes often vague inaccurate
and vivid vague or or inaccurate. information.
language. inaccurate.
Punctuation, Punctuation, Punctuation, There are
spelling and spelling and spelling, and many
capitalization capitalization capitalization punctuation,
Mechanics
were were are mostly spelling, and
checked by checked by correct, but capitalization 5
another another were not errors.
student and student and checked by
are correct are mostly another
throughout. correct. student.

14
 Scoring Rubrics for Drawings

Key to Correction
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4
Task 5
1.Answers may vary 1. C 1. B 1.Pre-cambrian
1. E
2. 2. C 2. D 2. two
2. D
3. 3. A 3. B 3. End of Paleozoic
3. C
4. 4. B 4. C 4. Cyanobacteria
4. A
5. D 5. A 5. A 5. Answers may bary
5.B

Task 6 Task 7-12

1. A Answers may vary
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. A

15
 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
QUARTER II/ SEMESTER I

Name:_____________________________________________. Score:_______

Grade & Section _________________________Subject: EARTH SCIENCE

Name of Teacher: GAYLORD BRENT R. RABANG Date: _____________

I. Title: Geological Time Scale

II. Type of Activity: Concept notes with formative activities

LAS for summative assessment ( Written Work

Performance Task)

III. MELCs: Describe the history of the Earth through geologic time (S11ES-
IIj-39)
IV. Learning Objective/s:
appreciate the immensity of geologic time and recognize that
the Earth has a very long history;
identify the timing and duration of the major events in Earth’s
history;
recognize how short human history is in relation to the history
of the Earth.
V. Reference/s
For Print Material/s:
Olivar III, J. T. Rodolfo, R. S. & Cabria, H. Exploring Life Through Science Series-
Earth Science, pp. 218-221
Religioso, T. F.& Vengco, L. G., Discovering Earth and Solar System, pp. 8-12
Thompson, G. R. & Turk, J., Introduction to Earth Science, pp. 211-213

SUMMATIVE TEST

Objective:
Activity

1. Students will create their own geological time scale.

2. The geological tie scale must be properly labelled as to where is the most recent
to the latest.
3. Since this is a a timeline involving immense years of events to occur or develop,
use scales to represent distance of years.
4. Arrange the event cards along their respective time scales according to their
date.
5. Represent some of the significant events by means of drawings

Evolutionary Events (light blue):

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• First evidence of life (3,850 Ma)
• Photosynthesizing bacteria (3,700 Ma)
• Oldest fossils (3,500 Ma)
• First eukaryotes (2,700 Ma)
• Ediacaran fauna (600 Ma)
• The Cambrian explosion (530 Ma)
• First land plants and fish (480 Ma)
• Arthropods on land (420 Ma)
• First insects (407 Ma)
• First amphibians land vertebrates (375 Ma)
• First seed plants (360 Ma)
• First reptiles (350 Ma)
• First dinosaurs (220 Ma)
• Early mammals (220 Ma)
• First birds (150 Ma)
• First flowering plants (130 Ma)
• Early primates (60 Ma)
• First hominids (5.2 Ma)
• Modern humans (0.2 Ma)

Extinctions (red):
• Vendian - some single celled algae and soft-bodied animals went extinct (543 Ma)
• Cambrian - some reef builders and other shallow water organisms become extinct
(520 Ma)
• End Ordovician - 25% of marine vertebrates families and 57% of genera become
extinct (443 Ma)
• Devonian - 50-55% of marine invertebrate genera and 70-80% of species went
extinct (364 Ma)
• Permian - greatest extinction event; 90% of all species became extinct (250 Ma)
• End Cretaceous - extinction of the dinosaurs; 60-80% of all species became extinct
(65 Ma)
• Late Triassic - ~50% marine invertebrate genera, possibly land vertebrate went
extinct (206 Ma)
• Late Eocene - 50-90% of species in certain land and marine group went extinct (33
mya)
• Miocene - many woodland plant-eating herbivores went extinct (9 Ma)
• Late Pleistocene - nearly all large mammals and birds (>45 pounds) became
extinct (.01 Ma)

Geologic events (yellow):

• Formation of the great oceans (4,200 Ma)
• Continents begin shifting (3,100 Ma)
• Oxygen levels reach 3% of the atmosphere (1.9 Ma)
• Supercontinent Rodinia forms (1100 Ma)
• Protective ozone in place (600 Ma)
• Gondwana forms (500 Ma)
• Oxygen nears present day concentration (400 Ma)
• Formation of the Pangaea supercontinent (280 Ma)
• Pangaea supercontinent breaks up (200 Ma)
• Continents near present-day positions (40 Ma)

17
• Initiation of seafloor spreading of South China Sea (32 Ma)
• Initiation of the Philippine fault (4 Ma)
• Global ice ages begin (2 Ma)

18