CHAPTER I.

HISTORY OF THE SCIENCE OF ETHNOLOGY, SUBJECT AND

SOURCES

* Key words and phrases related to the topic: Ethnography, ethnology, ethnos,
people, ethnological information, works of Greek and Roman authors,
ethnotoponyms, ethnic image, sources of the Muslim Renaissance, sources of Amir
Temur and the Timurid period, Uzbek information about clans, Russian
orientalists, tourists, "Turkestan" photo album, scientific societies and circles,
"Turkestan" section of the Russian Geographical Society, Turkestan amateur
archeologists' circle, ethnological research, 20s of the 20th century ethnological
works, ethnological terms.
1.1. Ethnology subject, history and research methods The term "ethnology" is
derived from the ancient Greek words "ethnos" (people) and "logos (science). Its
basic meaning can be called "describing the people" or "ethnography". It is known
from special ethnological literature that many peoples and peoples of the world are
distinguished by their language, origin, material and spiritual culture, household
life and psychology. A special field of science that studies the mutual differences
or commonalities and similarities of peoples and their specific characteristics is
called "ethnology". Although ethnological knowledge has appeared since ancient
times, this science emerged as an independent science in the middle of the 19th
century. First, this term was used by the German writer Johann Zummer at the end
of the 17th century, and then at the end of the 18th century and in 1808, special
magazines began to be published with this name. The word "ethnology" was
coined by the famous French naturalist and physicist Jean Jacques It was used as a
separate field of science by Ampere in 1830. Ethnology is an important field of
science that studies the way of life, traditions, material and spiritual life of all the
peoples of the world, regardless of their size, race, social structure, backward or
advanced.
Ethnology initially studied the origin, formation, location, ethnic structure,
economic activities, cultural-historical relations, material and domestic life,
traditions, spiritual culture and national characteristics of the current peoples in
connection with historical processes. . The focus of attention of scientists of this
field is on all innovations (innovations), fundamental social changes, general and
specific signs of lifestyle, and other important issues and problems that appear in
the domestic and cultural life of the people and peoples of the present time.
Historical ethnography also studies the features of the disappeared peoples and
peoples, ethnic processes of the past, domestic life and spiritual culture. Each
science first collects factual knowledge, and then by analyzing it, realizes its
essence and draws theoretical conclusions. The science of ethnography follows the
same path, researchers of this science walk among the people, observe, collect
information provided by informants, analyze material and written monuments, and
classify the collected materials according to their content, directions, goals and
classified according to tasks. Then they are analyzed with a specific scientific goal
and the necessary conclusions are drawn. However, in ancient times, ethnological
knowledge was used to meet practical needs during interactions with other peoples
in daily life processes. There were still no signs of giving scientific meaning to
ethnological knowledge. For example, studying the household lifestyle, culture,
traditions and ethnic characteristics of some neighboring tribes, peoples and
peoples, their clear understanding was born out of the need to meet practical needs.
In the most ancient countries of the East, it was necessary first of all to have
ethnological knowledge in order to establish effective trade relations with distant
neighbors, as well as to conduct successful wars against them. Hieroglyphs,
Sumerian and Iranian cuneiforms and rock inscriptions, which are among the
oldest records in the world, testify that the inhabitants of ancient Egypt,
Mesopotamia and Iran had detailed information about neighboring and distant
peoples and peoples. This information is reflected not only in written sources, but
also in folklore in the form of various narratives, stories and legends. For example,
the ancient Mesopotamian epic "Gilgamesh", "Sinukhet" created in Egypt in the
20th century BC
adventures", later inscriptions on stones and tombstones, archival documents found
in Tel-Amarna, inscriptions in ancient Sumerian and Assyrian monuments,
declarative (statement) texts of Iranian-Achaemenian kings and rare information
about the population of surrounding countries. has arrived. By the time of
antiquity, not only did ethnological knowledge expand and multiply, some
theoretical conclusions were also created with the growth of culture. Ancient
Greek epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey" contain legendary information about
neighboring peoples, while their "Great colonization" in Asia Minor and the
northern shores of the Black Sea (7th-5th century BC) After centuries), the scope
of his knowledge about the surrounding peoples expanded and gradually became
richer. Especially Herodotus' 9-volume Tapix, famous for its unique ethnological
information, has become a rich source of not only simple ethnological observation,
but also research. The large empire created as a result of Alexander the Great's
marches to the East served as a new stage in the study of the living culture of the
peoples who lived in vast territories from the West to the East. During this period,
changes also occurred in the general cultural level of the Greeks, and as a result, all
branches of ethnological science flourished. During the Hellenistic period (Greek
is an adjective derived from the word "Hellada", the oldest name of the Greeks),
Greek culture spread to India and Central Asia in the East, and to the Iberian
Peninsula and Britain in the West, mixing with the culture of the local peoples, and
they filled with new and rich information in between.
Historical-geographical and demographic research methods are used to study such
issues as population location, growth dynamics, environmental impact, and
migration. The spiritual culture of ethnic groups is studied in cooperation with art
studies, musicology, religion studies, folklore and fiction. Due to the
interdependence of these sciences, in the following years, double scientific fields
were also created. For example, such fields as ethnic anthropology,
paleoethnography, and ethnolinguistics are working effectively in the study of the
problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history. Sociological research conducted in
the recent years has good results in the deep and wide-scale research of ethnic
processes in the current period. As a result, the emergence of new scientific fields,
such as ethnosociology and ethnopsychology, is becoming important. In addition,
representatives of new fields of science, such as ethnobotany and ethnozoology,
are working in cooperation with ethnography to study the economic characteristics
of peoples who have their own characteristics of life, such as cultivation of
uncultivated plants and domestication and breeding of wild animals, depending on
the natural and geographical conditions. In the study of peoples, the science of
ethnography uses extremely wide and diverse sources and methods. In the study of
the multifaceted and colorful life of ethnic groups, the materials collected from
each region based on direct observation of their daily lifestyle are the main and
most important source. Well-known ethnographers - L. G. Morgan, N. N.
Mikluho-Maklay and V. G. Bogoraz noted that researches conducted by living and
observing for a long time in one place are the most effective. The method of such
research is called stationary research. But, unfortunately, in the present conditions,
this method is rarely used. Research conducted for a short period of time and in
certain seasons is an expedition-specific method and is called a seasonal method.
In field-ethnographic research, mainly, collecting information from informants in
writing or through a dictaphone, observing certain domestic and cultural life
events, family-marriage relations and rituals, folk dances and games, direct
participation in them, and methods such as serious study of them (writing, drawing
and photographing) are used. Modern technical means