RIZAL LAW (REPUBLIC ACT NO.

1425)  The Execution of King Louis and Marie Antonnette

 Emphatically restricted by the Christian church  Struggle between the Liberals and the
 Anti-clerical subjects (not religious & holy) Conservatives
 President Ramon Magsaysay signed June 12,1956 – Flag Day  Liberals believed a country should be free
 Senate Bill No. 438 (May 12,1956) approved unanimously from domination by another and the people
 President Fidel V. Ramos – 1994 order DOE to fully implement the should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity.
law  Conservatives supported the “good old days”
 Rizal Law has been compared to Responsible Parenthood & when monarchs and kings ruled over their
Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (RH Law); debate in 2011 subjects.
 Jose P. Laurel (Senator co-wrote the law) know/learn to imbibe  Spirit of nationalism spread outside Europe:
(absorb/devour) the great ideas for which the hero died. Canada became a self-governing nation in
1867, Spain lost its colonies in South America
To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom after its subject liberated themselves for
and nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died; Independence.
To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life
OBJECTIVES and works in shaping the Filipino character; 2. Spread of Democracy
“Government of the People, by the People and for the
To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the People” In France following the establishment of the Third
study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings;
Republic in 1875, laws were enacted that advanced
democracy, such as right of suffrage for everyone. In
IMPORTANCE
England, reforms were passed in the Parliament; new election
districts formed, cabinet system was adopted (House of
Commons and House of Lords), slavery abolished in the
The subject Rizal can
provides It helps us
It teaches It provides
It helps in serve as a
The subject
The subject colonies. Outside Europe, Australia adopted secret ballot
system and right to vote in 1885; New Zealand also adopted
insights on understand developing worthwhile is a rich
nationalism various is a rich
how to deal better logical and model and source of
and essential source of
with
current
ourselves as
Filipinos
patriotism life lessons
critical
thinking
inspiration
to every
entertaining
entertaining
narratives the right to vote in 1893. In the United States, Andrew Jackson
problems Filipino and Abraham Lincoln were elected by popular votes. The
American Civil War (1860-1865) ended slavery.

OBJECTIONS Stiff opposition from the Catholic Church. Duringthe 1955 Senate election, the church charged 3. Modernization of Living brought about by the Industrial
Recto with being a communist and an anti-Catholic. After Recto's election, the Church continued
to oppose the bill mandating the reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Revolution
claiming it would violate Freedom of conscience and religion.
Two Major Changes in the industries
Fr. Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels belonged to the past and that teaching them would
misrepresent current conditions. (a.) Shift from manual labor to machine works, and
Radio commentator Jesus Paredes also said that Catholics had the right to refuse to read them
(b.) from domestic system to the factory system.
as it would "endanger their salvation”.

Groups such as Catholic Action of the Philippines, the Congregation of the Mission, the Knights EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
of Columbus, and the Catholic Teachers Guild organized opposition to the bill;

The Senate Committee on Education sponsored a bill co-written by both Jose P. Laurel, and 1. The introduction of new machines such as spinning jenny,
Recto, with the only opposition coming from Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Mariano Jesus Cuenco, and
Decoroso Rosales.
spinning frame, spinning shuttle, cotton gin and sewing
machine hastened the revolution in the textile
The Archbishop of Manila, Rufino Santos, protested in a pastoral letter that Catholic students
would be affected if compulsory reading of the unexpurgated version were pushed through. manufacturing.
2. Coal, iron and steel became basic materials in the industry,
Groups were countered by Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of which led to the improvement of the transportation system
1896), Alagad in Rizal, the Freemasons, and the Knights of Rizal. also brought about by the invention of steamships,
SUPPORTS locomotives, automobiles.
Arsenio Lacson, Manila's mayor, who supported the bill, walked 3. The invention of telephone and telegraph, cable and postal
out of mass when the priest read a circular from the archbishop
denouncing the bill. service and newspaper revolutionized communication.
4. Invention of machines resulted in the establishment of
factories, towns became cities, and thousands of workers
TRIVIA Rizal was involved in a love triangle with Antonio Luna as also part of the romantic equation;
were employed to achieve large scale production. As a
Rizal was a model in some of Juan Luna’s paintings; result, commodities became cheaper, standard of living
Rizal’s common-law wife Josephine Bracken was ‘remarried’ to a man from Cebu and had improved, national wealth increased.
tutored former President Sergio Osmeña;
5. Encouraged migration as people searched for improved
Leonor Rivera (‘Maria Clara’), Rizal’s ‘true love’, had a son who married the sister of the former
President of the United Nations General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo;
economic, social and political conditions.
6. Steady increase in population as a result of better living
the Filipina beauty queen Gemma Cruz Araneta is a descendant of Rizal’s sister, Maria;
conditions, advancement in medicine and public hygiene.
the sportscaster Chino Trinidad is a descendant of Rizal’s ‘first love’ (Segunda Katigbak); 7. SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM fostered with the introduction of the
new economic philosophy, LAISSES FAIRE- “LET WELL ENOUGH
the original manuscripts of Rizal’s novel (Noli and Fili) were once stolen for ransom, but
Alejandro Roces had retrieved them without paying even a single centavo. ALONE” OR “HANDS OFF”. A policy that prevented the
government from interfering from private trade and industry
 Dictum “He who controls the past controls the future” except for the defense of nation from foreign aggression,
maintenance of peace and order, protection of investment
THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPE, AMERICA AND SPAIN in foreign countries and private industry.
CHALLENGES AND RESPONSE OF THE 19TH CENTURY 8. Development of Capitalism as a result of factory system
 The 19th Century was extremely dynamic and creative age which enhanced growth of wealth.
especially in Europe and the United States. 9. RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS(composed of capitalist and the
Struggle for nationalism
laborers) who eventually dominated the society and
dictated its social, moral and political standard
10. The new economic conditions however brought about labor
problems: Disputes between capitalist and labourer over
Six Major Changes of the 19th Century

Gradual spread of democracy

wages, working hours, insurance benefits and working

Modernization of Living through the conditions.
Industrial Revolution
11. RESPONSE TO THE GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS BROUGHT
ABOUT BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Liberals adopted the
Advancement in Science and Technology Laissez-Faire policy; they allowed capitalist to expand their
businesses without restrictions. It resulted to the widening gap
Growth of Imperialism bet the rich and the poor. Socialists believed that the
government should own and manage the means of
production for the benefit of many and not just for the few;
New Ideas and Confidence for Growth so long as the economic activities are in control of the
capitalist, there would be no democracy. They suggested
reforms can be achieved gradually and peacefully through
SIX MAJOR CHANGES OF THE 19TH CENTURY normal political process.
1. Struggle for Nationalism 12. Revolutionary Communism advocated by Karl Marx in his
Nationalism – feeling of oneness by a group of people who Communist Manifesto. He believed that only violent
believe that they possess common traditions, culture, goals or revolution could improve the conditions of the working class.
ideas. Throughout the 19th century, many revolted against their He also advocated abolition of private land ownership,
rulers. nationalization or centralization of the means of production,
confiscation of property. As a response to the evil effects of
TWO MAJOR UPHEAVALS that influenced the thinking and Industrial Revolution, Pope Leo XIII of the Catholic Church
development of the 19th century: advocated the Christian principles in Rerum Novarum
 American Revolution (1775-1783) – resulted in the (Conditions of Labor)-respect of rights, state regulations on
complete independence of the Americans from Great the right use of private property, preservation of life, state
Britain. duty to provide favourable working conditions, and worker’s
 French Revolution (1779-1789) – ended the absolutism rights to form unions
and feudal privileges after monarchy was overthrown.
 King Louis XVI and Marie Antonnette
 Unit 1. Challenges and Response of the 19th Century
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Mechanization
Demand for
products
The Industrial Revolution
Low farm wages
(1790-1900)
Utilitarianism
Migration to cities
Science
The
Enlightenment
4. Advancement in Science
 Atomic theory was formulated by John Dalton
 Element Radium discovered by Marie Curie
 Louise Pasteur discovered the germs that caused diseases in
man/animals
 Robert Koch discovered the infectious diseases causing bacteria
called anthrax and developed an inoculation to prevent its
spread.
 Dr. Joseph Lister developed antiseptics to prevent infections.
 Dr. Crawford Long demonstrated (use of anaesthesia-surgical
operations)
 Dr. William Morton was the first to use ether for painless tooth
extraction. The advancement in science and medicine improved
public sanitation and health thereby increasing the average life
span of the population.
5. Growth of Imperialism
 Imperialism is defined as the activity of a nation in extending its
control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through
acquisition of a new territory; the desire of the civilized nation
to rule over weak or backward.
 From economic standpoint, imperialism is resorted to for the
purpose of securing raw materials, markets for manufactured
goods, outlet for surplus population and fields of expansion for
investment for surplus capital. From political standpoint, it
maybe for the acquisition of regions necessary for national
defense and territories for religious standpoint, expansion is an
opportunity to spread religious mission.
During Rizal’s time, England emerged as the world’s leading
imperialist power during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
and succeeded in establishing a global colonial empire. She
acquired Hong Kong from the Chinese Manchu Dynasty after the
Opium War (1840-1842); in 1859, the British imposed its supremacy
in Indian subcontinent; After the Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824-26,
1852 and 1885), Burma was annexed. Other British colonies in Asia
include Ceylon, Maldives, Malaya, Singapore and (Africa) Egypt;
and Australia and New Zealand in the South Pacific. The French
followed the examples of the English; they acquired Vietnam, Laos
and Cambodia as its territory known as French Indochina.
The Dutch established its domain in the East Indies (the
present Indonesia). Czarist Russia, expanded its territory eastward
and acquired Siberia, Kamchatka peninsula, the Kuriles Islands
and Alaska (which was later sold to the US in 1867). Japan joined
the bandwagon of acquiring neighbouring territories following the
opening of its door to Western Imperialism. After the Sino-
Japanese War (1894-1895) she acquired Formosa (Taiwan) and
Pescadores; in 1910 Korea was annexed to its dominion. Germany
was the late comer to scramble for colonies and acquired the
Pacific Island of Yap in the Carolines.
6. New Ideas and Confidence for Growth
 Democracy made significant gains by several reforms in
government and social relations.
 Human rights were extended to people
 Large sums of money were spent for public education;
education for nationalism was stressed to teach the people of
a nation on its own glories and achievements
 Science received a great boost from businessmen who spent
money for research, invention and discoveries.
 Literature centered on the life of the time as writers wrote
about what they saw and experienced.
 Painters and artists painted life as it was all around them;
Musicians and composers showed their feeling of nationalism
in using folk songs and national themes.
RIZAL ON THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
In his letter to his Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal wrote,
“I would stimulate these Philippine studies which are like nosce te
ipsum (Know Thyself) that gives the true concept of oneself and
drives nation to greatness.” When people become aware that
they are different from other race, they become proud and willing
to serve their nation. They become patriotic and develop pride in
their country. All these are possible only if they know their country
better.
RIZAL ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
Rizal wished that Spain would have benefited the gifts of Liberty,
Equality and Progress and shared them with the Philippines.
However, “Spain did not plant in those islands (The Philippines)
those inestimable gifts so that they might be the exclusive
patrimony and feudal dominion of the reactionary friars”.
HOW NATIONALISM WAS STIMULATED
BY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
Rizal wrote, “The people go from island to another, naturally
communication and exchange of ideas have increased and
realizing they were all menaced with the same danger and their
common sentiments are hurt, they become friends and they
unite”. Modern means of transportation and communication
brought the people of a nation closer. They began to realize their
common problems and aspirations. They felt the need for closer
union in solving their problems and attaining their goals.
RIZAL ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
In his novel Noli, Rizal hailed the “Jesuits whom the Philippines owes
her dawning system of instruction in the natural sciences, the soul
of the nineteenth century”. As people become more interested in
science, many of its secrets were discovered with systematized
experimentation. Scientists around the world worked to know
more about the facts of nature. Businessmen funded researches
which in turn, the results brought huge profits to the business.
RIZAL ON IMPERIALISM
He said, “The Filipinos remained loyal and faithful to Mother Spain
for three centuries, giving up their liberty and independence, now
fascinated by the promised heaven, now flattered by the
friendship offered them by a great and noble nation (Mother
Spain), and now compelled to submission by the superiority of
arms for persons with low opinion of themselves or now because
of foreign invaders, taking advantage of the internal dissension,
played the role of the third party of divide and rule”
RIZAL ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ENLIGHTENMENT FOR
PROGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES
“Despite all that system, organized, perfected and followed with
tenacity by (Spain) who wished to keep the islands in holy
ignorance, there are Filipino writers, free thinkers, historians,
chemists, physicians, jurists, artists. Enlightenment is spreading and
its persecution encourages it. The divine flame of thought is
inextinguishable among the Filipino people…”
BEFORE THE 19TH CENTURY
The Enlightenment – the great 'Age of Reason' – is defined as the
period of rigorous scientific, political and philosophical discourse
that characterized European society during the 'long' 18th century:
from the late 17th century to the ending of the Napoleonic Wars in
1815.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 19TH CENTURY
1. Last two decades of the of the 18th c -age of enlightenment
 French Revolution (1789) toppling the monarchy and
execution of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (Madam
Deficit) - Wife of King Louis XVI
 Establishment of the 1st French Republic (liberte, igalite,
fraternite)
 Maximilien Robespierre- an extremist leader of the
Jacobines, launched The Reign of Terror (execution of
20,000) people
 War with the neighboring monarch
 Napoleon Bonaparte - initiated many liberal reforms that
have persisted in society, and is considered one of the
greatest military commanders in history.
2. Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty-
3. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century.
By the 18th century, members of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty
held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma.
4. 1848- Struggle for equal rights (Europe)
5. Revolution with the monarchs in France and Austria
6. Tzar Alexander II (Alexander the Liberator)–significant reforms
*emancipation of the Russian serfs reorganization the judicial
system, abolition of corporal punishment
CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Overview of the Philippines during the Mid-19th Century
 Spaniards wrought fundamental changes in the lives of the
Indio.
 Introduced new customs, religion, practices and
institutions
 Influx of Chinese due to presence of Spaniards
 New plants (corn, cassava, sweet potato, cotton,
maguey, indigo, achuete, tobacco, cacao) and animals
(horses, cows, sheep, goats, water buffalos, geese, ducks
and swans from China and Japan) – modified eating
habits and economic development

COLONIAL OUTPOST
The Philippines lacks economic promise for Spain/Crown but was
retained due to the following considerations:
a. Stepping stone to China and Japan
b. Staging ground for missionary efforts
c. Useful as outpost of Spanish empire for curving out an
Oriental Empire – Philippines to be used as base for the
conquest of neighboring nations
 Due to these – Philippines was relegated to the role of a mere
missionary and military way – station
 These are the factors that discouraged serious efforts for
economic development Philippines geographic isolation from
Europe precluded growth of direct trade – island to be
administered through Mexico
 Philippine ruled by military administrators who received
“situado” an annual subsidy from Mexico; “The rest of their
needs had to be extracted from the Indios”
ECONOMIC NEGLECT
a. Galleon Trade – lasted until 1815 – involved only Spaniards
b. Trade was essentially between China and Mexico with
Manila as trans-shipment point
c. One to quick return from Galleon Trade dissuaded
Spaniards from productive work therefore neglected to
develop the agricultural potential of the Philippines.
MOVES FOR ABANDONMENT
a. Financial and Commercial consideration – Income from
Galleon trade is lower than “situado”
b. Chinese silk brought to America by the Philippine Galleons
competed with Spanish export to that region (America)
seriously threatening Spanish silk industry – Proponents of
retention of Colony (Philippines) countered that large part
of the situado was used to finance the expeditions against
the Moluccas
THE COMPROMISE
 In line with Spanish policy of mercantilism and responding
to pressures from Merchants of Cadiz and Seville, Spain
tried to save trade of the American Market for Spanish
manufacturers
 Also limited the outflow of silver from Latin America to the
East (China)
 Galleon trade was restricted to only 2 ships a year and to
only one port of entry in Mexico, Acapulco
 Export form Manila is pegged at P250, 000 worth of goods
(later raised to P500, 000) and imports from Mexico were
not supposed to exceed double the value of the exports –
to limit the revenue from Galleon Trade enough only to
maintain Spanish establishment’s in Manila.
THE CHURCH
 Missionary undertaking/substantial material interest
 Philippines as base for future maneuvers in the East
 Philippines as colony of Spain – Prestige of the Crown/Pride of
Spanish Kings
 Profits from Galleon Trade
 Need to construct walls/buildings bequeathed to the
religious orders and pious works (Obras pias)
 Establishment of schools, hospitals and charitable
institutions
PLURAL ECONOMIES
 Western economy – Galleon Trade
 Native economy- products were not in great demand in
either China or Mexico. Thus, Philippine Spaniards did not find
it profitable to develop local products for export – locally
oriented/underdeveloped
 Chinese economy – adjunct of the Galleon Trade’ provide
local Spaniards with luxury they need
 Chinese as artisans
 Chinese as intermediaries between West and the native
economies
 Chinese distributed Chinese imports to the Philippine
Village and gathered in return local products which they
sold to the Spaniards.
THE CHINESE ROLE
 During mid-19th Century, while the Spaniards were trying to
graft their administrative institutions onto the indigenous
social structures, the Chinese were wreaking havoc on the
primitive economy of the natives.
 Rice production had fallen off and the local textile industry
had decline disastrously in Pampanga and Manila in late 16th
century due to movement of native population to the city to
provide domestic service to the Spaniards.
 Indios begun to buy staple food and clothes from the Chinese
REDUCCIONES
 Neglect of the Philippines’ internal economy was
accompanied by administrative difference such as
extraction of tribute and forced labor and the proselytizing
/conversion (spread of Christianity) tradition requiring control.
 Barangay had to be integrated into colonial framework, few
members of friars and scattered population had to be
consolidated into reduccion – policy of resettlement of small
villages into one larger village for easy control.
FRIARS’ TECHNIQUES
a. Offering of gifts like shirts, salt, needles, combs etc.
b. Free housing
c. Participation in 3olourful church rites
d. High sounding titles (gobernadorcillo, capitan etc.)and
honors for the chiefs
Threats
- Friar’s inducement and pressure on Chiefs of Villages and making
chieftains or cabeza de barangay insured a measure of Indio’s
social continuity which facilitated acceptance of Spanish rule.
- Conversion of Indio Chieftains into willing allies and useful
intermediaries (as cabesa de barangay) formed a reservoir of
reliable minor civil servants for the Spaniards – This is bolstered by
colonial recognition evidenced by their title of principales
COLONIAL INTERMEDIARIES
 GOBERNADORCILLOS (petty governor) equivalent of
MAYOR today
 They are exempted from paying tribute and rendering
forced labor but they have the DUTY to COLLECT TRIBUTES
which should tally with census. UNPAID or DELAYED tribute
means FINE or IMPRISONMENT.
 Gobernadorcillos – also responsible for maintenance of
municipal guards/jail, feed the prisoners, provide
municipal government with personnel and supplies, also
entertainment of visitors.
PROPERTY OF POWER
 Principalia – possesses economic power
 From Indios concept of communal land to Spaniard’s individual
concept of land ownership and regarded the land itself not
merely its use as source of wealth
 APPROPRIATION OF COMMUNAL LANDHOLDINGS
 Principales – by virtue of being administration and fiscal
middlemen between Spaniards and their people (Indios)
became aware of exploitative kind of land ownership and took
advantage of it
 Chieftains (principals) appropriated the lands cultivated by
their dependents/tillers who were institutionalized as tenants –
sanctioned/allowed by the Spaniards.
RESULT OF STRATIFICATION
 Principalia – perpetuated its dominant status through intra-class
marriages; principalia’s residence in plaza complex manifest
physical expression of socio-economic ascendancy
 Church - convent (Frailocracy/ecclesiastical power) and the
municipio (seat of Civil Authority dominated the plaza.
 Three-tiered heirarchy in rural society – Spanish Priest,
Principalia and the Masses.
 Manila/Suburbs – Spaniards, Chinese Mestizos, Native
principales, Chinese and the people – This persisted into the
beginning of nineteen century with the Spanish clergy
constituting the leading instrument of power and exploitation.
Additional Notes:
SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S TIME
 Spanish rule was imposed in the Philippines by conquest.
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – he established the first Spanish
settlement in 1565 in Cebu.
 Before the conquest, the Filipinos had their own indigenous
culture and their own indigenous culture and their own
government, the barangay – headed by native chieftain
called “datu”
 The Philippines became a colony of Spain and belonged
to the King of Spain
POLITICAL CONDITION
 The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines ran
indirectly through the viceroy of the Spain Mexico
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
 GOVERNOR GENERAL
 He is the chief executive in whole
archipelago
 He is the head of state and church
 He is the commander-in-chief of the
military
 He had the power of cumplace
 VISITADOR
 Visited the country to check the
administration of the Governor General
 RESIDENCIA
 Lived in the PH to observe the Governor
Genera
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
 ALCALDE MAYOR
 The head in the provincial level
 He had the power and responsibilities
like the Governor General but its power
was limited in the province.
 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
 GOBERNADORCILLO
 His power and responsibilities was the
same as the Governor General
however, his power was limited only in
the town or pueblo
 He also had the power of INDULTO DE
COMERCIO or the power of the
Gobernadorcillo to engage into
trading
 They has SMALL SALARIES but were
exempted from PAYING TAXES.
 Qualifications: EMILIO AGUINALDO
 Any native or Chinese Mestizo
 25 years old
 Literate in ORAL or WRITTEN
SPANISH
 Cabeza de Barangay for 4
years
BARRIO GOVERNMENT
 CABEZA DE BARANGAY
 He is the head of barangay
 The Filipino was allowed to assume the
position of Gobernadircillo and Cabeza
de Barangay only and only given to a
Filipino male, 23 years old, educated
and has a property of 500 pesos
THE SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS OVER THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
 The different religious orders had the great contribution in
the established of Spanish Colonial government in the
country.
 The regular priests (Spanish priests) were able to dominate
the control in different parishes and had the power to get
the parishes from secular (Filipino priests.)
THE ABUSES OF SPANISH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
 The excessive powers and privileges of the governor
general made him weak and undisciplined. The
provincial government where the alcalde mayor
was the administrator, judge, and military
commander was the most corrupt branch of the
government.
CORRUPT SPANISH OFFICIALS
 The colonial officials were highly corrupt,
incompetent and cruel.
1. General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) – a
boastful and ruthless governor general, aroused
the anger of the Filipinos by executing the
GOMBURZA, the “MARTYRS OF 1872”
2. Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) – a good
Moro fighter, but was inept and weak
administrator
3. General Fernando Primo de Rivera – a governor
general for two terms (1880-1883) and (1897-
1898), enriched himself by accepting bribes from
gambling casinos in Manila which he
scandalously permitted to operate.
4. General Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) – a cruel
and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-
German ancestry, arrived in Manila a poor man
and returned to Spain a millionaire.
– The Filipinos scornfully called him
“tyrant”.
– The Cubans cursed him as “The Butcher”
5. General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) – an
able militarist but heartless governor general, was
widely detested by the Filipino people for
executing Dr. Jose Rizal.
PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES
– The first period of the Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes (1810-1813) was fruitful with the beneficent
results for the welfare of the colony. However, the second
period of representation (1820-1823) and the third period
(1834-1837) were less fruitful in parliamentary work.
– The representation of the overseas colonies including the
Philippines in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837.
Since then, Philippine conditions worsened.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONDITION
– The Spaniards imposed new social stratification which
discriminate the natives in their own land.
Peninsulares – the highest class, Spanish born in
Peninsulares
Spain and live in the Philippines
Insulares Insulares – Spanish born in the Philippines
Creoles – the third class, they are the mix blood
Creoles
or combination of Spanish and Filipino
Indios  Illustrado – the well-educated Filipino
 Principalia – the land owners
Indios – the last class, the unfortunate and
discriminated class in the society.
FRAILOCRACY (frailocracia)/SECULARIZATION OF FILIPINO PRIESTS
– It is the Spanish political philosophy of union of Church and
State
– The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans)
controlled the religious and educational life of the
Philippines, and later in the 19th century, they came to
acquire tremendous political power, influences and riches,
EDUCATION SYSTEM DRURING THE SPANISH REGIME
– The religion is still the center of the educational system
imposed by the Spaniards. Girls and boys have separate
schools and they also have different curriculums.
– For male in secondary education:
1. Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio – 1589
2. College of San Idelfonso – 1599
3. Ateneo de Municipal – 1817
– The curriculum for male includes: Spanish History, Latin,
Philosophy, Canon, Civil Law, Rhetoric
– For female in secondary education:
1. Colegios of Santa Potenciana – 1591
2. Sta. Isabel – 1632
3. Santa Catalina de Sana – 1696
4. Sta. Rita College – 1719
5. Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion
Concordia – 1868
– The curriculum for females includes: Rules of Courtesy,
Vocal Music, Language and Sewing.
– The educational system is also used to pacify the Filipinos
and train them in Catholicism and to follow laws imposed
by the Spaniards
– DepEd during the Spanish could not also provide enough
books and other instructional materials needed for the
quality education
– The parochial schools were established with Spanish
missionaries as the teachers. The students were taught in
the native dialects although there was a law requiring the
children to be taught in Spanish
– Religion was the most important subject.
– At the end of the Spanish period, the University of Santo
Tomas was the only institution of university level in Manila.
It was established in 1611 solely for the Spaniards and
mestizos.
EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863
– December 20,1863. Each major town in the Philippines
should establish at least one primary school for boys and
another for girls, and the medium of instruction is Spanish
MORET DECREE OF 1870
– Intended to secularize higher education in the colony but
the friars opposed the idea of the government’s control
over education
ECONOMIC CONDITION
– To solve the issue of governance, Legazpi converted the
land of the indios into the encomienda
– The word encomienda comes from the Spanish
encomendar which means “to entrust”.
– The encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in a
particular conquered territory which Spain gave to
Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services
3 TYPES OF ENCOMIENDA
1. ROYAL – the taxes will go to the King of Spain
2. EXXLESIASTICAL – the taxes will go to the Church
3. PRIVADO – the encomienda given to the friend
of the king who has contribution for the
colonization.
– They abolished the encomienda and
convert the land into haciendas
HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE FRIARS AND SPANISH OFFICIALS
 The Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders
were the richest landlords, for they owned the best
haciendas (agricultural lands) in the PH.
 The rural folks, who had had been living in these haciendas
and cultivating them generation after generation
became tenants.
THE ABUSES OF GUARDIA CIVIL, CHURCH OFFICIALS AND POLITICAL
LEADERS
 Guardia Civil (Constanbulary) – the last hated symbol of
Spanish tyranny which was created by the Royal Decree
of February 12, 1852
  It was amended by another Royal Decree on March 24,
1888, for the purpose of maintaining internal peace and
order in the Philippines.
 It was patterned after the famous and well-disciplined
Guardia Civil in Spain
THE DIFFERENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICIES IMPOSED BY THE
SPANIARDS.
1. REDUCCION – this policy was implemented so that the
government and parish priest could easily monitor the
natives and for the easy conversion to Catholicism
2. BANDALA – the natives are obliged to sell their products to
the Spaniards
3. POLO Y SERVICIOS – the forced labor of all Filipino males
from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day periods. The word polo
refers to community work, and the labourer was called
polista. The only way to avoid being forced to do polo y
servicio was to pay the falla. In 1884, the forty days of
forced labor was reduced to 15 days.
4. TAXATION
 Cedula – male and females 18 years old and above
will pay every year for the cedula
 Sanctorum – tax for the church
 Donativo de Zamboanga – a tax specifically used for
the conquest of Jolo
 Tribute – it may be paid in cash or in kind
5. THE TRIBUTE (BUWIS) OR TRIBUTO
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was first to order the
payment of tribute. His successors followed this
practice. The tribute or buwis was collected from
the natives both in cash (gold or money) and in
kind (e.g. rice, cloth, chicken, coconut oil,
abaca, etc.). The King of Spain preferred the
payment of gold, but the natives paid largely in
kind.
6. GALLEON TRADE
 This trading policy changed the system of free
trading in the Philippines where in the other
nationalities like the Chinese are free to
exchange their goods with the Filipinos who had
extra goods.
 BOLETAS – The ticket for the Galleon Trade.
THE RELIGIOUS FRONT: SECULARIZATION
The regulars resented the move because they considered the
Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the
Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and inadequate
experience.
The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits returned to
the Philippines. They had been exiled from the country because of
certain policies of the order that the Spanish authorities did not like.
The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly
favouring their own regular priest over Filipino priests.
Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the Church,
sided with the Filipinos. Unfortunately, he died in an earthquake that
destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863. After his death, other priests
took his place in fighting for the secularization movement. Among
them were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora. GOMBURZA
RIZAL: FAMILY, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION.
A. The Mercado - Rizal Family
Rizal is considered one of the biggest families during their time.
Domingo Lam-co, the family's paternal ascendant was a full-
blooded Chinese who came to the Philippines from Amoy, China
in the closing years of the 17th century and married a Chinese
half-breed by the name of Ines de la Rosa.Researchers revealed
that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese,
Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese.Jose
Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents,
Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine
sisters and one brother.
FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898) Father of Jose Rizal who was
the youngest of 13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in
Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818; studied in San Jose College,
Manila; and died in Manila.
TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913) Mother of Jose Rizal who was the
second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied
at the Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded
woman, courteous, religious, hard-working and well-read. She was
born in Santa Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in 1913
in Manila.

The Opening of the Suez Canal 1.
The Suez Canal, which connected the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea, was inaugurated in 1869. It was built by a
French engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps. By passing through 2.
the Canal, vessels journeying between Barcelona and Manila no
longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip
of Africa. Thus, they were able to shorten their traveling time from
three months to 32 days.
3.
Thanks to the Suez Canal, trading in the Philippines became
increasingly profitable. More and more foreign merchants and
businessmen came to the colony, bringing with them a lot of 4.
progressive ideas. The Filipinos not only gained more knowledge
and information about the world at large but also the desire for
freedom and improvement in their lives. 5.
What is secularization?
Until the mid-19th century, the term “secularization” referred either 6.
to the transfer of ecclesiastical property from the church to secular
authorities (as was the case during the Reformation or the French
Revolution) or to the relinquishing of orders by monks or nuns. 7.
Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines.
These were the regulars and the seculars. Regular priests belonged
to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity. 8.
Examples were the Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans, and
Augustinians. Secular priests did not belong to any religious order.
They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under 9.
the supervision of the bishops.
SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913) Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo
marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan,
Batangas.
PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930) only brother of Jose Rizal and
the second child. Studied at San Jose College in Manila;
became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine
Revolution.
NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939) the third child. Married Antonio
Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician.
OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887) the fourth child. Married Silvestre
Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth.
LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919) the fifth child. Married Matriano
Herbosa.
MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945) the sixth child. Married Daniel
Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896) the second son and the seventh
child. He was executed by the Spaniards on December 30,
1896.
CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865) the eight child. Died at the
age of three.
JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) the ninth child. An epileptic, died
a spinster.

Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that 10.
were being run by regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to
check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular priests
refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s 11.
jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops
persisted.
TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951) the tenth child. Died a spinster
and the last of the family to die.
SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929) the youngest child married
Pantaleon Quintero.

In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the

diocese’s authority over the parishes and accepted the resignations
of the regular priests. He assigned secular priests to take their place.
Since there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies the
Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. A royal
decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for
the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial
administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.
MORE ABOUT JOSE RIZAL
FULL NAME: Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonzo Y Realonda. The
name Jose was chosen by his mother who was a Christian saint (St.
Joseph) June 19, 1861- birthdate of Jose Rizal
 PROTACIO - From Gervacio. Protacio a saint’s name found
on the Christian calendar.
 MERCADO (Spanish word for “market”) - a surname
adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lam-co, Rizal’s Chinese
great grandfather.
 RIZAL- from the word ricial, a Spanish term which means
“green field”
 RIZAL- from the word (ricial adj.) grows again: applied to
the field that after crop/ after cutting grows / sprout again.
 ALONZO- surname of Teodora
 REALONDA- from the godmother of Teodora Alonzo. It was
a practice during the
Spanish period to adopt the godmother’s surname.
Fr. Rufino Collantes - the priest from Batangas who baptized Rizal
Fr. Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather. A native of Calamba and a
close friend of the Rizals
Lt.-Gen. Jose Lemery - the governor–general when Rizal was born
RIZAL’S ANCESTRY (FATHER SIDE)
Rizal’s paternal lineage can be traced back to the village of
Sionque in Chin-Chew (or Chang-chow) district in Fujian, southern
China, near the prosperous and ancient trading port of Zaiton.
Among his earliest identifiable ancestors were Siang-co and Zun-nio
who gave birth to a son who later acquired the name Lam-co,
which in English means, “Lam, Esquire”. Lam-co migrated to the In
1697, at the age of 35, Lam-co was baptized at the San Gabriel
Church in the predominantly Chinese community of Binondo. He
adopted “Domingo” his baptismal day, as his first name. He married
a Chinese mestiza said to be half his age named Ines de la Rosa,
who belonged to an entrepreneurial family in Binondo. Ines was the
daughter of Agustin Chin-co and Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese
mestiza resident of the Parian.
In 1697, at the age of 35, Lam-co was baptized at the San Gabriel
Church in the predominantly Chinese community of Binondo. He
adopted “Domingo” his baptismal day, as his first name. He married
a Chinese mestiza said to be half his age named Ines de la Rosa,
who belonged to an entrepreneurial family in Binondo. Ines was the
daughter of Agustin Chin-co and Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese
mestiza resident of the Parian.
With the rigid social stratification prevailing at that time, it was
evident that Lam-co did not come from the ranks of coolies, the
class of migrant menial workers from China. Through his association
with two Spanish friars, Fr. Francisco Marquez, an authority on
Chinese grammar, and Fr. Juan Caballero, he was invited to settle
in the Dominican estate of San Isidro Labrador in Biñan, Laguna.
Lam-co was said to have been instrumental in the building of the
irrigation works known as Tubigan, which made the area where it
was situated the richest part of the estate. He and his family Lam-
co and Ines de la Rosa had a son born in 1731. They named him
Francisco Mercado, believed as a gesture of gratitude to another
friar of the same name, and also after a Spanish mestizo friar
renowned for his botanical studies. The surname “Mercado”, which
means “market” in Spanish, was quite appropriate, too, since many
ethnic Chinese were merchants, and many had adopted the same
surname. The family lived in the estate along with fellow immigrants
from Chin-chew, China.
In 1771, Francisco Mercado married Bernarda Monica, a native of
the nearby hacienda of San Pedro Tunasan, then, like Biñan, was
populated by many Chinese migrants, or Chinese mestizos. They
had two sons named Juan and Clemente. For a short period, he
settled his family at the hacienda of San Juan Bautista in Calamba.
However, hostility towards the Chinese immigrants as well as natives
of Chinese descent- a backlash from the British invasion of Manila in
1762, during which the local Chinese supported the British against
the Spaniards- forced Francisco Mercado to return his family to
Biñan. Francisco Mercado owned the largest herd of carabaos in
Biñan. He was active in local politics. He was elected as the town’s
capitan del pueblo around 1783. Popular and good-natured, he
often stood as godfather during baptisms and weddings, as Biñan’s
church records revealed. He died in 1801.
His son, Juan Mercado married Cirila Alejandra, a daughter of one
of Domingo Lam-co’s godsons, and who hailed from Tubigan. The
couple had 13 children. They lived in large house made of stone in
the center of Biñan. (One of his children, Francisco Engracio, born
in Biñan sometime in April 1818 was the father of Jose Rizal). Like his
father, Juan Mercado also served as the town’s capitan del pueblo
in 1808, 1813, and 1823. On many occasions, “Capitan Juan”, as his
town mates referred to him, was the hermano mayor in religious and
social affairs. Like his wife, he was benevolent and hardworking. His
status earned him. the privilege of electing the Philippine
representative to the Spanish parliament in 1812. He died when his
son, Francisco Engracio, was only eight years old.
With his sisters and brothers, Francisco Engracio helped his widowed
mother in managing the family’s business. He married Teodora
Alonso Realonda de Quintos, a daughter of one of Manila’s most
distinguished families in 1848. Francisco moved his family to
Calamba, where he farmed lands leased from the Dominican friars,
growing sugar cane, rice and indigo. He also started a mixed
orchard, engaged in trade, raised poultry, in all of which he was
assisted by his wife Teodora. In time, Franciso’s family became one
of the wealthiest in Calamba.
Rizal’s Childhood Years in Calamba – Rizal’s first memory of his
childhood was his happy days in the family garden. At the age of 3,
Rizal began to take part in the family prayers
The Story of the Moth- made the most profound impression on Rizal
At 5 he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold clay
and wax
Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo - (In Memory of My Town) a poem about
Rizal’s beloved town Calamba. He wrote it in 1876 when he was 15
years old
Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila- Rizal narrated his childhood
memories in this diary. He used the pseudonym P. Jacinto
THE PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED RIZAL’S BOYHOOD
1. Tio Jose Alberto – studied for 11 yrs in a British School in
Calcuta, India and had travel Europe. He inspired Rzal to
develop his artistic ability
2. Tio Manuel – a husky and aesthetic, he encouraged Rizal
to develop his frail body by means of physical exercise
3. Tio Gregorio – a book lover who intensified Rizal’s
voracious reading of good book
4. Father Leoncio Lopez – an old and learned parish priest of
Calamba fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and
intellectual honesty
JOSE RIZAL’S TEACHERS
1. Teodora Alonzo – his first teacher was her mother
2. Maestro Celestino – Rizal’s first private tutor
3. Maestro Lucas Padua – second tutor
4. Leon Monroy – a former classmate of Francisco Engracio
Rizal, became Jose Rizal’s tuto (June 1869 Paciano
accompanied Rizal to Binan for his education)
5. Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal’s teacher in Binan
6. Juancho – father in law of Maestro Justiano taught Rizal
drawing and painting
After a year and a half schooling, Rizal left Binan on December 17,
1870, on board the steamer Talim with Arturo Camps a Frenchman
and a friend of his father.
MEMORABLE DATES AND EVENTS
1872 – Teodora Alonzo was imprisoned for allegedly poisoning her
sister-in-law Teodora Formoso, wife of her brother Jose Alberto
Alonzo. She was released after 2 ½ years
1891 – Teodora Alonzo was commanded to walk 50 kms. From
Calamba to Santa Cruz laguna for failure of using her surname
Realonda
EDUCATION IN MANILA
Jose was sent to Manila when he was 11 and studied in Ateneo
Municipal which later became Ateneo de Manila. Prior to his
enrollment in Ateneo, he took the entrance examination in Colegio
San Juan de Letran, a school run by the Dominican friars. He passed
the exam but his father changed his mind and decided to send him
to Ateneo. Fr. Magin Ferrando, the school registrar refused to admit.
Rizal for 2 reasons.
1. He was late for for registration and
2. He was sickly and undersized for his age.
He was admitted later through the help of Manuel Xeres Burgos,
nephew of the late Fr. Burgos. The Jesuits system of education in
Ateneo was more advanced than that of other colleges during the
Spanish period. It trained the character of the student by rigid
discipline and religious instructions.
Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech.
To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel
College during recess. He paid 3 pesos for the lesson. In Ateneo.
Students were divided into 2 grps. The Roman Empire (enterno or the
boarders) and the Carthaginian Empire (externos or the non non-
boarders Each of these empires had its ranks. The best in each
empire is the emperor, the second best the tribune, the third the
Decurion, the fourth the centurion, and the fifth the standard-
bearer. Within the empire, the students fought for position. Any
student can challenge any officer in his empire to answer the
questions on the day’s lesson. His opponent could lose his position if
he commits 3 mistakes.
At the end of Rizal’s first month in Ateneo, he became an emperor
of the Carthaginian Empire. On his 4th year, one of his professor
named Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez inspired him to study harder
and write poetry. He described him in his memoirs as the “model of
uprightness, earnestness and love for the advancement of his
pupils”. After graduating in Ateneo with the Bachelor of Arts degree
at the age of 16, he enrolled in UST. Aft Award winning literary works
A la Juventud Filipina- a poem he wrote while studying in UST. It won
first prize in the Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artisitic- Literary Lyceum) in
Manila in 1879
El Consejo delos Dioses (The Council of the Gods) – a play written
by Rizal that won first prize. The literary writing contest was in
commemoration of Miguel de Cervantes’ fourth centennial death
anniversary. er finishing first year in Philosophy and Letters he
decided to transfer to medical course.
There were at least nine women linked with Rizal; namely Segunda
Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, Consuelo Ortiga, O-Sei
San, Gertrude Beckette, Nelly Boustead, Suzanne Jacoby and
Josephine Bracken. These women might have been beguiled by his
intelligence, charm and witty.
But Rizal suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who
was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London, he was
able to finish the group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave
the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief
relationship.
7. Nellie Boustead – Rizal having lost Leonor Rivera, entertained
the thought of courting other ladies.
While a guest of the Boustead family at their residence in the
resort city of Biarritz, he had befriended the two pretty
daughters of his host, Eduardo Boustead. Rizal used to fence
with the sisters at the studio of Juan Luna. Antonio Luna,
Juan’s brother and also a frequent visitor of the Bousteads,
courted Nellie but she was deeply infatuated with Rizal. In a
party held by Filipinos in Madrid, a drunken Antonio Luna
uttered unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead. This
prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel.
Fortunately, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting tragedy
for the compatriots. Their love affair unfortunately did not end
in marriage. It failed because Rizal refused to be converted
to the Protestant faith, as Nellie demanded and Nellie’s
mother did not like a physician without enough paying
clientele to be a son-in-law.
8. Suzanne Jacoby
In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of
living in Paris. In Brussels, he lived in the boarding house of the
two Jacoby sisters. In time, they fell deeply in love with each
other. Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and wrote him
when he was in Madrid
9. Josephine Bracken
In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal
met an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown
hair and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken, the
adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who
came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was
physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must
have taken the measure of him and what could be a better
diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters
suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they
considered her as a threat to Rizal’s security.

RIZAL THE ROMANTIC

1. Segunda Katigbak – was his puppy love. Unfortunately, his first
love was engaged to be married to a townmate- Manuel Luz
After his admiration for a short girl in the person of Segunda,
then came

2. Leonor Valenzuela – a tall girl from Pagsanjan. Rizal send her

love-notes written in invisible ink that could only be
deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He
visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade her
a last goodbye.

3. Leonor Rivera – his sweetheart for 11 years played the

greatest influence in keeping him from falling in love with
other women during his travel.

Unfortunately, Leonor’s mother disapproved of her

daughter’s relationship with Rizal, who was then a known
filibustero. She hid from Leonor all letters sent to her
sweetheart. Leonor believing that Rizal had already forgotten
her, sadly consented her to marry the Englishman Henry
Kipping, her mother’s choice.

4. Consuelo Ortiga y Rey, the prettier of Don Pablo Ortiga’s

daughters. He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R., which
became one of his best poems.

The Ortiga’s residence in Madrid was frequented by Rizal and

his compatriots. He probably fell in love with her and
Consuelo apparently asked him for romantic verses. He
suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a
serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to
Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy his friendship
with Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo.

5. O Sei San (Seiko Usui) – a Japanese samurai’s daughter.

She taught Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as su-
mie. She also helped Rizal improve his knowledge of
Japanese language. If Rizal was a man without a patriotic
mission, he would have married this lovely and intelligent
woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan
because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative job.

6. Gertrude Beckett
While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family, within
walking distance of the British Museum. Gertrude, a blue-
eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett
daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his
painting and sculpture.