Power System Analysis

Presentation By
Dr. Shaker Mahmood Khudher
Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering
University of Mosul

1
 UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

2
Power system network

3
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

It is a diagrammatic representation of a power system in which

the components are represented by their symbols.

4
 COMPONENTS OF A POWER SYSTEM

1.Alternator
2.Power transformer
3.Transmission lines
4.Substation transformer
5.Distribution transformer
6.Loads

5
 MODELLING OF GENERATOR AND
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1Φ equivalent circuit of generator 1Φ equivalent circuit of synchronous motor

6
 MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER

E 2 = N 2 = I1
K =
E1 N1 I2
R2
R 01 = R1 + R 2 = R1 +
'
=Equivalent resistance referred to 1o
K2
X
X 01 = X1 + X 2' = X 1 + 22 =Equivalent reactance referred to 1o
K
7
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

Π type T type

8
MODELLING OF INDUCTION MOTOR

1
Rr ('
− 1 ) =Resistance representing load
s
R = R S + R r ' =Equivalent resistance referred to stator
X = X S + X r
'
=Equivalent reactance referred to stator

9
per unit=actual value/base value
Let KVAb=Base KVA
kVb=Base voltage
Zb=Base impedance in Ω

(kVb )
2
(kVb )
2

Zb = =
MVAb KVAb
1000

10
 Changing the base of per unit quantities

Let z = actual impedance(Ω)

Z=b base impedance (Ω)

Z Z Z *MVAb
Z p.u = = =
Zb (kVb )2 (kVb )
2

MVAb
Let kVb,old & MVBb,old represent old base values
kVb,new & MVBb,new represent new base values

11
 Z * MVAb,old
Z p.u ,old = → (1)
(kV b ,old )2

Z p.u,old * MVAb,old
Z= → (2)
(kV b ,old )
2

Z * MVA b,new
Z p.u ,new = → (3)
(kV b ,new ) 2

(kV )
2
MVA b,new
Z p.u,new = Z p.u ,old
b ,old
* *
(kV )
2
MVA b,old
b ,new

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 ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT CALCULATIONS

❖ The p.u impedance referred to either side of a 1Φ transformer

is same
❖ The manufacturers provide the impedance value in p.u
❖ The p.u impedance referred to either side of a 3Φ transformer
is same regardless of the 3Φ connections Y-Y,Δ-Y
❖ p.u value always less than unity.

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 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

• This diagram obtained by replacing each component by their

1Φ equivalent circuit.
Following approximations are made to draw impedance
diagram
1. The impedance b/w neutral and ground omitted.
2. Shunt branches of the transformer equivalent circuit
neglected.

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 REACTANCE DIAGRAM

❖ It is the equivalent circuit of the power system in which the

various components are represented by their respective
equivalent circuit.

❖ Reactance diagram can be obtained after omitting all

resistances & capacitances of the transmission line from
impedance diagram

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REACTANCE DIAGRAM FOR THE GIVEN POWER SYSTEM
NETWORK

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 PROCEDURE TO FORM REACTANCE DIAGRAM
FROM SINGLE DIAGRAM
1. Select a base power kVAb or MVAb
2. Select a base voltage kVb
3. The voltage conversion is achieved by means of transformer kVb on LT section=
kVb on HT section x LT voltage rating/HT voltage rating
4. When specified reactance of a component is in ohms
p.u reactance=actual reactance/base reactance
specified reactance of a component is in p.u

(kV )
2
MVAb,new
X p.u ,new = X p.u ,old
b,old
* *
(kV )
2
MVAb,old
b,new

17
p.u. calculation of 3 winding transformer

Zp=Impedance of primary winding

Zs’=Impedance of secondary winding
Zt’=Impedance of tertiary winding
Short circuit test conducted to find out the above 3
impedances

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 1
Zp = Zps +Z pt −Zst 
'

2
1
Zs = Zps +Zst −Z pt 
' '

2
' 1 '
Zt = −Zps +Z pt +Zst 
2

Z ps = Leakage impedance measured in 1o with 2o short circuited

and tertiary open.
Z pt = Leakage impedance measured in 1o with tertiaryshort
circuited and 2o open.

Z st ' = Leakage impedance measured in 2o with tertiary short

circuited and 1o open and referred toprimary

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