Avogadro’s Number 6.

022 x 1023
Atomic mass unit 1.661 x 10-24 g
Boltzmann’s constant 8.620 x10-5 eV/K
Density of water 1 gm/cm3
Electron charge (magnitude) 1.602 x 10-19 C
Faraday’s constant 96485.3 C mol-1
Gas constant 8.314 J/( mol K) or 1.987 cal/(mol K)
Gravitational Acceleration 9.806 m/s2
Permittivity of free space 8.85 x 10-12 C2/(N m2)
Planck’s constant 6.626 x 10-34 J s
Surface area of a sphere 4 π r2
Velocity of light 2.998 x 108 m/s
Volume of a cube Length x width x height
Volume of hexagonal solid 3√3
(length of a side)2 x height
2
Volume of a sphere 4
𝜋𝑟 3
3
Dot Product 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏̅ = ||𝑎||||𝑏|| cos 𝜃
Cross Product 𝑎̅𝑥𝑏̅ = ||𝑎||||𝑏|| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂
Principal Quantum Number 1≤n≤7
Subsidiary quantum number 0 ≤ l ≤ n-1
Magnetic quantum number -l ≤ ml ≤ l
Quantum spin ms ∈ { - ½ , ½ }
2π2 me4 13.6
Neil Bohr’s Equation E=− = − 2 𝑒𝑉
2
n h 2 𝑛

Energy E=hf

Frequency/Wavelength 𝑓𝜆=𝑐

z1 z2 e2 nb
Coulomb’s Law F=− 2
− n+1
4πϵ0 a a
z1 z2 e2 b
E= +
Ionic Bond Energy 4πϵ0 a an

Distance between parallel 𝑎

𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙 =
planes √h2 + k 2 + l2
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Atomic Packing Factor 𝐴𝑃𝐹 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
4𝑅
BCC Lattice Constant 𝑎=
√3
 4𝑅
FCC lattice constant 𝑎=
√2
Miller Bravais Convention h + k = -i
Direction convention u+t+v = 0

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠\𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
Volume density ρ𝑣 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒\𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑁𝑢𝑚. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

Linear atomic density ρ𝑙 =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑂𝑓𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣. 𝑁𝑢𝑚. 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

Planar atomic density ρ𝑝 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Diffraction order 𝑛 λ = 2𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ𝐴 ℎ𝐴2 + 𝑘𝐴2 + 𝑙𝐴2

Diffraction pattern =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ𝐵 ℎ𝐵2 + 𝑘𝐵2 + 𝑙𝐵2

BCC Peaks 0.5

FCC Peaks 0.75

Total energy change spherical 4

∆𝐺𝑇 = 𝜋𝑟 3 ∆𝐺𝑣 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝛾
nucleus 3
2𝛾𝑇𝑚
Undercooling critical radius 𝑟∗ =
∆𝐻𝑓 ∆𝑇
𝑐 ∆𝑇
Dendritic Fraction 𝑓=
𝐻𝑓

𝑉 𝑛
Chvorinov’s Rule 𝑡𝑠 = 𝐵 ( )
𝐴
𝑄

Rate of Reaction 𝑘 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑅𝑇

Fraction of atoms with energy 𝑛 𝐸∗

−
E* = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑇
𝑁

Grain Size number 𝑁 = 2𝑛−1

n < 3 coarse grained

4 < n < 6 medium grained
ASTM grain size table
7 < n < 9 fine grained
N > 10 ultrafine grained
 𝐶
Average grain diameter 𝑑=
𝑛𝑙 𝑀
𝑑𝑐
Fick’s 1st Law 𝐽 = −𝐷
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐶𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝐶𝑥
Fick’s 2nd Law = (𝐷 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solved Fick’s 2nd for gas 𝐶𝑠 − 𝐶𝑥 𝑥

= erf ( )
diffusion 𝐶𝑠 − 𝐶0 2√𝐷𝑡

Diffusivity temperature 𝑄
relationship 𝐷 = 𝐷0 𝑒 −𝑅𝑇

Gibbs Phase Rule P+F = C + 2

Reduced Gibbs Phase Rule P+F = C + 1

𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑙 𝑤𝑠 − 𝑤𝑜
Lever Rule 𝑋𝑠 = , 𝑋𝑙 =
𝑤𝑠 − 𝑤𝑙 𝑤𝑠 − 𝑤𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
eutectic 𝐿 → 𝛼+𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
eutectoid 𝛼 → 𝛽+𝛾
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
peritectic 𝛼+𝐿 → 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
peritectoid 𝛼+ 𝛽→ 𝛾
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
monotectic 𝐿1 → 𝛼 + 𝐿2
𝑡0 − 𝑡𝑓 ∆𝑎
% Cold Work 𝑥100, 𝑥100
𝑡0 𝑎0
Hooke’s Law 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

Hooke’s in Shear 𝜏=𝐺𝛾

Engineering Stress 𝜎 = 𝐹/𝐴0

∆𝑙
Engineering Strain 𝜀=
𝑙0
True Stress 𝜎𝑡 = 𝐹/𝐴𝑖
𝑙𝑖
True Strain 𝜀𝑡 = ln
𝑙0
Shear Stress 𝜏 = 𝐹/𝐴0
 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Shear Strain 𝛾=
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡
Poisson’s Ratio 𝜈=−
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛
% Elongation (final-initial) / initial
𝐸𝜀𝑢𝑓
Ductility
𝜎0
Reduction in area (initial-final)/initial

Schmid’s Law 𝜏𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝜎 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜙

Hall Petch 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎0 + 𝑘/√𝑑

LEFM 𝑘 = 𝑌 𝑆 √𝜋𝑎

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
Mean stress 𝜎𝑚 =
2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
Stress amplitude 𝜎𝑎 =
2
Stress Ratio 𝑅 = 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 /𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥

Endurance Limit Se = ka ka kc … Se’

𝜎𝑎 𝜎𝑚
Modified Goodman Eq + =1
𝜎𝑎𝑟 𝜎𝑢
𝑑𝑎
Paris Equation = 𝐴 ∆𝐾 𝑚
𝑑𝑁
𝑚 𝑚
1− 1−
2 2
𝑎𝑓 − 𝑎𝑜
Fatigue Life 𝑁𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑚
𝐴 𝑦 𝑚 𝜎 𝑚 𝜋 2 (1 − 2 )

Larsen-Miller 𝑃𝑙𝑚 = 𝑇 (log 𝑡𝑟 + 𝐶)

𝜎
Viscous Creep 𝜂=
𝜀̇
𝐴 𝜎𝑚 − 𝑄
Crystalline Creep 𝜀̇ = 𝑒 𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑞 𝑇
∆𝑡𝑖 𝑁𝑖
Combined failure ∑ +∑ =1
𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑁𝑓𝑖

𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑟 ( )
Degree of Polymerization 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟 (𝑚𝑒𝑟)
 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑀𝑖
Average Molecular weight ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑚 =
∑ 𝑓𝑖
𝑡

Stress relaxation 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑜 𝑒 −𝜏

1 𝑄
Characteristic Time = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑅𝑇
𝜏

Rule of Mixtures 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑉𝑓 𝐸𝑓 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐸𝑚
−1
𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑚
Inverse Rule of Mixtures 𝐸𝑐 = ( + )
𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑚
𝑃𝑓 𝐸𝑓 𝑉𝑓
Ratio of loads =
𝑃𝑚 𝐸𝑚 𝑉𝑚
Example Minimization 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑠
parameter 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Radius Ratio 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛

Viscosity and Temperature η* = η0e+Q/RT

0.0592
Nernst Equation 𝐸 = 𝐸0 + log 𝐶𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛

𝐼𝑡𝑀 𝑖𝐴𝑡𝑀
Faraday’s Equation 𝑊= =
𝑛𝐹 𝑛𝐹

Ohm’s Law V=IR

𝐴
Resistivity 𝜌=𝑅 ( )
𝑙
Conductivity 𝜎 = 1/𝜌

Drift Velocity 𝑉𝑑 = 𝜇𝐸

Total resistivity 𝜌𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑇 + 𝜌𝑟

Wien’s Displacement Law 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 𝑏 b = 2900 um K

ℎ𝑐
Critical Wavelength 𝜆𝑐 =
𝐸𝑔
Light Interaction 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑡
𝐶
Index of refraction 𝑛=
𝑣
 𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜙′
Snell’s Law =
𝑛′ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑛 − 𝑛𝑖 2
Reflectivity 𝑅=( )
𝑛 + 𝑛𝑖

Absorption 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 exp(−𝛼𝑥)

𝐵𝑚 𝐴𝑔 𝐿𝑚
Permeance Coefficient 𝑃𝑐 =
𝐻𝑚
= 𝜇(
𝐴𝑚 𝐿𝑔
)k

𝐵𝑔 𝐿𝑔
Magnetic Length 𝐿𝑚 =
𝐻𝑚
𝐵𝑔 𝐴𝑔
Magnet Pole Area 𝐴𝑚 =
𝐵𝑚

2 𝐴 ≈ 0.58 𝐵 𝐿
Force of magnet 𝐹 = 0.577 𝐵𝑚 𝑚 𝑟 𝑚 √𝐴𝑚

# Prefix
1 Meth
2 Eth
3 Prop
4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec