PRÉ-

PROVA
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A Thousand to One
Berton Braley (1882–1966) was an American poet.

There’s a thousand “Can’t-be-done-ers”  “Oh, the “Can-be’s” clan is meager, 

For the one who says “It can!”  Its membership is small, 
But the whole amount of deeds that count  And it’s mighty few who see their dreams come true 
Is done by the latter clan.  Or hear fame’s trumpet call; 
For the “Can’t-be-done-ers” grumble,  But it’s better to be a “Can-be,” 
And hamper, oppose and doubt,  And labor and dream—and die, 
While the daring man who says “It can!”  Than one who runs with the “Can’t-be-done’s” 
Proceeds to work it out.  Who haven’t the pluck to try. 

There isn’t a new invention 

Beneath the shining sun, 
That was ever wrought by the deed or thought 
Of the tribe of “Can’t-be-done.” 
For the “Can’t-be-done-ers” mutter 
While the “Can-be’s” cool, sublime, 
Make their “notions” work till the others smirk. 
“Oh, we knew it all the time!” 

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READING STRATEGIES
 Determine what you think will happen in the text.
PREDICT
Use the title, text, and illustrations to help you.

VISUALIZE Create mental images of the characters, settings, and events in the text.

Stop and ask yourself questions to see if the text makes sense.
QUESTION
Reread the text if you need more information.

Think about what you already know about the text.

CONNECT
Find ways to relate the text to yourself, other texts, and the world around you.

R E A D I N G S T R AT E G I E S R
 Determine the author’s purpose.
IDENTIFY
Find the important details, the main idea, and the themes of the text.

Use clues in the text and your own knowledge

INFER
to fill in the gaps and draw conclusions.

E VA L U A T E Think about the text as a whole and form opinions about what you read.

R E A D I N G S T R AT E G I E S R
 CONTEXTO
• Quem escreveu o texto?
• Quem é o público-alvo?
(muita atenção para a FONTE)
• Qual é a intenção da mensagem?

As respostas a essas perguntas permitirão que você

perceba o contexto.

Isso contribui com o entendimento geral do texto!

R E A D I N G S T R AT E G I E S R
 Tire vantagem das palavras COGNATAS (a escrita e o
significado são semelhantes em português) – Elas são
a maioria!!

However, do pay attention to FALSOS COGNATOS.

O ideal é que você memorize os mais usados, assim
como fez com os verbos irregulares. É interessante
você observar, também, como as palavras são
formadas em inglês, lembrando os prefixos e sufixos.

A B O U T V O C A B U L A R Y R
 Se, durante a leitura, você encontrar alguma palavra
que desconhece, não dê a ela importância demasiada.
Tente entender um ‘possível’ significado para esta
palavra pelo contexto.

Preste atenção às palavras que se repetem no texto,

ou que tenham um destaque especial negrito/ itálico.

Se houver alguma ilustração, procure perceber sua

relação com o texto.

A B O U T V O C A B U L A R Y R
 FOCUS ON : POLISSEMIA

Acontece quando uma determinada palavra ou expressão adquire

um novo sentido daquele que originalmente imaginamos por
estar inserida em um contexto diferente.

A few examples:

PLANT - CLOSE - CLUB - SEASON - HOT - CAN - MATCH - FINE

V O C A B U L A R Y R
 FOCU
WHA S ON
T YO
SUPER TIPS: KNO U
W!
Read the questions before reading the text.
It’ll give you a purpose for reading.

Pay full attention to the question command

S U P E R T I P S R
PREFIX AND SUFFIX
 REPETITION: RE
again (especially with verbs) Rebuilt, remarry

NEGATIVE, OPPOSITE, LACK OF: IN, IM, IL,IR,UN, DIS

Inexpensive, impolite, illiterate, irrational, untidy, disregard

BADLY, WRONGLY: MIS

Mistrust, misbehave, misunderstood

EXCESS, ABOVE, OUTER: OVER

Overstudy, overcoat, overseas

P R E F I X E S R
 ADJETIVO + EN = VERBO = thicken, darken, sweeten

OBSERVAÇÕES
SUBSTANTIVO + FUL/ LESS = ADJETIVO = powerful, powerless
ER – Pode ser usado para formar
ADJETIVO + NESS = SUBSTANTIVO = illness, darkness, happiness substantivos ou comparativo de
adjetivos curtos
SUBSTANTIVO/ OUTROS + ISH = ADJETIVO = oldish, foolish,
LY – normalmente usado para
greyish, sevenish formar advérbios, porém há
adjetivos terminados em LY
SUBSTANTIVO + Y = ADJETIVO = noisy, dirty, smelly
Remember that FAST is both an
adverb and an adjective!!! No LY
VERBO + Y = SUBSTANTIVO = inquiry,injury is added!

ADJETIVO + LY = ADVÉRBIO = quickly, slowly, logically

S U F F I F I X E S R
RELATIVE CLAUSES
 DEFINING

N O C O M M A S
NECESSARY INFORMATION.
Essential to distinguish which thing or person we are talking about.
I called my brother who lives in Ontario.
(= I have more than one brother and I called the one that lives in Ontario)

W E C A N U S E T H AT
We CAN use THAT instead of WHO/WHICH.
That’s the mug WHICH/THAT I bought in Paris.
I didn’t know the man WHO/THAT was there.

R E L AT I V E P R O N O U N S C A N B E O M I T T E D
We CAN omit WHO/WHICH/THAT when they are followed by SUBJECT + VERB
Do you like the song (WHICH/THAT) I wrote?
That’s the man (WHO/THAT) I like.

R E L AT I V E C L A U S E S R
 NON—DEFINING

B E T W E E N C O M M A S
EXTRA INFORMATION.
Not necessary to distinguish which thing or person we are talking about.
My brother, who lives in Ontario, is older.
(= I have only one brother and I’m just mentioning that he lives in Ontario)

W E C A N N O T U S E T H AT
We CANNOT use TWAT Instead of WHO/WHICH
These bikes, WHICH cost a fortune, are made in Japan.
(NOT that cost a fortune)

R E L AT I V E P R O N O U N S C A N N O T B E O M I T T E D
We CANNOT omit WHO/WHICH
They Introduced me to John, who I liked immediately.
(NOT John, I liked immediately)

R E L AT I V E C L A U S E S R
 SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSION
Before verb. Before subject + verb. After possessor/owner.
Cannot be omitted. Can be omitted. Cannnot be omitted.

WHO/THAT WHO/WHOM*/THAT WHOSE

P E O P L E
That’s the man who/that We need to find people who/ This is the story of a man
stole the money whom*/that we can trust. whose ideas saved lots of lives
*Rarely used. Very formal.

WHICH/THAT WHICH/THAT WHOSE/OF WHICH

T H I N G S /
A N I M A L S That is the dog which/that I’ll wear the trousers which/ The film, whose title (=the title of
attacked me the other night. that I bought in Paris. which) is unkown, will be set in th ‘60s.

R E L AT I V E C L A U S E S R
IF CLAUSES
 CONDITION R E S U LT

If you stand in the rain, you get wet.

If you heat ice, it melts.
ZERO PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE
CONDITIONAL
USES: Facts which are generally true or scientific facts
The condition always has the same result

If it rains, we will cancel the trip.

If you study, you will pass the exam.
FIRST PRESENT SIMPLE WILL / WON’T + VERB
CONDITIONAL
USES: A possible situation in the future
Predicting a likely result in the future (if the condition happens)

I F C L A U S E S R
 CONDITION R E S U LT

If I won the lottery, I would travel a lot,

If they sold their house, they would be rich.
SECOND PAST SIMPLE WOULD + VERB
CONDITIONAL
USES: Hypothetical or unlikely situations
Unreal or improbable situation now or in the future

If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

If I hadn’t been sick, I would have gone to your party.
THIRD PAST PERFECT WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
CONDITIONAL
USES: The person is imagining a different past
Imaginary situation that did not happen

I F C L A U S E S R
 I N V E R S Ã O PA R A Ê N FA S E

Were I rich, I would buy a ship.*

Had I had more time last year, I´d have studied more.

IF + SHOULD (possibilidade remota):

If she should know about our secret, we’ll be in hot water.
Should she know about secret, we’ll be in hot water.

I F C L A U S E S | C A S O S E S P E C I A I S R
THE ING
 USA-SE:

Após alguns verbos: deny, keep, mind, finish, avoid, love, like, hate, quit; (FUNÇÃO NOUN)

Após algumas expressões: to be no use, to look forward to, to be worth, to be used to;
(FUNÇÃO NOUN)

Após preposições: nesse caso, assim como após verbos e expressões (FUNÇÃO: NOUN)

Como sujeito (FUNÇÃO: NOUN): Running is very cool! (o ato de correr, a corrida)

T H E I N G R
 USA-SE:

Como substantivo:
The meeting, the building...

Como adjetivo:
Surprising, amazing, boring

Nos tempos verbais contínuos:

I´ve been thinking of you...

T H E I N G R
MODAL VERBS
 Can’t come with you?
Can Ability, request Can you sit please? You can not come.
She can run.

May Request May I use your pen? You may not use it.

Might Present or future passibility I might win. I might go for a run. You might not win.

Must Necessity, obligation You must have a passport to get on a plane. You must not do that.

He could run when he was younger.

Could Past ability, suggestion, future possibilit
Could you help me? It could happen.
It could not happen.

M O D A L V E R B S R
 I should go for a run.
Should Advice, prediction, regret You should wear a mask. I should not do that.
I should try harder

Shall I help you?

Shall Offer, suggestion, intention Shall I call your mum? I shall not go
I shall go to the party.

I would like some cake.

Would Request, invitation, wish Would you like a coffee? I would not do that
Would you pass the salt?

It will be sunny today.

Will Promise, wish, desire
I will go on holiday this year.
It will not rain.

Ought to What is right or correct, moral duty I ought to wear a mask to protect others. I ought to not do that.

M O D A L V E R B S R
LINKING WORDS
 ADIÇÃO/ACRÉSCIMO OPOSIÇÃO/CONTRASTE

AND, besides, in addition, also, BUT, despite, in spite of,

furthermore, moreover, as well, although, even though,
beyond that. though, on the other hand,
nevertheless, nonetheless,
however, yet, while, whereas,
notwithstanding, still
rather than, instead of,
conversely, albeit
R E S U LTA D O /
CAUSA/CONSEQUÊNCIA

SO, thus, hence, consequently,

therefore, then, ergo,
accordingly

L I N K I N G W O R D S R
 Ê N FA S E CAUSA

INDEED, in fact, as a matter of BECAUSE, because of this, for

fact , actually this reason, due to, owing to,
on account of this/that, since,
as, inasmuch as

CONDIÇÃO FINALIDADE

IF, unless, otherwise, as In order to, so as to,

long as, provided that so that, in order that

L I N K I N G W O R D S R
PREPOSITIONS
 IN ON

Year - Century Sobre

Month without day Street without number
Seasons of the year Squares
Country/State/Continent Days of the week
Car/Taxi (vehicles where we can’t walk inside) Foot
Morning/Afternoon/Evening Festival + day
Periods of time Bus / train / ship / plane
Bicycle / horse
On complete dates with year, month and day
AT

Streets with numbers

Time
Festival WITHOUT day
Some environments (party, funeral, dinner,
concert, weeding, meeting, dawn, noon)

P R E P O S I T I O N S R
 IN ON AT BY

In ink On one’s own At home By car

In the house On horse back At noon By oneself
In the sky On Earth At night By chance
In a moment On the farm At dawn By the way
In English On the left/right At dusk By one’s side
In the back On the island By mistake
In the middle On TV
On vacation/holiday
On the coast
***ON FOOT

P R E P O S I T I O N S R
 addicted (to) (be) concerned about fight for (be) opposed to

absent from (be) connected to (be) filled with participate in

angry at ... with consist of (be) finished with (be) patient with

agree with depend on (be) fond of (be) polite to

apologize for (be) devoted to forget about pray for

care about, for (be) disappointed in, with forgive (him) for (be) prepared for

(be) committed to (be) discriminated against (be) interested in prevent from

compare to distinguish from (be) involved in prohibit from

(be) composed of hide from object to (be) provided with

V E B S + P R E P O S I T I O N S R
 provide with (something) (be) satisfied with rely on

provided by (someone) stare at (be) remembered for

recover from stop from rescue from

(be) related to subscribe to (be) responsible for

(be) relevant to substitute for succeed in, with

V E B S + P R E P O S I T I O N S R
REPORTED SPEECH
 INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH

Indirect speech (also called reported speech), doesn’t

use quotation marks to enclose what the person said,
and it doesn’t have to be word by word.

When we use the reported speech, we are usually

talking about a time in the past (because obviously
the person who spoke originally spoke in the past).
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past, too.

R E P O R T E D S P E E C H R
 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

SIMPLE PRESENT: SIMPLE PAST:

She said “I sell old books” She said (that) she sold old books

PRESENT CONTINOUS: PAST CONTINOUS:

She said “I am selling old books She said (that) she selling old books

PRESENT PERFECT: PAST PERFECT:

She said “I’ve sold old books” She said (that) she had sold old books

SIMPLE PAST: PAST PERFECT:

She said “I sold old books” She said (that) she had sold old books

FUTURE SIMPLE: CONDITIONAL:

She said “I will sell old books” She said (that) she would sell old books”

IMPERATIVE: TO + IMPERATIVE:
She said “Sell them!” OR “Don’t sell them!” She told me to sell them / NOT TO: She told me not to sell

R E P O R T E D S P E E C H R
PASSIVE VOICE
 T O B E + PA S T PA R T I C I P L E

O objeto da voz ativa torna-se sujeito da voz passiva;

O sujeito da voz ativa torna-se o agente da voz passiva,

precedido da preposição BY (10% dos casos);

O verbo TO BE aparece no tempo do verbo principal da

voz ativa;

O verbo principal passa para o participio quando na voz

passiva; Na voz passiva, o sujeito sofre (recebe) a ação.

PA S S I V E V O I C E R
 ATENÇÃO:

As frases na voz passiva sempre terão um verbo a mais

do que na voz ativa!

Ex:
They speak Chinese at that place. (1 verb)
Chinese is spoken at that place. (2 verbs)

The boy is cleaning the classroom. (2 verbs)

The classroom is being cleaned by the boy. (3 verbs)

PA S S I V E V O I C E R
GENITIVE CASE
 1 Mary’s arriving soon. (is)

2 Mary’s arrived. (has)

Mary’s arrival should

3 be soon. (posse)

G E N I T I V E C A S E | PAY AT T E N T I O N T O ‘ S R
VERB TENSES
 Aspect/time Past Present Future
Simple Past simple Present simple Future simple
(Usually) Verb + ed / also irregular verbs Verb (+s) WILL + verb
watched watch(es) will watch

Continuous Past continuous Present continuous Future continuous

(or progressive) was/were + verb-ing am/is/are + verb-ing WILL be + verb-ing
was/were watching am/is/are watching will be watching

Perfect Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect

had + 3rd form of verb have/has + 3rd form of verb WILL have + 3rd form of verb
(past participle) (past participle) (past participle)
had watched have/has watched will have watched

Perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Future perfect continuous
had + been + verb-ing have/has + been + verb-ing WILL have + been + verb-ing
had been watching have/has been watching will have been watching

V E R B T E N S E S R
NOUNS
 Countable nouns in English have singular and plural
forms and can be used with articles right before them.

You can count them:

A mouse / Eight mice;

A child / Two children;
A student / Two students.

N O U N S | C O U N TA B L E R
 Não se usa o artigo indefinido diante de substantivos
no plural ou substantivos INCONTÁVEIS

1) advice 11) knowledge

2) baggage (or luggage) 12) luck
3) behavior 13) money
4) bread (pasta, butter, oil...) 14) music
5) coffee (milk, water, wine, juice...) 15) news
6) equipment 16) poverty
7) fun 17) progress
8) furniture 18) traffic
9) homework 19) weather
10) information 20) work

N O U N S | U N C O U N TA B L E R
 SINGULAR PLURAL

-us -i
alumnus, cactus, focus, fungus, nucleus, alumni, cacti, foci*, fungi, nuclei, radii, stimuli
radius, stimulus -ora
-us corpora, genera
corpus, genus -es
-is axes, analyses, bases, crises, diagnoses, ellipses,
axis, analysis, basis, crisis, diagnosis, hyphoteses, oases, paralyses, parentheses, syntheses,
ellipsis, hyphotesis, oasis, paralysis, synopses, theses
parenthesis, synthesis, synopsis, thesis -a
-um bacteria, curricula, data, media*, memoranda, strata,
bacterium, curriculum, datum, medium, criteria, phenomena
memorandum, stratum -ae
-on antennae*, formulae*, nebulae, vertebrae, vitae
criterion, phenomenon
-a
antenna, formula, nebula, vertebra, vita *Também focuses, funguses, mediums, antennas e formulas

N O U N S | F O R E I G N R
PARTS OF SPEECH
 NOUN PRONOUN VERB

A noun names a person, place, A pronoun replaces the name A verb tells a noun’s action
thing, or idea. of a person, place, thing or idea or state of being.
Person Place
in a sentence. Action State of Being
Maria New York you he him those ask is
boy park we she her these jump am
doctor outer space they me this each think are
it that want be
Thing Idea run have
pen fairness dance has
watermelon friendliness eat was
Statue of Liberty acceptance fix were

PA R T S O F S P E E C H R
 ADJECTIVE ARTICLE ADVERB

An adjective describes a noun An article comes before a noun An adverb tells how, how
or pronoun. in a sentence and sometimes often, when, or where. It can
Size/Shape Odor/Taste
shows if the noun refers to a describe a verb, an adjective,
tiny nutty specific or general person, place, or another adverb
long flowery or thing. How How often
oval sour loudy always
General Specific
quickly never
a dog the dog
Texture Appearance
a farm the farm
prickly bright When Where
smooth beautiful before away
an apple the apple
leathery faded soon inside
an octopus the octopus

PA R T S O F S P E E C H R
 PREPOSITION
A preposition shows the
relationship (such as direction,
time, or placement) between a
noun or pronoun and another
word in a sentence.
about around into
across before through
after between to
PA R T S O F S P E E C H
CONJUNCTION
A conjunction joins two
ideas or shows the relationship
between two parts of a sentence.
and so until
because though while
but or unless
INTERJECTION
An interjection expresses
strong emotion and is often
followed by an exclamation
point
Aw Hurry up! Hey
Bravo! Oh no! Well
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