248 CHAPTER 4 Integration

Section 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

• Write the general solution of a differential equation.
• Use indefinite integral notation for antiderivatives.
• Use basic integration rules to find antiderivatives.
• Find a particular solution of a differential equation.

E X P L O R AT I O N
Antiderivatives
Suppose you were asked to find a function F whose derivative is f
x
3x 2. From
Finding Antiderivatives For each
derivative, describe the original
your knowledge of derivatives, you would probably say that
function F. d 3
F
x
x 3 because x 
3x 2.
a. F
x
2x dx
b. F
x
x The function F is an antiderivative of f.
c. F
x
x2
1
d. F
x
Definition of an Antiderivative
x2
. A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F
x
f
x for all x in I.
1
e. F
x

x3
f. F
x
cos x
Video
What strategy did you use to find F?
Note that F is called an antiderivative of f, rather than the antiderivative of f . To
see why, observe that
F1
x
x 3, F2
x
x 3  5, and F3
x
x 3  97
are all antiderivatives of f
x
3x 2. In fact, for any constant C, the function given by
F
x
x 3  C is an antiderivative of f.

THEOREM 4.1 Representation of Antiderivatives

If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then G is an antiderivative of f
on the interval I if and only if G is of the form G
x
F
x  C, for all x in I
where C is a constant.

Proof The proof of Theorem 4.1 in one direction is straightforward. That is, if
G
x
F
x  C, F
x
f
x, and C is a constant, then
d
G
x
F
x  C
F
x  0
f
x.
dx
To prove this theorem in the other direction, assume that G is an antiderivative of f.
Define a function H such that
H
x
G(x  F
x.
If H is not constant on the interval I, there must exist a and b
a < b in the interval
such that H
a  H
b. Moreover, because H is differentiable on
a, b, you can apply
the Mean Value Theorem to conclude that there exists some c in
a, b such that
H
b  H
a
H
c
.
ba
Because H
b  H
a, it follows that H
c  0. However, because G
c
F
c, you
know that H
c
G
c  F
c
0, which contradicts the fact that H
c  0.
Consequently, you can conclude that H
x is a constant, C. So, G
x  F
x
C
and it follows that G
x
F(x  C.
 SECTION 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 249

Using Theorem 4.1, you can represent the entire family of antiderivatives of a
function by adding a constant to a known antiderivative. For example, knowing that
Dx x2
2x, you can represent the family of all antiderivatives of f
x
2x by
G
x
x2  C Family of all antiderivatives of f (x
2x

where C is a constant. The constant C is called the constant of integration. The

family of functions represented by G is the general antiderivative of f, and
G(x
x2  C is the general solution of the differential equation
G
x
2x. Differential equation

A differential equation in x and y is an equation that involves x, y, and

derivatives of y. For instance, y
3x and y
x2  1 are examples of differential
equations.

y
EXAMPLE 1 Solving a Differential Equation
2
C=0 Find the general solution of the differential equation y
2.

C=2 1 Solution To begin, you need to find a function whose derivative is 2. One such
C = −1 function is
x
−2 1 2 y
2x. 2x is an antiderivative of 2.

−1 Now, you can use Theorem 4.1 to conclude that the general solution of the differential
equation is
y
2x  C. General solution

. The graphs of several functions of the form y
2x  C are shown in Figure 4.1.
. Functions of the form y
2x  C
Figure 4.1

Editable Graph
Try It Exploration A
.
Notation for Antiderivatives
Video When solving a differential equation of the form
dy

f
x
dx
it is convenient to write it in the equivalent differential form
dy
f
x dx.
The operation of finding all solutions of this equation is called antidifferentiation (or
indefinite integration) and is denoted by an integral sign . The general solution is
denoted by

Variable of Constant of
integration integration

y
 f
x dx
F
x  C.

NOTE In this text, the notation
 f
x dx
F
x  C means that F is
an antiderivative of f on an interval.
Integrand
The expression f
x dx is read as the antiderivative of f with respect to x. So, the
differential dx serves to identify x as the variable of integration. The term indefinite
integral is a synonym for antiderivative.
250 CHAPTER 4 Integration

Basic Integration Rules

The inverse nature of integration and differentiation can be verified by substituting
F
x for f
x in the indefinite integration definition to obtain

 F
x dx
F
x  C. Integration is the “inverse” of differentiation.

Moreover, if  f
x dx
F
x  C, then

 f
x dx
f
x.

Differentiation is the “inverse” of integration.
d
dx

These two equations allow you to obtain integration formulas directly from
differentiation formulas, as shown in the following summary.

Basic Integration Rules

Differentiation Formula Integration Formula

d
dx
C
0  0 dx
C

d
dx
kx
k  k dx
kx  C

d
dx
kf
x
k f
x  
kf
x dx
k f
x dx

d
dx
 f
x ± g
x
f
x ± g
x   f
x ± g
x dx
 f
x dx ±  g
x dx

d n
dx
x 
nx n1  x n dx

xn1
n1
 C, n  1 Power Rule

d
dx
sin x
cos x  cos x dx
sin x  C

d
dx
cos x
sin x  sin x dx
cos x  C

d
dx
tan x
sec2 x  sec2 x dx
tan x  C

d
dx
sec x
sec x tan x  sec x tan x dx
sec x  C

d
dx
cot x
csc2 x  csc2 x dx
cot x  C

d
dx
csc x
csc x cot x  csc x cot x dx
csc x  C

NOTE Note that the Power Rule for Integration has the restriction that n  1. The
evaluation of 1 x dx must wait until the introduction of the natural logarithm function in
Chapter 5.
 SECTION 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 251

EXAMPLE 2 Applying the Basic Integration Rules

Describe the antiderivatives of 3x.

Solution  3x dx
3 x dx Constant Multiple Rule



3 x1 dx Rewrite x as x1.

x2   C
2

3 Power Rule
n
1

3 2

x C Simplify.
2
. So, the antiderivatives of 3x are of the form 32 x2  C, where C is any constant.

Try It Exploration A

When indefinite integrals are evaluated, a strict application of the basic integration
rules tends to produce complicated constants of integration. For instance, in Example 2,
you could have written

 
3x dx
3 x dx
3
x2  C
32 x
2
2
 3C.

However, because C represents any constant, it is both cumbersome and unnecessary

to write 3C as the constant of integration. So, 32 x2  3C is written in the simpler form,
3 2
2 x  C.
In Example 2, note that the general pattern of integration is similar to that of
differentiation.

Original integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

TECHNOLOGY Some EXAMPLE 3 Rewriting Before Integrating

software programs, such as Derive,
Maple, Mathcad, Mathematica, and Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify
the TI-89, are capable of performing
integration symbolically. If you have a.  1
x3
dx  x 3 dx
x 2
2
C 
1
2x2
C

 
access to such a symbolic integration
x 3 2 2 3 2
utility, try using it to evaluate the b. x dx x 1 2 dx C x C
3 2 3

 
indefinite integrals in Example 3.

c. 2 sin x dx 2 sin x dx 2
cos x  C 2 cos x  C

.

Try It Exploration A Open Exploration Video

Remember that you can check your answer to an antidifferentiation problem by
differentiating. For instance, in Example 3(b), you can check that 23x 3 2  C is the
correct antiderivative by differentiating the answer to obtain

 3x 
3
2 x
2 2 3
Dx 3 2
C
1 2

x. Use differentiation to check antiderivative.
252 CHAPTER 4 Integration

The basic integration rules listed earlier in this section allow you to integrate any
polynomial function, as shown in Example 4.

EXAMPLE 4 Integrating Polynomial Functions

a.   dx
1 dx Integrand is understood to be 1.

xC Integrate.

b. 
x  2 dx
x dx   2 dx

x2

 C1  2x  C2 Integrate.
2
x2

 2x  C C
C1  C2
2
The second line in the solution is usually omitted.

c. 
3x 4  5x2  x dx
3
5

x5
5
x3
3

x2
 C
2
Integrate.

. 3 5 1

x5  x3  x2  C Simplify.
5 3 2

Try It Exploration A

EXAMPLE 5 Rewriting Before Integrating

 x1
x
dx

x
x

1
x  dx Rewrite as two fractions.


x1 2  x1 2 dx
Rewrite with fractional
exponents.

x 3 2 x 1 2

 C Integrate.
3 2 1 2
2

x3 2  2x 1 2  C Simplify.
3
. 2

x
x  3  C
3

Try It Exploration A Exploration B

NOTE When integrating quotients, do not integrate the numerator and denominator
separately. This is no more valid in integration than it is in differentiation. For instance, in
Example 5, be sure you understand that

 x1
x
2
dx
x
x  3  C is not the same as
3

x  1 dx 12 x2  x  C1
x dx

2
3 xx  C2
.

EXAMPLE 6 Rewriting Before Integrating

 sin x
cos2 x
dx

1
cos x 
cos x
sin x
dx Rewrite as a product.

.

sec x tan x dx
Rewrite using trigonometric
identities.

sec x  C Integrate.

Try It Exploration A
 SECTION 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 253

y
Initial Conditions and Particular Solutions
4
(2, 4) You have already seen that the equation y
 f
x dx has many solutions (each
differing from the others by a constant). This means that the graphs of any two
C=4
3
antiderivatives of f are vertical translations of each other. For example, Figure 4.2
shows the graphs of several antiderivatives of the form


C=3
2
y

3x2  1 dx
x3  x  C General solution
C=2
1 for various integer values of C. Each of these antiderivatives is a solution of the
C=1 differential equation
x
−2 1 2 dy
C=0

3x2  1.
dx
−1
In many applications of integration, you are given enough information to
C = −1
−2
determine a particular solution. To do this, you need only know the value of
y
F
x for one value of x. This information is called an initial condition. For
C = −2 example, in Figure 4.2, only one curve passes through the point (2, 4. To find this
−3
curve, you can use the following information.
C = −3
−4
F
x
x3  x  C General solution
C = −4
F
2
4 Initial condition
F(x) = x 3 − x + C
By using the initial condition in the general solution, you can determine that
The particular solution that satisfies F
2
8  2  C
4, which implies that C
2. So, you obtain
the initial condition F
2
4 is
. F
x
x 3  x  2. F
x
x3  x  2. Particular solution
Figure 4.2
EXAMPLE 7 Finding a Particular Solution
Animation
Find the general solution of
1
F
x
, x > 0
x2
y
and find the particular solution that satisfies the initial condition F
1
0.
C=4
3
Solution To find the general solution, integrate to obtain


C=3
2 1
F
x
dx F
x
F
xdx
x2


C=2
1
(1, 0)
x2 dx Rewrite as a power.
C=1
x
1 2 x1
C=0
C Integrate.
−1 1
C = −1 1
−2

  C, x > 0. General solution
x
C = −2
−3 Using the initial condition F
1
0, you can solve for C as follows.
C = −3 1
F(x) = − 1x + C F
1
  C
0 C
1
1
The particular solution that satisfies So, the particular solution, as shown in Figure 4.3, is
the initial condition F
1
0 is
. F
x

1 x  1, x > 0. 1
F
x
  1, x > 0. Particular solution
Figure 4.3 x

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A

254 CHAPTER 4 Integration

So far in this section you have been using x as the variable of integration. In
applications, it is often convenient to use a different variable. For instance, in the
following example involving time, the variable of integration is t.

EXAMPLE 8 Solving a Vertical Motion Problem

A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 64 feet per second from an initial
height of 80 feet.
a. Find the position function giving the height s as a function of the time t.
b. When does the ball hit the ground?

Solution
a. Let t
0 represent the initial time. The two given initial conditions can be written
as follows.
s
0
80 Initial height is 80 feet.
s(t) = −16t 2 + 64t + 80
s s
0
64 Initial velocity is 64 feet per second.
150 t=2
140
Using 32 feet per second per second as the acceleration due to gravity, you can
130 t=3 write
120 t=1
s
t
32

 
110
100
s
t
s
t dt
32dt
32t  C1.
Height (in feet)

90
80 t=4
t=0
70 Using the initial velocity, you obtain s
0
64
32
0  C1, which implies
60 that C1
64. Next, by integrating s
t, you obtain

 
50
40
30
s
t
s
t dt

32t  64 dt
16t 2  64t  C2.
20
10 t=5 Using the initial height, you obtain
t
1 2 3 4 5 s
0
80
16
0 2  64
0  C2
Time (in seconds)
which implies that C2
80. So, the position function is
.
Height of a ball at time t
Figure 4.4 s
t
16t 2  64t  80. See Figure 4.4.

b. Using the position function found in part (a), you can find the time that the ball hits
Animation the ground by solving the equation s
t
0.
s
t
16t2  64t  80
0
16
t  1
t  5
0
t
1, 5
. Because t must be positive, you can conclude that the ball hits the ground
5 seconds after it was thrown.
NOTE In Example 8, note that the
position function has the form Try It Exploration A
s
t
12 gt 2  v0 t  s0
Example 8 shows how to use calculus to analyze vertical motion problems in
where g
32, v0 is the initial velocity, which the acceleration is determined by a gravitational force. You can use a similar
and s0 is the initial height, as presented
strategy to analyze other linear motion problems (vertical or horizontal) in which the
in Section 2.2.
acceleration (or deceleration) is the result of some other force, as you will see in
Exercises 77–86.
 SECTION 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 255

Before you begin the exercise set, be sure you realize that one of the most
important steps in integration is rewriting the integrand in a form that fits the basic
integration rules. To illustrate this point further, here are some additional examples.
Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

 2
x
dx 
2 x1 2 dx 2
1 2
1 2
x
C 4x1 2  C


t 2  1 2 dt 
t 4  2t 2  1 dt
t5
5
2
t3
3

t  C
1 5 2 3
5
t  t tC
3

 x3  3
x2
dx 
x  3x2 dx
x2
2
3
x1
1

C
1 2
2
3
x  C
x

3 x
x  4 dx
 
x 4 3  4x 1 3 dx
x 7 3
7 3
4
4 3

x 4 3
C
3 7 3
7
x  3x 4 3
 SECTION 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 255

Exercises for Section 4.1

The symbol indicates an exercise in which you are instructed to use graphing technology or a symbolic computer algebra system.
Click on to view the complete solution of the exercise.
Click on to print an enlarged copy of the graph.

In Exercises 1– 4, verify the statement by showing that the In Exercises 15–34, find the indefinite integral and check the
derivative of the right side equals the integrand of the left side. result by differentiation.

1.  
9
x4  3
dx  3  C
x
15. x  3 dx 16. 5  x dx

2.  4x3 
1

x2
1
dx  x 4   C
x
17. 2x  3x2 dx 18. 4x3  6x2  1 dx

3. x  2x  2 dx  13x 3  4x  C 19. x3  2 dx 20. x3  4x  2 dx

4.  x2  1
x 32
dx 
2x 2  3
3x
C 21. x32  2x  1 dx 22.  x 
1
2x
dx 
In Exercises 5–8, find the general solution of the differential 23.  
3 2
x dx 24.  x  1 dx
4 3

equation and check the result by differentiation.
dy dr
25.  1
x3
dx 26.  1
x4
dx

 
5.  3t2 6. 
dt d x2  x  1 x2  2x  3
27. dx 28. dx
dy dy x x4

 
7.  x32 8.  2x3
dx dx
29. x  13x  2 dx 30. 2t2  12 dt
In Exercises 9–14, complete the table.
31. y2y dy 32. 1  3t t 2 dt

 
Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

9.  
3 x dx
33. dx 34. 3 dt

10.  1
x2
dx In Exercises 35–42, find the indefinite integral and check the
result by differentiation.

11.  1
xx
dx
35. 2 sin x  3 cos x dx 36. t2  sin t dt

12. xx2  3 dx
37. 1  csc t cot t dt 38.  2  sec 2  d

13.  1
2x3
dx
39. sec2   sin  d 40. sec y tan y  sec y dy

14.  1
3x2
dx
41. tan2 y  1 dy 42.  cos x
1  cos2 x
dx