Answer the following question

1. When translating a text, Cicero and Horace said that instead of

doing a word by word translation, it was necessary to sense-
for-sense translation.
1.2. When translating a text, Cicero and Horace said that
instead of doing a word by word translation, it was
necessary to find in the language they translate
expressions that are able to reproduce as far as possible
the strength of the original text.

5. In 1988 Peter newmark in this book; textbook on translation

talked about the following types of translation: word by word, literal
translation, faithful translation, free translation, semantics
translation, communicative translation, idiomatic translation, free
translation and adaptation. Explain briefly the meaning of each one.
Solution
5.5. Word by word translation: In this type of translation we need
to place the target language words (TL words) right below the
source language words (SL words). The order of the words of the
source language needs to remain unchanged, and cultural words do
not need translation.
Literal translation: The source language grammatical structures
become their nearest target language equivalents, this does not
happen with the lexical words (the ones that are the basic words in a
language and important to convey a message) these ones are
translated singly, without context.
Faithful translation: It focuses on the way of translating that could
be more accurate regarding the constraints of the target language's
grammatical composition. The cultural words are also used in the
translation in keeping also with the degree of grammatical and
lexical abnormalities.
Semantic translation: Semantic translation differs from faithful
translation in that this one compromises on meaning by making it
more colorful and creative, also, cultural words are not to be
translated by more cultural words.
Communicative translation: It focuses on supplying the best
contextual meaning so the translation is as clear as possible.
Idiomatic translation: It’s likely to use expressions, or maybe
slangs to render the translation colorful and interesting.
Free translation: It deviates almost completely from the original
text but being loyal to the meaning.
Adaptation: This is the less limited form of translation, it is used in
entertainment such as poetry and comedy.