Forms of Communication

- Every day of our lives, we deal with people, we communicate with people— with family,
with friends, with teachers, with colleagues, even with strangers.
- We communicate in a variety of ways.
- But we have to remember that our success or failure in the communication process may
depend on which among these ways to use at any given communicative context to
maximize our success.
- As Barry and Fulmer (2004) suggest, the key to effective communication is to match the
communication channel with the goal of the message.
- Spoken communication makes more sense when the sender is conveying a sensitive or
emotional message, needs feedback immediately, and does not need a permanent
record of the conversation.
- Written media may be a better choice when the sender:
- wants a record of the content,
- has less urgency for a response,
- is physically separated from the receiver,
- doesn’t require a lot of feedback from the receiver,
- or when the message is complicated and may take some time to understand.”

General Forms of Communication

1. Verbal Communication— refers to the sharing of information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings
between individuals using speech or spoken communication.

- Examples of verbal communication are face-to-face conversations, telephone

conversations, video chat, speech delivery, and television and radio broadcasts.

§ Conversation is said to be the most common form of verbal communication because we

do this in our day-to-day interaction with others.

Types of Conversation (Angel, 2016)

1. Dialogue is a cooperative, two-way conversation. The goal is for participants to

exchange information and build relationships with one another.
Example:
• Two undecided voters talking to each other about the candidates, trying to figure out
who they want to vote for.

2. Debate is a competitive, two-way conversation. The goal is to win an argument or

convince someone, such as the other participant or third-party observers.
Example:
• Two family members from opposite sides of the political spectrum arguing over politics.
 3. Discourse is a cooperative, one-way conversation. The goal is to deliver information
from the speaker to the listeners.
Example:
• A professor giving a lecture on international politics.

4. Diatribe is a competitive, one-way conversation. The goal is to express emotions,

browbeat those that disagree with you, and/or inspire those that share the same
perspective. 
Example:
• A disgruntled voter venting about the election’s outcome.

Some Suggestions for Effective Verbal Communication

1. Know your audience
2. Know your topic
3. Plan your presentation
4. Be familiar with the venue

2. Non-verbal Communication— refers to the transmission of a message without the use of

words.
§ Instead, the message is conveyed through gestures, body language, posture, facial
expressions, eye contact, touch, and tone of voice.

Non-verbal cues that can enhance or hamper the effectiveness of verbal communication:
1. Facial Expressions
2. Eye Contact
3. Body Language
4. Posture
5. Space

3. Written Communication
§ It refers to the type of communication that uses the written language.
§ It includes the traditional pen and paper letters and documents, electronic documents,
e-mail, SMS or text messages, memos, written reports, and everything else transmitted
through the written language.
§ Written communication is also indispensable in formal business communication and
legal documents.
§ It also takes a longer time to compose a written communication compared to speech,
and some people actually struggle in composing a written communication because of
their writing skill.
 3. Other Forms of Communication
3.1. Intrapersonal Communication
McLean (2005) defines intrapersonal communication as communicating with oneself,
and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and
memory. 

3.2. Interpersonal Communication

This type of communication refers to the exchange of ideas, information, feelings, and
attitudes between two or more people.

3.3. Public Communication

This refers to the delivery of a message to a particular group of people, as when a
political candidate delivers a political campaign speech to the listeners.

3.4. Visual Communication

This refers to the transmission of information and ideas using symbols and images.

3.5. Mass Communication

Mass communication is a process in which a person, group of people, or an organization
sends a message through television, radio, print media, and social media to a large group of
anonymous and heterogeneous people and organizations.

3.6. Computer-Mediated Communication

Computer-mediated communication is often referred to as CMC. CMC is “the use of an
application computer to control multimedia interactive and message-based
communication” (Walters, 1995).

Visual Communication

What is Visual Communication?

§ Visual communication refers to the use of any image to communicate an idea. Visual
communication may take place through pictures, graphs, and charts, as well as through signs
and symbols.
§ These visual images inform, educate, or persuade a person or an audience.
§ We communicate in a variety of ways.
§ But we have to remember that our success or failure in the communication process may depend
on which among these ways to use at any given communicative context to maximize our
success.
Aldous Huxley

§ Among the most important figures who explored visual communication and sight-related
theories is Aldous Huxley.
§ He suffered from near blindness when he was young because of an illness, but it set the stage
for his becoming one of the most influential intellectuals to have explored the field of visual
communication.
§ For him, seeing is the sum of sensing, selecting, and perceiving. One of his most famous quotes
is “The more you see, the more you know.”

Tracing the History of Visual Communication

§ Evidences that visual communication is the oldest form of communication:

1. Cave paintings
ü Cave paintings are believed to be a primitive form of communication that were etched or drawn
on cave walls and ceilings.

2. Petroglyphs
ü These are images carved on rocks believed to have been originated by the Neolithic people
some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

3. Geoglyphs
- These are drawings or designs on the ground produced by arranging gravel, stones, or
soil.

4. Pictograms, Ideograms, and Logograms

§ Pictograms are images that represent physical objects.
§ Pictograms (pictures which resemble what they signify) and ideograms (pictures which
represent ideas) were the basis of early written symbols.
§ They were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BC and
began to develop into logographic writing systems around 5000 BC.

5. Cuneiform
§ One of the world’s earliest systems of writing is the cuneiform script invented by the
Sumerians.
§ They did so not to write stories or letters but to organize labor and resources.
§ Their population had grown larger and their society had become complex, hence the
need for accounting and accountability.

6. Hieroglyphics
§ It contained a combination of logographic, alphabetic, and ideographic elements used
by the Ancient Egyptians.
§ It is said that hieroglyphs emerged from the pre-literate artistic traditions of Egypt.

§ As writing developed and became more widespread, simplified glyph forms developed.
 § They eventually became the basis on which Phoenicians structured the modern
alphabetic system.

Indeed, visual communication has come a long way, and it is now one of the most common
forms of transmitting ideas and information.
§ We are bombarded with a variety of signs and symbols all around us which makes the
transfer of information readily available.
§ In an academic context, the study of symbols and visual communication is
called semiotics.
§ Broadly, the purpose of semiotics is to analyze how people make meaning out of images
and symbols, and how those images and symbols are analyzed and interpreted.

Major Perspectives in Analyzing Visual Images

1. Personal Perspective
• This view posits that the analysis of an image depends on the individual’s thoughts and
values and the way he or she looks at things using his or her own personal lens.

2. Historical Perspective
• This perspective refers to the determination of the importance of the work based on the
medium’s timeline.
• Historical perspective may be used to support a personal perspective which may make it
more valid.

3. Technical Perspective
• This perspective takes into account how different media convey messages differently
based on the platform used.
• The analysis of the image takes into consideration its different technical aspects like
lighting, focus, tone, position, and presentation.

4. Ethical Perspective
• This perspective considers the moral and ethical responsibilities shared by the artist or
the producer of the image, the subject, and the viewer.

5. Cultural Perspective
• This perspective brings to the fore the idea that all cultures use symbols to
communicate meanings within groups.
• It involves the analysis of metaphors and symbols used in the work that convey meaning
within a particular society at a particular time.

6. Critical Perspective
• This perspective allows the audience to look at the larger issues associated with the
image, meaning, the issues transcend the image and shape a reasoned personal
reaction.
LESSON 2: The Globalization of World Economic
Economic Globalization (IMF)

• a historical process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress increasing
integration of economies movement of goods, services and capital across borders

The Bretton Woods System

It was inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference

Bretton Woods

• economic crisis occur not when a country does not have enough money, but when money is not being
spent and, thereby not moving.

When economies slow down,

 Governments have to reinvigorate markets with infusions of capital A system of global

Keynesianism
 The active role of governments in managing spending served as the anchor.

Delegates of Bretton Woods agreed to create 2 financials

institutions

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank) to be responsible for
funding postwar reconstruction projects.

• IMF which was to be the global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from spiraling into
credit crises.

• If economic growth in a country slowed down because there was not enough money to stimulate the
economy, the IMF would step in.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)

 established in 1947
 a forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries.
 It focused on trade goods through

multinational trade agreements conducted in many “rounds” of negotiation.

Neoliberalism and Discontents

 1940- 1970s the high point of global Keynesianism

 Governments poured money into their economies, allowing people to purchase more goods and ,
in the process, increase demand for these products.
 as price increased, companies would earn, and would have more money to hire workers.

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

 Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela (major exporters of oil in the world today)
 Day of Atonement
 10 days of repentance (Rosh Hashana)

Arab-Israeli War Ramadan War

Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a coordinated attack against Israel

Oil Embargo

In anger over US support for Israel, most Arab states began to seek ways to punish America, and the most
effective way was to damage the US economy by restricting oil production. The predominantly Arab oil
cartel OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) cut back production and raised prices,
leading to a gas shortage in the US Oil that was $3/barrel in 1973 climbed to $30/barrel by 1980
Increased fuel costs meant less money to spend on other things, which led to a recession

The “oil embargo” affected the Western economies that were reliant on oil

It was formed because member countries wanted to increase the price oil, which in the past had a
relatively low price and had failed in keeping up with inflation

“stagflation”- decline in economic growth and employment (stagnation) takes place alongside a sharp
increase in prices (inflation)

They argued that the governments’ practice of pouring money into their economies had caused inflation
by increasing demandfor goods without necessarily increasing supply.

They argued that government intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market

Neoliberalism

codified strategy of the United States Treasury Department, the World Bank, the

IMF, and leventually the World Trade Organization (WTO) Washington Consensus

The Washington Consensus

dominated global policies from 1980s until the early of 2000s. advocates pushed minimal government
spending to reduce government debt. also called for the privatization of government-controlled services

They pressured governments particularly in the developing world, to reduce tariffs and open up their
economies, arguing that it is the quickest way to progress.

“shock therapy” certain industries would be affected and die necessary for long term economic growth.
The Global Financial Crisis and the challenge to Neoliberalism

Economic Globalization Today

Those benefited the most from free trade were the advanced nations that were producing and selling
industrial and agricultural goods.

The rice is “sacred” TNC

“race to the bottom”

1. The Katipunan demanded that their territories be divided among their several factions.The two
parties are at odds over who should rule Cavite with both wanting to be ruled by the other.
2. Supremo Andres Bonifacio was invited to visit the Katipunan in Cavite. After three
invitations, Bonifacio finally decided to come. 

The misunderstanding between magdiwang and magdalo deepened into mutual suspicion and
jealousness that resulted in military reverse in. several sectos

3. Bonifacio arrived at Imus and ordered Vicente Fernandez to be arrested. The Magdalo,
however, did not allow the arrest of Fernandez, and he was sent back to Mariano Alvarez
instead.

4.. The Magdiwang invited Bonifacio to come to Noveleta. He was heartily welcomed by the
people with a parade as he entered the cities. 

5. Due to the ongoing struggle between the two factions, which required a convention at Imus,
the Katipunan fell to Polavieja. However, this meeting was unsuccessful because no decisions
regarding the type of government that should be established in the nation were made.

6. Another conference was called for by the Magdiwang, and it took place in Tejeros on March
22, 1897. As the meeting's chairman, Jacinto Lumbreras began by introducing the topic of
developing defense techniques to protect Cavite.

 7. Severino de las Alas pointed out that it is important for the Katipunan to agree on what
type of government must be implemented first before proceeding with the other agenda.
 
 9. The assembly resumed after an hour with Lumbreras transferring the chairmanship of the
meeting to Andres Bonifacio. 

 10.Bonifacio authorized the petition for a new system of government while emphasizing the
importance of always respecting the will of the majority. To choose the new leaders who will
lead the recently established Republic of the Philippines, elections were held. Regardless of his
or her state in life, the person with the majority of the votes must be proclaimed the winner and
honored as such.

 11. Andres Bonifacio and Daniel Tirona got into a fight after Bonifacio was chosen to be the
Director of the Interior. Tirona violated the original understanding on the majority votes, which
was disrespectful to Bonifacio.

 12. Bonifacio declared the results of the meeting null and void, which ended the Tejeros
Convention. 

 13. In a letter to Mariano Alvarez, Bonifacio expressed his despair about not being handed the
presidency, which in his opinion should have gone to him as the revolution's leader. He also
expressed his feelings to Emilio Jacinto, a friend.
Mathematics
“We have developed a formal system of thought for reorganizing, classifying, and exploring
patterns called mathematics.” ( Stewart, Edward )

✘ Most of us have a skewed relationship with math: we hate it for its drudgery or love
it for its consistency, but usually we don’t have a sense of the whole picture. In
truth, MATHEMATICS IS AN ART. It’s easy to lose sight of the elegance in the
midst of technical details, especially when aesthetics, motivation, and simplicity –
are absent from typical math courses.

Mathematics is the art of patterns and connections embedded in nature and in our environment.
We can use the following concept map in defining Mathematics.

Patterns
Define as:
✘  repeated design or recurring sequence.
✘ an ordered set of numbers, shapes, or other mathematical objects,
arranged according to a rule.

Fibonacci Sequence

Fibonacci
~ Born in Pisa, Italy in 1175 AD
~ Full name was Leonardo Pisano
~ Grew up with a North African education under the Moors
~ Traveled extensively around the Mediterranean coast
~ Met with many merchants and learned their systems of arithmetic
~ Realized the advantages of the Hindu-Arabic system

Fibonacci’s Mathematical Contributions

~ Introduced the Hindu-Arabic number system into Europe
~ Based on ten digits and a decimal point
~ Europe previously used the Roman number system
~ Consisted of Roman numerals
~ Persuaded mathematicians to use the Hindu-Arabic number system
~ Wrote five mathematical works
~ Four books and one preserved letter
~ Liber Abbaci (The Book of Calculating) written in 1202
~ Practica geometriae (Practical Geometry) written in 1220
~ Flos written in 1225
~ Liber quadratorum (The Book of Squares) written in 1225
~ A letter to Master Theodorus written around 1225

The Fibonacci numbers

~ Were introduced in The Book of Calculating
~ Series begins with 0 and 1
~ Next number is found by adding the last two numbers together
~ Number obtained is the next number in the series
~ Pattern is repeated over and over

The Golden Section

~ Represented by the Greek letter Phi
~ Phi equals ± 1.6180339887 … and ± 0.6180339887 …
~ Ratio of Phi is 1 : 1.618 or 0.618 : 1
~ Mathematical definition is Phi2 = Phi + 1
~ Euclid showed how to find the golden section of a line

• The Golden Proportion is the basis of the Golden Rectangle, whose sides are in golden
proportion to each other.
• The Golden Rectangle is considered to be the most visually pleasing of all rectangles.
• For this reason, as well as its practicality, it is used extensively:
• In all kinds of design, art, architecture, advertising, packaging, and engineering; and can
therefore be found readily in everyday objects.
• Quickly look at the rectangular shapes on each slide.
• Chose the one figure on each slide you feel has the most appealing dimensions.
• Make note of this choice.

• Make this choice quickly, without thinking long or hard about it.
• What was special about these special rectangles?
• Clearly it is not their size.
• It was their proportions.
• The rectangles c and d were probably the rectangles chosen as having the most pleasing
shapes.
• Measure the lengths of the sides of these rectangles. Calculate the ratio of the length of
the longer side to the length of the shorter side for each rectangles.
• Was it approximately 1.6?
• This ratio approximates the famous Golden Ratio of the ancient Greeks.
• These special rectangles are called Golden Rectangles because the ratio of the length of
the longer side to the length of the shorter side is the Golden Ratio.