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Digital Thermometer
built with the AT89S52 micro-controller
By Ibrahim Kamal Last update: 4/4/08

Table of content:
Overview The temperature sensor The ADC converter Calibration and signal processing The display system

Note: This article relies on a famous analog To digital conversion scheme called counting type ADC. In case you are not familiar with this concept, refer to this dedicated tutorial for more information.

Overview

This article shows you how to build a digital thermometer from the beginning to the end, using a thermistor and a 8051 microcontroller. Being based on our tutorial about Analog to Digital conversion, it is very easy to understand the functioning of the device, and you can build it with any microcontroller even if it doesn't have a builtin ADC.

The following flow chart shows the general principle of operation of a digital thermometer, and each one of those four sections shall be studied in this article.

1-The temperature sensor

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IMPORTANT COPYRIGHT NOTE: Electronics and Robotics Articles by Ibrahim KAMAL are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.

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This Season Back to School Grow. Cook. Eat. Sign In or Join Home 2. Healthcare 3. Medical Equipment & Supplies 4. Stethoscopes 5. How Electronic Stethoscopes Work Top 5 To Try
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About Stethoscopes How to Choose a Stethoscope How to Choose a Stethoscope

 Digital Vs. Acoustic Stethoscope How Does a Stethoscope Work?

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How Electronic Stethoscopes Work

Amber Keefer Amber Keefer has more than 25 years of experience working in the fields of human services and health care administration. Writing professionally since 1997, she has written articles covering health, fitness and women's issues published in "Family Digest Magazine," "Chicago Parent" and "Woman's Touch." Keefer holds a B.A. from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. in health care management from Baker College. By Amber Keefer, eHow Contributor Print this article 1.Function Electronic stethoscopes work by converting acoustic signals produced by a body organ into electronic signals. Although they are more expensive than quality conventional stethoscopes, electronic stethoscopes now look

much the same in appearance as a traditional stethoscope. Electronic stethoscopes offer enhanced sound quality and are easy to operate. Sound received from the sensor is transmitted to the ears through the tubing. Traditional tubing folds easily so that these stethoscopes fit easily into the pocket of a lab coat. Most are durable and weigh the same as a conventional acoustic stethoscope. Other features include LCD and patient heart rate displays. 2.Advantages Electronic stethoscopes offer several advantages over conventional stethoscopes. The primary benefit of these stethoscopes is that you can hear heart and lung sounds more easily without amplifying other sounds. The stethoscopes are designed to allow for volume control of the sounds you need to hear while minimizing other background noise, making the devices more effective. Even subtle changes in breath sounds can be picked up and magnified so that you can hear them. These stethoscopes aid health-care professionals in hearing heart murmurs that are difficult to detect with conventional stethoscopes.

Electronic stethoscopes also allow the user to distinguish between body sounds of high and low frequency. Some models of the stethoscope record and play back heart and lung sounds. You have the option of slowing down the recorded sounds to listen again. Most electronic stethoscopes now have wireless capabilities, which allow data to be transferred to a computer or handheld device for storage and retrieval at a later time. 3.Possible Disadvantages Electronic stethoscopes are battery-powered, which can be inconvenient for diagnostic purposes if the batteries go dead while you are examining a patient. However, most models include battery monitoring with an indicator when power is low, as well as extended battery life. Many stethoscopes have additional features, which allow you to conserve battery life. You also cannot fit an alternate type of diaphragm on an electronic stethoscope, as most come equipped with a fixed diaphragm. But since sound is picked up at the center of the diaphragm, one size can be used for both children and adults. Some models of electronic

stethoscopes do include both an adult and pediatric diaphragm. Another possible disadvantage is that if you carry a mobile device like a cell phone in your pocket, you may pick up some faint static while you are listening to your patient's heart. Littmann Stethoscopeswww.acousticheart.com Discount prices everyday 100% satisfaction guarantee! IMS Health Asiawww.imshealth.com Download Asia's premier healthcare market intelligence data Hampoo- Symbols&Footprintwww.hampoo.com IPC-7351 Standard, All mainstream tool Supported, Expedition, Allegro Refurbished Sterilizerswww.refurbishedsterilizers.com

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Electronic Stethoscope

An electronic stethoscope is judged better than conventional stethoscopes for anesthesia monitoring AMI Semiconductor Introduces DSP-based Electronic Stethoscope Reference Design; BelaSigna(TM) 250 Powered Device Provides Greater Accuracy for Patient Diagnosis Resources

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Read Next: How to Qualify for a Free Electronic Stethoscope

Print this article You May Also Like How Does a Stethoscope Work? An acoustic stethoscope has a chest piece and diaphragm that picks up high-pitched noises once it is placed on the body, and waves and vibration travel through tubing ...

Electronic Stethoscope Functions Electronic Stethoscope Functions. The stethoscope has been a symbol of the medical

profession for decades. This acoustic device enables doctors to listen to the ...

How to Qualify for a Free Electronic Stethoscope An electronic stethoscope is more sensitive than a traditional acoustic stethoscope. It allows you to hear heart sounds, while recording cardiac traces simultaneously ... How to Make a Stethoscope Cover Maybe you know someone in the medical field and you'd like to brighten her day with a small gift. A stethoscope cover is great gift for yourself or others. It can ... Making a Stethoscope Activity The stethoscope was invented in 1816 to assist in diagnosing cardiovascular issues. Although we have developed more advanced tools over the years, doctors still ... How Do Electronic Books Work? Waiting for that book you're dying to read to come in the mail can be agonizing. Especially when you can download it instantly instead. According to ebook.com, an ... How to Compare Stethoscopes Stethoscopes are common tools used by clinical practitioners to assess and monitor patient

health. A simple flat chest piece is perfect for checking blood pressure ...

How to Pick a Stethoscope If you need a stethoscope, you need a tool that will help you work faster and better. Picking a stethoscope is an individual choice based on your own hearing and its ... Advantages and Disadvantages of a Stethoscope Advantages and Disadvantages of a Stethoscope. Stethoscopes continue to maintain the same role as they have for the past 200 years--namely that of a fundamental yet ... The Best Digital Stethoscopes The Best Digital Stethoscopes. Digital, or electronic, stethoscopes are a step up from the standard acoustic stethoscopes. They provide features such as sound ...

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Pedometer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

A digital Omron HJ-112 pedometer A pedometer or step counter is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration performed by the user is

required if a standardized distance (such as in kilometres or miles) is desired. Used originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as an everyday exercise measurer and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilometres or miles (distance = number of steps step length). Some pedometers will also erroneously record movements other than walking, such as bending to tie one's shoes, or road bumps incurred while riding a vehicle, though the most advanced devices record fewer of these 'false steps'. Step counters can give encouragement to compete with oneself in getting fit and losing weight. A total of 10,000 steps per day, equivalent to 5 miles (8.0 km), is recommended by some to be the benchmark for an active lifestyle, although this point is debated among experts.[1][2] Step counters are being integrated into an increasing number of portable consumer electronic devices such as music players and mobile phones. Contents [hide]

1 2 3 4

Usage History Technology Accuracy

5 Integration in Personal Electronic Devices 5.1 Apple iPod Nano 5.2 Nike&iPod 5.3 Pedometers for iPhone/iPod Touch 5.4 NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone 5.5 Nokia 5500 Sports Phone 5.6 Nokia Sports Tracker 5.7 Nokia Step Counter 5.8 Sony Ericsson W710 walkman phone, W580 walkman phone 5.9 Nintendo DS 5.10 Philips Activa Workout Monitoring MP3 Player 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Usage Pedometers can be a motivation tool for people wanting to increase their physical activity. Various websites exist to allow people to track their progress; however, many will also find entering their daily step count and a heart comter onto a calendar to be motivational as well. Pedometers have been shown in clinical studies to

increase physical activity, and reduce blood pressure levels and Body Mass Index. A study published in the Journal of The American Medical Association Nov. 2007[3] concluded, The results suggest that the use of a pedometer is associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure. A daily target of 10,000 steps was first proposed.[4] The target has been recommended by the US Surgeon General and by the UK Department of Health.[5][6] The main criticisms of setting a universal target are that it is not achievable for older persons with mobility problems or people with chronic diseases, but on the other hand, the target is too low for children.[5] One criticism of the pedometer is that it does not record intensity, but this can be done by making step goals time limited (for example, 1000 steps in 10 minutes counts as moderate exercise).[7] [edit] History The Romans used an odometer calibrated to steps to measure distances for military and civil purposes, although technically this is not a step counter.[citation needed] Leonardo Da Vinci envisioned a mechanical pedometer as a device with military applications.[8][9] The modern allmechanical pedometer was introduced later to the Americans by Thomas Jefferson.[10] Jefferson obtained a unit from France, but it is not known if he modified the design, or introduced it to the US as is. Although this

pedometer is widely attributed to Mr. Jefferson,[11][12] proof is difficult to obtain as he never applied for any patents on any of his inventions.[13]. In 1780, AbrahamLouis Perrelet created the first pedometer, measuring the steps and distance while walking. In 1965, a pedometer called a manpo-kei (meaning "10,000 steps meter" ) was marketed in Japan by Y. Hatano.[14] Y. Hatano promoted "manpo-kei pedometers" from 1985, after his research was accepted as proving that 10,000 Steps A Day was the proper balance of caloric intake and activity-based caloric expenditure to maintain a healthy body, and Jiro Kato who is Yamasa Tokei Keiki Co., Ltd., Tokyo Japan founder, Akira and Yasuji Kato's Father, manufactured pedometers recognized to be accurate, and, named them, "manpo-meter" (later known as "manpo-kei") as the world first invented devise to measure number of steps of walking. [15] "Manpo-kei" is a registered trademark of Yamasa Tokei Keiki Co., Ltd. The longest running pedometer tracking map is at www.stepsout.com. Starting in 2004 EDIS Computers created virtual maps that have circumnavigated the globe. They are fun and interactive and are designed to motivate steppers to do 10,000 steps a day. [edit] Technology The technology for a pedometer includes a mechanical sensor and software to count steps. Early forms used a mechanical switch to detect steps together with a simple

counter. If one shakes these devices, one hears a lead ball sliding back and forth, or a pendulum striking stops as it swings. Today advanced step counters rely on MEMS inertial sensors and sophisticated software to detect steps. These MEMS sensors have either 1-, 2- or 3-axis detection of acceleration. The use of MEMS inertial sensors permits more accurate detection of steps and fewer false positives. The software technology used to interpret the output of the inertial sensor and "make sense of accurate steps" varies widely. The problem is compounded by the fact that in modern day-to-day life, such step-counters are expected to count accurately on locations where users frequently carry their devices (attached to the belt, shirt/pants pocket, hand bag, backpack). [edit] Accuracy The accuracy of step counters varies widely between devices. Typically, step counters are reasonably accurate at a walking pace on a flat surface if the device is placed in its optimal position (usually vertically on the belt clip). Although traditional step counters get affected dramatically when placed at different angles and locations, recent advances have made them more robust to those non-ideal placements. Still, most step counters falsely count steps when a user is driving a car or makes other habitual motions that the device encounters throughout the day. This error accumulates for users with

moderate commutes to work.[16] Accuracy also depends on the step-length the user enters. Best pedometers are accurate to within 5% error.[17][18] [edit] Integration in Personal Electronic Devices

Nike+iPod Sports Kit [edit] Apple iPod Nano The 5th generation iPod Nano by Apple features an integrated pedometer.[19] [edit] Nike&iPod Apple and Nike, Inc. offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit, which uses a shoe sensor that communicates with a wireless MP3 Player receiver to transmit workout information such as elapsed time, distance traveled, and calories burned. [edit] Pedometers for iPhone/iPod Touch

Since iPhones/iPods Touch are enhanced with an integrated accelerometer it is possible to introduce pedometer functionality to the devices. This option was successfully realized by a number of iPhone/iPod Touch applications developers, enabling any fitness savvy iPhone/iPod Touch owners track the number of taken steps as well as passed distance and burnt calories. [edit] NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone This is the first integrated phone with a pedometer that works 24/7 and counts step like an Omron pedometer. The sensor is made by ADI. This handset was introduced in Japan in 2004 and has sold over 3 million units.

Nokia 5500 Sports Phone

[edit] Nokia 5500 Sports Phone The Nokia 5500 Sports Phone uses an embedded 3 axis MEMS inertial sensor to detect the steps a user takes. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. However the application cannot run continuously as it drains the phone's battery and is therefore of limited use. [edit] Nokia Sports Tracker Nokia Sports Tracker features pedometer for Nokia Symbian phones with a Accelerometer. Accelerometers are included in phones to save correct orientation on photos and to improve gps positioning feature. [edit] Nokia Step Counter Nokia Step Counter is a free application available at Nokia Beta Labs which works on a wide range of NSeries Nokia phones. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. This application can be left running all day as it is not a huge drain on the battery.

Sony Ericsson w710i walkman phone [edit] Sony Ericsson W710 walkman phone, W580 walkman phone The Sony Ericsson W710 and W580 walkman phones use embedded 2 axis MEMS inertial sensors to detect the steps a user takes. The W710 is a clamshell phone and displays the user's steps on the external display. The W710 must be closed in order for it to count steps. When the step counter is activated, it counts detected steps during the day, and at midnight it stores the counter in a day-by-day history and resets it to zero. [edit] Nintendo DS

On November 1, 2008, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS title Personal Trainer: Walking ( DS, Aruite Wakaru Seikatsu Rhythm DS?), which includes two pedometers. They connect to the game card via infrared signals. On September 12, 2009, Nintendo released Pokmon HeartGold and SoulSilver in Japan. Each game comes bundled with a device called a Pokwalker, which functions as a pedometer and allows players to transfer one Pokmon from their game to the Pokwalker via infrared signals. Unlike the Personal Trainer: Walking pedometers, the Pokwalker features a small LCD screen and multiple buttons. Walking with the Pokwalker earns experience points for the Pokmon.[20] The Nintendo 3DS, released March 27, 2011, features an internal pedometer that counts and records daily step counts while in sleep mode. Evey hundred steps earns a Play Coin, which can be spent on a variety of extras and bonuses.[21] [edit] Philips Activa Workout Monitoring MP3 Player Released May 2010, by Philips. This MP3 capable pedometer measures aerobic intensity and matches songs on the playlist to keep the user engaged and motivated.[22]

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Store Contact Us Blog Digital pedometer circuit Digital pedometer circuit Max. range: 9.950 meters with tw1o digits Slip it in pants` pocket for walking and jogging

Parts: R1,R3____22K 1/4W Resistor R2________2M2 1/4W Resistor R4________1M 1/4W Resistor R5,R7,R8__4K7 1/4W Resistor R6_______47R 1/4W Resistor R9________1K 1/4W Resistor

C1_______47nF 63V Polyester Capacitor C2______100nF 63V Polyester Capacitor C3_______10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor C4_______10F 25V Electrolytic Capacitor D1_______Common-cathode 7-segment LED minidisplay (Hundreds meters) D2_______Commoncathode 7-segment LED mini-display (Kilometers) IC1______4093 Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC IC2______4024 7 stage ripple counter IC IC3,IC4__4026 Decade counter with decoded 7segment display outputs IC Q1,Q2___BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors P1_______SPST Pushbutton (Reset) P2_______SPST Pushbutton (Display) SW1______SPST Mercury Switch, called also Tilt Switch SW2______SPST Slider Switch (Sound on-off) SW3______SPST Slider Switch (Power on-off) BZ_______Piezo sounder B1_______3V Battery (2 AA 1.5V Cells in series) Device purpose: This circuit measures the distance covered during a walk. Hardware is located in a small box slipped in pants` pocket and the display is conceived in the following manner: the leftmost display D2 (the most significant digit) shows 0 to 9 Km. and its dot is always on to separate Km. from hm. The rightmost display D1 (the least significant digit) shows hundreds meters and its dot lights after every 50 meters of walking. A beeper (excludable), signals

each count unit, which occurs every tw1o steps. A normal step is calculated to span approx. 78 centimeters, thus the LED signaling 50 meters lights after 64 steps or 32 mercury switch`s operations, the display indicates 100 meters after 128 steps and so on. For low battery consumption the display lights only on request, pushing P2. Accidental reset of the counters is avoided because to reset the circuit both pushbuttons must be operated together. Obviously this is not a precision meter, but its approximation`s degree was found good for this kind of device. In any case, the most critical thing to do is placement and sloping degree of the mercury switch inside the box. Circuit operation: IC1A & IC1B form a monostable multivibrator providing some degree of freedom from excessive bouncing of the mercury switch. Therefore a clean square pulse enters IC2 that divide by 64. Q2 lights the dot of D1 every 32 pulses counted by IC2. IC3 & IC4 divide by 10 each and drive the displays. P1 resets the counters and P2 enables the displays. IC1C generates an audio frequency square wave that is enabled for a short time at each monostable count. Q1 drives the piezo sounder and SW2 let you disable the beep. Notes:

Experiment with placement and sloping degree of mercury switch inside the box: this is very critical. Try to obtain a pulse every tw1o walking steps. Listening to the beeper is extremely useful at this setting`s stage. Trim R6 value to change beeper sound power. Push P1 and P2 to reset. This circuit is primarily intended for walking purposes. For jogging, further great care must be used with mercury switch placement to avoid undesired counts. Current consumption with display disabled is negligible, therefore SW3 can be omitted. CATEGORIES Alarms and Security related Schematics Audio power amplifier schematics Audio preamp circuits Automotive, car and motorcycle schematics Data acquisition and data logging schematics Filter schematics Games and fun stuff (schematics) Infrared based schematics Laser related power supplies and data LED related schematics Lighting schematics

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[edit] References 1. ^ 10,000 steps 2. ^ Tudor-Locke, Catrine (June 2002). "Taking Steps toward Increased Physical Activity: Using Pedometers To Measure and Motivate". President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, Washington, DC. http://www.fitness.gov/pcpfsdigestjune200 2.pdf. 3. ^ Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS (November 21, 2007). "Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health". The Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (19): 2296. doi:10.1001/jama.298.19.2296. PMID 18029834. http://jama.amaassn.org/cgi/content/short/298/19/2296. 4. ^ "What is 10,000 Steps?". AccuStep10000. http://www.accustep10000.org/what.htm. Retrieved 16 March 2009.

^ a b Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR Jr (2004). "How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health". Sports Med 34 (1): 18. PMID 14715035. 6. ^ "The 10,000 steps challenge". National Health Service. 11 December 2007. http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pag es/10000stepschallenge.aspx. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 7. ^ Marshall SJ, Levy SS, Tudor-Locke CE, et al. (2009). "Translating physical activity recommendations into a pedometer-based step goal". Am J Prev Med. http://www.ajpmonline.net/webfiles/images/journals/amepr e/AMEPRE2453.PDF. 8. ^ Leonardo Da Vinci (1938). Edward MacCurdy. ed. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 166. ISBN 0973783737. 9. ^ Gibbs-Smith (1978). 10. ^ Wolf ML (1995). "Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Louis Brandeis and the Mystery of the Universe". Boston University Journal of Science & Technology
5.

Law 1. http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizat ions/journals/scitech/volume1/WOLF.pdf. 11. ^ "Pedometers: Your mileage may vary". Interesting Thing of the Day. alt concepts. 14 November 2004. http://itotd.com/articles/368/pedometers/. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 12. ^ Wilson DL, Stanton LCJ (1996). Thomas Jefferson Abroad. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0679601864. 13. ^ Diersen SE & Fransworth S. "Jefferson's Inventions". University of Virginia. http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/t cc313/200Rprojs/jefferson_invent/invent.h tml. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 14. ^ Catrine Tudor-Locke (2003). Manpo-Kei: The Art and Science of Step Counting. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55395-481-5. 15. ^ W Ron Sutton, Mr. Pedometer, personally know all 3 people involved 16. ^ M. Karabulut, S. Crouter, D. Bassett (2005). "Comparison of two waistmounted and two ankle-mounted electronic pedometers". European Journal

of Applied Physiology 95 (4): 335. doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0018-3. PMID 16132120. 17. ^ Susan D. Vincent, Cara L. Sidman (2003). "Determining Measurement Error in Digital Pedometers". Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 7 (1): 1924. doi:10.1207/S15327841MPEE0701_2. 18. ^ C G Ryan, P M Grant, W W Tigbe, M H Granat (2006). "The validity and reliability of a novel activity monitor as a measure of walking". British Journal of Sports Medicine 40 (40): 779784. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027276. PMC 2564393. PMID 16825270. 19. ^ http://www.apple.com/ipodnano/features/fi tness.html 20. ^ http://www.pokemon.co.jp/special/hgss/po kewalker/ 21. ^ "3DS Activity Log". 3DS Activity Log. http://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/acti vity_log_32331.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

^ http://www.pedometers.org/mp3pedometer/ [edit] External links

22.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pedometers VanWormer JJ (2004). "Pedometers and brief e-counseling: increasing physical activity for overweight adults". J Appl Behav Anal 37 (3): 4215. doi:10.1901/jaba.2004.37-421. PMC 1284519. PMID 15529901. Pedometer Information Sheet fron Alberta Centre for Active Living Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedometer" View page ratings

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