UNIVERSAL SCHOOL PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE

I QUARTER 2020-2021

Grade: 08 Lesson File Nº: 07

Subject: Geometry Unit: 2: Introduction to Euclidean Geometry

Teacher: Fredd Topics: 2.2 Reasoning and Proofs

Escobar 2.2.2 Deductive Reasoning and Logic
2.2.4 Postulates, Theorems and Proofs

Value: 100 points Start date: Friday, November 18, 2022

Time: 5 periods Due date: Wednesday, November 23, 2022 at 10:00pm

Learning Objectives
Students will learn to make conjectures using inductive and deductive reasoning.

Before getting started…

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Lesson Summary
Law of Detachment
Deductive reasoning is the process of using facts, rules, definitions, or properties to reach conclusions. One
form of deductive reasoning that draws conclusions from a true conditional p →q and a true statement p is
called the Law of Detachment.

Law of Detachment If p →q is true and p is true, then q is true.

Example 1: Determine whether each conclusion is valid based on the given information. If not, write invalid.
Explain your reasoning.
a. Given: Two angles supplementary to the same angle are congruent. ∠ A and
∠C are supplementary to ∠ B.
Conclusion: ∠ A is congruent to ∠ C .
The statement ∠ A and ∠ C are supplementary to ∠ B is the hypothesis of the
conditional. Therefore, by the Law of Detachment, the conclusion is true.

b. Given: If Helen is going to work, then she is wearing pearls. Helen is wearing pearls. Conclusion: Helen is
going to work.
The given statement Helen is going to work satisfies the conclusion of the true conditional. However, knowing
that a conditional statement and its conclusion are true does not make the hypothesis true. Helen could be
wearing pearls on a date. The conclusion is invalid.

Law of Syllogism
Another way to make a valid conclusion is to use the Law of Syllogism. It allows you to draw conclusions from
two true statements when the conclusion of one statement is the hypothesis of another.

Law of Syllogism If p →q is true and q → r is true, then p →r is also true.

Example 2: The two conditional statements below are true. Use the Law of Syllogism to find a valid
conclusion. State the conclusion.
(1) If a number is a whole number, then the number is an integer.
(2) If a number is an integer, then it is a rational number.

p: A number is a whole number.

q: A number is an integer.
r: A number is a rational number.

The two conditional statements are p →q and q → r . Using the Law of Syllogism, a valid conclusion is p →r .
A statement of p →r is “if a number is a whole number, then it is a rational number.”

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Postulates
In geometry, a postulate is a statement that is accepted as true. Postulates describe fundamental relationships in
geometry.
Postulate 1: Through any two points, there is exactly one line.
Postulate 2: Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
Postulate 3: A line contains at least two points.
Postulate 4: A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.
Postulate 5: If two points lie in a plane, then the entire line containing those points lies in the plane.
Postulate 6: If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
Postulate 7: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Example 3: Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

a. There is exactly one plane that contains points A, B, and C.
Sometimes; if A, B, and C are collinear, they are contained in many planes. If they are noncollinear, then they
are contained in exactly one plane.
b. Points E and F are contained in exactly one line.
Always; the first postulate states that there is exactly one line through any two points.
c. Two lines intersect in two distinct points M and N.
Never; the intersection of two lines is one point.

Proofs
A logical argument that uses deductive reasoning to reach a valid conclusion is called a proof. A flow proof uses
statements written in boxes and arrows to show the logical progression of an argument. In another type of proof,
a paragraph proof, you write a paragraph to explain why a
statement is true. In two-column proof, you list the
statements that you are trying to prove on the left column and
the reasons on the right column.

A statement that can be proved true is called a theorem. You

can use undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and already-
proved theorems to prove other statements true.

Example 4: In △ ABC , BD is an angle bisector. Write a

paragraph proof to show that ∠ ABD ≅ ∠CBD .
By definition, an angle bisector divides an angle into two
congruent angles. Since BD is an angle bisector, ∠ ABC is
divided into two congruent angles. Thus, ∠ ABD ≅ ∠CBD .

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Activities
Exercises
Determine whether the stated conclusion is valid based on the given information. If not, write invalid.
Explain your reasoning.
1. Given: If a number is divisible by 6, then the number is divisible by 3. 18 is divisible by 6. Conclusion:
18 is divisible by 3.
2. Given: If a pet is a rabbit, then it eats carrots. Jennie’s pet eats carrots. Conclusion: Jennie’s pet is a
rabbit.
Invalid because maybe her pet is any herbivore animal like turtles.
3. Given: If a hen is a Plymouth Rock, then her eggs are brown. Berta is a Plymouth Rock hen.
Conclusion: Berta’s eggs are brown.

Use the Law of Syllogism to draw a valid conclusion from each set of statements, if possible. If no valid
conclusion is possible, write no valid conclusion.
4. If a dog eats Superdog Dog Food, he will be happy. Rover is happy.
Invalid. No all dogs like superdog dog food
5. If an angle is supplementary to an obtuse angle, then it is acute. If an angle is acute, then its measure is
less than 90.
6. If the measure of ∠ A is less than 90, then ∠ A is acute. If ∠ A is acute, then ∠ A ≅ ∠B.
Invalid because there is not much info
7. If an angle is a right angle, then the measure of the angle is 90. If two lines are perpendicular, then they
form a right angle.
8. If you study for the test, then you will receive a high grade. Your grade on the test is high.
Invalid because u can study but u can fail the exam

Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

9. A line contains exactly one point.
10. Noncollinear points R, S, and T are contained in exactly one plane.
Always because they are noncollinear
11. Any two lines ℓ and m intersect.
12. If points G and H are contained in plane ℳ, then GH is perpendicular to plane ℳ.
Never because if GH are perpendicular with plane M then they are no intersect
13. Planes ℛ and 𝒮 intersect in point T.
14. If points A, B, and C are noncollinear, then segments AB , BC , and CA are contained in exactly one
plane.
Always because a plane need at least 3 points

´ and DE
In the figure, AC ´ ∥ DE
´ are in plane Q and AC ´ . State the postulate that can be used to show each
statement is true.
15. Exactly one plane contains points F, B, and E.
´ lies in plane Q.
16. BE

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Postulate 5 If two points lie in a plane, then the entire line containing those points lies in the plane

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 17. It is given that BC ≅ EF , M is the midpoint of BC , and N is the midpoint of
EF . Write a paragraph proof to show that BM =EN .

18. Given that S is the midpoint of QP , T is the midpoint of PR , and P is the midpoint of ST , write a
paragraph proof to show that QS=TR .
S is the midpoint of QP so QS = SP. P is the midpoint of ST so SP = PT. Thus QS = PT by
the Transitive Property. T is the midpoints of PR, so PT = PR. Therefore, QS = PR by the
Transitive Property.

Challenge
Given that ∠ A ≅ ∠ D and ∠ D ≅ ∠ E , write a paragraph proof to show that ∠ A ≅ ∠ E .

Assessment
Khan Academy Exercises to complete: Exercises:
 None Solve all EVEN-numbered exercises from Activities
Section.
Bonus points:
Complete the challenge exercises to get bonus points.
Learning Outcome
Students make conjectures based on inductive and deductive reasoning.

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