Representation of Power System

Components
Course Instructor: Manbir kaur
 Objectives
• Learning per unit system basis calculations
• Represent elements of a power system including
generators, transmission lines, and transformers
using an appropriate mathematical model
• Analyze multi-node power systems using an
admittance matrix or impedance matrix
representation of the power system
• Sequence model of generator, transmission lines
and transformer under unbalanced conditions
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 Per unit System of Calculations
• Per unit value of a quantity=
Actual value of electrical quantity
base value of same electrical quantity
For an electric circuit:
S- Apparent power
V: Voltage
I: Current
Z: per phase impedance
Out of four quantities, two can be derived from two other
known quantities.
In Power equipment, S and V are taken as known
quantities (Base quantities)
I and z can be derived from S and V.
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 Electric circuit Relations
For three phase circuit
𝑆 𝑃
𝐼𝐿 = or
3 𝑉𝐿 3 𝑉𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑆= Three phase apparent power (MVA)
𝑃: 𝑆 x𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ is three phase active (real power)
𝑉𝐿 : Line to line voltage (kV)
𝐼𝐿 : Line current (A)
For star connections : 𝐼𝐿 =𝐼𝑝ℎ
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝐿 / 3 𝑉𝐿 / 3 𝑉𝐿2
Impedance per phase = 𝑍 = = =𝑆 = 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝐿 3𝑉𝐿
𝑆
Per unit value of impedance = 𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = 𝑍/𝑍𝐵
2
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝐵 : 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
In three phase system,
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 is taken as line to line voltage in kV and
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 is taken as three phase power in MVA.
(Note: Using MVA base power and kV for line voltage simplify the calculations)

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 Change of Base Values
 The impedance data of generators, transmission lines, transformers,
motors etc. are given in per unit value based on their own ratings.
 For given circuit calculations, it is important that all quantities must be
expressed in per unit values on a common base.
When the base values are changed, then per unit value of impedance is
updated as:
Per unit value of impedance with old base value
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝑍𝑝𝑢(𝑜𝑙𝑑) = 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 × 2
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑜𝑙𝑑)
Per unit value of impedance with new base value from ohmic value
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑛𝑒𝑤)
𝑍𝑝𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 × 2
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑛𝑒𝑤)
Per unit value of impedance with new base from per unit value
2
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤) 𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝑍𝑝𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍𝑝𝑢(𝑜𝑙𝑑) × ×
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤)

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• G 20MVA, 11kV, x=10%
• T1, T2: 12.5kV/132kV, 25MVA, Xt=8%
• Assume base MVA as 20 on G side
• Base MVA on pr side of T1 will be 20, Base MVA on sec side of T1 =20
• Base MVA for line will be 20, base MVA on pr side of T2 =20, Base MVA on sec side of
T2 =20, Base MVA on load side =20

T
• G
TL: 132kV, x=50hms 1
• Assume base voltage on G side is 11kV
T
• Per unit value of voltage for G= 11/11=1.0pu
2
• T1 : It means base value of voltage on pr side of T1 is 11kV
• Per unit value of voltage on pr. Side of T1= 12.5/11=1.136 pu
• Base value of voltage on sec side of T1= (132/12.5)*11=116.16kV
• Per unit value of voltage on sec side of T1= 132/116.16=1.136pu
Xt

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 Selection of Base Values
• Base value of MVA: (any one way of the following)
 Rating of any equipment connected in circuit
 Maximum value of rating of equipment’s connected
 Sum of ratings of equipment’s connected

• Base value of voltage (kV) (any one way of the following)

 Line to line value of voltage on generator side
 Line to line value of voltage on load side
 Line to line value of voltage on highest transmission
voltage in the circuit

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 Importance of per unit System
• It makes calculations easier
• Ratings (size) of equipment can be easily compared
• Per unit value of impedance on either side of
transformer is same.
• Different voltage level in the circuit due to
transformers will disappear and the calculations are
simplified in a connected circuit comprising syn
generators, transformers, connecting links (lines),
loads etc.
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 Per unit Impedance value of Transformer
For a transformer
• Total impedance referred to side 1
2
𝑁1
𝑍1 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2′ = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 (eq. 1)
𝑁2
Converting to per unit value
(Dividing by base value)
2
𝑍1 𝑧1 𝑁1 𝑧2
𝑍1𝐵
=
𝑍1𝐵
+
𝑁2 𝑍1𝐵
(eq. 2)
2
𝑁1
Base value of side 2 referred to side 1 𝑍1𝐵 = 𝑍2𝐵
𝑁2
On substituting in (eq. 2) and solving
𝑍1 𝑧1 𝑧2
= 𝑍1(𝑝𝑢) = + = 𝑧1(𝑝𝑢) + 𝑧2(𝑝𝑢) (eq. 3)
𝑍1𝐵 𝑍1𝐵 𝑍2𝐵
Similarly repeat the calculations for side 2 and we will get
𝑍2(𝑝𝑢) = 𝑧1(𝑝𝑢) + 𝑧2(𝑝𝑢) (eq. 4)

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 Example 1
Calculate the per unit value of impedance of transformer on low voltage side and
high voltage side. Transformer: Three phase, 11kV/400V, 10kVA, low voltage side
leakage impedance = 6 ohms
Solution:
Step 1: Per unit value of impedance of transformer on low voltage side=
𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = 𝑍/𝑍𝐵
2
𝑘𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 0.4 2
𝑍𝐵 = = = 16 ohms
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 10×10−3
𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) =6/16 = 0.375

Step 2: Ohmic value of impedance of transformer on high voltage side will be

112
=6 × 2 = 4537.5 ohms
0.4

Step 3: Per unit value of impedance of transformer on high voltage side will be
4537.2
= 11 2
= 0.375
10×10−3

Conclusion: Ohmic value of impedance on low voltage side and high voltage side are
different but their per unit value are same.
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 Example 2

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Example 1.1 Cont…

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 Points to Remember
We learnt about:
• the per unit system
• selection of prime quantities (Voltage and power)
• derived quantities (Current and impedance)
• selection of base values (voltage and power) for a
system
• converting ohmic value of impedance onto per unit
values
• updating the per unit value for new base values
• per unit value of impedance on either side of
transformer is same.

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 References
1. I.J. Nagrath, D.P. Kothari, (2008): Power
System Engineering, Chapter 4, Topic 4.4
2. J.J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, (2003): Power
System Analysis, TMH Publishing, Chapter 1:
Topic 1.10, 1.11, Chapter 2: Topic 2.4, 2.5
3. D. Das, electrical Power Systems, (2006): New
Age International Publication, Chapter 5 : All
Topics

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 Thanks

Email your doubts in Lecture on

Per unit System
mkaur@thapar.edu