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UEE605 Lect 2 Per Unit System
UEE605 Lect 2 Per Unit System
UEE605 Lect 2 Per Unit System
Components
Course Instructor: Manbir kaur
Objectives
• Learning per unit system basis calculations
• Represent elements of a power system including
generators, transmission lines, and transformers
using an appropriate mathematical model
• Analyze multi-node power systems using an
admittance matrix or impedance matrix
representation of the power system
• Sequence model of generator, transmission lines
and transformer under unbalanced conditions
7/27/2020 Manbir kaur, EIED 2
Per unit System of Calculations
• Per unit value of a quantity=
Actual value of electrical quantity
base value of same electrical quantity
For an electric circuit:
S- Apparent power
V: Voltage
I: Current
Z: per phase impedance
Out of four quantities, two can be derived from two other
known quantities.
In Power equipment, S and V are taken as known
quantities (Base quantities)
I and z can be derived from S and V.
7/27/2020 Manbir kaur, EIED 3
Electric circuit Relations
For three phase circuit
𝑆 𝑃
𝐼𝐿 = or
3 𝑉𝐿 3 𝑉𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑆= Three phase apparent power (MVA)
𝑃: 𝑆 x𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ is three phase active (real power)
𝑉𝐿 : Line to line voltage (kV)
𝐼𝐿 : Line current (A)
For star connections : 𝐼𝐿 =𝐼𝑝ℎ
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝐿 / 3 𝑉𝐿 / 3 𝑉𝐿2
Impedance per phase = 𝑍 = = =𝑆 = 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝐿 3𝑉𝐿
𝑆
Per unit value of impedance = 𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = 𝑍/𝑍𝐵
2
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝐵 : 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
In three phase system,
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 is taken as line to line voltage in kV and
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 is taken as three phase power in MVA.
(Note: Using MVA base power and kV for line voltage simplify the calculations)
T
• G
TL: 132kV, x=50hms 1
• Assume base voltage on G side is 11kV
T
• Per unit value of voltage for G= 11/11=1.0pu
2
• T1 : It means base value of voltage on pr side of T1 is 11kV
• Per unit value of voltage on pr. Side of T1= 12.5/11=1.136 pu
• Base value of voltage on sec side of T1= (132/12.5)*11=116.16kV
• Per unit value of voltage on sec side of T1= 132/116.16=1.136pu
Xt
Step 3: Per unit value of impedance of transformer on high voltage side will be
4537.2
= 11 2
= 0.375
10×10−3
Conclusion: Ohmic value of impedance on low voltage side and high voltage side are
different but their per unit value are same.
7/27/2020 Manbir kaur, EIED 10
Example 2