UEE605: Power System Analysis &

Stability (Unit 4)
Lecture 04
Ms. Manbir Kaur
Associate Professor, EIED
TIET, Patiala
mkaur@thapar.edu
 Revision to Lecture 03(4)
• In Lecture 03 (unit 4) , we learnt about coherent
machines a d non-coherent machines
• We also learnt about equivalent swing equation with
updated inertia constant and angular momentum,
mechanical power and electrical power in case of two
machine system (i) when it is coherent set and (ii)
when it is a non-coherent set.
• We also try to understand about steady state stability
limit and the factors on which it depends.
• We learnt about condition of stability from the concept
of synchronising coefficient.

• Today we will discuss about transient stability

assessment.
EIED Ms. Manbir kaur UEE605 Lecture
09-04-2020 2
03(4)
 Single Machine Infinite Bus System
• The system shown is termed as single machine
Infinite bus system (here it is connected
through a double circuit line, not necessarily)
Infinite
Bus
Machine

EIED Ms. Manbir kaur UEE605 Lecture

09-04-2020 3
03(4)
 Transient Stability
From rotor dynamics (Swing equation) we know that
𝟐𝑯 𝒅𝟐 𝜹
= 𝑷𝒎 − 𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝒂
𝝎𝒔 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝜹
Or 𝑴 𝟐 = 𝑷𝒎 − 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜹 = 𝑷𝒂
𝒅𝒕
𝑷𝒂 > 𝟎; 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝑷𝒎 > Electrical power output 𝑷𝒆
𝑷𝒂 < 𝟎; 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝑷𝒎 < Electrical power output 𝑷𝒆
Under steady state conditions 𝑷𝒂 =0
When the system is subjected to some disturbance (Large
disturbance like fault, mal-operation of CBs, generation
failure, sudden loss of load etc..) , then 𝑷𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
It is very important to assess whether the system will be
transiently stable or not.
EIED Ms. Manbir kaur UEE605 Lecture
09-04-2020 4
03(4)
 Assumptions Cont…
• To simplify the system under study for calculations and
assessment, certain assumptions are taken as follows:
1. Resistance of Line, rotating machines and
transformers is neglected. These resistance’s are
considered when damping effect is to be studied.
2. Damping effect for transient stability assessment is
ignored from accuracy point of view.
3. Rotor speed is assumed to be synchronous speed.
4. During transient mech. Power input is assumed to
remain constant.
5. Voltage regulating loop is ignored. Voltage behind
transient reactance is assumed to be constant.
6. Shunt branches are not considered.
7. Loads are modelled as constant impedance.
 Cont…
When the disturbance takes place on system, it
causes the motor torque equation to get
unbalanced. Due to this rotor will swing
(forward/backward) that means rotor angle δ
will change. The CB is operated to clear the
disturbance and the system is either partially
restored or fully restored that depends upon the
conditions of system under study. CB has some
clearing time. Smaller this time, more chances
for the system to recover stability.
Methods of Assessment of Transient stability
1. Equal area criteria method
2. Point-by-point method
Equal area criteria is a graphical method of
assessment and does not generate numerical
solution
Whereas point-by-point method which is basically
an Euler’s method to solve second order swing
equation generates numerical solution and hence
supports to assess transient stability of system.
Note: Transient stability assessment is studied on
single machine system.
 Equal Area Criteria method
The swing equation for single machine system will be
𝒅𝟐 𝜹
𝑴 𝟐 = 𝑷𝒎 − 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜹 = 𝑷𝒂
𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝛿
Multiplying both sides by 2 and rearranging
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝛿 𝒅𝟐 𝜹 𝟏 𝑑𝛿
2 = 𝑷 2
𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑴 𝒂 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝛿 2 2 𝛿
Integrating wrt 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶ = 𝑃 𝑑𝛿
𝑑𝑡 𝑀 𝛿0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡=0 𝑎
𝑑𝛿 2 𝛿 1/2
Or = 𝑃 𝑑𝛿
𝑑𝑡 𝑀 𝛿0 𝑎
𝑑𝛿
For the system to be transiently stable (i.e. slip speed)=0
𝑑𝑡
2 𝛿 1/2 𝛿
Hence 𝛿
𝑃𝑎 𝑑𝛿 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 𝑑𝛿 =0
𝛿0 𝑎
𝑀 0
 Cont…
𝛿
The term 𝑃 𝑑𝛿
𝛿0 𝑎
represents the net area under
the 𝑃 − 𝛿 curve. And it will be zero for the
system to be transiently stable.
This means that positive accelerating area under
the curve must be equal to negative decelerating
area under the curve.
This is called EQUAL AREA CRITERIA of stability.
 Points to understand
1. Swing equation is a second order differential
equation that governs rotor dynamics under
disturbances.
2. Causes of transient disturbance on system
3. TWO Methods to assess transient stability
4. Simplifying assumptions
5. Condition of equal area criteria of stability
Note: Transient stability study is restricted to one
machine System only.

EIED Ms. Manbir kaur UEE605 Lecture

09-04-2020 10
03(4)
 Learning outcome of Lecture 04
On completion of lecture 04 , we get to know about
• Swing equation of single machine system
• Concept of transient stability
• Methods to assess transient stability of system
• Condition of system transient stability using equal area criteria concept

Things to do: complete this work assigned in previous lecture

Go through inertia constant table 12.1 (Nagrath) or Table 16.1 (stevenson)
Go through node elimination technique sec 12.4 pp. 570-573 or ex 16.3
Solve numerical examples 12.1, 12.2, 12.3,12.4 , 12.5, 12.6 (nagrath)
orc16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5 (stevenson)

TS 12: Solution of Q1, 2,3 on slides no 13,14,15

EIED Ms. Manbir kaur UEE605 Lecture

09-04-2020 11
03(4)
 References
1. I.J. Nagrath & D.P. Kothari, Power System
Engineering, 2nd Ed., TMHE pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, Ch. 12, pp. 584-588
2. J.J. Grainger, & W.D. Stevenson, Power
System Analysis, TMHE Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Ch. 16, pp.720-721.

EIED Ms. Manbir kaur UEE605 Lecture

09-04-2020 12
03(4)
A 6 pole, 50 Hz, 250MVA, synchronous generator is supplying power at 0.8
pf lagging. The moment of inertia of rotor is 45000kg-m2. Find the inertia
constant & pre unit inertia constant

2
0.5𝐽𝜔𝑠𝑚
Inertia constant 𝐻 =
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝜔𝑠𝑚 = 2 × 𝜋 × 𝑛𝑠 and 𝑛𝑠 = 2𝑓/𝑃 =16.67 rps
𝜔𝑠𝑚 =104.667 mech rad./sec
0.5×45000×104.6672
𝐻= =0.9859MJ/MVA
250
𝐻 in per unit:
Assume base as 100
𝐻 = 0.9859 × 250/100=2.465 per unit
In an interconnected system consisting of two turbo generators via a transmission line of
reactance 0.3 per unit. The ratings (per unit values)of two machines are given below:
Generator 1: Inertia constants 4.0MJ/MVA , X1’ = j0.16, E1’ =1.2, Pmech1=1.5
Generator 2: Inertia constants 6.0MJ/MVA , X1’ = j0.20, E1’ =1.1, Pmech1=1.0 , Find the
inertia constant of equivalent machine, the mechanical power input, magnitude of power
angle curve.

• This is set of two non-coherent machines

• Refer slide no 6 of lecture 03 (unit 4) for
equivalent H and equivalent 𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉
𝑯𝟏 𝑯𝟐
𝑯= =2.4 MJ/MVA
𝑯𝟏 +𝑯𝟐
𝑷𝒎𝟏 𝑯𝟐 −𝑷𝒎𝟐 𝑯𝟏
𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = = 0.5 per unit
𝑯 +𝑯 𝟏 𝟐
𝐸1′ 𝐸2′
• Magnitude of power angle curve = 𝑃𝑒 = =
𝑋𝑇𝑅
1.2×1.1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 2.0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
0.16+0.3+0.20
 A 50 Hz , 500km long transmission line with constants as given below ties two large power
areas: R = 0.11 ohm/km, L=1.45mH/km, C= 0.009F/km and G=0. (a) Find the steady state
stability limit if VS= VR=200kV. (b) What will be the steady state stability limit if the
capacitance is neglected? (c) What will be the steady state limit if line resistance is also
neglected? (d) Comment on the results.

𝑅𝑆𝑅 = 0.11 × 500 = 55𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝑋𝑆𝑅 = 𝟐 × 𝝅 × 𝒇 × 𝑳 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎=227.65 ohms
𝑋𝐶 = 1/(𝟐 × 𝝅 × 𝒇 × 𝑪 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎))=707.71 ohms
1
(a) Find transfer impedance 𝑍𝑆𝑅 = 2 × (55 + 𝑗227.65)(−𝑗707.71) +
1 1 1
×(55 + 𝑗227.65)(−𝑗707.71) +(2 × (55 + 𝑗227.65)(2 × 55 + 𝑗227.65 )/
2
(−𝑗707.71)
(T-model of line is assumed taken as star then convert into delta)
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅
Steady stability limit= 𝑃𝑆𝑅 =
𝑍𝑆𝑅
𝑚𝑎𝑥
(b) Steady state stability limit= 𝑃𝑆𝑅
𝑅𝑆𝑅 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑅 𝑋𝑆𝑅 55 × 2002 + 𝑗200 × 200 × 227.65
= 2 2 = =170.79 MVA
𝑅𝑆𝑅 + 𝑋𝑆𝑅 552 + 227.652
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 200×200
(c) Steady stability limit= 𝑃𝑆𝑅 = = =175.71 MVA
𝑋𝑆𝑅 227.65