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 Chapter Name :-

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTR

(TOTAL FIGURE = 28)
 WAVE OPTICS
(TOTAL FIGURE = 23)
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND
(TOTAL FIGURE = 7)

ATOMS
(TOTAL FIGURE = 10)
 NUCLEI
(TOTAL FIGURE = 5)

SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVI

(TOTAL FIGURE = 30)
 Physics Volume-2 Class-12 (103)
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 Physics Volume-2 Class-12 (103)

The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface l
The Cartesian Sign Convention.
Focus of a concave and convex mirror
Geometry of reflection of an incident ray on (a) concave spherical mirro
Ray diagram for image formation by a concave mirror.
Image formation by (a) a concave mirror with object between P and F,
Refraction and reflection of light.
Lateral shift of a ray refracted through a parallel-sided slab.
Apparent depth for (a) normal, and (b) oblique viewing
Advance sunrise and delayed sunset due to atmospheric refraction.
Refraction and internal reflection of rays from a point A in the denser m
Observing total internal reflection in water with a laser beam (refraction
(a) A tree is seen by an observer at its place when the air above the gro
Prisms designed to bend rays by 90° and 180° or to invert image witho
Light undergoes successive total internal reflections as it moves throug
Refraction at a spherical surface separating two media.
a) The position of object, and the image formed by a double convex len
Tracing rays through (a) convex lens (b) concave lens.
Power of a lens.
Image formation by a combination of two thin lenses in contact.
Image formation by a combination of two thin lenses in contact.
Plot of angle of deviation (δ) versus angle of incidence (i) for a triangula
Rainbow: (a) The sun rays incident on a water drop get refracted twice
Sunlight travels through a longer distance in the atmosphere at sunset
A simple microscope; (a) the magnifying lens is located such that the im
Ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
A refracting telescope
Schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain).

A diverging spherical wave emanating from a point source. The wavefr

F1F2 represents the spherical wavefront (with O as centre) at t = 0. The
Huygens geometrical construction for a plane wave propagating to the
A plane wave AB is incident at an angle i on the surface PP′ separating
Refraction of a plane wave incident on a rarer medium for which v2 > v
Reflection of a plane wave AB by the reflecting surface MN. AB and CE
Refraction of a plane wave by (a) a thin prism, (b) a convex lens. (c) Re
(a) Two needles oscillating in phase in water represent two coherent so
(a) Constructive interference at a point Q for which the path difference
Locus of points for which S1P – S2P is equal to zero, ±λ, ± 2λ, ± 3λ.
If two sodium lamps illuminate two pinholes S1 and S2, the intensities w
Young’s arrangement to produce interference pattern.
Computer generated fringe pattern produced by two point source S1 an
Photograph and the graph of the intensity distribution in Young’s double
The geometry of path differences for diffraction by a single slit.
Intensity distribution and photograph of fringes due to diffraction at sing
The actual double-slit interference pattern. The envelope shows the sin
Holding two blades to form a single slit. A bulb filament viewed through
A parallel beam of light is incident on a convex lens. Because of diffrac
Real image formed by the objective lens of the microscope.
(a) The curves represent the displacement of a string at t = 0 and at t =
(a) Passage of light through two polaroids P2 and P1. The transmitted
(a) Polarisation of the blue scattered light from the sky. The incident su

Experimental arrangement for study of photoelectric effect

Variation of Photoelectric current with intensity of light.
Variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different inten
Variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for differe
Variation of stopping potential V0 with frequency ν of incident radiation
(a) The wave packet description of an electron.
Davisson-Germer electron diffraction arrangement.

Geiger-Marsden scattering experiment. The entire apparatus is placed

Schematic arrangement of the Geiger-Marsden experiment.
Experimental data points (shown by dots) on scattering of α-particles b
Trajectory of α-particles in the coulomb field of a target nucleus. The im
Emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen
Balmer series in the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
An accelerated atomic electron must spiral into the nucleus as it loses e
The energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. The electron in a hyd
Line spectra originate in transitions between energy levels.
A standing wave is shown on a circular orbit where four de Broglie wav
The binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number
Potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation.
Exponential decay of a radioactive species. After a lapse of T1/2 , popu
β-decay of 28 60Ni nucleus followed by emission of two γ rays from de
Schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor based on thermal neutron fissio

The energy band positions in a semiconductor at 0 K. The upper band,

Difference between energy bands of (a) metals, (b) insulators and (c) s
Three-dimensional diamond-like crystal structure for Carbon, Silicon or
Schematic two-dimensional representation of Si or Ge structure showin
(a) Schematic model of generation of hole at site 1 and conduction elec
(a) An intrinsic semiconductor at T = 0 K behaves like insulator. (b) At T
(a) Pentavalent donor atom (As, Sb, P, etc.) doped for tetravalent Si or
(a) Trivalent acceptor atom (In, Al, B etc.) doped in tetravalent Si or Ge
Energy bands of (a) n-type semiconductor at T > 0K, (b) p-type semico
p-n junction formation process.
(a) Diode under equilibrium (V = 0), (b) Barrier potential under no bias.
(a) Semiconductor diode, (b) Symbol for p-n junction diode.
(a) p-n junction diode under forward bias, (b) Barrier potential (1) witho
Forward bias minority carrier injection.
a) Diode under reverse bias, (b) Barrier potential under reverse bias.
Experimental circuit arrangement for studying V-I characteristics of a p-
(a) Half-wave rectifier circuit, (b) Input ac voltage and output voltage wa
(a) A Full-wave rectifier circuit; (b) Input wave forms given to the diode
(a) A full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter, (b) Input and output voltage
Zener diode, (a) symbol, (b) I-V characteristics
Zener diode as DC voltage regulator
(a) An illuminated photodiode under reverse bias , (b) I-V characteristic
(a) Typical p-n junction solar cell; (b) Cross-sectional view.
(a) A typical illuminated p-n junction solar cell; (b) I-V characteristics of
(a) Analog signal, (b) Digital signal.
(a) Logic symbol, (b) Truth table of NOT gate.
(a) Logic symbol (b) Truth table of OR gate.
(a) Logic symbol, (b) Truth table of AND gate
(a) Logic symbol, (b) Truth table of NAND gate
(a) Logic symbol, (b) Truth table of NOR gate.
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