Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 265 (2022) 169569

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Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron

Optics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Original research article

Optical modeling for recursional Hasimoto map with normalized

time fractional applications
Talat Körpinar a , Zeliha Körpinar b , Ahmet Sazak a ,∗
a Mus Alparslan University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mathematics Department, Turkey
b Mus Alparslan University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Administration Department, Turkey

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: In this paper, we construct the optical flow equations obtained with the help of a timelike curve
53A04 in De Sitter 2D space 12 and with the aid of the Hasimoto map defined by this curve. First, we
76B47 introduce the Hasimoto map, which we call the 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map, for a timelike curve in 12 .
34A34
Then, with the help of this map and the equation representing the vortex filament motion, we
Keywords: obtain some flow equations with time and arc length parameters. Finally, we compute exact
Spherical frame solutions of time fraction of an obtained optical motion equation, and we present some physical
Hasimoto map
reviews on it.
Optical recursion operator
Fractional solutions

1. Introduction

Fractional differential calculations can be explained in mathematical analysis and applied mathematics as a generalization of a
non-integer order derivative or integral. It has been studied since the 16th century and is a common field of study with significant
contributions to the fields of viscoelasticity, optical density, electromagnetism, electrochemistry, optical motion, etc. One of the first
examples of this is the work of Oliver Heaviside. In this study, Oliver demonstrated the convenience offered by fractional differential
solutions in analyzing electrical lines. Since fractional differentials are generalized differential equations that are not integers ordered
in space–time, they are a powerful mathematical tool in physics for topics such as the motion of matter, its variation over time,
the memory of this change, and the inheritance of matter. As we will relate in our study, it offers important conveniences in the
analysis and observation of optical motion [1–5].
Nonlinear optical systems, which have made significant contributions to the literature with soliton solutions in the fields of
geometric mechanics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics, superconductivity and biophysics, have been a valuable field of study since
the end of the 20th century. Geometric optical phase, Heisenberg ferromagnetic and Schrödinger equations can be given as examples
of these equation systems that allow us to examine the hereditary or spatial changes of a moving substance over time. For example,
the vortex filament equation, which represents the time-dependent motion of a fluid in a vortex tube, has been transformed into
an equation with soliton solutions that can be integrated by associating with the Schrodinger equation by Hasimoto [6–20]. This
equation, which is noted as a Hasimoto map, is calculated under the Serret–Frenet frame in 3-dimensional Euclidean space [12]. In
our study, we obtain new soliton equations with time and arc length parameters, which we hope will contribute to the examination of
optical motion, by obtaining a new equation corresponding to the Hasimoto map for the spherical frame (𝐷𝑒-frame) in 2 dimensional
De Sitter 12 space.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: a.sazak@alparslan.edu.tr (A. Sazak).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169569
Received 24 May 2022; Accepted 24 June 2022
Available online 30 June 2022
0030-4026/© 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 265 (2022) 169569

In the first part of our study, we have given the necessary formulas of the 12 space and the 𝐷𝑒-frame that we are working with,
which will provide us with basic information. In the next section, we introduce the 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map, which is a new equation
corresponding to the Hasimoto map for the d-frame in 12 space. Later, with the help of this introduced equation, we obtain new
soliton equation that will contribute to the study of optical motion. In the last section, we compute exact solutions for time-fractional
equation of this equation, which we call 𝑣𝑓 12 , and present its physical applications in a visual and explanatory way.

2. De-Sitter space

In this section, we recall the formulas that will provide us with basic information for a timelike curve under the 𝐷𝑒-frame in
De-Sitter 2D-space 12 .
Let 𝜰 = 𝜰 (𝜈) be a timelike curve in space 12 . For 𝜰 , 𝐷𝑒-frame formulas are written as

⎡ ∇𝜈 𝜰 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤⎡ 𝜰 ⎤
⎢ ∇ 𝐓 ⎥=⎢ 1 0 𝜔 ⎥⎢ 𝐓 ⎥.
⎢ 𝜈 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∇𝜈 𝐃 ⎦ ⎣ 0 𝜔 0 ⎦⎣ 𝐃 ⎦
Here, 𝜔 = det(𝜰 , 𝐓, ∇𝜈 𝐓) is function which represent curvature of timelike curve 𝜰 . The Lorentzian vector products and Lorentzian
inner products of spherical vector fields among themselves are given in [18]

𝐓 = 𝜰 × 𝐃, 𝐃 = 𝜰 × 𝐓, 𝜰 = 𝐓 × 𝐃,

and

(𝜰 ⋅ 𝜰 )𝐿 = 𝟏, (𝐓 ⋅ 𝐓)𝐿 = −𝟏, (𝐃 ⋅ 𝐃)𝐿 = 𝟏.

Let the curve 𝜰 (𝜈, 𝑡) be the curve describing the time-dependent motion of a matter in 12 . Here, 𝜈 is arc length parameter, and
𝑡 is time parameter. The time-dependent derivative for timelike curve 𝜰 is written as
𝜕𝜰
∇𝑡 𝜰 = = 𝑥1 𝐓 + 𝑥2 𝐃.
𝜕𝑡
Here 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 represent respectively tangent and normal velocities. Hence, the motion equations of 𝐷𝑒-frame are computed as [19]

∇𝑡 𝜰 = 𝑥1 𝐓 + 𝑥2 𝐃,
𝜕𝑥2
∇𝑡 𝐓 = 𝑥1 𝜰 + (𝑥1 𝜔 + )𝐃,
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥2
∇𝑡 𝐃 = −𝑥2 𝜰 + (𝑥1 𝜔 + )𝐓.
𝜕𝑣
3. The 𝑫𝒆-Hasimoto map

The Hasimoto map provides an important contribution to physical applications in terms of soliton solutions of optical flow
movements by establishing the relationship between vortex filament equation and Schrodinger equation, which is an important
equation in the study of fluid motions [11–14,19]. For this reason, different soliton equations to be obtained by using Hasimoto
map in different space–times are valuable in terms of bringing geometric explanations to the subject.
In this title, we introduce a new expression of the Hasimoto map for timelike curve 𝜰 under 𝐷𝑒-frame in 12 . We say this
expression the 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map and denote it with 𝐇𝐷𝑒 (𝜰 ) = 𝜙𝐷𝑒 . Then, we obtain some equations from which we can then give
meaningful physical interpretations with the aid of 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map.
We can give the equation

∇𝜈 𝐀 = −𝜙𝐷𝑒 𝐓,

where 𝐀 = (𝐃 + 𝑖𝜰 )𝜑 is an arbitrary vector field, and 𝜑 is a constant [12]. The arc length-dependent derivative of 𝐀 is computed as

∇𝜈 𝐀 = (∇𝜈 𝐃 + 𝑖∇𝜈 𝜰 )𝜑 = −(𝜔 + 𝑖)𝜑𝐓.

Hence, the 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map is written as

𝐇𝐷𝑒 (𝜰 ) = 𝜙𝐷𝑒 = −(𝜔 + 𝑖)𝜑.

Let real functions 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and arbitrarily vector field 𝐗 = 𝑥𝐓 + 𝑦𝐃 + 𝑧𝜰 be given. Normalization operator of vector field 𝐗 is
expressed as

 𝐗 = −(∫𝛶 (𝑦 + 𝑧𝜔))𝐓 + 𝑦𝐃 + 𝑧𝜰 ,

where 𝜕𝑥∕𝜕𝑣 = −𝜔𝑦 − 𝑧. With the aid of this operator, recursion operators 𝐗 and 2 𝐗 are expressed in
( )
𝐗 = −𝐍 𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐗 ,

and
( )
2 𝐗 = −𝐍 𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐗 .

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 265 (2022) 169569

Hence, the differential of 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map and the equivalent of its are given as
⟨ ⟩
𝑑𝐇𝐷𝑒 (𝐗) = − 𝐃 + 𝑖𝜰 , 2 𝐗 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑐𝜙𝐷𝑒 ,

and
( )
𝑑𝐇𝐷𝑒 (𝐗) ≡ (𝐗) mod 𝑖𝜙𝐷𝑒 .

Here (𝐗) =< 𝐃 + 𝑖𝜰 , −2 𝐗 > 𝜑 [14].

Assuming that a timelike curve represents the motion of the fluid moving in a vortex-shaped tube in the space we are working
with, we will encounter a new vortex filament equation. We call this equation the 𝐷𝑒 −  equation. Now, with the help of the
equations and reminders given above, we get some soliton equations using this 𝐷𝑒 −  equation. This new equation under the
𝐷𝑒-frame in 12 is computed as
𝜕𝜰
= ∇𝑡 𝜰 = ∇𝜈 𝜰 × ∇2𝜈 𝜰 = 𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐓 = −𝐃 + 𝜔𝜰 .
𝜕𝑡
In this case, for represent of the vortex filament movement, we can choose the flow equation as

𝐗 = 𝜔𝜰 − 𝑫.

Let us obtain the recursion operator of 𝐗. To do this, we compute

𝜕𝜔
𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐗 = − 𝐃.
𝜕𝑣
With aid of the normalization operator, we get
1 𝜕𝜔
𝐗 = − 𝜔2 𝐓 + 𝐃.
2 𝜕𝑣
Let us obtain the recursion operator of 𝐗. Similarly, we compute
𝜕2 𝜔 1 3 1
𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐗 = ( − 𝜔 )𝜰 + 𝜔2 𝐃.
𝜕𝑣2 2 2
Hence, the recursion operator 2 𝐗 is obtained as
𝜕𝜔 𝜔2 𝜕 2 𝜔 𝜔3
2 𝐗 = 𝐓− 𝐃−( − )𝜰 .
𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣2 2
Finally, we get
𝜔2 𝜕 2 𝜔 𝜔3
(𝐗) = [ + 𝐢( − )]𝜑.
2 𝜕𝑣2 2
Also, the differential of 𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map is got as
𝜕 𝜕𝜔
𝑑𝐇𝐷𝑒 (𝐗) = (−(𝜔 + 𝑖)𝜑) = − 𝜑.
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Therefore, using the equivalence 𝑑𝐇𝐷𝑒 (𝐗) ≡ (𝐗), we get equations
𝜕𝜔 𝜔2
=− ,
𝜕𝑡 2
and
𝜕2 𝜔 𝜔3
= .
𝜕𝑣 2 2
With the aid of these equations, we obtain the equation
𝜕𝜔 1 𝜕2 𝜔
=− .
𝜕𝑡 𝜔 𝜕𝑣2
We call this equation as the 𝑣𝑓 12 equation for short because it is obtained with the help of the equation representing the vortex
filament motion for a timelike curve in 2D De Sitter space.

4. Physical applications

In this section, we analyze time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation by aid of conformed fractional derivative to obtain optical solitons by
a type of extended direct algebraic method [20–22].
The form of the time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation

𝜕𝜇𝛼 −2 𝜕 2𝛼 𝜇
𝛼
= , (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜇 𝜕𝑣2𝛼
𝜕𝜇 𝛼 𝜕 2𝛼 𝜇
where 𝜇 = 𝜇(𝑣, 𝑡), the fractional derivative 𝜕𝑡𝛼
, 𝜕𝑣2𝛼
are of conformable-type.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 265 (2022) 169569

The conformed fractional derivative for order 𝜃 ∈ (0, 1) is defined as [21]

𝜃 𝑓 (𝑡 + 𝜀𝑡1−𝜃 ) − 𝑓 (𝑡)
𝑡𝐷 𝑓 (𝑡) = lim , 𝑓 ∶ (0, ∞) → R. (2)
𝜀→0 𝜀
The features of this fractional derivative is given in [20,21]

𝑎) 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 𝑡𝛼 = 𝛼𝑡𝛼−𝜃 , ∀𝜃 ∈ R,

𝑏) 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 (𝑓 𝑔) = 𝑓 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 𝑔 + 𝑔 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 𝑓 ,

𝑐) 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 (𝑓 𝑜𝑔) = 𝑡1−𝜃 𝑔 ′ (𝑡)𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑡)),

𝑓 𝑔 𝐷𝜃 𝑓 − 𝑓 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 𝑔
𝑑) 𝑡 𝐷𝜃 ( ) = 𝑡 .
𝑔 𝑔2

4.1. Solutions of time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation by conformed derivative

In this title, we get exact solutions of time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation with the aid of EDAM.
Let the moving wave transform be expressed by

𝜇(𝑣, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝜉), (3)

𝑡𝜃
𝜉 = 𝑣−𝜆
𝜃
Putting (3) into (1), we get

2𝑢′′ (𝜉) − 𝜆𝑢′ (𝜉)𝑢(𝜉) = 0. (4)

Then, we obtain 𝑁 = 1; Hence, the solution turns into form

𝑢(𝜉) = 𝑓0 + 𝑓1 𝐾(𝜉), (5)

where 𝑓0 , 𝑓1 are constants, and second ordinary differential equation satisfies 𝐾(𝜉),

𝐾 ′ (𝜉) = ln(𝐴)(𝛼 𝐾 2 (𝜉) + 𝛽 𝐾(𝜉) + 𝛾), 𝐴 ≠ 0, 1, (6)

where 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are arbitrary constants.

Substituting (5) and (6) into (4), collecting the coefficients of 𝐾(𝜉), and solving the resulting system, some solution groups are
found below:
2𝛽 ln(𝐴)
𝑓0 = ,
𝜆
4𝛼 ln(𝐴)
𝑓1 = .
𝜆
The solutions for the Eq. (1) are found as
(𝟏) When 𝛽 2 − 4𝛾𝛼 < 0 and 𝛼 ≠ 0, then the solution is given by
√ √
2𝛽 ln(𝐴) 4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 4𝛾𝛼) −(𝛽 2 − 4𝛾𝛼) 𝑡𝜃
𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + (− + tan𝐴 ( (𝑣 − 𝜆 ))),
𝜆 𝜆 2𝛼 2𝛼 2 𝜃
(𝟐) When 𝛽 2 − 4𝛾𝛼 > 0 and 𝑓 ≠ 0, then the solution is given by
√ √
2𝛽 ln(𝐴) 4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝛽 𝛽 2 − 4𝛾𝛼 𝛽 2 − 4𝛾𝛼 𝑡𝜃
𝜇2 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + (− − coth𝐴 ( (𝑣 − 𝜆 ))),
𝜆 𝜆 2𝛼 2𝛼 2 𝜃
(𝟑) When 𝛾𝛼 > 0 and 𝛽 = 0, then the solution is given as
√
4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝛾 √ 𝑡𝜃
𝜇3 (𝑣, 𝑡) = tan𝐴 ( 𝛾𝛼(𝑣 − 𝜆 )),
𝜆 𝛼 𝜃
(𝟒) When 𝛾𝛼 < 0 and 𝛽 = 0, then the solution is given as
√
4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝛾 √ 𝑡𝜃
𝜇4 (𝑣, 𝑡) = (− − tanh𝐴 ( −𝛾𝛼(𝑣 − 𝜆 ))),
𝜆 𝛼 𝜃
(𝟓) When 𝛾 = 𝛼 and 𝛽 = 0, then the solution is given as
4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝑡𝜃
𝜇5 (𝑣, 𝑡) = tan𝐴 (𝛾(𝑣 − 𝜆 )),
𝜆 𝜃
(𝟔) When 𝛾 = −𝛼 and 𝛽 = 0, then the solution is given as
4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝑡𝜃
𝜇6 (𝑣, 𝑡) = (− tan𝐴 (𝛾(𝑣 − 𝜆 ))),
𝜆 𝜃

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 265 (2022) 169569

(𝟕) When 𝛽 2 = 4𝛾𝛼, then the rational solution is given as

𝜃
2𝛽 ln(𝐴) 4𝛼 ln(𝐴) 𝛽(𝑣 − 𝜆 𝑡𝜃 ) ln(𝐴) + 2
𝜇7 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + (−2𝛾 𝜃
).
𝜆 𝜆 𝛽 2 (𝑣 − 𝜆 𝑡 ) ln(𝐴)𝜃

Remark. The hyperbolic functions and generalized triangular are defined as [23]
𝑎𝐴𝑖𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝑖𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉
sin𝐴 (𝜉) = , cos𝐴 (𝜉) = ,
2𝑖 2
𝑎𝐴𝑖𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝑖𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉
tan𝐴 (𝜉) = −𝑖 𝑖𝜉 , cot 𝐴 (𝜉) = 𝑖 𝑖𝜉 ,
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉 𝑎𝐴 − 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉
2 2𝑖
sec𝐴 (𝜉) = , csc𝐴 (𝜉) =
𝑎𝐴𝑖𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝑖𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝑖𝜉
𝑎𝐴𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝜉
sinh𝐴 (𝜉) = , cosh𝐴 (𝜉) = ,
2 2
𝑎𝐴𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝜉
tanh𝐴 (𝜉) = , coth𝐴 (𝜉) = ,
𝑎𝐴𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝜉
2 2
sec ℎ𝐴 (𝜉) = , csc ℎ𝐴 (𝜉) = ,
𝑎𝐴𝜉 + 𝑏𝐴−𝜉 𝑎𝐴𝜉 − 𝑏𝐴−𝜉
where 𝜉 is independent, 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0 are arbitrary constant deformation parameters.

4.2. 3D and 2D graphic representations

The 3D and 2D graphics for the fractional solutions we obtained above are shown in the figures below with the help of Matlab
(see Figs. 1–4).

Fig. 1. Surface graphics of analytical solutions of time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation obtained with EDAM. (a) ||𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛾 = 1, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 =
2, 𝜃 = 0.6), (b) ||𝜇2 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 3, 𝛾 = 1, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.6).

Fig. 2. Surface graphics of the analytical solutions for time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation obtained with EDAM. (a) ||𝜇3 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛾 = 1, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 =
1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.6), (b) ||𝜇5 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| (𝛼 = −2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛾 = 1, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.6).

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 265 (2022) 169569

Fig. 3. Surface graphics of the analytical solutions for time-fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation obtained with EDAM. (a) ||𝜇6 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| (𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = −1, 𝛾 = 0, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 =
1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.6), (b) ||𝜇7 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 2, 𝛾 = 4, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.6).

Fig. 4. The 2D graphic of ||𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑡)|| analytical solution of time fractional 𝑣𝑓 12 equation with distinct 𝜃 and 𝑡. (𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛾 = 1, 𝜆 = 1.2, 𝐴 = 2.7, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑣 = 0.4).

5. Conclusion

The most common example of the contribution of integrable equation systems to the subject of optical motion has been nonlinear
optics systems and, in particular, the Schrodinger equation. Establishing the relationship between this equation and the vortex
filament equation by means of Hasimoto map has been very important in terms of finding soliton solutions. In addition, fractional
differential equation systems, which have a great place in the more detailed analysis of the motion of matter in space–time, will also
add depth to the subject. Based on these considerations, we investigated the role of a timelike curve in describing optical motion
in 2D De-Sitter space.
In this study, we first defined a new Hasimoto map (𝐷𝑒-Hasimoto map) in the space we studied. We also obtained the space–time
equation (𝐷𝑒 −  ) of a timelike curve representing a flow motion inside a vortex-shaped tube. We got a soliton equation with the
help of d-Hasimoto map, 𝐷𝑒 −  equation and some known operators. We obtained exact solutions of time-fraction equation of
this equation with the help of fractional differential equations, which will allow us to describe the optical motion in more detail.
Finally, we have given 2D and 3D graphics to assist the physical analysis of the results we have obtained.
To summarize, we obtained the space–time solutions of the equations of motion, which we obtained with the help of Hasimoto
map in the space we studied, with the help of fractional differential equation systems. As a result, we saw the impact of these

6
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 265 (2022) 169569

solutions in the detailed analysis of optical motion. In this sense, we think that this study will make an important contribution to
optical modeling studies. In our next research, we aim to give geometric expressions to the subject of time-dependent changes of
matter with the help of different integrable systems.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

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