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Reynolds Equationsolutionusing FEMin MATLAB
Reynolds Equationsolutionusing FEMin MATLAB
Reynolds Equationsolutionusing FEMin MATLAB
Gantasala Sudhakar
ME13D014
16 April, 2013
Problem Statement:
To solve Reynolds equation using FEM for the fluid film pressure in journal bearings with the given
boundary conditions of zero pressure along the bearing ends and slope of the pressure is zero at bearing
mid-plane.
Theory:
A vector statement of the Reynolds equation for the fluid element is given by (Childs [1])
h3 ∂h
∇ . ∇p = ∇ . ρhU + ρ (1)
12 µ ∂t
Variational principle as derived by Reddi [2] follows. The aim is to determine the function p(x, z) which
minimizes the functional and is specified on the Sp portion of the boundary of the fluid surface A.
ρh 3 ∂h
J = ∫ ∇p − ρhU . ∇p + pρ dA + ∫ (q . n ) p ds (2)
A
24 µ ∂t Sq
Fluid domain is dicretized using triangular elements and pressure is expressed in terms of shape
functions as
3
p ( x, z ) = ∑ pi Li ( x, z ) (3)
i =1
where pi=p(xi, zi), and the linear interpolation functions are defined by
Li ( x, z ) = (ai + bi x + ci z ) / 2 A, i = 1, 2, 3,
a1 = x2 z3 − x3 z 2 , b1 = z2 − z3 , c1 = x3 − x2 ,
a2 = x3 z1 − x1 z3 , b2 = z3 − z1 , c2 = x1 − x3 ,
a3 = x1 z 2 − x2 z1 , b3 = z1 − z2 , c3 = x2 − x1 ,
1 x1 z1
2 A = 1 x2 z2
1 x3 z3
yields
1 T
∆J = − ( p ) [Kp ]( p ) − ( p )T (Q − qn ), (5)
2
where
(Q ) = [KUx](Ux ) + [KUz ](Uz ) + [KH& ](H& ) (6)
and
ρh3 ∂Li ∂L j ∂Li ∂L j
Kpij = − ∫ + dA,
A 12 µ ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂z
∂L
KUxij = ∫ ρh i L j dA,
A ∂x
∂L
KUzij = ∫ ρh i L j dA, (7 )
A ∂z
KH& ij = ∫ ρ Li L j dA,
A
qni = ∫ ρh (q x nx + q z nz ) Li dS .
Sq
Minimizing the function defined by Eq. (5) with respect to the pressures at the nodes of the element;
i.e., ∂ ∆J / ∂pi = 0 yields the nodal flow equation
(qn ) = [Kp ] ( p ) + [KUx] (Ux ) + [KUz ] (Uz ) + [KH& ] (H& ) (8)
where=
ρ 3 3
3
Kpij = − ∑ H k
480 µ A k =1
2
∑ H + ∏ H (b b
k k i j + ci c j ) ,
k =1 i =1
ρ ρ
KUxij = f j bi , KUzij = f j ci ,
24 24
(9 )
ρA
KH& ij = − (1 + δ ij ) ,
12
3
f j = ∑ H k (1 + δ kj ) .
k =1
Referencess:
[1]. Dara Childs, “Turbomachinery Rotordynamics: Phenomena, Modeling, & Analysis”, John Wiley &
Sons, 1993, 205-214.
[2]. Reddi, M., “Finite-element solution of the Incompressible Lubrication Problem”, Journal of
Lubrication Technology, 1969, July, 524-533.
[3]. Petri Hannukainen, “Non-linear journal bearing model for analysis of superharmonic vibrations of
rotor systems”, Thesis, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, 2008.
Z=0
Z=L
X X=0 X=R*2π
(b) Journal Bearing
(a) Unwrapped geometry
Validation:
For L/D ratios of less than 0.25, closed form expressions for pressure are available with an assumption of
variation of pressure along the circumferential direction is very less compared to that along the bearing
length. Hence pressure term corresponding to circumferential direction, i.e., x direction pressure
variation in the Eq. (1) is neglected. Thus the Reynolds equation consists of only one independent
variable i.e., z and easily integrated to get the pressure. Applying boundary conditions as shown in Fig.
(b), we will get the pressure along the bearing and it is integrated over the bearing area to get the forces
in x and y directions. The expression for pressure after applying boundary conditions is given by [3]
3µ 1 ∂(U 0 h ) ∂h L2
p( z, θ ) =
3
+ 2 − z 2 . (10)
h R0 ∂θ ∂t 4
Program Input:
Speed of the journal in rpm, rpm=[20000]
Journal vibration displacements (m) and velocities (m/s) in X & Y directions:
x0=1e-5; y0=1e-5; A0=1e-3; B0=1e-2;
Bearing clearance (m), diameter (m), radius(m), length(m), density (kg/m^3), viscosity (Pa-s)
cr=50.8e-6; D=.0508; R=D/2; L=.0127; rho=850; nu=6.8948e-3;
Output:
For the above input values
Resultant force acting on the journal in X direction using FEM is, Fx = -87.4 N
Resultant force acting on the journal in Y direction using FEM is, Fy = -17.9 N
Resultant force acting on the journal in X direction using Short bearing approximation is, fx = -91.5 N
Resultant force acting on the journal in Y direction using Short bearing approximation is, fy = -19.5 N
Comment: There will be a difference in magnitudes of the forces from the above two methods and it
increases with increase in bearing eccentricity values because in the short bearing approximation we
neglect the pressure variation along the circumferential direction whereas in the FEM we include that.
For different eccentricity ratios (non dimensional numbers) i.e., ratio of eccentricity to the clearance,
forces from the Short bearing approximation and FEM are compared in the below table. (Here vibration
velocities in X and Y directions are considered as zero for the convenience)
To check convergence of FEM and short bearing approximation, mesh size is varied and the forces are
compared from both the cases in the below table. Journal bearing vibration displacements, velocities
and speed of the journal are same as given in the input section.
for i=1:Nx+1
for j=1:Ny+1
pr_num(j,i)=(i-1)*(Ny+1)+j; // Node numbers of the geometry stored in a matrix form
end
end
stacksize('max')
gstacksize('max')
// Initialization
KP=zeros(N_DOF,N_DOF); KUx=zeros(N_DOF,N_DOF); KH_Dot=zeros(N_DOF,N_DOF);
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Plotting Mesh geometry///////////////////////////////////////////
figure;
for ii=1:Nx // Loop for elements along the bearing circumference (i.e., X direction)
for jj=1:Ny // Loop for element along the bearing length (i.e., Y direction)
if ii~=Nx
i=(ii-1)*(Ny+1)+jj; // Node numbering in the order i,j,k,m in anti-cloclwise direction of
rectangular element
j=(ii-1)*(Ny+1)+jj+1;
k=ii*(Ny+1)+jj+1;
m=ii*(Ny+1)+jj;
end
if ii==Nx // Takes care of angle =0 and angle=2*%pi cyclic boundaries
i=(ii-1)*(Ny+1)+jj;
j=(ii-1)*(Ny+1)+jj+1;
k=jj+1;
m=jj;
end
kp1ii=-xx1*(Bi*Bi+Ci*Ci); kp1ik=-xx1*(Bi*Bk+Ci*Ck);
kp1im=-xx1*(Bi*Bm+Ci*Cm); kp1ki=-xx1*(Bk*Bi+Ck*Ci);
kp1kk=-xx1*(Bk*Bk+Ck*Ck); kp1km=-xx1*(Bk*Bm+Ck*Cm);
kp1mi=-xx1*(Bm*Bi+Cm*Ci); kp1mk=-xx1*(Bm*Bk+Cm*Ck);
kp1mm=-xx1*(Bm*Bm+Cm*Cm);
end
end
KP1=KP;
KP1(brg_end_nodes,brg_end_nodes)=KP1(brg_end_nodes,brg_end_nodes)+eye(Nx,Nx)*K_hig
hval;
KUx1=KUx;
KH_Dot1=KH_Dot;
for kk=1:Ny+1
Ux(kk:Ny+1:(Ny+1)*Nx,1)=(omega*R-A0.*(sin(ang_new)')+B0.*(cos(ang_new)'))/2;
H_Dot(kk:Ny+1:(Ny+1)*Nx,1)=-A0.*(cos(ang_new)')-B0.*(sin(ang_new)');
end
Pressure=KP1\(KUx1*Ux+KH_Dot1*H_Dot);
P=zeros(Ny+1,Nx+1);
for ii=1:Nx
P(1:Ny+1,ii)=Pressure((ii-1)*(Ny+1)+1:ii*(Ny+1));
end
P(1:Ny+1,Nx+1)=P(1:Ny+1,1);
figure;
surf(P)
for i=1:Ny+1
for j=1:Nx+1
if P(i,j)<0
P(i,j)=0; // Equating cavitation region to zero pressure
end
end
end
ang=(0:2*%pi/Nx:2*%pi);
for ii=1:Ny+1
px(ii,1)=inttrap(R*ang,P(ii,:).*cos(ang));
// Pressure integration along circumference to get force using Trapezoidal rule
py(ii,1)=inttrap(R*ang,P(ii,:).*sin(ang));
end
ll=l;
ll=ll';
Fx=inttrap(ll,px)*2; // Pressure integration along length to get force using Trapezoidal rule
Fy=inttrap(ll,py)*2;
////Fx, Fy --> Bearing forces in X and Y directions
h=cr+x0.*cos(ang)+y0.*sin(ang);
P1=zeros(Nx+1,Nz+1);
P_uncav=zeros(Nx+1,Nz+1);
for i=1:Nx+1
for j=1:Nz+1
pij=3*nu/h(i)^3*( (x0*omega-2*B0)*sin(ang(i))-(y0*omega+2*A0)*cos(ang(i)) )*((L^2/4)-
z(j)^2);
P1(i,j)=P1(i,j)+pij;
if P1(i,j)<0
P1(i,j)=0; // Equating cavitation region to zero pressure
end
P_uncav(i,j)=P_uncav(i,j)+pij;
end
end
P1=P1'; P_uncav=P_uncav';
figure;
surf(P1)
figure;
surf(P_uncav)
for ii=1:Nz+1
ppx1(ii,1)=inttrap(R*ang,P1(ii,:).*cos(ang));
ppy1(ii,1)=inttrap(R*ang,P1(ii,:).*sin(ang));
end
ll1=z';
Fx1=inttrap(ll1,ppx1);
Fy1=inttrap(ll1,ppy1);
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////