Switchgears 20120724

Training Course
PARTIAL DISCHARGE DIAGNOSIS FOR MV CABLES

AND SWITCHGEARS
MV Cables and Switchgears
PD DETECTION AS AN EFFECTIVE
DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
May prevent dielectric failures
PD detection (PD involved in 85% of MV systems fault)
Are all the defects in MV assets

equally harmful?
NO! NO
PD IDENTIFICATION
Different PD activities lead to Important to avoid
different degradation rates maintenance when not needed
within the insulation system
TECHIMP TRAINING
TYPE OF DEGRADATION
LOCATION EFFECTS
DISCHARGE RATE
Free air volume due to Ozone attacks

Corona PD metallic protrusions polymeric insulation LOW
Surface PD Cable terminations Tracking MEDIUM
Fast material
Internal PD Within insulation material
degradation HIGH
TECHIMP TRAINING
PD sources identification is fundamental to get accurate

diagnosis of a system reducing maintenance costs.
PD activities detection PARTIAL diagnosis

PD activities detection and
identification COMPLETE diagnosis
Corona PD Surface PD Internal PD
TECHIMP TRAINING
REDUCING MAINTENANCE COSTS

Shutdown of the system is expensive in terms of
TIME COST
It is important to conceive a
MANTEINANCE PRIORITY LIST
Depending on the harmfulness of the phenomenon a

TRAFFIC LIGHT INDICATOR is given
TECHIMP TRAINING
MANTEINANCE PRIORITY LIST
Corona PD:
No actions
• Low amplitude
AVOIDABLE MANTEINANCE
• High amplitude
Visual inspection
Surface PD:
Further measurements
• Low amplitude
Amplitude trend analysis
• High amplitude
DEFERRABLE MANTEINANCE
Internal PD: Offline measurement

• Low amplitude Localization
• High amplitude MANTEINANCE
TECHIMP TRAINING
THRESHOLD VALUES FOR TRAFFIC LIGHT
Table used to provide diagnosis on PD activities detected using HFCT.
These values (in mV) were conceived as a result of experience and are
supposed to be referred to a PD activity detected in close vicinity of the
PD source, detected using a 50MHz UWB detector.
50
INTERNAL
10 50
SURFACE
1000
CORONA
Not always a PD is measured in close vicinity of the PD source, so

a correction is needed
TECHIMP TRAINING
AVOID FALSE ALARMS
Diagnostic based only on amplitude peak detection without PD
source identification, can cause
PREMATURE MAINTENANCE / SHUTDOWN.
E.g. Corona PD of PEAK DETECTOR

high amplitude
High amplitude SHUTDOWN
TECHIMP SYSTEM (identification)
Corona PD of high AVOIDABLE

amplitude MANTEINANCE
Save MONEY and TIME
TECHIMP TRAINING
TechImp
PD DETECTING SENSORS
TECHIMP TRAINING
PD PROPAGATION
PD EVENT Condution
Irradiation
Acustic Emission
ACUSTIC SENSORS
Bus-bar
ANTENNA
SENSORS Switchgears
Crosstalk in
other phases
HFCT M MV Motors
HFCT or FMC
MV Cable Power
transformers
TECHIMP TRAINING
PD DETECTING SENSORS 1
HFCT – High Frequency Current Transformer
‫ ם‬Bandwidth: 0.1 – 50 MHz

‫ ם‬Coupling: inductive
‫ ם‬Positioning: around cable ground
connection or around the cable
‫ ם‬Applicability on MV switchgear: it can
detect internal discharges within cable
insulation and surface or corona
discharges within the switchgear.
TECHIMP TRAINING
FMC – Flexible Magnetic Coupler
‫ ם‬Bandwidth: 1 – 50 MHz
‫ ם‬Coupling: inductive
‫ ם‬Positioning: around MV or HV cables
‫ ם‬Applicability on MV switchgear: it can
be placed around power cables when
HFCT can not be applied. It can detect
corona and surface discharges inside
the switchgears and internal
discharges in the cable.
TECHIMP TRAINING
TEM ANTENNA
‫ ם‬Coupling: EM
‫ ם‬Positioning: close to the cable entrance
in the switchgear
‫ ם‬Applicability on MV switchgear: can
detect corona and surface discharges
within the switchgears.
‫ ם‬Accessories: Frequency shifter (Gain
+20dB, First order filter HP 100MHz)
TECHIMP TRAINING
TEV JUMPER

‫ ם‬Coupling: electric
‫ ם‬Positioning: across the openings of the
cabinet.
inside the switchgears.
‫ ם‬Accessories: Optional Frequency
shifter (Gain +20dB, First order filter
HP 100MHz)
TECHIMP TRAINING
ACOUSTIC SENSOR
‫ ם‬Bandwidth: 40 kHz
‫ ם‬Coupling: EM
‫ ם‬Positioning: on the switchgear metal
panel.
inside the switchgears.
‫ ם‬Accessories: Amplifier
TECHIMP TRAINING
CONSIDERATION ON PD DETECTING SENSORS
HFCT and FMC

‫ם‬ All signals coming from PD sources located inside the cabinets can be
successfully recorded. Also PD from the MV cable or the device supplied by
the cable can be detected;
‫ם‬ Optimum sensitivity can be achieved, placing permanently the HFCT
sensor around the ground connection of the cable, inside the switchgear;
‫ם‬ PD signals from one switchgear can be detected propagating in many
switchgear by means of bus-bar connections.
TEM and TEV JUMPER

‫ם‬ Can detect only phenomena coming from inside the cabinets with a good
SNR (Signal Noise Ratio).
TECHIMP TRAINING
TechImp
DATA ANALYSIS AND
LOCALIZATION
TECHIMP TRAINING
DIFFERENT KIND OF DISCHARGES
Switchgear MV
MV cable
transformer
Defect inside the switchgear Defect outside the switchgear
Low attenuation along the cable High attenuation along the cable
Detected with an high frequency Detected with a low frequency

content content
Irradiation inside cabinet NO Irradiation inside cabinet
HFCT, FMC, Antenna and Acoustic Only HFCT and FMC can detect this
sensors can detect this kind of kind of pulses
pulses
TECHIMP TRAINING
DETECTION – SEPARATION – IDENTIFICATION

THROUGH ULTRA WIDE BAND SENSORS
Ultra Wide Band sensors can detect PD signals coming from defects
both internal and external the Switchgear system
Basing on Equivalent Frequency it is possible to discriminate

internal and external defects
‫ם‬ Acquisition of PD pulses in all the panels using UWB SENSORS
‫ם‬ Rejection of disturbances and noise
‫ם‬ Separation of different PD activities
‫ם‬ Identification of PD sources (internal/external)
TECHIMP TRAINING
DETECTION – SEPARATION – IDENTIFICATION

THROUGH ULTRA WIDE BAND SENSORS
Complete Pattern Time-Frequency Map
Acquisition
Separation
Identification
Black class Red Class

Background Noise Internal PD
TECHIMP TRAINING
LOCALIZATION OF PD COMING FROM OUTSIDE
THE SWITCHGEAR
If a defect is found outside the MV Switchgear, a localization is needed
to know if the PD is coming from inside the cable or inside the device
supplied by the cable
Offline or online
measurement using
identification Tools based on
TDR (Time Domain
Reflectometry)
LOCALIZATION
TECHIMP TRAINING
SYSTEMS OF SWITCHGEARS
Large number of Switchgear interconnected
PD pulse generated inside one switchgear can propagate in the

contiguous cabinets
Surface PD
PD Amplitude/Frequency attenuation along the line-up can be

Surface
evaluated to localize the PDdefect
25
PD Amplitude [mV]
20
PD Frequency [MHz]
15
PD Amplitude [mV]
PD Frequency [MHz]
10
8 9 11 12 13 0
net 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13
Cabinet
TECHIMP TRAINING
LOCALIZATION INDEX
Localization Index 0.020
LI  q  F
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
 -0.005 L
s t 2 dt
Amplitude Frequency
 t 0  t~ 
CORONA PD -0.010
1.2  
-0.015
0

-0.020
1 0.0 100.0n 300.0n 500.0n 700.0n 900.0n 1.0u
L

0.8
 Index
T  t  t  2~
s
Equivalent frequency
0 t 2
isdt

0.6 Localization
 0 obtained:

0.4


0.2
f S  f  df
2 ~
2
0
 F 
4T0
3T0
1S0
12L5
10L5
8L5
6L5
4L5
2L5
1L5
3L5
5L5
2HO
1W0
 0
Localization index
TECHIMP TRAINING
TechImp
AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
COEFFICIENT “K1”
TECHIMP TRAINING
NECESSITY OF A CORRECTION
PD amplitude is defined at PD source
In MV systems PD source can be even

hundred of meters far from the
coupler
High frequency attenuation in cables

and wires
To use the diagnosis
lights PD amplitude
PD detected at the measurement point
must be corrected
with lower amplitude and frequency
STRONG UNDERSTIMATION
TECHIMP TRAINING
BEHAVIOR OF THE PD PULSE
300m
PD at origin PD at measuring point

High frequency content Low frequency content
100mV 20mV
WRONG
COEFFICIENT K1: Coefficient that must be multiplied to the detected

PD amplitude to estimate the PD amplitude at the PD source
TECHIMP TRAINING
K1 COEFFICIENT
Two important aspects must be considered:
‫ ם‬MV Cable-Wire attenuation is

supposed to be linear with frequency
‫ ם‬This coefficient depends on the
insulation materials (PILC, EPR,
XLPE) and ground layers of the MV
cable
PD acquired with very LOW frequency content
Source located very FAR from measurement point
High value of K1 = STRONG CORRECTION

TECHIMP TRAINING
Apparatus: Switchgear
Voltage level: 33 kV
Location: Far East
PD detection in switchgear using conventional

Case #1 detectors provides simply an information
PD investigation in about PD levels (in mV or dB).
However, to carry out effective condition
medium voltage based maintenance the nature of the source
should be evaluated.
(MV) switchgear This working case shows that, using TechImp
technology, PD source identification and
location in switchgears becomes feasible.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
Used sensors:
‫ ם‬HFCT Clamp around the MV Cables
‫ם‬ TEM positioned closed to the cable entrance
‫ם‬ TEV Jumper across the openings of the
cabinet
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
PD measurement result: HFCT sensor
Disturbance
Corona PD Corona PD Surface PD
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
Localization of the Surface phenomenon
The surface PD phenomenon were detected propagating along the

switchgears system by bus-bar connection.
“Amplitude-frequency-repetition rate”
Surface/Interface PD
analysis highlighted that the source
was located in switchgear 4T0.
It was addressed as a
Surface/Interface PD in cable
termination
Suggested to monitor the trend

Cabinets of PD activity in panel 4T0 within
Localization index 3 months
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
Importance of the PD identification
The utility decided not to perform the suggested measurement

and after 3 months panel 4T0 had a failure!
PD activity in panel 4TO was 50mV high, but the source was identified
as an Interface discharge in termination, so very harmful.
Another Corona PD activity was detected propagating in almost all the

Switchgears, and located in panel 1L5 with an amplitude of about
160mV. No serious alarm was given for this phenomenon and the
panel is still on service.
PD IDENTIFICATION IS VERY IMPORTANT
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
Surface PD and Corona PD Identification
SURFACE/INTERFACE PD CORONA PD
Surface/Interface PD Corona PD
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
Localization Index Loc
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
4T0
3T0
1S0
12L5
10L5
8L5
6L5
4L5
2L5
1L5
3L5
5L5
2HO
1W0
4T0
3T0
1S0
8L5
6L5
4L5
2L5
1L5
3L5
5L5
12L5
10L5
2HO
1W0
Cabinets Cabinets
Interface PD localized in Corona PD localized in

panel 4T0 panel 1L5
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
Possible false alarm
AMPLITUDE ANALYSIS
Amplitude analysis
180
160
140 Using PD inference
120
based only on
100 corona
[mV]
80 interface
magnitude
60
40
20
0
FALSE ALARM
4T0
3T0
1S0
12L5
10L5
8L5
6L5
4L5
2L5
1L5
3L5
5L5
2HO
1W0
Cabinets
Surface/Interface PD
Corona PD
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #1
MEASUREMENTS RESULT – TEM AND TEV
TEV Jumper TEM Antenna
TEV Jumper can record internal PD Antenna sensor is very sensitive for
and it is very selective regarding this corona and surface discharges
kind of phenomenon
TECHIMP TRAINING
Apparatus: Three-core cable system
Location: Europe
Three PD measurement sessions performed

Case #2 during 1 year showing a really bad PD trend
Medium Voltage which brought the cable system to fail.
PD measurement and diagnosis are a
(MV) distribution powerful phenomenon for the defect risk
assessment.
cable online test
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #2
SYSTEM LAYOUT
200 m
43 m
3x1-core 3x1-core
1x3-core J2
SS1 J1 SS2
256 m
= Measurement Point
HFCT Clamp
‫ ם‬HFCT Clamp around ground

connection of the termination inside the
Switchgear
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #2
THREE SESSIONS MEASUREMENT RESULTS
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #2
PD TREND AND LOCALIZATION
600
Internal PD in phase 12 increased its
Ampiezza massima PD [mV]
500
400
amplitude very fast.
Prima sessione
300 Seconda sessione
200
Terza sessione Localization through reflectometric
100
techniques highlighted that the source
0
was located in joint 2.
4 8 12
Fasi
During a DC test after the third

session, phase 12 had a
breakdown in correspondence of
joint 2.
Online PD measurement and

trend analysis were effective
TECHIMP TRAINING
Apparatus: MV Switchgears
Location: Far-East
Case #3 PD measurements performed on 13

switchgears.
Medium Voltage
(MV) switchgears
online test in
Power Plant
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
SYSTEM LAYOUT
‫ם‬ 15 cabinets
‫ם‬ 6,6kV MV PILC three-polar cable
‫ם‬ PDCheck UWB system acquisition
Used Sensors:
‫ ם‬TEV jumper placed across the Switchgear
apertures
‫ ם‬TEM antenna placed closed to the cable
TEV entrance in the Switchgear
‫ ם‬HFCT Clamp around ground connection of
TEM the termination inside the Switchgear
HFCT
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
SWITCHGEAR ROOM PLANT - SUBSTATION (A)
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15
MOTOR A,B PUMP D,E PUMP F,G,H
SOLVENT PUMP COMPRESSOR

PUMP A,B,C BOILER
PUMP A,B,C
MOTOR
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
PRPD pattern: Entire acquisition Classification map
Black class: Internal discharges in MV cable Red class: PD activity in a panel in Switchgear room
PD Amplitude: 32mV PD Amplitude: 8mV

PD Frequency: 2-4MHz PD Frequency: 9-10MHz
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3

PD Frequency: 2-4MHz PD Frequency: 10MHz
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
Black class: Noise Red class: PD activity in a panel in Switchgear room

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
Black class: Internal discharges Red class: Surface PD activities Green class: Corona PD activities
in MV cable within a panel in Switchgear room within a panel in Switchgear room
PD Amplitude: 8mV PD Amplitude: 9mV PD Amplitude: 7mV

PD Frequency: 2-4MHz PD Frequency: 12MHz PD Frequency: 10MHz
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
in MV cable - noise within a panel in Switchgear room within a panel in Switchgear room

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3

TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
PRPD pattern: Entire acquisition - noise Classification map
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
PD DETECTION RESULTS – SUBSTATION A
Different PD activities were detected in Substation A using HFCT

around the MV cables:
‫ ם‬Internal PD: Were detected in almost all the cables with variable
amplitude and low frequency bandwidth. This kind of discharges
come from outside the Switchgear. A localization is necessary to
know if the PD source is inside the cable or inside the device
supplied by the cable (e.g. motor, pump, compressor…);
‫ ם‬Surface/Corona PD: Coming from inside the panels, were detected

propagating in many Switchgears with variable amplitude and
frequency. In some cabinets the frequency spectrum was very high.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
INTERNAL PD LOCALIZATION
PD Amplitude [mV]
40
36
Black class: Internal discharges in MV cables Red
35 32 swi
30 28 29
25
[mV]
20
15
15
10 8 9
PD Amplitude: 29 mV PD
5 5 PD Frequency: 2-4 MHz PD
5
0
0
1 2 3 6 7 9 10 11 12 13
Cabinet number
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
INTERNAL PD LOCALIZATION
Internal PD
40
35
30
25
PD Amplitude [mV]
20
PD Frequency [MHz]
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13
Cabinet
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L8 L9 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
SURFACE PD LOCALIZATION
PD Amplitude [mV]
25
20
20
15
15
[mV]
10 9 9 9 9 9 9
8
7
0
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13
Cabinet number
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L8 L9 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
Surface PD
25
20
15
PD Amplitude [mV]
PD Frequency [MHz]
10
0
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13
Cabinet
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L8 L9 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
CORONA PD LOCALIZATION
PD Amplitude [mV]
30 28
25 23
20
[mV]
15
10 8
7
5 5
5
2 2 2
0
0
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13
Cabinet number
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L8 L9 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
CORONA PD LOCALIZATION
Corona PD
30
25
20
PD Amplitude [mV]
15
PD Frequency [MHz]
10
0
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13
Cabinet
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L8 L9 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
SUMMARY AND SUGGESTED ACTIONS – SUBSTATION A
CABLE OFFLINE SECOND MEASUREMENT

TEST REQUIRED REQUIRED
‫ם‬ The cables connected to Pump 1 ‫ם‬ Surface PD have been

and Boiler motor (Panels 1, 2, 3 detected in Panel 12. Further
and 6) show high level of internal measurement and Trend
PD. analysis required.
‫ם‬ To check if PD are relevant to ‫ם‬ An offline visual inspection is
internal defect in the cables or if also required.
are relevant to the motors, off
line measurements, on these
cables, are recommended.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
PD DETECTION RESULTS – SUBSTATION B
Different PD activities were detected in Substation A using HFCT

around the MV cables:
‫ ם‬Internal PD: Were detected only in two panels with very low
amplitude and frequency;
‫ ם‬Surface/Corona PD: Coming from inside the panels, were detected

propagating in many Switchgears with variable amplitude and
frequency. In some cabinets the frequency spectrum was very high.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
PD Amplitude [mV]
16
Black class: noise 14 Red class: PD activities within a panel in
14 switchgear room
12 11 11
10
10 9
8
[mV]
6 5
4 3
PD Amplitude: 5 mV PD Amplitude: 14 mV
2 PD Frequency: 2-7 MHz PD Frequency: 14 MHz
0 0
0
1 2 3 6 7 9 10 11 12 13
Cabinet number
L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
SUMMARY AND SUGGESTED ACTIONS – SUBSTATION B
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13
SECOND MEASUREMENT
REQUIRED
‫ם‬ Surface PD have been detected in

Panel 10. Further measurement and
Trend analysis required.
‫ם‬ An offline visual inspection is also
required.
‫ם‬ It is suggested to perform again
measurements also in Panels 9
and 11.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
RESULTS OF ANTENNA SENSOR – SUBSTATION B
Panel L3: No PD
Panel L10: 100mV
Panel L7: 50mV
Surface PD
100 mV
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
CONCLUSIONS
‫ ם‬PD detection in MV switchgear can be performed using
different kinds of PD sensors.
‫ ם‬When possible, HFCT can be placed around the cable

ground connection or directly around the cable.
‫ ם‬TEV jumper sensor can be placed across the openings,

in order to detect transient earth voltage. This sensor
can detect the PD signals also in Very High Frequency
range.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
CONCLUSIONS
‫ ם‬UHF antenna sensors can be placed close to the
openings of the switchgear, that can be considered as
slot antennas.
‫ ם‬Independently on the chosen detector, it is fundamental

to get the Phase Resolved Pattern, separate PD
sources and reject the noise through TW map, in order
to identify the PD sources inside each switchgear.
‫ ם‬After the identification it is necessary to investigate the

PD pulses frequency/amplitude distribution along the
line up in order to localize the defect.
TECHIMP TRAINING
CASE OF STUDY #3
CONCLUSIONS
‫ ם‬The identification of the PD source inside the
switchgear is the basic condition to achieve meaningful
diagnosis, thus reducing the maintenance cost.
‫ ם‬Visual inspection and/or maintenance must be done

only if required, avoiding false alarm.
TECHIMP TRAINING
TechImp
Thank you
for the attention
TECHIMP TRAINING

Switchgears 20120724

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Training Course

PARTIAL DISCHARGE DIAGNOSIS FOR MV CABLES

Are all the defects in MV assets

Free air volume due to Ozone attacks

Surface PD Cable terminations Tracking MEDIUM

PD sources identification is fundamental to get accurate

PD activities detection PARTIAL diagnosis

Corona PD Surface PD Internal PD

REDUCING MAINTENANCE COSTS

Depending on the harmfulness of the phenomenon a

Internal PD: Offline measurement

Not always a PD is measured in close vicinity of the PD source, so

E.g. Corona PD of PEAK DETECTOR

High amplitude SHUTDOWN

TECHIMP SYSTEM (identification)

Corona PD of high AVOIDABLE

Save MONEY and TIME

‫ ם‬Bandwidth: 0.1 – 50 MHz

‫ ם‬Bandwidth: 1 – 600 MHz

CONSIDERATION ON PD DETECTING SENSORS

HFCT and FMC

TEM and TEV JUMPER

Defect inside the switchgear Defect outside the switchgear

Detected with an high frequency Detected with a low frequency

Irradiation inside cabinet NO Irradiation inside cabinet

DETECTION – SEPARATION – IDENTIFICATION

Basing on Equivalent Frequency it is possible to discriminate

‫ם‬ Acquisition of PD pulses in all the panels using UWB SENSORS

‫ם‬ Rejection of disturbances and noise

‫ם‬ Separation of different PD activities

‫ם‬ Identification of PD sources (internal/external)

DETECTION – SEPARATION – IDENTIFICATION

Black class Red Class

PD pulse generated inside one switchgear can propagate in the

PD Amplitude/Frequency attenuation along the line-up can be

In MV systems PD source can be even

High frequency attenuation in cables

BEHAVIOR OF THE PD PULSE

PD at origin PD at measuring point

COEFFICIENT K1: Coefficient that must be multiplied to the detected

‫ ם‬MV Cable-Wire attenuation is

PD acquired with very LOW frequency content

Source located very FAR from measurement point

High value of K1 = STRONG CORRECTION

PD detection in switchgear using conventional

Corona PD Corona PD Surface PD

The surface PD phenomenon were detected propagating along the

Suggested to monitor the trend

The utility decided not to perform the suggested measurement

Another Corona PD activity was detected propagating in almost all the

PD IDENTIFICATION IS VERY IMPORTANT

Interface PD localized in Corona PD localized in

MEASUREMENTS RESULT – TEM AND TEV

TEV Jumper TEM Antenna

Three PD measurement sessions performed

‫ ם‬HFCT Clamp around ground

During a DC test after the third

Online PD measurement and

Case #3 PD measurements performed on 13

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15

MOTOR A,B PUMP D,E PUMP F,G,H

SOLVENT PUMP COMPRESSOR