‎ esearchers need to DEMARCATE the
R
‎ cientists develop theories with the aim of
S
1‎ .1 DEMARCATION-
‎explaining, predicting, and/or controlling
‎EXPLANATION CYCLE ‎phenomena
‎ pecially suitable to describe theory-
S ‎explanandum to the explanans
‎development in the emotion domain, as
‎this domain is still in the stage of figuring
‎out what emotions are
‎ h. 1: Theory
C ‎contains TWO TYPES OF DEFINITIONS
‎Development and
‎Concepts
‎DEFINITION
‎ n activity that links a definiendum to a
A ‎sufficient or a conjunction of necessary
‎definiens in an identity relation
1‎ .2 TYPES OF DEFINITION AND
‎ADEQUACY
‎ADEQUACY
‎ cientific definitions can be evaluated
S ‎ tipulates that SUBSETS should be created
‎using META-CRITERIA such as SIMILARITY,
‎FRUITFULNESS & SIMPLICITY
‎ nce a set has reached the status of a
O ‎natural
‎scientific set, it can be called a SCIENTIFIC
‎or INVESTIGATIVE KIND
‎ n activity in which an explanandum is
A ‎DEMARCATION or WORKING DEFINITION
‎linked to an explanans
‎EXPLANATION
‎ he DEMARCATION-EXPLANATION CYCLE
T ‎ efinitions can take an intensional format (a
‎FORMATS OF DEFINITIONS
‎INTENSIONAL DEFINITIONS
‎SIMILARITY
‎FRUITFULNESS
‎SIMPLICITY or PARSIMONY
‎SIMILARITY
‎FRUITFULNESS
‎ ATURAL KINDS "CARVE NATURE AT ITS
N
‎JOINTS"
‎ ome scientific kinds are called NATURAL
S ‎denominator that allows for extrapolation,
‎KINDS
‎ARBITRARY or CONVENTIONAL KINDS
‎explanandum before they can search for
‎the explanans
‎ ather than being a linear process
R ‎INFUSED DEFINITION
‎EXPLANATION & DEMARCATION works in
‎cycles
‎A WORKING DEFINITION in STAGE 1
‎ n EXPLANATION-INFUSED DEFINITION in
A ‎list of properties) or a divisio format (a list of
‎STAGE 4
‎INTENSIONAL
‎EXTENSIONAL
‎ ntails that the EXTENSION of the scientific
E ‎definition and turning instead to a
‎definition bears sufficient OVERLAP WITH
‎THE EXTENSION OF THE WORKING
‎DEFINITION
‎ equires that a set allows for scientific
R ‎homogeneous in a non-superficial way
‎extrapolation, that is, the generalization of
‎discoveries about one exemplar to other
‎exemplars in the set
‎ equires that the conditions in a scientific
R
‎definition be few
‎ ntails that the scientific definition
E
‎CARVES UP THE SET IN A SIMILAR WAY to
‎the working definition
S
‎on the basis of SIMPLE CRITERIA THAT
‎ALLOW FOR EXTRAPOLATION BETWEEN
‎THE MEMBERS OF EACH SUBSET
‎ natural kind not only requires a common
A
‎but also that the common denominator be
‎ he members are held together by a
T
‎common feature that is not natural but
‎resides, at least in part, in the minds of the
‎people making the classification
‎ esearchers presents a PROVISIONAL
R
‎of the explanandum
‎ esearchers develop an EXPLANATION of
R
‎some type, in which they link the
‎FIRST CYCLE (4 stages)
‎ he explanation is VALIDATED by TESTING
T
‎it in empirical research
I‎ f sufficiently confirmed, the EXPLANANS
‎MAY BECOME PART OF THE DEFINITION of
‎the phenomenon, where it replaces the
‎superficial features of the working
‎definition: it becomes an EXPLANATION-
‎ heorist take the working definition of a set as
T
‎ NTITIES in science can be understood AS
E ‎a starting point and develop an explanation in
‎SETS that have members ‎the hope that it will yield a COMMON
‎DENOMINATOR for the members in this set
‎Often, a DESCRIPTIVE or FOLK DEFINITION ‎Both working definitions an scientific
d
‎A PRESCRIPTIVE or SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION
‎subsets)
‎ pecify the conditions or criteria for a
S
‎member to belong to a set: a single
‎ he CONDITIONS are often expressed AS
T
‎condition that is both necessary and
‎PROPERTIES
‎conditions that are together sufficient
‎Sets, subsets and members qualify as
‎ complete extensional definition is only
A
‎TYPES (abstract entities) that can be
‎possible for finite sets
‎exemplified or instantiated by
‎List the members within a set ‎TOKENS (concrete entities in space-
I‎ n infinite sets is only possible to give a
‎time)
‎sampling definition in which a few
‎prototypical members are listed
‎Specify the subsets within a set
‎DIVISIO DEFINITION
‎Help to organize the variety within a set
‎ type of intensional definition in which
A
‎the status of the conditions is relaxed from
‎Members belong to the set when they
‎necessary to TYPICAL
‎show more or less RESEMBLANCE with a
‎ ODERATE way of prioritizing SIMILARITY
M ‎PROTOTYPE, understood as an AVERAGE
‎OVER FRUITFULNESS consists in giving up ‎OF ALL MEMBERS OF THE SET OR A
‎the quest for a classic intensional ‎CLUSTER-TYPE DEFINITION ‎SALIENT MEMBER
‎CLUSTER-TYPE DEFINITION ‎ ormally, a DISJUNCTION OF SETS OF
F
‎JOINTLY SUFFICIENT PROPERTIES
‎ ODERATE forms of prioritizing
M
‎FRUITFULNESS OVER SIMILARITY consists
‎ nly possible when the set is
O ‎Theorists must strike a balance within
‎in TRIMMING THE FOLK SET to a smaller or
‎similarity and fruitfulness
‎larger degree OR to SPLIT THE FOLK SET
‎INTO TWO EQUALLY VALID SUBSETS
‎ xemplars must share a deep similarity
E
‎such as a common constitution, a common
‎causal mechanism, or even a common ‎ ADICAL form of prioritizing
R
‎function ‎FRUITFULNESS OVER SIMILARITY consists ‎The set cannot reach scientific status
‎in the ELIMINATION OF THE SET altogether
I‎ f the folk set is heterogeneous at the
‎outset, a TRADE-OFF between these meta-
‎criteria is inevitable