SCY5112 Royston Lim

Assignment 3 Student No: 10130288

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School of Engineering & Mathematics, Faculty of Computing Health & Science, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive,
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Assignment 3 Student No: 10130288

INTRODUCTION

“Security may be defined as a stable, relatively predictable environment in which an

individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of
disturbance or injury” (Fischer and Green, 2004, p.21). In addition, Beattie (2008, p.1)
argues that, “Security reflects society and aims to meet the needs of the society it serves”.
It is evident from these two statements that the purpose of security is to create a
conducive and safe environment for the populace by the populace.

Modern times had observed two most significant occurrences that had influenced every
level of society and altered the overall outlook of the environment: the September 11,
2001 terrorists’ attacks and globalisation. While the after-effects of 9/11 were clearly
devastating, Wee (2005, p.44) argued that viewing the occurrence as an isolated activity
would be completely incorrect because these are two intimately associated factors that are
key to defining the current state of global in-security. They have indeed generated much
uncertainty, notably at the national levels across the developed world. As uncertainty and
human nature have directly opposite polarity, the provision of security can be regarded as
one of the oldest trades (if not oldest) alongside with medicine and law. Hence,
whichever manner the environment might change, there will always be a demand for the
security fraternity to lead the way in building (if not, to defend) a better and relatively
predictable environment; a peace of mind. Nevertheless, the security fraternity has yet to
be regarded as a body of profession, a recognition that is extended to doctors and
architects, which is a little appalling.

This essay will attempt to address the issue on the “professionalisation” of security.
Firstly, the essay will establish the importance that security had become especially at the
national level since 9/11 and the effects of globalisation. Secondly, the essay will
examine what are the key requirements for a particular occupation to be known as a
profession. Noting the large volume of literature available on the medical profession, the
essay will be utilising it as a proxy to examine the subject of profession. Next, the essay
will visit the subject of concern, the security fraternity and highlight the current

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perspective held by the general populace. Finally, the essay will establish the existing
structures that the security fraternity have put in place and investigate the areas that need
to be improved in order to progress forward in the attainment of the desired status of
security being a professional. The author would like to highlight that the term profession
and professional will be used interchangeably throughout the essay.

NATIONALISATION OF SECURITY

Globalisation as Hughes (2002, p.5) pointed out is a phenomenon that indicates an

increase of “interdependence of interaction amongst nation-states and their markets”.
Whilst Davies (2003, p.1) described it as a “multidimensional phenomenon”, involving a
widespread development and availability of information technologies as well as an
expanded and seamless global trade and economy market. Therefore, globalisation has
created increased integration, interdependence and interconnectivity making the world
today shrunk literally into a single entity. Thus, any occurrences be it a bird flu outbreak
to a prison outbreak, can be read, felt and seen instantaneous (via the information and
communication highways). Terrorism is defined as “the deliberate creation and
exploitation of fear through violence against civilians in the pursuit of political
objectives” Hoffman (cited in Wee, 2005, p.44). Additionally, Halliday (2004, p.3)
explained that apart from pursuing political objectives, terrorism has also occurred out of
oppression, which meant conducting such violent acts in one’s own country as seen in
Philippines and Sri Lanka. Therefore, when 3,000 lives from 85 different countries were
lost on a certain fateful morning of September 11, 2001, it was heard, read and seen
instantly by the world (in their homes) and had since altered the international security
landscape (NSCS1, 2006, p.11). With a succession of attacks occurring in Bali, Madrid,
London and most recently, in Mumbai, further reinforced the fervour of terrorism as well
as exacerbated the insecuritisation of the global community. With no single country (even
a superpower) spared from such magnitude of violence and destruction, the importance of
instituting Homeland Security has been elevated in many countries and
regional/international alliances. Fischer and Green (2004, p.1) strongly believed that

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NSCS stands for National Security Coordination Secretariat.
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“security as we had come to know it would begin an evolution that will continue for
many years”. Consequently, the United States merged 22 federal agencies, employing
more than 170,000 personnel to form the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in
2003 (Fischer and Green, p.1). In addition, “in May 2007, as a direct outgrowth of
national and homeland security outcomes, the Bush Administration launched an initiative
known as the National Security Professional Development (NSPD) program; the
objective of this program is to enhance national security of the United States supported
by 3 key tenets, namely education, training and professional know-how” (Dale, 2008,
p.9). Dale (p.10) explained that these “National Security Professionals are those
personnel responsible for developing strategies, creating plans, and executing tasks in
direct support of US national security objectives”. Similar to the US, Singapore has
instituted homeland security as the top national priority through the establishment of new
security architecture and a National Security Strategy aimed at countering the terrorist
threats (Tan, 2005, p.2). A dedicated entity in the Singapore Prime Minister’s Office
known as the National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS) was established on 20
July 2004 to coordinate strategic planning, policy formulation and capability
development in security and intelligence to cope with the threat of terrorism. In addition,
new legislation was passed; “the Strategic Goods (Control) Bill that lists 600 controlled
items that requires special permits for export or trans-shipment” (Tan, p.10). At the
regional level, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Security
Community (ASC) and an accompanying Plan of Action was formed on June 2003 and
November 2004 respectively (Prawindarti, 2005, p.12). The ASC Plan of Action is a
blueprint to promote and guide political-security cooperation amongst the ASEAN
countries against new security challenges faced in the region (Prawindarti, p.15). Indeed,
much resource has been invested globally in its fight against terrorism. Hence, as aptly
written by Beattie (2008, p.4), “Security now needs to be considered from a local,
national, international (transnational) perspectives”. These national and regional
initiatives, programmes and resolve have clearly demonstrated the importance in the field
of security. With this understanding of demand in security, it would allow the

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consideration if security is comparable in terms of responsibility when the examination of

what it means to be known as a professional.

DEFINING PROFESSIONALS

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995) defined Profession as “a paid

occupation especially one that requires advanced education and training”. Pellegrino
(2002, p. 378) stated that “ in common usage, professions have often been defined in the
following terms: possession of a body of special knowledge, practice within ethical
framework, fulfilment of some broad societal need, and a societal mandate which permits
a significant discretionary latitude in setting standards for education and performance of
its members”. Subsequently, Pepper (2003, p.1) highlighted that professions are generally
limited to only a minute number of occupations that require special learning and possess
“a certain degree of prestige”. Besides acquiring a formal education, Pellegrino (p. 379)
furthered that the act of profession (in the medical fraternity) occurs in two main forms;
(1) “public profession – the solemn proclamation on graduation from medical school
when the “Oath” is taken”, without which a doctor is but a skilled technician or labourer
whose knowledge affords him a occupation not amounting to a profession; and (2)
declared professing – whereby the doctors are constantly committing himself/herself to
their patients: his/her competence and to apply this competence to their best possible
interest”. Additionally, Bellis (2000, p.3) argued that “the list of required elements could
be distilled into three main strands: cognitive, normative and organisational; (1) cognitive
elements include specialised knowledge and long training; (2) normative elements
include such things as ethical standards and a commitment to provide a service for the
public good; and (3) organisational elements, such as a national body with disciplinary
powers, support the cognitive and normative aspects”. Lastly, Hoyle & John (cited in
Lester, 2002, p.2) highlighted that a profession or professional activity could be
summarised as the “possession and use of expert or specialist knowledge, the exercise of
autonomous thought and judgment, and responsibility to clients and wider society
through voluntarily committing to a certain set of principles”. In summary, for any
domain or discipline to be accorded as a profession, the following questions will need to

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be answered; (1) has the individual received a certain amount of formal tertiary education
involving in-depth and specialized research study on the subject of concern; (2) is there a
recognized/accredited body empowered with disciplinary powers over their members;
and (3) are these individuals committing (by law or regulation) their acquired knowledge
to serve the larger society. Next, the essay will trace the establishment of security and the
general perception of who are regarded as present day security professionals.

THE SECURITY FRATERNITY

General perception of Security

Security is basically activities and/or artefacts that could create a condition that allow an
individual or group to go about conducting their businesses with a peace of mind, not
worried of disruption of any sort (Beattie, 2008, p.4). Tracing the historical roots of
security would point us towards a common aim that is the protection of assets. These
assets refers to “personnel, information and physical assets (property)” wrote Beattie
(p.4). With an established knowledge that security serves the society needs, many
security professions and/or services (within the public and private domains) were created
to meet these needs, which were primarily criminal in nature. These professions/services
can be broadly be categorised as follows (see table 1),

s/n Category of Security Profession / services Remarks

a. Personal Security Police, bodyguards, security guards/detail
b. Information Security IT and software
programmers/designers/engineers,
computer engineers
c. Physical Security Locksmith, CCTV/security alarm and
sensors specialists, lighting/fencing
designers, safe/security container
designer/manufacturer
Table 1: Categorisation of Security Professions/Services

The abovementioned profession/services have indeed been naturally and permanently

etched in the public perception of security. A search on the World-Wide-Web on the
subject of security professionals or profession will produce a suite of data concerning
mainly Information/IT/software security. As a result, security has always been viewed as

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a supporting (a good to have) component to many organisations and businesses (Yates,

2008, p.2). This perception had also impeded the ability for the security community to
sought for higher recognition; however, this is slowly but surely changing. Consequently,
if all the abovementioned domains are critically analysed, they can be deduced as rather
independent entities and points towards as the “how” part of matter or known as the
“tactical” actions. Furthermore, these domains are mainly technical in nature, that doesn’t
need much higher learning, at least not in the macro-planning level. Therefore, while
these domains are important contributors to security, they cannot be categorised as a
profession, at least not alone. This reinforces the rhetoric regarding the general
perspective on the value proposition that security can bring forth.

Current Status of Security

The Australian Homeland Security Research Centre (AHSRC) had published a note
describing the “Australian’s security sector as being marginal” and requires immediate
reform to elevate its value propositions (Yates, 2008, p.1). In addition, Pepper (2003, p.1)
argued that the” New Zealand’s private security sector is not a profession, at least not
yet” and concluded that the New Zealand’s security community had met only a little
more than one-fifth of the abovementioned proposed criteria. In addition, Yates (p.1-3)
highlighted several key challenges faced by the Australian security industry, namely; “the
security business owners and investors; the clients or security consumers; the security
community; and the employees to the industry”. Due to the wide security continuum that
exists in the industry, ranging from tactical to the strategic sectors, Yates (p.3) proposed
that it would be far more effective to focus on one segment and it should be in the domain
of the security professionals. Yates (p.3) has highlighted that “the difference between
security professionals from security professionalism is that the latter encapsulates the
professional delivery of security products and services”. He went on to emphasised that
“a security professional entails more than just taking charge of security projects and
programs; they are to provide significant input into the shaping of the security decisions
and the environment” (Yates, p.3).

Increasing the portfolio of Security

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With the world evolving under the influences of external forces such as globalisation and
the rapid advent of technologies have brought about many challenges to businesses and
the society at large. As Briggs and Edwards (2006, p.12) had highlighted that “Doing
business is getting more and more complex: the inevitable shift towards a knowledge
economy is eroding the importance of ‘physical place’ in the business world; new
business practices such as off-shoring challenge companies to manage at a distance; and
new forms of accountability, such as corporate governance and corporate social
responsibility, put added pressure on companies to match their words with deeds,
wherever they are operating”. ASIS2 (2008, p. 6) emphasised that “Today’s business risk
environments have become increasingly more severe, complex, and interdependent, both
domestically and globally”. Concurrently, security threats have also become more
complex, many of which are asymmetric and networked in nature, making them more
difficult to manage (Briggs and Edwards, p.12). These threats are responsible for causing
considerable disruption to the wellbeing of the global community; (1) environmental and
natural/man-made disaster; (2) health, spread of disease/epidemic; (3) human insecurities
and movement; and (4) most infamously, terrorism. As a result, security has a higher
profile in the world today than ever, government and organisations alike are exploring
new ways to manage these threats/risks and the portfolio of the security fraternity can
only grow wider (Briggs and Edwards, p. 12). Similarly, ASIS (p.6) pointed out that “key
stakeholders and the public correctly expect organisations to identify and anticipate areas
of risk and set in place a cohesive strategy across all functions to mitigate or reduce those
risks”. Unfortunately, what is seemingly lacking today is a single position at the senior
governance/management level having the responsibility for integrating and directing an
organisation-wide security strategy (ASIS, 2008, p.6) Hence, the traditionalist approach
of independent security appreciation and application is insufficient and inappropriate,
there is a stronger than ever demand for a more comprehensive security professional to
strategise, design and develop holistic security. Having identified the inadequacies of the
security fraternity, it would be timely to examine where are the areas that need further

2
ASIS stands for American Society of Industrial Security.
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attention. In so doing, will progress the security fraternity towards achieving a

professional status.

PROFESSIONALISING SECURITY

It is essential to note that the security community has been existent for a long time. Many
initiatives, movement and structures have been established to raise the awareness of this
profession. Yates (2008, p.4) believed that not only will security be very different in time
to come, it will definitely gained similar professional stature as with Doctors and
Lawyers. This segment of the essay is to highlight where could be the areas of
improvement. Prior to examining these areas, the key components that constitute a
professional occupation (Simonsen, cited in Pepper, 2003, p.1) are,

(1) Specific standards and a code of ethics and conduct that governs the actions of
the members of that profession.
(2) A body of knowledge, professional journals, and an historical perspective that
acts as a guide for new members of the profession.
(3) A recognised association that provides a forum for the continuing discussion
and development of the profession.
(4) A certification programme that ensures that the members of the profession are
competent to the practice in the field.
(5) An educational discipline that prepares students in the specific functions and
philosophies of that profession.

Recognised, Accredited Association

Beattie (2008, p.2) highlighted that the security industry witnessed a quantum leap in
‘professionalisation’ when the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) was
formed in 1955. ASIS has since become one of the largest security organisations in the
world with more than 36,000 members and 204 chapters worldwide. Besides developing
educational programs, organising annual security seminar and exhibits, publishing
security journals/magazines, proposing security guidelines, ASIS is also actively
advocating the roles and value of the security management profession to businesses, the
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media, governmental entities, and the public. An increased number of such entities such
as ASIS will add to the relevance of security. However, too many springing up on the
security bandwagon overtime has also made it difficult to pursue a common agenda as
well as a common point of contact when engaging external agencies such as government
and industry partners (Yates, 2008, p.7). Although the Australian Interim Security
Professionals’ Taskforce commissioned in March 2008 had recommended several options
on this issue, the author opined that either a lead association or an associated society
(such as ASIS International) option to be adopted in the pursuance of future security
professionals’ agenda as these 2 options are more effective, direct and efficient. With a
central body responsible to regulate its members; (1) will raise and uphold a common
standard; (2) promote consistency in qualification and certification; and (3) instill the
creditability of the said association.

Security Education and Higher Learning

Cresswell (n.d, p.1) insist that one “ought not to be managing a corporate security
function based alone on past achievements or qualifications obtained in the police,
military or intelligence services”, even though it is a good starting point, corporate
security management requires more specific skill sets and knowledge. However, as
identified earlier, security was always viewed as a supporting component and that there
consist mainly of several independent fields such as computer studies,
mechanical/electrical/electronic engineering etc. In additional, the domains of strategic
and political science have often been associated to security especially in the analytical
and strategic mapping requirement. Thus, there was never a demand for security to be a
dedicated field of study, until recently. This is partly because, having numerous
specialists working on a particular subject does not equate automatically to one. There is
a need for a single individual to integrate the ‘thinking’ and the ‘doing’ to be capable of
meeting the complex demands of the current security threats. Increased awareness
coupled with advocacy from respected entity such as ASIS, the field of study in security
has been recognised and there is now an increasing number of universities around the
world (US, UK and even Japan) offering dedicated security undergraduate, masters and

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PhD programmes. Another key initiative would be the continual engagement between the
security community and the universities, this would further understanding of the
requirement so as to better design and develop the correct curriculum. Thereafter, this
individual will be acknowledged differently from the larger security community akin to
the differentiation made between a doctor and a physician’s assistant.

Commitment to Society

There is no doubt that security was borne out of the need to serve societal needs.
Cresswell (n.d, p.1) stressed that the security community makes “life-safety decisions”
daily. The main question is whether a common level of commitment can be advocated
across the entire security community. This is probably the weakest link within the entire
security community. Besides public servants such as the public police force or
governmental officers, most parts of the larger security community are not legally bind to
any clause to the organisation he/she belongs to. This absence of regulation saw many
private security organisations often accused of; (1) lacking in quality personnel due to
low or no minimum selection and recruitment criteria; and (2) poorly trained or lacks
formal qualification or education (Fischer and Green, 2004, p.49). While most security
industries within the community have “codes of conduct” the common challenge was
reprimanding those that failed to comply with them, as these organisations that are
enforcing these codes are also a profit making entity (Yates, 2008, p.7). Therefore, as the
security community progresses forward, Yates (p.5) emphasised the need for all security
professionals to comply with a set of standards “in order to uphold public interests; to
ensure the integrity of their work and to discharge their professional obligations”. In
addition, to ensure effective enforcement of common prescribed “codes of conduct”;
firstly, membership or licensing is mandatory by legislation, without which one cannot
provide any form of security services; and secondly, enforcement of these codes will be
just and transparent. In so doing, not only will it raise the “prestige” status of the security
professional, it will also gain much public confidence and trust knowing that any
breaches will be taken to task.
CONCLUSION

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Security has indeed gained much attention in recent times especially since the aftermath
of the 9/11 terrorists’ attacks. Dedicated governmental agencies responsible in
developing security strategies and actionable plans were established to ensure a
conducive and safer environment for the populace. Similar initiatives are also observed to
be implemented in numerous commercial organisations in preventing security breaches
that will disrupt its’ operations. However, security is still currently being regarded more
of a supporting component by most higher management as well as the general public.
This perception is derived from the adoption of the age-old traditionalist approach of
security borne out since medieval times whereby protection of assets (personnel,
information and property) was the main objective for employing such services. Overtime,
as society evolved and technologies (especially in the information domain) mature,
causing the environment to evolve in parallel, yet the need for security remains a staple
requirement. Unfortunately, while the demand had grown with times, the societal status
of the domain stayed unchanged. Nonetheless, to support the demand, the security
community has commenced regulating and re-inventing itself; establishing associations;
earning recognition; promoting higher education; and enforcing “codes of conduct”.
Inevitably, there was also a need to commenced categorising the larger security
community to determine who qualify as a security professional. In so doing, there will be
be a specific group of individuals responsible to pursue the greater good of the entire
fraternity.

It is strongly believed that it is only be a matter of time that security will achieve full
professionalisation status. Meanwhile, it is imperative to continue to educate, engage and
raise awareness amongst the public and private sectors alike to recognise the value
propositions that a security professional can offer to the society. This is because, it is not
by one self that a certain stature is achieve, it is through the very society they serve whom
will accord the right to be known as one – a Professional.

(3,740 words)

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REFERENCES LIST

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Officer (CSO) Guideline (2008 ed). Retrieved February 1, 2009 from
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Bellis, C. (2000). Professions in Society. [Electronic version]. Australian Actuarial

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Briggs, R., & Edwards, C. (2006). The Business of Resilience: Corporate security for the
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Prawindarti, L. (2005). The ASEAN Security Community: Reconciling Traditional and

Non-Traditional Security Issues [Ph.D Project paper]. Italy, University of
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