Ma’am bella prelims 2nd year second sem
Exposition – is a writing technique used by a
writer when his/her intention is to explain
something, to analyze an idea and tto classify a
thing.
Education in the Philippines is provided by
public and private schools, colleges,
universities, and technical and vocational
institutions. Funding for public education
comes from the national government.
Commission on higher education(CHED)-
supervises and regulates colleges.
Technical educational and skills development
authority(TESDA) – for technical vocational
institutionsregulates and accredits technical and
vocational education programs.
For the academic year 2017-2018
83% attended public schools
17% attended private schools or were home-
schooled
By law, education is compulsory for thirteen
years (kindergarten and grade 1-12). That are
groupinto three level:
 Elementary school (kindergarten-grade
6)
 Junior high school (grades 7 – 10)
 Senior high school (grades 11-12)
Kindergarten start at age 5
Institution of higher education may be
classified as either public or private
college or university
Education may be subdivided into two
types: state universities and college and
local colleges and universities
Methods of defining terms
There are two methods of defining terms:
simple and extended definition
Simple definition
- bearing in mind its three parts: species
(term to be defined), genus (the class
where it belongs), and differentia
(characteristic of the term)
- commonly used in technical writing
whether formally, semi-formally, or
non-formally.
Expanded definition
- done by stipulation, operation,
explication, cause and effect, and etc…
informal definition - do not follow pattern, the
only objective is to give meaning to a word that
is unfamiliar or explain the special meaning of a
familiar word.
process description includes sequence,
instructions, and procedures
cellulose- made up fibers
lignin- the natural glue
pulp – the first process to make papers
from trees
kraft – know as chemical pulping
Technical writing is the process of
interpreting and translating dense and
difficult information for easy
comprehension of the potential users of
such information.
 Products of technical writing:
Business letter. Type of written
communication.
Contract. Is a written argument between
two people under mutually agreed terms.
Monograph. Is a detailed essay or book on
very specific topic.
Printed action memo. Is a ready- format
memorandas that only require a checkmark
on appropriate box that contain message.
Graphic aids. Are drawings, sketches and
illustrations that aid the readers in
understanding the presented data.
Instructional manuals. Are written to guide
the readers.
Brochures. Are pamphlets or flyers.
Proposals. Are written suggestion on how
to make the company or organization more
productive and successful.
Memoranda. Are inner-office written
communication, used to disseminate
information.
Five Important Principles in
Good Technical Writing
1. Always have in mind a specific
reader, real or imaginary, when you
are writing a report. Always assume
that he is intelligent, but
uninformed.
2. Before you start to write, always
decide what the exact purpose of
your report is, and make sure that
every paragraph, every sentence,
every word makes a clear
contributuion to that purpose.
3. Use language that is simple,
concrete, and familiar.
4. at the beginning and end of every
section of your report. Check your
according to this principle: “First you
tell the reader what you’re going to
tell him, then you tell him what
you’ve told him. “
5. Make your report attractive.
Purposes of technical writing
1. It serves as basis for management
decision.
2. it furnishes needed information.
3. It gives instruction.
4. It records business transactions
through proposals.
5. It procures business proposals.
6. It serves as basis for public relations.
7. It provides reports to stockholders
of companies.
1.To inform- providing the audience with
factual information.
2.To instruct- to give information in the
form of direction , instructions, procedures
so that readers will be able to do
something.
3.To persuade - convince audience to draw
the desired conclusions from the provided
information.
Properties of technical Writing
1. Subject matter. In writing technical
papers, you must ask the question,
“what will I write about?”
the subject matter is an essential
element in technical report winning. Some
examples of this are description of a
process, writing about a theory, or
submitting a policy.
2. Audience. When thinking about the
audience, ask “whom am I writing
for? Or who are my intended
reader?” this is a properly which
pertains
3. Expression. This property refers to
two basic modes in which a
technical report has to be liberated -
--writing it or reading it. Your
expression of the content will
depend on your awareness of your
audiien’s/reader’s psychology and
your style in writing to be able to
reach your audiien’s/reader’s
understanding.
4. Style. This refers to how the
material is written. A technical uses
clear, specific point of view,
objective, technical writer uses
clear, specific point of view,
objective, impartial, and use
illustrations tto present the
information.
5. Arrangement of materials. This
pertains to how ideas should be
organized in chronological, spatial,
spinal or logical order, from general
to specific to general, and use
illustrations to present the
information.
Writing can be group in five basic
types
Technical Writing. Conveys specific
information about a technical subject to a
specific audience for a specific purpose.
Creative writing. Is fiction ----- poetry,
short stories, plays, and nnovels ---- and far
different from technical writing.
Expressive writing. Is subjective response
to a personal experience ---journals and
diaries --- whereas technical writing might
be objective obseravtions of a work- related
experience or research.
Expository writing.”exposes” a topic
analytically and objectively, such as news
reports. Like technical writing, the goal of
expository writing is to explain or reveal
knowledge, but expository writing does not
necessarily expect a presonse or reaction
from the reader.
Persuasive writing. Depends on emotional
appeal. Its goal is to change one’s attitudes
or motivate him/her to actions.
 Communication is business
- Effective communication is the key to
business
- Is a two way process that follows the
common communication process.
Locker, 2006 –persuade costumer to buy; and
bill them for sale.
Steimle (2017) – many entrpreneurs become
more estranged from their teams, turn off
partners, and lose deals all because they lack
basic education.
Custodio et al,2013 – understanding the
requirements of good business communication,
developing good communication skilss, and
understanding the channels of communication
in yur organization will ensure success in your
career.
Tagpermpoon, 2008 – wirting is the most
difficult skill because it covers a great deal of
knowledge as well as principles of organization
to produce a good composition.
Communication in organization
Rosalles et al.(2009) – is Comprised of people
who are committed to a common goal and are
ready to share information and resources in
pursuit of a desired goal.
Basic functions:
- To inform
- To persuade
- To promote goodwill
Formal and informal channels of
communication
Formal channel of communication
- Follows the usual pattern of an
organizational chart where the superios
are classified from the subordinates
through connecting the lines
Informal channel of communication
- follows an unstructured channel of
communication where lines and
patterns of the organizations are vague.
 4 bodies of law that are relevant to
technical communication
1. Copyright law – covers the protection
of the rights of the author
2. Trademark law- pertains to federal
protection (different from registered
trademarks.)
3. Contract law – covers written
warranties or their implied warranties
4. Liability Law – pertains to
responsibilities or oblihgations of
writers especially claims they made on
their paper.
Do’s of technical communication
 Abide by relevant laws.
 Abide by the appropriate corporate
or professional code of coduct
 Tell the truth
 Be clear
 Avoid discriminatory language
 Acknowledge assistance from
others
Don’ts of technical communication
 False implications- assuming the
outcome of a project or making
sweeping generalizations
 Exaggeration- expressing situations in
extreme proportions
 Euphemisms- writing about situations
in seemingly god conditions even
though they are not.
 Don’t mislead your readers
Pre writing techniques:
1. Keep a writer’s journal by recording
personal experiences, perceptions,
and ideas
2. Do free writing
3. Brainstorming by listing ideas as
quickly as they occur
4. Cluster by drawing lines and cicle to
show connections between ideas.
5. Ask questions using the news’
reporter 5 Ws- who? What?
Where? Why? When? And how?
6. Read with focus.
7. Listen with focus.
8. Observe by noticing details around
you through the senses.
9. Imagine. Probe your imagination for
ideas, often use a “what if?”
approach
Writing stage
-The writing stage is the part where we begin to
write our first draft.
Do’s and don’ts of writing a first draft
1. Don’t overanalyze your writing
2. Do feel free to followe the of ideas
3. Don’t exaggerate details
4. Do work on the details as much as
possible to keep the story fresh in your
mind
5. Don’t worry yet about how good your
writing is
6. Do have fun!

Pre writing stage

-First stage in writing process.Composes or

supplies information pertaining to:

a. Purpose of the paper

b. Choice of topic
c. Gathering information
Re-writing stage

- The stage is also known as the “revision” stage.

We revise to ensure that:

1. The content of the paper is relevant
2. There is organization and coherence in the arrangement of the ideas
3. Grammar and mechanic are clearly observed