Lesson 3 EVOLUTION OF EDUCATIONAL

TECHNOLOGY

Let’s Explore…

A. List down the specific events of the following periods in Period/Era.

Specific Events and Activities

Pre-Mechanical Age  Sumerians devised a writing system called cuneiform.
These are signs corresponding to spoken sounds to
express words.
 Hieroglyphics and pictographs were used by the
ancients. The papyrus scrolls were developed for paper.
 The Chinese developed techniques for making paper
from rugs on which modern day papermaking is based.
Mechanical Age  Johann Gutenberg invented the movable metal-type
printing press.
 The information explosion resulted from the invention of
the printing press that paved the way to empower people
who did not have access to information.
 Quill pens and slates are used to teach students how to
write and cipher.
 Calculators were invented by Blaise Pascal
 William Oughtred invented the slide rule. The slide rule is
an early example of analog computer.
 The New England Primer remained the basic school text
after its publications.
 Through the invention of phonograph, students were able
to access music, speeches, and other auditory sounds.
 Wall Charts were used to save on the cost of individual
books; passages were sometimes printed in large letters
and hung for all to see in Lancastrian schools.
 Samuel Morse devised the Morse system that broke
down information into bits that could be transformed into
electrical impulses and transmitted over a wire.
First Generation of  -Mechanical switches that opened and closely by electric
Computers (1944- current were developed.
1948)  -ENIAC was used by the military.
 Multiple Media was used by military. The Armed Forces
used Films, sound, graphics, models and print to help
prepare recruits for war.
 Columbia Records introduced 33 1/3 rpm discs.
 Cable TV was introduced.

Second  An IBM 650 computer helped teach binary arithmetic to

Generation New York City elementary school students.
of  The transistor technology was introduced. Computers
Computers were smaller and were relatively expensive.
 Mini-computers were first used.
(1959-1964)
  Integrated circuits were developed. The production
process begins when tubes of silicon are sliced into
wafer-thin disks that are chemically pure and cannot hold
electrical charges.
Fourth Generation of  Cognitive Approach was dominated by cognitivists
Computers (Mid Ausebels, Bruner, Gagne and others
1970-1985)  22 universities used mainframe systems to teach
programming and developed programs and utilities from
sharing among teachers and students.
 -Software publishing movement began
 -New software market for education emerged.
 -Courseware evaluation movement began
 -Teacher driven courseware authoring movement began,
An authoring system Hyper Studio emerged.
 Computer literacy movement began. Dr. Arthur
Luehrmann coined the term computer literacy to mean
programming skills and skills with tools such as word
processing.
20th Century
The Future Generation  Satellite radio began airing
of
 -Multimedia use in the web emerged.
Computers (2000 and  -Online life extended through the Internet to include “live”
beyond) audio and video leading to instruction anywhere and
anytime.
 -Distance learning became common at all levels of
education.
 -Web based videoconferencing and other forms of
communication, CAI, and Virtual Reality (VR) became
acceptable options in education. The focus became more
on using computers as tools which assist in the
development of cognitive skills.
 -The multimedia nature of modern computing appealed
to prevailing understanding about how people learn
Multiple Intelligences.
 -Multiprocessing and simultaneous running of several
programs by one computer (VLSI) circuitry became
reality.
 -The trend of miniaturization concentrated computer
capacity on smaller spaces.
 -The Grid. Using distributed computing technology, the
Grid Made it possible to dynamically pool and share
computer resources, making unprecedented computing
power available to everyone on the GRID.
 -Mobile Devices. Cell phones, hybrids, PDAs and tablet
PCs joined with wireless networking to make mobile
computing commonplace everywhere, including the
classroom. Touch screens, Skype, Digital, and Liquid
Projector are some applications of technology.
 B. List down the activities and resources in each generation of
computers in terms of: (a) types of equipment and (b) their
corresponding applications in education.

Pre-Mechanical Age
 Cuneiform
 The advantage of cuneiform in education, especially in
contradistinction to alphabetic scripts, is how impressively
scribes could demonstrate their command over literacy, it
allows the writer to showcase how educated they are. With
cuneiform, writers could tell stories, relate histories, and
support the rule of kings.
 Hieroglyphics
 The notion of introducing hieroglyphic writing symbols and their
corresponding meanings in Arabic into the curricula aims to
educate students their ancient history to enhance knowledge
and raise awareness among the students.
 Pictographs
 Pictograms are a great way to introduce children to data
handling, as they are very visual and generally easy to
understand and interpret. Children can simply count the objects
to find out how many each option represents.

Mechanical Age
 Movable metal-type printing press
 The printing press made it possible to educate people faster than ever
before. New ideas and knowledge could be shared with more people than
even the best teacher could hope to reach in their lifetime. The printing
press also changed the teaching process itself, particularly in technical
subjects
 Quill pens and slates
 The quill seems to have been by far the best writing instrument
invented in its time for it displaces all other forms. It became
the main instrument used in schools.
 Calculators
 This technology allows students solve complicated problems
quickly and in an efficient manner. Additionally, it can reduce
the problem to simpler tasks and allows the student to devote
more time in understanding the problem.
  Slide rule
 Slide rules can perform the basic arithmetic operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, but they can
also be marked for computing with logarithms, square and
cube roots, exponents, trigonometric functions, and vector.
 Phonograph
 The phonograph allowed people to listen to whatever music
they wanted, when they wanted, where they wanted, and for as
long as they wanted. People began listening to music
differently. People could now analyze lyrics in depth.
 Wall Charts
 Evolving wall displays help students keep track of what they
have learned and help them make connections and develop
coherency between ideas, tasks and lessons.

First Generation
 Mechanical switches
 After using a mechanical keyboard for a while and switching
back to membrane, you can really tell the difference. Another
advantage of mechanical switches is each switch is its own
separate entity, meaning you could press down on all available
keys and the PC should be able to register each stroke.
 Cable TV
 Television is a fantastic educational tool. It broadens
knowledge of different cultures, promotes tolerance and global
understanding of international issues. Through current affairs,
discovery, lifestyle, cooking shows and children's programs,
television encourages scientific and cultural curiosity.

Second Generation
 IBM 650 computer
 The 650 was used to pioneer a wide variety of applications,
from modeling submarine crew performance to teaching high
school and college student computer programming.
 Transistor technology
 Transistor, semiconductor device for amplifying, controlling,
and generating electrical signals. Transistors are the active
components of integrated circuits, or “microchips,” which often
contain billions of these minuscule devices etched into their
shiny surfaces.
 Mini-computers
 Mini-Computer coding teaches students how to solve
problems, think critically, be creative, use mathematics and
work together. Computer programming can support
 mathematics teaching by using math simulations, real-world
connections and structured collaboration.

Fourth Generation
 Mainframe systems
 Higher education is one of the largest industries in the United
States. As a result, they need to track a lot of people, ranging
from employees to professors to students. Mainframe
computers aid that process and allow information to be stored
in such a way that it can be easily accessed by upper
management.
 Software publishing
 Software publishing establishments are involved in all aspects
of producing and distributing computer software, such as
designing, providing documentation, assisting in installation,
and providing support services to students.
 Courseware
 Courseware is educational material intended as kits for
teachers or trainers or as tutorials for students, usually
packaged for use with a computer. Courseware can
encompass any knowledge area, but information technology
subjects are most common.
 Computer Literacy
 How Digital Literacy Promotes Student Learning. School
librarians and teachers have found meaningful ways to
introduce digital literacy in education. When students are better
equipped to engage with and utilize digital tools, teachers can
make the learning process more interactive and effective.

Future Generation
 Satellite radio
 Educational radio is the term given to the medium's use in
formal learning systems, whether primary or higher education.
It is typically used as a means for course material delivery, and
often integrated with various kinds of interaction, for example,
in classrooms, discussion groups, or via the telephone.
 Multimedia use
 Multimedia content helps to vary and enhance the learning
process, and leads to better knowledge retention. Educational
video can provide more opportunities for students to engage
with the content. Students around the world can learn from
course content made available through video.
 The Grid
 A Grid is essentially an instructional unit plan. Learning paths
are aligned to the standards, tiered to meet student needs, and
create a cohesive learning experience that is engaging and
effective for students.
 Mobile Devices
 Mobile phones have several applications that can be useful in
the teaching and learning process, including general software,
such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint and other applications,
such as language learning, mathematical problem-solving
software.