Model Question Paper - 1 Max Marks -70

Part - A

1.What is the necessity of a computer networks ?

The use of computer networks can overcome geographic barriers and enable the sharing of
information. Computer networks enable the usage and sharing of any number of applications and
services, including emails, video, audio and plenty of other types of data, over the internet.

2.Write a note on internet ?

The Internet is the biggest world-wide communication network of computers. The Internet has a lot
of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry many
different kinds of information. The short form of internet is the 'net'. The World Wide Web is one of
its biggest services.

3.Write the difference between UTP and STP ?

UTP STP
➢ Unshielded twisted pair .Shielded twisted pair
➢ Cable with wires that are .Twisted pair cable enclosed in foil
Twisted together shield
➢ Cheaper than STP .Easier than UTP
➢ Lighter than STP .Heavier than UTP
4.What are services provided by data link layer ?
The primary service of the data link layer is to support error free transmission. The physical layer
sends the data from the senders hub to the receivers hub as raw bits .the data link layer should
recognize and correct some errors in the communicated data.

5.What is static and dynamic routing ?

➢ Static routing --> is also known as non-adoptive routing and provides high security.
➢ Dynamic routing --> is also known as adoptive routing and provides less security
6.Abbreviate ARP,UDP,SMTP,FTP ?
• ARP--> Address resolution protocol .
• UDP--> User datagram protocol .
• SMTP--> Simple mail transfer protocol .
• FTP --> File transfer protocol
7.Mention the advantages of TCP ?
• TCP is connection -oriented
• It uses a congestion control policy to avoid congestion
• Supports data retransmission
• Performs in-order delivery by rearranging all packets at the receiving end.
8.Define NBT ?
TCP/IP is a networking protocol that allows net BIOS services in a TCP/IP environment.

9.Types of switching in networking ?

• Message switching
• Packet switching
• Circuit switching
Part-B

11.Compare LAN WAN MAN ?

LAN : It is a group of network devices that Allow communication between various Connected
devices. Private ownership has Control over the local area network.
MAN : It covers a larger area than LAN such As small towns, cities, etc. MAN connects two Or
more computers that reside within the same Or completely different cities.
WAN : It covers a large area than LAN as well As a MAN such as country/continent etc.PSTN
or satellite medium is used for wide area Networks

12.Write a short note on IGMP ?

IGMP stands for Internet Group Management Protocol.It is a protocol that allows several
devices to share one IP address so they can all receive the same data. IGMP is a network layer
protocol used to set up multicasting on networks that use the Internet Protocol version 4
(IPv4). Specifically, IGMP allows devices to join a multicast group.

The IGMP protocol gives the multicast routers information about the membership status of
hosts (routers) connected to the network.

14. Explain the various error detection technique ?

There are three main techniques for detecting errors in frames: Parity Check, Checksum and
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).

Parity Check
The parity check is done by adding an extra bit, called parity bit to the data to make a number
of 1s either even in case of even parity or odd in case of odd parity.

Checksum
Data is divided into fixed sized frames or segments

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) involves binary division of the data bits being sent by a
predetermined divisor agreed upon by the communicating system. The divisor is generated
using polynomials.

15. compare datagram and virtual circuit ?

Datagram switching :

Datagram packet switching is a packet switching method that treats each packet, or datagram,
as a separate entity. Each packet is routed via the network on its own. It is a service that does
not require a connection. Because there is no specific channel for a connection session, there
is no need to reserve resources. As a result, packets have a header with all the destination’s
information.
 Virtual Circuit :
Virtual packet switching approach in which a path is built between the source and the final
destination through which all packets are routed throughout a call is known as virtual circuit
switching. Because the connection looks to the user to be an infatuated physical circuit, this
path is referred to as a virtual circuit. Other communications, on the other hand, may be
sharing parts of the same path. Before the data transmission can commence, the source and
destination must agree on a virtual circuit path. For the decision, all intermediary nodes
between the two places add a routing entry to their routing database.

16.Differntiate link state and distance vector routing ?

Link state :

• It is a dynamic routing algorithm in which each router shares knowledge of its neighbors
with every other router in the network

Distance vector
It is a dynamic routing algorithm in which each router computes a distance between itself and
each possible destination i.e it’s immediate neighbor’..

Part-C

17.Differentiate b/w centralized and decentralized network layout ?

Centralisation refers to the concentration of authority at the top level of the organisation. It is the
systematic and consistent reservation of authority at the central points within an organisation. In a
centralised organisation, managers at the lower level have a limited role in decision-making. They
just have to execute the orders and decisions of the top level.

Decentralisation means the dispersal of authority throughout the organisation. It refers to a

systematic effort to delegate to the lowest levels all authority except which can be exercised at
central points. It is the distribution of authority throughout the organisation. In a decentralised
organisation, the authority of major decisions is vested with the top management and balance
authority is delegated to the middle and lower levels.

ii. Write a note on ICMP ?

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) works in the network layer of the OSI model and the
internet layer of the TCP/IP model. It is used to send control messages to network devices and hosts.
Routers and other network devices monitor the operation of the network. When an error occurs,
these devices send a message using ICMP. Messages that can be sent include “destination
unreachable”, “time exceeded”, and “echo requests”.

18. Write a note on unguided transmission media?

Unguided transmission media there is no physical connection between source and
destination, instead they use air itself. These connections are not bound to a channel
to follow.
Unguided transmission media uses two basic types of primary technologies which
are as follows −

Microwaves
Step 1 − Microwaves travel in straight lines and therefore the narrow focus
concentrates all the energy into a beam.
Step 2 − In microwaves periodic repeaters are necessary for long distances and for
transmitting and receiving antennas are aligned accurately.
Example − Bluetooth technology.

Satellite
Step 1 − Use microwave radio to protect from the atmosphere and act as a
microwave relay station.
Step 2 − They are situated in space 22,000 miles above the equator, and it appears
stationary from the earth as it rotates with specific speed.
Step 3 − They can amplify and relay microwave signals from one transmitter on the
ground to another.

19. (a) Derive Shannon channel capacity for noisy channel ?

In reality, transmission channels are noisy. The presence of noise can corrupt one or more bits. It
data rate is increased, then more bits will occur in the interval of a noise spike, and hence more
errors will occur. Claude Shannon introduced a formula, called Shannon capacity, to determine the
theoretical highest data rate for a noisy channel.

C= B × 1082 (1 + SNR)

and Computer Networks

Where,

C is the capacity of the channel in bits per second

B is the bandwidth of the channel 2.

SNR is the Signal-to- Noise Ratio

Example: For a channel with bandwidth of 3 KHz and with a SNR value of 1000, like that of a typical
telephone line, the maximum channel capacity is

C = 3000 × log, (1 + 1000) = 30000 bps (approx.)

In practise however, due to receiver constraints and due to external noise sources, Shannon's
theoretical limit is never achieved in practise. In the Shannon formula there is no indication of the
signal level, which means that no matter how many levels are there, we cannot achieve data rate
higher than the capacity of the channel