'11

N2(29)
marTlmsajuleba
da kanoni

Justice and Law #2(29)'11 Legal Journal

 N
marTlmsajuleba
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da Justice and Law
kanoni saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali
LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES’ ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA

redaqtori
nino ZiZiguri
redaqtoris TanaSemwe
irma beqauri
nomerze muSaobdnen:
inga alaviZe
leila koSkaZe
marine vasaZe
dizaini:
besik danelia
fotouzrunvelyofa:
daviT xizaniSvili

saredaqcio sabWo:
diana berekaSvili
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa
Tamar zambaxiZe asociacia
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
inga kvaWantiraZe
konstantine kublaSvili
zaza meiSvili akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis
valeri cercvaZe gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba
komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos
Editorial Board: mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos
DIANA BEREKASHVILI uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI
ZAZA MEISHVILI
VALERI TSERTSVADZE

Editor:
NINO DZIDZIGURI
Assistant to Editor:
IRMA BEKAURI

The issue was prepared by:

INGA ALAVIDZE
LEILA KOSHKADZE
MARINE VASADZE

Designed by
BESIK DANELIA

Photo support by
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI

English version of articles has been provided by Candidates

of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University

uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5

m-306
ISSN 1512-259X

2
 sarCevi/CONTENTS

5 levan TevzaZe: `garkveuli sareformo etapebi davasruleT

da kvlav vagrZelebT ganviTarebas...~

LEVAN TEVZADZE: “CERTAIN REFORM STAGES COMPLETED AND WE

CONTINUE DEVELOPING…”

Teimuraz Todria

14
sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis zogierTi
Tavisebureba. sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
miTiTebebis savaldebulo Zala
SOME SPECIFICITIES OF DECISIONS OF THE CASSATION COURT.
MANDATORY POWER OF THE CASSATION COURT INSTRUCTION
TEIMURAZ TODRIA

35 nunu kvantaliani
pacientis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION OF RIGHTS OF PATIENTS

NUNU KVANTALIANI

50
eka zarnaZe
saordero fasiani qaRaldi da misi samarTlebrivi
mowesrigebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

ORDER BONDS AND KEY ASPECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION

EKA ZARNADZE

64 ciala Cqareuli
suspenziuri efeqti administraciul saproceso samarTalSi

SUSPENSION EFFECT IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES LAW

TSIALA CHKAREULI

74
Tamar CitoSvili
usafuZvlo gamdidrebisas davalebisa da moTxovnis
uflebis daTmobis safuZvelze Sesrulebis Sedegebi

TRANSFER RESULTS IN CASES OF UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT BASED ON

GIVING UP DEMAND AND INSTRUCTIONS
TAMAR CHITOSHVILI

88 Tea suxitaSvili
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebi

SUBJECTS TO CIVIL RESPONSIBILITY

TEA SUKHITASHVILI

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100
Tea kalandaZe
meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebi

GROUNDS FOR ORIGINATION OF CO-OWNERSHIP RIGHTS OF SPOUSES

THEA KALANDADZE

107 daviT mesxiSvili

organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola italiaSi

FFFIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME IN ITALY

DAVID MESKHISHVILI

irine xerxeuliZe

118
sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma _ arasapatimro saxis
sasjelTa Soris arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa resocializaciis
erT-erTi saukeTeso agenti
PUBLIC WORKS – ONE OF THE BEST AGENTS AMONG
NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES FOR RESOCIALIZATION OF JUVENILES
IRINE KHERKHEULIDZE

131 irina aqubardia

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos verdiqti

VERDICT OF THE JURY TRIAL

IRINA AKUBARDIA

139
daviT kariauli
dazaralebulis uflebrivi mdgomareoba sisxlis
samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT

RIGHTS OF VICTIMS UNDER THE NEW CRIMINAL PROCEDURES CODE

DAVID KARIAULI

ia xarazi

144
sagadasaxado samarTlis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi
safuZveli sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis miReba: problemebi
da Taviseburebani

CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF THE TAX LAW ADOPTION OF THE TAX

LEGISLATION – PROBLEMS AND SPECIFICITIES
IA KHARAZI

4
`garkveuli
sareformo etapebi
davasruleT da kvlav
vagrZelebT
ganviTarebas...~
`situacia radikalurad Secvlilia _ mosaxleobis
samarTlebrivi TviTSegneba saocrad gaizarda.
maxsovs, wlebis winaT, Zalze xSiri SemTxvevebi, roca
braldebulebi ar aRiarebdnen danaSauls da
samarTaldamcvelebTan TanamSromlobas
Takilobdnen; dazaralebuli moqalaqeebi ki, TavianT
problemebs `quCaSi arCevdnen~. axla piriqiTaa~, _
acxadebs quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomare levan TevzaZe, romelTan interviusac
qvemoT SemogTavazebT.

batono levan, sasamarTlo reformis erT-erTi

mimarTuleba iyo sasamarTloebis gaerTianeba _
Seiqmna quTaisis gaerTianebuli sasamarTlo. ras
gulisxmobs sasamarTloebis gaerTianeba da ra Sedegi
mohyva am struqturul siaxles?

_ saqmeTa drouli ganxilva da marTlmsajulebis

xelmisawvdomoba iyo is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, ramac
ganapiroba magistrati mosamarTlis institutis Camoyalibeba,
romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis
SezRudvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis droul ganxilvas,
administraciul da samoqalaqo kategoriis naklebad rTuli
saqmeebis gadawyvetas. magistrati mosamarTleebis sistema
Sedis didi, gaerTianebuli sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciaSi da
warmoadgens sasamarTlo xelisuflebas im administraciul-
teritoriul erTeulSi, sadac ar arsebobs gaerTianebuli
raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi,
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, 2010 wlis 22

5
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da kanoni
seqtembridan tyibulis, wyaltubos da
baRdaTis raionuli sasamarTloebi gaxdnen
magistri sasamarTloebi da gaerTiandnen
quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi. yovelive
aman ki, ganapiroba sasamarTloSi arsebuli
davebis swrafad, efeqtianad da xarisxianad
ganxilva. amasTan, quTaisis saqalaqo
sasamarTloSi mosamarTleebi saqmeebs
ganixilaven specializaciis mixedviT da
mosamarTlis mxridan saqmis ganxilvisas
raime Secdomis daSvebis albaToba
minimumamdea dayvanili.
rogor funqcionirebs magistrati
sasamarTloebi baRdaTSi, wyaltubosa
da tyibulSi... mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis servisis gaumjobesebis
garda kidev ra funqciebi aqvs maT da
rogori kategoriis saqmeebs
ganixilaven?
_ magistri mosamarTleebi TavianT samoqmedo
teritoriaze ganixilaven saqmeebs saproceso
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli uflebamosi-
lebis farglebSi, kerZod: sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebze _ adamianis uflebebis SezRudvasTan
da iZulebiT RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebul
sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis kanonierebas,
aRmkveT RonisZiebebs, gamomZieblis an pro-
kuroris ukanono qmedebebis gamo saCivrebs;
samoqalaqo samarTlis kuTxiT _ qonebriv
davebs, Tu sarCelis fasi ar aRemateba 2000
lars, udavo da gamartivebul warmoebis
saqmeebs, saojaxo urTierTobidan
gamomdinare davebs, garda Svilad ayvanis,
mSoblis uflebis CamorTmevis, mamobis
dadgenis da bavSvis mikuTvnebis Taobaze
warmoebuli davebisa;
xolo administraciuli samarTlis kuTxiT _
administraciul samarTaldarRvevebs _
saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sakiTxebs,
aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobil davebs,
sajaro samsaxurSi SromiT urTierTobidan
6
warmoSobil davebs; mewarmis saqmianobis
Semowmebis Sesaxeb makontrolebeli organos
Suamdgomlobebs brZanebis gamocemis Taobaze;
aranebayoflobiT fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis
mizniT piris stacionarSi moTavsebis sakiTxebs.
saqmeebis ganxilvis msgavsma diferencirebam
xeli Seuwyo davebis swraf da efeqtianad
gadawyvetas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sasamarTloebSi aRar aris TveobiT, wlobiT
ganuxilveli saqmeebi, ufro metic, yvela
kategoriis saqmeze saqmeTa ganxilvis vadis
saerTo maCvenebeli erT Tvemde meryeobs.
sasamarTloSi mosulma moqalaqeebma ukve
kargad ician, rom maT saqmeebs droulad da
xarisxianad ganixilaven.
garda sasamarTloebis gaerTianebisa,
sainteresoa, ra etapzea axla reforma
quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi da
am periodisTvis ra aris yvelaze
prioritetuli TqvenTvis?
_ rogorc mogexsenebaT, 2008 wlidan daiwyo
sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi mimdinare
reformis meore talRa. rac, mTeli rigi
progresuli iniciativebisa da proeqtebis
ganxorcielebas iTvaliswinebs _
marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobis,
sazogadoebrivi ndobisa da samarTlebrivi
Segnebis amaRlebis kuTxiT.
rogorc sasamarTlos mTeli sistema, aseve,
quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo mobilizebu-
lia, rom Tavisi wvlili Seitanos sasamarTlo
reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi.
reformis pirobebi mimdinare da mzardia,
TiToeuli etapi sazogadoebisa da zogadad,
qveyanaSi samarTlis ganviTarebasTaaa dakav-
Sirebuli. amitomac, getyviT, rom gvaqvs
uzarmazari Sedegebi, rasac sasamarTloSi
SemosvlisTanave igrZnobT. garkveuli etapebi
davasruleT da vagrZelebT ganviTarebas _
Cven vizrdebiT da Sesabamisad, mimdinare
procesebSi aqtiurad varT Cabmuli.
sareformo cvlilebebis CamoTvla axla
Znelia, imitom, rom uzarmazari samuSaoebi
Catarda, ris gamoc, miviReT srulyofili,
swrafi, efeqtiani da, rac yvelaze mTavaria,
yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi marTlmsajuleba.

batono levan, Zalze xSirad

gamoiTqmis pretenziebi
mosamarTleTa kvalifikaciis
Taobaze, rogoria Tqveni
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis
kvalifikaciis xarisxi? miT umetes,
quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi
ZiriTadad, axladdaniSnuli
mosamarTleebi saqmianoben.

_ quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi

mosamarTleebi marTlac axladdaniSnulebi
arian, magram vidre mosamarTleebad
dainiSnebodnen, srulyofili specialuri
momzadeba gaiares iusticiis umaRles
skolaSi.
mosamarTlis kvalifikaciaze upirvelesad,
mis mier ganxiluli saqmeebis xarisxiT unda
visaubroT. unda mogaxsenoT, rom quTaisis
saqalaqo sasamarTloSi damTavrebul saqmeTa
raodenobidan mxolod 10 procenti
saCivrdeba zemdgom sasamarTlo instanciaSi,
sadac, Cvens xelT arsebuli statistikiT,
saqmeebis umtesoba ZalaSi rCeba, rac
mosamarTleTa maRal profesionalizmsa da
kvalifikaciaze miuTiTebs.
garda amisa, mosamarTleTa profesionalizms
adasturebs isic, rom wina wlebTan
SedarebiT gaormagda gansaxilvel saqmeTa
maCvenebeli, rac aseve, pirdapiraa
dakavSirebuli sazogadoebis ndobis zrdasa
da sasamarTlo reformis warmatebasTan.
sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideblo-
basTan dakavSirebiT pretenziebs
gamoTqvamen saerTaSoriso organiza-
warmatebiT daamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti.
2001-2002 wlebSi muSaobda Tbilisis
didube-CuRureTis raionuli prokuraturis
staJior-gamomZiebelad;
2002 wlidan muSaobda saqarTvelos iusticiis
saministros saaRsrulebo departamentis
Tbilisis saaRsrulebo biuros ufrosis
moadgiled, Semdeg iusticiis saministros
saaRsrulebo departamentis saaRsrulebo
warmoebis sammarTvelos dasavleT
saqarTvelos saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa
ganyofilebis ufrosad, sammarTvelos
ufrosad;
2004-2008 wlebSi muSaobda saqarTvelos Sss-s
generalur inspeqciaSi narkomaniis
winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis ufrosis
moadgiled; Sss-s generaluri inspeqciis
saCivar-gancxadebebze reagirebis
ganyofilebis ufrosis moadgiled; ufros
inspeqtorad; ufros gamomZieblad; Sss-s
generaluri inspeqciis winaswari gamoZiebisa
da disciplinuri devnis sammarTvelos

ciebi, acxadeben, rom qarTuli

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da kanoni
finansuri darRvevebis Semowmebis
ganyofilebis ufrosad.
2008 wels warmatebiT Caabara mosamarTlis
sakvalifikacio gamocda da imave wels
dainiSna xelvaCauris raionuli sasamarTlos
mosamarTled; dakisrebuli hqonda
xelvaCauris raionuli sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris uflebamosileba.
2009 wlis noembridan mosamarTlis
uflebamosilebas axorcielebs quTaisis
saqalaqo sasamarTloSi da dakisrebuli
aqvs quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris uflebamosileba.
8
marTlmsajuleba politizebulia,
rom damoukideblobis xarisxi Zalze
dabalia.
_ Tamamad SemiZlia giTxraT, rom msgavsi
mosazreba safuZvels moklebulia im martivi
mizezis gamo, rom mosamarTlis saqmianobaSi
Careva samarTlebrivi aqtebiT dasjadi
qmedebaa. es kanoni Cvenma mosamarTleebma
kargad ician da damerwmuneT, aseTi faqtis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad
mohyveboda reagireba.
sasamarTlos diskreditaciis mizniT, msgavs
gancxadebebs ZiriTadad, politikurad
angaJirebuli adamianebi akeTeben an
sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi monawile is mxare,
romlis sasurveli gadawyvetilebac ver
gamovida. Tumca, vfiqrob, rom sasamarTlos
mier miRebuli obieqturi, samarTliani da
stabiluri gadawyvetilebebi msgavs
mosazrebebs abaTilebs. rogorc mogaxseneT,
statistika adasturebs, rom Cveni sasamar-
Tlos mosamarTleebis mier gamotanili
gadawyvetilebebi samarTliania da maTi didi
nawili zemdgom instanciaSic aRar icvleba.
sasamarTlos saqmianobis mTavari
Semfasebeli sazogadoebaa, rogoria
Tqveni informacia, sargeblobs
quTaisis sasamarTlo sazogadoebis
ndobiT? arsebuli informaciiT,
sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sesafaseb-
lad saerTaSoriso organizaciebma
Caatares sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa
kvleva, rogor Seafases moqalaqeebma
Tqveni saqmianoba?
_ absoluturad geTanxmebiT, swored
sazogadoebam unda Seafasos sasamarTlos
saqmianoba. quTaisis saqalaqo
sasamarTloSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
sistematurad atareben kvlevebs
sazogadoebrivi ndobis xarisxis gansazRvris
mizniT.
saqmis gadawyvetis vadebi, sasamarTlos
TanamSromelTa damokidebulebis Sefaseba,
sasamarTlos mxridan informaciis gacemis
procedurebis simartive, mosamarTleTa
profesionalizmi da sasamarTlosadmi ndoba
_ aseTi gaxldaT im SekiTxvebis zogierTi
CamonaTvali, romelsac sasamarTloSi misul
moqalaqeebs usvamdnen. yvela parametris
mixedviT, mdgomareoba sasamarTloSi
dadebiTad Sefasda, rac, sabolood,
sasamarTlosadmi ndobis gazrdaSi gamoixata.
SarSan Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT,
gamokiTxulTa 68 procenti endoboda sasamar-
Tlos. sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa gamokiTxva
sul axlaxan, ganmeorebiT Catarda da
aRmoCnda, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas
samarTlianad afasebs da sasamarTlos
endoba gamokiTxulTa 70 procenti.
aRmoCnda, rom wina wlebSi Catarebul analo-
giur kvlevebTan SedarebiT, situacia sagrZ-
noblad gaumjobesebulia yvela mimarTulebiT.
gamokiTxvebis mizani mxolod cifrebis
dafiqsireba ar gaxlavT. yvela aseT kvlevas
aqvs erTi daniSnulebac _ sasamarTloebSi
arsebuli situaciis realurad danaxva, maTi
analizi da problemis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
situaciis gamosworebaze zrunva. roca
situacias ikvlev, es niSnavs, rom mdgomare-
obis Sefasebasa da gaumjobesebaze zrunav.
wlebis winaT, roca pirvelad Catarda
kvleva, quTaiselebi Tavs aridebdnen
pasuxis gacemas SekiTxvebze, axla
rogorc Cans, situacia Seicvala.
rogor fiqrobT, gaizarda quTaisele-
bis samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis
done? miT umetes, Tu gavixsenebT
periods, roca quTaisi `Savi
samyaros~ gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
_ samwuxarod, marTlac iyo aseTi periodi,
oRond, wlebis winaT. axla situacia
radikalurad Secvlilia _ mosaxleobis
samarTlebrivi TviTSegneba saocrad
gaizarda. maxsovs, wlebis winaT, Zalze xSiri
SemTxvevebi, roca braldebulebi ar
aRiarebdnen danaSauls da samarTaldamcve-
lebTan TanamSromlobas Takilobdnen;
dazaralebuli moqalaqeebi ki, TavianT
problemebs `quCaSi arCevdnen~, axla piriqiTaa.
mosaxleobam icis, rom sakuTari interesebis
dasacavad sasamarTlos, samarTaldamcvel
uwyebebs unda mimarTos. moqalaqeebi
samarTaldamcvelebTan TanamSromloben da
darwmunebuli arian, rom maTi problemebi
samarTlebrivi gziT _ sasamarTloSi
mogvardeba. amis dasturia, rom bolo
wlebSi sagrZnoblad moimata saqmeebis
raodenobam. magaliTad, wels SarSandelTan
SedarebiT, gaormagebulia sasamarTloSi
Semosul saqmeTa raodenoba,
gansakuTrebiT, samoqalaqo saqmeebi. es ki,
niSnavs, rom sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi
done gaizarda da maT aqvT sasamarTlos
ndoba.
sainteresoa, samomavlo gegmebi,
kidev ra siaxleebis ganxorcielebas
apirebT sasamarTlo sistemaSi?
_ samomavlo gegmebTan dakavSirebiT,
SemiZlia mogaxsenoT, rom igegmeba saqmis
warmoebis eleqtronuli programis
amoqmedeba, rac moqalaqeebs met komforts
Seuqmnis, xels Seuwyobs da gauadvilebs
sasamarTloSi warmoebul saqmeze detaluri
informaciis miRebas.
nebismier moqalaqes SeeZleba miiRos misi
saqmis Taobaze detaluri informacia _ ra
etapzea saqme, ra damatebiTi informaciaa
saWiro da a.S. anu, nebismieri moqalaqe
Tavisi saqmis mimdinareobis Taobaze
martivad miiRebs operatiul informacias
mosamarTlis TanaSemwesTan da
sasamarTlos sxva TanamSromlebTan
urTierTobis gareSe.
9
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LEVAN TEVZADZE:
“CERTAIN REFORM
STAGES COMPLETED
AND WE CONTINUE
DEVELOPING…”

“Conditions radically changed – legal awareness of the

population has significantly increased. I remember, years ago,
frequent cases, when accused would not admit to a crime and
would be reluctant to cooperate with law enforcement agencies;
and victims, were trying to “solve” their problems in the street.
Now, everything has changed” – declares Chair of the Kutaisi
City Court Levan Tevzadze, interview with whom is given below.

Mr. Levan, consolidation of courts was one of judicial reform

directions – the consolidated Kutaisi Court has been created.
What does consolidation imply and what are the outcomes of
such a structural innovation?

Timely review of cases and availability of justice were key factors, for
which magistrate judges were introduced; it allows for timely review of
constitutional rights related restrictions, administrative and civil cases
of less complexity. Magistrate judges system is under the jurisdiction
of consolidated courts and represents judicial authorities in those
administrative territorial units, which do not have consolidated district
(city) courts. In our case, by decision of the High Council of Justice,
as of September 22, 2010, Tkibuli, Tskaltubo and Baghdadi district
courts became magistrate courts and were merged with the Kutaisi
City Court. All this led to rapid, effective and quality hearing of cases.
In addition, judges of the Kutaisi City Court hear cases in accordance
with specialization, which minimizes the possibility of judicial
mistakes.

10
 How do magistrate courts function in
Baghdadi, Tskaltubo and Tkibuli…. In
addition to improving services to population,
what other functions are borne by them and
what kind of cases do they hear?
In their correspondent jurisdictions, magistrate
judges hear cases within competencies defined by
procedural legislation, namely: criminal cases –
restriction of human rights and legality of
investigative actions in coercive activities,
prevention measures, complaints on illegal actions
of prosecutors or investigators; civil cases –
property disputes if the claim value does not
exceed GEL 2 000, indubitable and cases of
simplified proceedings, family related disputes,
except child adoption and child granting related
disputes; and in administrative cases –
administrative offences – state social security
issues, disputes related to enforcement (execution)
of decisions, disputes arising from labour relations
of public servants; cases related to issuance of
motions by control bodies on auditing
entrepreneurial activities; issues related to
placement of an individual in the special facilities
for psychiatric assistance.
Such differentiation of case reviews facilitated
rapid and effective administration of justice. It can
be said that there are no more cases pending
hearing for months or even years; moreover, all
category of cases are being reviewed within one
month approximately. When citizens address the
court, they very well know that their cases will be
reviewed in a timely manner and with high quality.
In addition to consolidation of courts, it
would be interesting to know the status of the
reform in the Kutaisi court as well as the key
priorities?
As you know, a second wave of judicial reforms
had started in 2008; the second wave envisages
implementation of many progressive initiatives and
projects aimed at judicial independence and
increasing public trust and confidence as well as
raising legal awareness.
As the whole judicial system, the Kutaisi City
Court is committed to contribute to successful
implementation of the judicial reform. Reform
conditions are ongoing and increasing, where each
stage of the reform is aimed at development and
promotion of justice. Therefore, I should say that
we have significant results which one can feel
immediately upon entering the court building.
Certain stages are completed and we continue
developing – we grow and therefore, are actively
involved in ongoing processes.
It is hard to now list changes to be achieved by the
reform implementation since a lot has been done,
due to which we received a comprehensive, rapid,
effective and, most importantly publicly accessible
judiciary.
Mr. Levan, complaints about qualification of
judges are quite frequent. What is the
professional level of judges in your court,
especially considering the fact the fact that
Kutaisi Court basically employs newly
appointed judges?
Judges of the Kutaisi City Court indeed are newly
appointed, but before appointment they have passed
special trainings at the Hugh School of Justice; they
apply obtained knowledge in the Court.
We shall judge about the qualification of the judge
by the quality of reviewed by him/her cases. I must
tell you that appeals to higher instance courts are
made only in 10% of cases reviewed by our Court,
where, according to our statistics, most decisions
remain unchanged and in force; it indicates at high
professionalism and qualification of judges.
In addition, professionalism of judges is proven by
the fact that in comparison to previous years,
11
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indicator of heard cases has doubled; it is directly
related to increase of public trust and success of
judicial reforms.
International organizations often complain
about the level of judicial independence; they
say that Georgian judiciary is politicized and
that level of independence is quite low.
I can tell you that such statements are groundless
due to a very simple reason that interference with
judicial activities is punishable under the legal acts.
Our judges know that law very well and, trust me,
a relevant response will follow in case of such
facts.
Such statements are usually made by politically
biased persons with the purpose of discrediting
courts; or they are made by parties to the case,
especially those who did not obtain a favourable
decision. However, I think that objective, fair and
stable decisions of the Court nullify such opinions.
As said above, statistics show that decisions of our
judges are fair and large share of them is not
altered in higher instance courts.
Public is a major evaluator of judicial
activities. According to your information,
does public trust the Kutaisi Court?
According to existing information,
international organizations conducted a
research/survey of court customers for the
purpose of assessing judicial activities. How
did citizens appraise you activities?
I completely agree with you. Certainly the public
shall assess activities of courts. International
organizations regularly conduct surveys in the
Kutaisi City Court for the purpose of determining
level of public trust.
Timeframes for deciding the case, evaluation of
attitudes of the court staff, simplicity of releasing
12
information by courts, professionalism of judges
and trust in courts – these are some of the
questions asked of citizens in courts. According to
all parameters, the Court’s assessment was positive;
and this, in its turn led to increase of trust.
According to the survey of last year, 68% of
respondents said they trusted the Court. Survey of
court users was conducted quite recently again. It
appears that 70% of respondents positively evaluate
fairness of judicial decisions and they trust courts.
It appeared that situation has significantly
improved in comparison to previous years.
Receiving figures is not the only objective of
surveys. They have another purpose as well –
realistic assessment of the judiciary, analysis and in
case of problems, finding solutions. Studying status
of affairs of the court is aimed at assessment and
improvement.
Years ago, when the survey was conducted
for the first time, residents of Kutaisi were
trying to avoid answering questions of the
survey, but nowadays, as it seems, everything
has changed. Do you thin that legal
awareness level of Kutaisi residents has
increased, especially if we remember the time
when Kutaisi was under the influence of the
“Dark world”?
Unfortunately, there really was such time, but that
was years ago. Now the situation has radically
changed – legal awareness of the populations has
significantly increased. I remember that years ago
very often accused would not admit to a crime and
would be reluctant to cooperate with law
enforcement agencies; and victims, were trying to
“solve” their problems in the street. Now
everything has changed. The population knows that
they have to address the court to protect their
interests. Citizens cooperate with law enforcement
agencies and they are sure that their problems can
and will be solved by the court. Increased number
of cases is a very good evidence of that. For
instance, in comparison to the last year, the
number of cases filed with the court has doubled,
especially civil cases. It means that legal awareness
of people has increased and they trust the
judiciary.

What are the future plans? What other

innovations are planed in the judiciary?

As to future plans, it is planned to introduce

electronic case management system. It will be very
convenient for citizens; it will also facilitate and
simplify receipt of information about pending
cases.

Any citizen will be able to receive detailed

information about the case – stage of review,
required additional information, etc. In other
words, any citizen will easily obtain information
without direct communication with the judge or
assistant judge.

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sakasacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis
zogierTi Tavisebureba.
sakasacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis
miTiTebebis
savaldebulo Zala

Teimuraz Todria
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle

1. sakiTxis dasma

aRniSnul statiaSi vecdebiT calkeuli praqtikuli magali-

Tis ganxilviT yuradReba gavamaxviloT erT SemTxvevaSi _ sa-
apelacio sasamarTlos mier dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebis
samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegebze, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _
saapelacio sasamarTlos mier faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenis
procesis Sefasebis Sedegebze.
gansaxilveli Tematikis farglebSi Cvens interess iwvevs faq-
tobrivi garemoebebis mniSvnelobis gavlena sakasacio sasamar-
Tlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaze. amasTan, SevexebiT zogi-
erT sakiTxs, romelic exeba sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebis
savaldebuloobas.
sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis instituti gaTva-
liswinebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis L
TaviT. aRniSnuli institutis Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasamarTlos
aqvs uflebamosileba, ucvlelad datovos gasaCivrebuli gadawy-
vetileba an gaauqmos igi. kerZod, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetile-
bis ucvlelad datoveba SesaZlebelia sam SemTxvevaSi: rodesac
kanonis miTiTebul darRvevas ara aqvs adgili; saapelacio sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ar udevs kanonis dar-
Rveva; saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba arsebiTad

14
sworia, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili ar Seicavs Sesabamis
dasabuTebas.1
gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba SesaZlebelia sam SemTxvevaSi: saqmis garemoebebi
saproceso normebis iseTi darRveviTaa dadgenili, rom am darRvevis Sedegad saqmeze aras-
wori gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili da saWiroa mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi gamokvleva;
arsebobs am kodeqsis 394-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebi, garda aRniSnuli muxlis
`g~ da `e~ qvepunqtebisa;2 axali gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.3
zemoaRniSnuli procesualuri danawesebi mxolod procesualur kriteriumebs warmoadgens,
sadac moiazreba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) rogorc procesualur-samarTleb-
rivi, aseve materialur-samarTlebrivi mxareebis Semowmebis Sedegebi.
amdenad, miTiTebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia erT SemTxvevaSi _ saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani
(ZiriTadi, saZiebeli) faqtobrivi garemoebebis gansazRvris marTebulobaze, meore SemTxvevaSi
_ am faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenis procesis marTebulobaze, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi, rom-
lis arsebobaze damokidebulia wina ori SemTxveva, procesualur darRvevebs warmoadgens (sssk-
is 394-e muxli) da gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia.4
aRniSnuli statiis Tematikis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic exeba ZiriTadi, saqmisaTvis mniSvne-
lovani faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvnelobas sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis, Cven ar SevexebiT
sssk-is 394-e muxliT dadgenili gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZ-
vels, garda am muxlis `e~ da `e¹~ qvepunqtebisa (ix.: qvemoT).
amdenad, sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis zemoaRniSnuli SemTxveva xSirad ganpiro-
bebulia faqtobrivi garemoebebis Semowmebis procesualuri TaviseburebebiT.
zemdgomi sasamarTloebis mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens gaaqarwylon samarTlis normis
interpretaciidan gamomdinare sxvadasxva bundovaneba da am gziT xeli Seuwyon samarTlis ganvi-
Tarebas.5

2.  gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis samarTlebrivi

kriteriumebi

ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac kanonis miTiTebul darRvevas ara aqvs adgili; saape-
lacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ar udevs kanonis darRveva.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli darRveva igulisxmeba, romelic SeiZleba
exebodes rogorc materialur-samarTlebrivi, aseve, procesualur-samarTlebrivi normebis
darRvevas. miuxedavad amisa, sakasacio sasamarTlos Tavisi iniciativiT SeuZlia Seamowmos
materialur-samarTlebrivi normis darRvevebi, xolo procesualur-samarTlebrivi darRveve-
bis Semowmeba SeuZlia mxolod sakasacio saCivarSi amis Sesaxeb arsebuli miTiTebebis SemTxvevaSi
da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi.6 am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas Tavisi iniciativiT SeuZ-
lia Seamowmos procesualur darRvevaTa faqtebis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi.7
meore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ar udevs
kanonis darRveva, sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon ikvlevs, darRveulia Tu ara materialur-
samarTlebrivi norma, aseve, im SemTxvevebs, romlebic gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis
absoluturi safuZvelia.
am SemTxvevaSi, sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad sworad iqna gansazRv-
ruli silogizmis mTavari, pirveli (normatiuli) wanamZRvari. magram iuridiuli Sedegis norma-
tiuli wanamZRvris gansazRvris (samarTlebrivi normis moZiebis da ganmartebis) aucilebloba

15
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erT SemTxvevaSi _ ukavSirdeba meoradi wanamZRvris, anu faqtobrivi situaciis sworad gansaz-
Rvras da mis realizacias silogizmis mTavari, anu normatiuli wanamZRvris qveS _ meore SemTxve-
vaSi. amdenad, gansaxilvel orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom qvemdgomma sasamarTlom sworad
ganaxorciela zemoaRniSnuli wanamZRvrebis fiqsaciis realizacia, ris Sedegadac kanonieri
gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli.
aRniSnul daskvnamde sakasacio sasamarTlo deduqciuri kvleviT midis, rac upirvels yov-
lisa, niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs, Tu ramdenad sworad iqna gamoyenebuli da
ganmartebuli samarTlis norma, romelic zogadi da abstraqtuli xasiaTisaa. amdenad, rodesac
sakasacio sasamarTlo ucvlelad tovebs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas (ganCinebas),
mis motivaciaSi unda Candes, Tu ratom miiCnia, rom am normiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegi
realizdeba konkretul SedegSi.
magaliTis saxiT mivmarToT sasamarTlo praqtikas.
erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom `mosarCele `a~ warmoadgens marTl-
zomier mflobels, kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarCele `a~-s dadebuli
saijaro xelSekruleba registrirebulia dedofliswyaros raionis miwis marTvis sammarTvelos
saregistracio JurnalSi #1482-iT.
kasatoris mier ar aris wamoyenebuli damatebiTi da dasabuTebuli sakasacio saCivari, rom-
liTac igi sadavod gaxdida sajaro reestrSi registracias. amdenad, saapelacio sasamarTlos
mier dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi savaldebuloa sasamarTlosaTvis (sssk-is 407-e muxlis
me-2 nawili).
amrigad, `a~-sTan dadebuli ijaris xelSekrulebis registraciis faqti adasturebs im
garemoebas, rom `a~ aris marTlzomieri mflobeli... marTlzomier mfloblad iTvleba piri,
romelic samarTlebriv safuZvelze axorcielebs nivTis mimarT faqtobriv batonobas. saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 162-e muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli winadadebis Tanaxmad, dauSve-
belia marTlzomier mflobels moeTxovos nivTis ukan dabruneba. amave muxlis me-2 nawilis
Tanaxmad, es wesi exeba aseve pirdapiri mfloblis urTierTobas arapirdapir mflobelTan. gan-
saxilveli normis Tanaxmad `a~-s ufleba aqvs gamoiTxovos `b~-sagan sadavo miwa...
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakasacio palata miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sap-
roceso kodeqsis 410-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saapelacio sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadawyveti-
lebas safuZvlad ar udevs kanonis darRveva.~8
rogorc zemoaRniSnuli magaliTidan Cans, sasamarTlom sworad gansazRvra faqtobrivi gare-
moebebis wre da isini procesualuri darRvevis gareSe daadgina.
SesaZlebelia, rom sakasacio saCivari uTiTebdes samarTlis normis interpretaciaze, magram
am SemTxvevaSic, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT faqtobrivi garemoebebi, radgan mniSvnelovania
ara samarTlis normis interpretaciis (ganmartebis) Semowmeba, aramed, am interpretaciis Sede-
gad ramdenad sworad gansazRvra saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi
garemoebebi.
magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi kasatori _ dmanisis raionis gamgeoba uTiTebda, rom saapelacio
sasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 442-e muxli, romelic iTva-
liswinebs valdebulebis Sewyvetas urTierTgaqviTviT.
amasTan mimarTebiT sakasacio palatam miuTiTa: `saapelacio sasamarTlom sworad ganmarta
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 442-e muxlis pirveli nawili. kerZod, aRniSnuli muxlis pir-
veli nawilis Tanaxmad, or pirs Soris arsebuli urTierTmoTxovna SeiZleba gaqviTviT Sewydes,
Tu damdgaria am moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis vada. amdenad, gansaxilveli normis Tanaxmad, urTi-
erTmoTxovnaTa gaqviTvisas unda arsebobdes ori aucilebeli winapiroba: orive piri erTmane-

16
TisaTvis erTdroulad kreditoric unda iyos da movalec e.i. orives erTmaneTis mimarT unda
ekisrebodes valdebulebis Sesruleba da aseve, dadgenili unda iyos am moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis
vada. aRniSnuli normis Tanaxmad, es ori winapiroba erTdroulad unda arsebobdes, rom gan-
xorcieldes urTierTmoTxovnaTa gaqviTva. am wesidan gamonaklisia amave muxlis me-2 nawili,
romlis Tanaxmad, valdebulebaTa gaqviTva SesaZlebelia maSinac, roca erT-erTi moTxovnis
Sesrulebis vada jer ar damdgara, magram am moTxovnis uflebis mqone mxars uWers gaqviTvas.
valdebulebis gaqviTva meore mxarisaTvis SetyobinebiT xorcieldeba. sakasacio palata
ganmartavs, rom konkretul davaze ar vrceldeba es ukanaskneli normis danawesi (442-e muxlis
me-2 nawili), radgan mopasuxe mxars ar uWers gaqviTvas. e.i. ar arsebobs misi neba Sesrulebis
vadis dadgomamde urTierTmoTxovnebis gaqviTvis Sesaxeb, rac aucilebeli pirobaa am normiT
urTierTobis mowesrigebisaTvis.
saapelacio sasamarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia, rom mosarCelis moTxovna mopasuxisaTvis mile-
bis Rirebulebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb, damokidebulia TviT mis mier mopasuxisaTvis Sesrulebuli
samuSaos Rirebulebis darCenili nawilis gadaxdaze. miTiTebuli Tanxa mxareTa Soris saboloo
angariSsworebisas unda gamokleboda dmanisis raionis gamgeobis mier Sps `saqgazmSenservisi-
saTvis~ Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis Rirebulebis saxiT asanazRaurebel Tanxas, xolo saboloo
angariSsworeba jer ar Semdgara.~9
sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan movitaneT is nawili, romelic exeboda samarTlis
normis ganmartebas, radgan kasatori am SemTxvevaSi, xelmZRvanelobda sssk-is 393-e muxlis me-2
nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT. magram imisaTvis, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos Seemowmebina Tu ramdenad
sworad ganmarta saapelacio sasamarTlom sk-is 442-e muxli, ar iyo sakmarisi mxolod silogizmis
mTavari, anu normatiuli wanamZRvris gansazRvra, radgan Semowmebis obieqts warmoadgens ara
samarTlis norma, aramed faqtobrivi garemoebebi. samarTlis normis swor ganmartebas aqvs
sakmaod didi mniSvneloba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, araswor ganmartebas mohyveba araswori gadawyve-
tilebis gamotana. magram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac faqtebis dadgenis procesi davas ar iwvevs, an am
procesualur darRvevebze miTiTeba safuZvels moklebulia, maSin sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos,
Tu ramdenad moiazreba sasamarTlos mier dadgenili faqtobrivi situacia samarTlis normiT
gaTvaliswinebuli faqtobrivi situaciis normatiul aRwerilobaSi, romelic ganmarta saape-
lacio sasamarTlom da ramdenad sworad ganaxorcielda subsumireba. sasamarTlo ar ixilavs
abstraqtul urTierTobebs, igi ixilavs da wyvets mxareTa Soris warmoSobil davas, Sesabamisad,
samarTlis normis gamoyenebisa da ganmartebis marTebulobas sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs
konkretul faqtebTan mimarTebiT.10
sakmaod sainteresoa kanonis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasamarTlo ar akmayofi-
lebs sakasacio saCivars, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba arsebiTad sworia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili ar Seicavs Sesabamis dasabuTebas.
vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi unda ganimartos, Tu ras niSnavs: `gadawyvetileba arsebiTad
sworia~ da `ar Seicavs Sesabamis dasabuTebas.~
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo ar aris faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo da
amowmebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) mxolod samarTlebriv mxares, zemoaRniS-
nuli danawesis swor ganmartebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom gasaCivrebuli ga-
dawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi kuTxiT Semosamowmeblad, igi unda Seicavdes saqmisaTvis mniSv-
nelovan dadgenil faqtebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba sssk-is 411-e an 412-e muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebs. am ukanasknel SemTxvevebs ufro detalurad qvemoT SevexebiT.
sssk-is 410-e muxliT mocemul SemTxvevaSi, saxeze unda iyos Semowmebis obieqtis (faqtobrivi
garemoebebis) yvela niSani da amasTan, ar unda iyos faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenasTan dakav-

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Sirebuli procesualuri darRvevebi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyveti-

lebiT damdgaria swori Sedegi. amdenad, unda arsebobdes subsumirebadi faqtebi.
magram moiazreba Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi, iuridiuli dausabuTebloba? maSinac ki, Tu gadaw-
yvetileba iuridiulad ar aris sakmaod dasabuTebuli, es warmoadgens misi gauqmebis absolutur
safuZvels (sssk-is 394-e muxlis `e~ qvepunqti). amdenad, gamoricxvis principidan gamomdinare,
sssk-is 410-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxveva unda gavmijnoT amave kodeqsis
394-e muxlis `e~ da `e¹~ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisagan, rasac Cven dawvrilebiT
qvemoT SevexebiT.
amdenad, `gadawyvetileba arsebiTad sworia~ da `ar Seicavs Sesabamis dasabuTebas~ unda
gulisxmobdes iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac faqtobrivi situacia (meoradi wanamZRvari) sworad aris
gansazRvruli da dadgenili, magram ar aris sworad ganxorcielebuli subsimireba qmedebis
abstraqtuli normatiuli Semadgenlobis (mTavari wanamZRvari) qveS, miuxedavad imisa, rom saq-
meze swori Sedegi dadga. aRniSnuli SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes SemTxvevebs, rodesac saapelacio
sasamarTlom gamoiyena is norma, romelic ar unda gamoeyenebina an arasworad ganmarta
samarTlis norma (sssk-is 393-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `b~ da `g~ qvepunqtebi).
am mxriv interess iwvevs safrangeTis saproceso kodeqsis Taviseburebebi. kerZod, 620-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar daakmayofilos sakasacio
saCivari, magram Secvalos araswori motivacia, samarTlebrivi xasiaTis motivaciiT11. TiTqos
Secdoma motivaciaSi iwvevs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas, magram ekonomiurobis
principis dacvis mizniT, sakasacio sasamarTlo ki ar auqmebs, aramed ZalaSi tovebs gasaCivrebul
gadawyvetilebas, magram Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi araswor motivacias cvlis swori motivaciiT.12
am SemTxvevaSi, swori unda iyos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili, magram, rogorc aRiniSna,
icvleba samotivacio nawilis samarTlebrivi dasabuTeba (rejet par substitution de motifs). samarTlebriv
dasabuTebaSi am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba an sxva samarTlebrivi normis gamoyeneba an faqtebis
sxvagvari kvalifikacia.
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom gansaxilveli normis mixedviT, gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi samarT-
lebrivi motivi (samarTlebrivi dasabuTeba), anu rogorc uwodeben zedmeti motivacia, sakasacio
sasamarTlom SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi ar miiRos, Tu is seriozul gavlenas ar axdens sarezolu-
cio nawilze.
magaliTad, safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi (Soc. 1987 wlis
12 ivnisi, biuleteni V, #378), romelic Sromis kodeqsis LL.122-4-e muxlis darRvevas exeboda,
aRiniSna, rom sazogadoeba «Entreprise Guenzi» asaCivrebs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas
(Nansy, 3 octombre 1984), romlis mixedviTac daekisra baton lambertinisaTvis gadaexada kompen-
sacia samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis gamo; saqmis mixedviT, batoni lambertini samsaxurSi miiRes
1976 wlis 3 maiss, rogorc muSa. 1980 wlis 1 ianvars igi samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneli gaxda, xolo
1980 wlis 6 marts mZime darRvevis gamo samsaxuridan gaaTavisufles. sakasacio saCivris mixedviT
mZime darRveva is aris, rom sazogadoebis mier dasaqmebulma saStato TanamSromelma Tavisi
xelmZRvanelobis qveS myofi muSakebi waaqeza daetovebinaT daumTavrebeli samSeneblo obieqti
samuSao dRis dasrulebamde erTi saaTiT adre, rom maTTan erTad barSi wasuliyo dasalevad;
saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom batonma lambertinma, romelsac arasdros miuRia gafr-
Txileba, 1980 wlis 6 marts, samuSao saaTebSi, barSi waiyvana sawarmos ori TanamSromeli maSin,
rodesac mSenebloba ar iyo dasrulebuli. saapelacio sasamarTlom SeZlo Seefasebina es faqti,
rom mas ndobis dakargva da sawarmos kargad muSaobaSi xelis SeSla mohyva. miuxedavad imisa,
rom aRniSnuli darRveva Seicavda samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis realur da seriozul mizezs,
is ar xasiaTdeboda sakmarisi simZimiT, rom batoni lambertinisaTvis ar miekuTvnebinaT xel-

18
Sekrulebis Sewyvetis anazRaureba. amdenad, sakasacio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sazo-
gadoebis sakasacio saCivari.13
amdenad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlom gan-
sazRvra saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi garemoebebi da, amdenad, sakasacio sasamar-
Tlos SeuZlia es faqtebi samarTlebrivad Seamowmos, magram miuxedavad swori samarTleb-
rivi Sedegisa, saapelacio sasamarTlom am faqtebs araswori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misca,
sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ucvlelad datovos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba (ganCi-
neba) axali samarTlebrivi SefasebiT.

3. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmeba da saqmis xelaxla

gansaxilvelad dabrunebis samarTlebrivi kriteriumebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon ver miiRebs gadawyvetilebas, rodesac
saqmis garemoebebi saproceso normebis iseTi darRveviTaa dadgenili, rom am darRvevis Sedegad,
saqmeze araswori gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili da saWiroa mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi gamok-
vleva (sssk-is 412-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ qvepunqti). gansaxilveli normiT mocemuli dana-
wesi, upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeba sakasacio sasamarTlos mier mtkicebiTi procesis Semow-
mebis Sedegebs.
aRniSnuli danawesiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevis Semowmeba warmoadgens sakasacio saCivris
erT-erT safuZvels (sssk-is 393-e muxlis me-3 nawili). faqtebis gansazRvris da dadgenis pro-
cesis Sefasebis Sedegad, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom qvemdgomma sasamarTlom faqtobrivi garemo-
ebebi daadgina procesualuri darRveviT. aqedan gamomdinare, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis
dasabuTeba SeiZleba Seicavdes iseT procesualur darRvevebs, romelTa aRmofxvra mniSvnelo-
vani iyos swori samarTlebrivi SedegisaTvis.
es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas faqtebis dadgenis procesi da aucilebelia
faqtsa da mtkicebulebas Soris dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadawyveta.
amdenad, sakasacio sasamarTlos mier sruli samarTlebrivi analizisaTvis aucilebelia ara
marto saapelacio sasamarTlos mier dadgenilad miCneuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi, aramed maT
dadgenasTan dakavSirebuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebis dacva. es aucilebloba, Sesaba-
misad, ganpirobebulia dadgenili faqtis savaldebuloobis prezumfciis uaryofis winapiro-
bebiT. aRniSnuli darRvevebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes uSualod procesualur-samarTlebriv
darRvevebs, magram procesualuri darRvevis mizezi, aseve, SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes materi-
alur-samarTlebriv an logikuri wesebis darRvevas.
aRniSnuli darRvevebi SeiZleba gamovlindes mtkicebis tvirTis araswor ganawilebaSi, mtki-
cebis sagnis arasworad gansazRvraSi, im faqtebis arasworad gansazRvraSi, romlebic ar saWi-
roebs mtkicebas, mtkicebiT procesSi daSvebul arsebiT SecdomebSi da a.S.
magaliTad, erT-erT ganCinebaSi sakasacio palatam aRniSna, rom sssk-is 412 e muxlis pirveli
nawilis `a~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da saqmes
xelaxla gansaxilvelad abrunebs saapelacio sasamarTloSi, vinaidan saWiroa mtkicebulebaTa
damatebiTi gamokvleva. sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom gasaCivrebuli ganCinebiT eqspertis
daskvna da saqmeSi warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi saTanadod gamokvleuli ar aris. kerZod,
sasamarTlo uTiTebs: `saqmeze Catarebuli eqspertizis daskvniT dadgenilia, rom denis Zabvisa
da sixSiris cvalebadobas, agreTve eleqtroenergiis xSir CarTva-gamorTvebs SeeZlo eleqt-
roZravebis mwyobridan gamoyvana. es garemoeba eqspertma dakiTxvis drosac daadastura. saqmeSi

19
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

aseve warmodgenilia ZiriTadi saSualebebis amoRebis Sesaxeb aqtebi, romlebiTac dasturdeba

eleqtroZravebis dazianebis faqti.~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi eqspertis daskvna ar aris kategori-
uli, vinaidan eqsperti askvnis eleqtroenergiis arastabilur miwodebasa da eleqtroZra-
vebis dazianebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris SesaZleblobas. amdenad, daskvna kategoriulad
ar adgens marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gamo zianis dadgomas.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sakasacio sasamarTlo iziarebs kasatoris mosazrebas, rom sasa-
marTlos saTanadod ar gamoukvlevia miTiTebuli aqtebi. kerZod, dasaxelebuli aqtebiT Se-
mowmebulia samgoris, RrmaRelis, zemo vakis, naZaladevis, saguramos sadgurebSi ganTavse-
buli eleqtroZravebi, romelTa eqspluataciis xangrZlivoba gansazRvrulia amave aqtebiT.
Sps `Tbilisis wyali~ sarCelis safuZvlad uTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom man qonebrivi ziani
ganicada aragvis xeobis wyalsadenebisaTvis eleqtroenergiis SeferxebiT miwodebis gamo.
eqspertma, aseve Seamowma masala, romelic asaxavs aragvis xeobis wyalsadenebisaTvis eleqtro-
energiis miwodebis xangrZlivobas. aseT viTarebaSi unda gamoirkves:
ra gavlenas axdens aragvis xeobis wyalsadenisaTvis eleqtroenergiis arastabiluri miwo-
deba samgoris, RrmaRelis, zemo vakis, naZaladevis, saguramos sadgurebSi ganTavsebul eleq-
troZravebze;
eleqtroZravebis daTvalierebis aqtebSi miTiTebuli Zravebis gamoSvebis TariRisa da
eqspluataciis xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT, zustad unda dadgindes maTi dazianeba cal-
saxad iyo Tu ara gamowveuli eleqtroenergiis miwodebis xarveziT, Tu TviTon nivTis faqtob-
rivi mdgomareobiT;
dazianebuli eleqtroZravebi, saqmeSi warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mTlianad iqna ganadgurebuli, Tu misi narCeni Rirebulebidan gamomdinare mflobelma rai-
me sargebeli miiRo Tu ara da dadebiT SemTxvevaSi, zianis odenobis gansazRvrisas es gare-
moeba gaTvaliswinebulia Tu ara.
aseve dausabuTebelia saapelacio palatis daskvna Sps `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosis-
temis~ mier moTxovnili 685910,6 laris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Taobaze, vinaidan, ga-
urkvevelia, Tu ra igulisxmeba am odenobis axlad warmoSobil davalianebaSi. sasamarTlom sar-
Celi SeiZleba ar daakmayofilos misi dausabuTeblobis an usafuZvlobis gamo da ara imis gamo,
rom man ver gaarkvia, Tu raSi mdgomareobda mosarCelis moTxovna da ra mtkicebulebebs afuZ-
nebda igi am moTxovnas. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 222-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mosamarTles
ufleba aqvs, mxareebs misces SekiTxvebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis mniS-
vnelobis mqone garemoebaTa srulad da zustad gansazRvras, am garemoebebis dasadastureblad
mtkicebulebaTa gamovlenasa da sasamarTloSi wardgenas, maTi utyuarobis gamokvlevas. aRniS-
nuli normis analizidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba SejibrebiTobis principis
fonze, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, uSvebs da saWirod miiCnevs mosamarTlis iniciativas saqmis
saTanadod ganxilvis mizniT.
saqmis xelaxla ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom mxareTa Soris warmoSobil davas mxolod ganCinebis
kvleviT nawilSi miTiTebul garemoebaTa gamokvlevis Semdeg unda misces samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.~14
zemoaRniSnuli magaliTi miuTiTebs, rom sasamarTlo ar SeiZleba savaraudo daskvnebs eyr-
dnobodes. sasamarTlosaTvis moTxovnisa Tu Sesageblis Sinaarsi ar unda iyos savaraudo. sasa-
marTlom unda gamokiTxos mxareebi da daazustos gansaxilvel sakiTxTa wre. zemoaRniSnulSi
saapelacio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila moTxovna im motiviT, rom gaurkvevelia, Tu ra igu-
lisxmeba am odenobis axlad warmoSobil davalianebaSi. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom dasabuTeba
SeiZleba CaiTvalos srulad, Tu saqmeSi warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis gamokvleva-Sefaseba
xdeba erTobliobaSi, raTa sruli suraTi Seiqmnas faqtebis Sesaxeb.

20
 amdenad, miTiTebul magaliTSi eqspertis daskvna ar iyo kategoriuli, vinaidan eqsperti
uSvebda eleqtroenergiis arastabilur miwodebasa da eleqtroZravebis dazianebas Soris mi-
zezobrivi kavSiris arsebobas. amis gasarkvevad sasamarTlos ar gamoukvlevia aqtebi sadavo
sadgurebSi ganTavsebuli eleqtroZravebis eqspluataciis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb. Sps `Tbilisis
wyali~ sarCelis safuZvlad uTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom man qonebrivi ziani ganicada aragvis
xeobis wyalsadenebisaTvis eleqtroenergiis SeferxebiT miwodebis gamo, romlis damadastu-
rebeli mtkicebulebebi gamokvleuli ar yofila.
amdenad, aRniSnuli procesualuri darRvevebi miuTiTebs, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom ar daadgina
faqtobrivi situaciis sruli suraTi, rac aucilebelia saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos mier gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Semdeg,
saqmis xelaxla ganxilvisas mxares ufleba aqvs, kvlav ganacxados mosazrebebi da pretenziebi,
miuTiTos axal faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebze, sasamarTlosagan moiTxovos axali procesualuri
moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba.15 magram mxares ar SeuZlia moiyvanos is mosazrebebi, romlebic uaryo
sakasacio sasamarTlom. aseve, mosazrebebi sasamarTlos arakompetenturobis Taobaze, rac
sakasacio sasamarTlom ar gaiziara.16 Tu mxareebma axali mosazrebebi ar waradgines, es iTvleba
SezRudul pretenziebad da moTxovnebad, romlebic waradgines im sasamarTloSi, romlis
gadawyvetileba gaauqma sakasacio sasamarTlom. igive wesi moqmedebs mxaris gamoucxadeblobisas.17
magaliTad, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlos samotivacio nawili moklea, saqmis arsebiTi
mxaris ganmxilveli sasamarTloebis mier sadavo faqtebis dadgenili kvalifikaciisa da yovel-
gvari Semowmebis ararsebobis Taobaze sakasacio sasamarTlo martivi SexsenebiT Semoifargleba.18
mtkicebulebebis damaxinjebis Semowmebis gziT mxolod iribad xdeba faqtobrivi garemoe-
bebis eWvqveS dayeneba.
marTlac, disciplinuri Semowmebis Tanaxmad,19 sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos is ga-
dawyvetilebebi, romlebSic mxolod faqtebis analizia mocemuli, magram am faqtebis dasa-
dastureblad ar aris Sefasebuli mtkicebulebebi (mowmeebis Cvenebebi, policiis oqmi, eqsper-
tizis daskvna da a.S).20
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, sakasacio sasamarTlos mier gadawy-
vetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, saqme ixileba
xelaxla saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, im miTiTebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, romlebic aRniSnulia sakasacio sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi.
sssk-is 412-e muxlis `b~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis)
gauqmebisa da gansaxilvelad ukan dabrunebis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos sssk-is 394-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebi, garda, amave muxlis `g~ da `e~ qvepunqtebisa. es is procesualuri
darRvevebia, romlebic upirvelesad unda Semowmdes da maTi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo
saqmes aRar ixilavs.
saZiebel, anu ZiriTad faqtebTan mimarTebiT, konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Cven gvainteresebs
sssk-is 394-e muxlis `e¹~ qvepunqtis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad, gadawyvetileba yovelTvis Ca-
iTvleba kanonis darRveviT miRebulad, Tu gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba imdenad arasrulia, rom
misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlianobis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia. es zustad is SemTxvevaa, rodesac
ar arsebobs sakasacio sasamarTlos Semowmebis obieqti, anu faqtobrivi garemoebebi (meoradi
wanamZRvari), ris gamoc SeuZlebeli xdeba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba.
yovelive es aferxebs imis garkvevas, Tu ramdenad sworad gamoiyena an ganmarta materialur-
samarTlebrivi norma qvemdgomma sasamarTlom. am SemTxvevebSi, aseve, yovelTvis advili ar aris
sakasacio sasamarTlos mier samarTlebrivi normis gamoyeneba, radgan amisaTvis ar arsebobs
erT-erTi mTavari orientiri _ faqtobrivi situacia.

21
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio palatam aRniSna, rom `iziarebs kasatoris pretenzias
S. n-Ze-C-Zis uZrav nivTze 2/3 wilis mesakuTred cnobis nawilSi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis
dausabuTeblobis Taobaze da miiCnevs, rom am nawilSi gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes, xolo
saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad unda daubrundes imave sasamarTlos.
gauqmebul nawilSi mocemuli gadawyvetileba imdenad dausabuTebelia, rom misi samarTleb-
rivi safuZvlianobis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, rac, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 394-e muxlis
`e1~ punqtiT, gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels warmoadgens, an erT-erTi
meuRlis yuradsaRebi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, erT-erTi meuRlis wili SeiZleba
gaizardos imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom masTan cxovroben arasrulwlovani Svilebi, rom is Sro-
misuunaroa, anda _ Tu meore meuRle xarjavda saerTo qonebas ojaxis interesebis sazianod.
miTiTebuli norma meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis reJimis amgvari gansxvavebuli wesiT dadgenas iT-
valiswinebs mxolod amave normiT CamoTvlili SemTxvevebis arsebobisas. mocemuli davis gadawy-
vetisas, saapelacio sasamarTlom meuRleTa wilis Tanabrobis sawyiss gadauxvia, rac daasabuTa
imiT, rom S. n-Ze-C-ZesTan cxovrobs misi arasrulwlovani Svili da maT, garda sadavo uZravi
qonebisa, sxva sacxovrebeli ar gaaCniaT.
zemoT aRiniSnuli normis gamoyenebis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens ara mxolod ara-
srulwlovani Svilis erT-erT meuRlesTan cxovrebis faqti, aramed iseTi garemoebis an gare-
moebaTa arseboba, romelic sasamarTlos uqmnis myar Sinagan rwmenas, rom piris (meore meuRlis)
TanasakuTrebis ufleba SesaZlebelia SeizRudos _ Semcirdes. sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmena unda
emyarebodes iseT garemoebebs, romlebic calsaxad adastureben arasrulwlovani Svilebis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas. es garemoebebi SesaZlebelia iyos arasaTanado
sabinao pirobebi, arasakmarisi sacxovrebeli farTobi da sxva nebismieri faqtori, romelic
arasrulwlovnis interesSia da mis normalur aRzrdas xels uSlis. amdenad, sasamarTlom unda
daasabuTos, rom arasrulwlovani Svili da masTan mcxovrebi mSobeli ufro metad saWiroeben
sacxovrebel farTs, vidre meore mSobeli.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1168-e muxlis meore nawiliT ise
ganusazRvra S. n-Ze-C-Zes uZrav qonebaze 2/3 wili, rom ar miuTiTebia, Tu romel faqtobriv
garemoebebze daayrdno am muxlis gamoyenebis saWiroeba. sasamarTlo ar uTiTebs, modave mxareTa
TanasakuTrebis Tanabrad gayofa ra gavlenas axdens arasrulwlovani Svilis interesze, an mis
normalur pirobebSi aRzrdaze. aRniSnuliT sasamarTlom daarRvia samoqalaqo saproceso ko-
deqsis 105-e muxlis meore nawilis moTxovna, romlis ZaliTac sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebu-
lebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT, romelic unda emyarebodes maT yovelmxriv, srul da obieqtur
ganxilvas, ris Sedegadac mas gamoaqvs daskvna saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis
arsebobis an ararsebobis Sesaxeb.
sakasacio palata ganmartavs, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1168-e muxlis meore nawili adgens
sakuTrebis uflebis mopovebis gansxvavebul reJims, rac mxolod amave normiT gaTvaliswinebul
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia dasaSvebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba miTiTebuli
normis gamoyenebisas dasabuTebuli unda iyos iseTi faqtobrivi garemoebebiT, romlebic adas-
tureben meuRleTa wilis Tanabrobis sawyisisagan gadaxvevis aucileblobas.
saqmis xelaxla ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom, zemoT miTiTebuli msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
unda gamoikvlios da daadginos uZrav nivTTan mimarTebiT meuRleTa wilis gansxvavebuli wesiT
gayofisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misces maT.~21
aRniSnuli magaliTidan Cans, Tu ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs faqtobriv situacias saka-
sacio sasamarTlosaTvis. magram amasTan, sakasacio sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevaSi, upirobod ar
auqmebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas, aramed sadavo urTierTobis momwesrigebeli materi-

22
alur-samarTlebrivi normis safuZvelze gansazRvravs im faqtebis wres, romelic unda
gamoekvlia da daedgina qvemdgom sasamarTlos.
SesaZlebelia gaCndes kiTxva: Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos ara aqvs dadgenili saqmisaTvis
mniSvnelovani faqtebi e.i. ar arsebobs sakasacio sasamarTlos Semowmebis obieqti, ramdenad
SesaZlebelia sakasacio sasamarTlos mier samarTlis normis zustad gansazRvra.
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gasaTvaliswinebelia mravali faqtori, rac dakavSirebulia
konkretuli davis specifikasTan. magaliTad, Cven mier praqtikidan zemoT motanili SemTxveva
sakasacio sasamarTlos aZlevda SesaZleblobas, sworad ganesazRvra samarTalpretenziis
hipoTeza. materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovna da Sesagebeli am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens sa-
marTlebrivi normis moZiebis erT-erT mTavar megzurs. kerZod, gansaxilveli sakiTxi exeboda
meuRleTa Soris TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli uZravi nivTis gayofas arasrulwlovani bavSvebis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, risTvisac saapelacio sasamarTlom ar gaamaxvila yuradReba im
faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic am konkretul situaciaSi iwvevda samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1168-e
muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul Sedegs.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlos ara marto ara aqvs dadgenili saqmisaTvis mniSvne-
lovani faqtobrivi garemoebebi, aramed ara aqvs gansazRvruli mxareTa materialur-samarT-
lebrivi poziciebi, rac sakmaod bundovan da orazrovan daskvnebs iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi, saka-
sacio sasamarTlos, saqmis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlia miuTiTos mxareTa samar-
Talpretenziebis dadastureba-gansazRvraze imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos am urTierTobis
momwesrigebeli normis moZieba. aRniSnuli `gaugebroba~ SeiZleba gamoiwvios mxareebis preten-
ziebis permanentulma cvlam, erT moTxovnidan meoreze gadasvlam, Semdeg isev pirvel moTxov-
naze dabrunebam da a.S. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo ar axdens saTanado reagirebas
yovelive amaze, rac Semdeg arTulebs sakasacio sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis
samarTlebrivi mxaris Semowmebas. vfiqrobT, rom es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom `sasamarTlom ar unda datovos uyuradRebod am moTxovnebTan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebebi marto imis gamo, rom mxareebma ver SeamCnies iseTi arsebiTi
darRvevebi, romlebmac aSkarad ganapirobes mcdari gadawyvetilebis miReba.~22

4. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmeba da axali

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis samarTlebrivi kriteriumebi

ra SemTxvevebSi gamoaqvs sakasacio sasamarTlos axali gadawyvetileba? sssk-is 411-e muxlis

Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon miiRebs gadawyvetilebas saqmeze, Tu ar arsebobs am
kodeqsis 412-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis saapelacio
sasamarTloSi xelaxla gansaxilvelad dabrunebis safuZveli.
es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac arsebobs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi
safuZveli, magram ar arsebobs saqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad dabrunebis safuZveli. es niSnavs, rom
saapelacio sasamarTlom sworad gansazRvra da daadgina saqmeze mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi garemoebebi,
magram ar arsebobs maTi samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, ufro zustad, gadawyvetileba iuridiulad ar aris
sakmarisad dasabuTebuli (sssk-is 394-e muxlis `e~ qvepunqti). imisaTvis, rom sakasacio sasamarTlom
SesZlos TviTon miiRos gadawyvetileba, aucilebelia, arsebobdes subsumirebadi faqtebi. es SemTxveva
hgavs Cven mier ganxilul, sssk-is 410-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevas. magram
sakasacio sasamarTlos mier axali gadawyvetilebis gamotanis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobas
warmoadgens SemTxveva, rodesac gadawyvetileba arsebiTad ar aris swori.

23
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marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

`samarTlis gamoyeneba ar xorcieldeba zusti meTodiT. kanonis gamoyenebis bundovaneba SeiZ-

leba iuridiuli silogizmis rogorc normatiuli, ise faqtobrivi wanamZRvrebiT iqnas ganpi-
robebuli. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT interpretaciis aramkafio gansazRvrebiT an savaraudo
faqtobrivi garemoebebiT.~23
amdenad, iuridiuli silogizmiT mocemuli sami elementis mixedviT, sakasacio sasamarTlos,
sssk-is 411-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SeuZlia gamoitanos axali gadawyvetileba, Tu saapelacio sasa-
marTlos mier ar aris sworad gansazRvruli normatiuli wanamZRvari da daskvna, magram arsebobs
faqtobrivi wanamZRvari. xolo sssk-is 410-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom
sworad gansazRvra faqtobrivi wanamZRvari da Sedegi, xolo normatiuli wanamZRvari sworad
ver gansazRvra.
magaliTad, erT-erT ganCinebaSi sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `saapelacio sasamarT-
lom sadavo brZanebis kanonierebis Semowmebis Sedegad daaskvna, rom sajaro skolas mosarCele
`a~-s mimarT ar unda gamoeyenebina winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobis maregulirebeli wesebi da
misi Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba SromiTi xelSekrulebis gauformeblobis motiviT, Sromis
kodeqsis me-5 muxlis me-7 da me-8 nawilebis safuZvelze, samarTlebrivad arasworia. Tumca,
sasamarTlom brZanebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arasworad miTiTeba, misi gauqmebisa da
mosarCelis samuSaoze aRdgenis sakmaris safuZvlad ar miiCnia im motiviT, rom samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis 52-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sadavo brZanebis gonivruli gansjiT dgindeba damsaqmeblis
namdvili neba.
sakasacio sasamarTlo srulad iziarebs saapelacio palatis argumentacias sadavo brZanebis
arakanonierebaze da Tvlis, rom skolis direqciis mier gamocemuli brZanebiT `a~ arasworad
iqna gaTavisuflebuli samsaxuridan.
amasTan, sakasacio sasamarTlo ar iziarebs saapelacio palatis msjelobas samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis 52-e muxlis gamoyenebiT `a~-s samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis kanonierebaze im dasabuTebiT,
rom brZanebis gonivruli gansjiT dgindeba damsaqmeblis _ sajaro skolis direqtoris namdvili
neba, Sewyvitos SromiTi urTierToba `a~-sTan.
Sromis kodeqsis pirveli muxlis meore nawiliT, kanoni uSvebs SesaZleblobas Sromis urTi-
erTobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romlebsac ar awesrigebs es kodeqsi, daregulirdes samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis normebiT. Sesabamisad, sakasacio sasamarTlo eTanxmeba saapelacio palatis
msjelobas, rom samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis brZaneba warmoadgens SromiTi urTierTobis erT-
erTi mxaris _ damsaqmeblis nebis gamovlenas. amdenad, masTan mimarTebiT, Tuki arsebobs nebis
namdvilobis dadgenis aucilebloba, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes samoqalaqo kodeqsis 52-e mux-
li, romelic adgens nebis gamovlenis ganmartebis wess. nebis gamovlenis ganmartebis aucileb-
loba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac arsebobs garigebis mxareebis mier gamovlenil nebaTa konf-
liqti. ganmartebis sagans warmoadgens mxaris mier gamovlenili neba, roca es meore mxaris mier
gansxvavebulad iqna aRqmuli an mxaris mier gamovlenili neba ar aris misi ganzraxvis Tanxvedri.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, garigebis mxare TviTonve azustebs, akonkretebs an meore mxaresTan SeuTanx-
meblobis SemTxvevaSi, sadavod miiCnevs xelSekrulebis bundovan da saeWvo azrs.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi davis ori instanciiT ganxilvisas sadavo brZanebis avtors _ skolis
direqtors saeWvod ar miuCnevia mis mier brZanebaSi gamoxatuli neba _ `a~-s samuSaodan ga-
Tavisuflebis safuZveli, Sesabamisad, dausabuTebelia saapelacio sasamarTlos iniciativa
mxaris im nebis ganmartebisa, romelsac TviT mxare saeWvod da bundovnad ar miiCnevs.
aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom nebis ganmarteba unda ganxorcieldes gansamart
teqstTan mWidro kavSirSi. nebis ganmarteba adekvaturi unda iyos faqtisa, rac mocemul Sem-
TxvevaSi, daculi ar aris.

24
 sakasacio sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs im garemoebasac, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mxaris _
skolis direqtoris neba gamovlenilia werilobiTi formiT, rac gamoricxavs nebis gamomvlenis
Secdomis albaTobas, vinaidan nebis werilobiTi formiT gadmocemisas ivaraudeba, rom mxare
Tavis survils mxolod Segnebulad gansjis Semdeg gadmoscems...
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakasacio sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saapelacio palatam araswo-
rad gamoiyena samoqalaqo kodeqsis 52-e muxli, ris gamoc gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetieleba unda
gauqmdes da axali gadawyvetilebiT `a~-s sarCeli dakmayofildes.~24
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT: sakasacio sasamarTlos mier
gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) Semowmebis Sedegebi, rac vlindeba erT SemTx-
vevaSi _ gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) ucvlelad datovebaSi, meore SemTx-
vevaSi _ gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmebas da saqmis xelaxla gansaxil-
velad saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis dabrunebaSi da mesame SemTxvevaSi _ gasaCivrebuli ga-
dawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmebas da axali gadawyvetilebis gamotanaSi, ukavSirdeba erT
SemTxvevaSi _ saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi garemoebebis gansazRvris marTebu-
lobis, meore SemTxvevaSi _ am faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenis procesis marTebulobis
da gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels.
Sesabamisad, zemoT aRniSnuli Sedegi ganpirobebulia sakasacio sasamarTlos mier faq-
tobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebrivi Semowmebis SesaZleblobiT. sakasacio sasamarTlos
mier gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gamotanaze uSualo gavlenas axdens, Tu ramdenad sworad
iqna gansazRvruli iuridiuli silogizmis mixedviT normatiuli (ZiriTadi) wanamZRvari da
faqtobrivi (meoradi) wanamZRvari; aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad swori Sedegi iqna miRebuli
saqmeze. miTiTebuli wanamZRvrebis gansazRvra gavlenas axdens sakasacio sasamarTloSi
subsumfciis ganxorcielebis procesualur SesaZleblobebze, rac Sesabamisad, aisaxeba
sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sxvadasxva saxeSi.

5. sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebis farglebi da savaldebulo Zalis

mniSvneloba

sssk-is 412-e muxlis me-2 nawilis pirveli winadadebis Tanaxmad, gasaCivrebuli gadawyveti-
lebis gauqmebisa da saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad dabrunebis ganCi-
nebas sakasacio sasamarTlom safuZvlad unda daudos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, rac savaldebu-
loa saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom iuridiul literaturaSi diskusias iwvevda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ram-
denad unda arsebobdes iseTi danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad, savaldebulo iqneboda sakasacio sasa-
marTlos miTiTebebi qvemdgomi sasamarTlosaTvis. magram maSinac, roca aseTi danawesi ar arse-
bobda pozitiuri saxiT, sasamarTlo praqtikam aCvena, rom amis moTxovnileba arsebobda samar-
Tlebrivi stabilurobisa da erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi detalurad iqna ganxiluli erT-erT sadisertacio naSromSi, sadac sxva-
dasxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo modelebis ganxilvis Sedegad daisva sakiTxi samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsSi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb, kerZod: SemoTavazebul iqna danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad,
`sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, romelic safuZvlad daedo gadawyvetilebis
gauqmebasa da saqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad ukan dabrunebas, agreTve miTiTebebi ama Tu im
saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, savaldebuloa im sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac es
saqme daubrunda xelaxla gansaxilvelad.~25 faqtobrivad msgavsi Sinaarsis danawess iTvaliswi-
nebs moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi.

25
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2
da kanoni

aRsaniSnavia, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo mtkicebulebiTi saqmianobis Sefasebisas adgens mtki-

cebiTi saqmianobis kriteriumebs, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisa da am mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT
faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenis aucilebel mimarTulebebs, romlebic Semdeg aisaxeba kon-
kretuli miTiTebebis saxiT. rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis sakasacio sasamarTlos mi-
TiTebebis savaldebuloobaze vsaubrobT, Zalauneburad vexebiT mosamarTleTa damoukideb-
lobisa da mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi morCilebis princips. saqarTvelos konstituciis
84-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebelia da
emorCileba mxolod konstituciasa da kanons~.
am mxriv, Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar izRudeba mosamarTlis damoukidebloba am miTiTebebis sa-
valdebulobiT.26 am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvsazRvroT am mi-
TiTebebis Sinaarsi, mniSvneloba da aseve, misi farglebi. am SemTxvevaSi, unda vifiqroT, rom es
miTiTebebi exeba samarTalSefardebis gadasinjvis iseT mxareebs, romlebiTac uzrunvelyo-
filia faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgena da maT SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi kri-
teriumebis gansazRvra. xolo rac Seexeba mtkicebiTi saqmianobis kriteriumebis gansazRvras,
rogorc sakasacio sasamarTlos SefasebiT process, mniSvnelovania procesualur samarTleb-
rivi da logikuri mxareebis sworad gansazRvra.
amasTan, vfiqrobT, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebis mniSvneloba ganpirobebulia saka-
sacio sasamarTlos instanciurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mtkicebis sagnis mniSvnelobiT, xolo
am ukanasknelis farglebi aisaxeba sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebis farglebze. amdenad,
sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebi SeiZleba exebodes iseT procesualur darRvevebs, rac
ukavSirdeba sssk-is 412-e muxlis `a~ qvepunqtiT saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis daudgen-
lobas an arasaTanadod dadgenas, risTvisac aucilebelia mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi gamokv-
leva, an amave kodeqsis 412-e muxlis `b~ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis abso-
lutur safuZvlebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, procesualuri darRvevebis
arsebobisas sakasacio sasamarTlo Semoifargleba mxolod maTze miTiTebiT.
vfiqrobT, rom es miTiTebebi uSualod ukavSirdeba sakasacio sasamarTlos Semowmebis obi-
eqtis (faqtobrivi garemoebebis) gansazRvras, romlis gareSec is moklebulia SesaZleblobas,
rom sruli samarTlebrivi daskvnebi gamoitanos saqmidan.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli miTiTebebiT uzrunvelyofilia sakasacio sasamarTlos mier
Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi saqmis ganxilvis specifika. amdenad, es miTiTebebi, Tu ganxor-
cielebulia kanonis zustad gansazRvrul farglebSi, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc mosa-
marTlis damoukideblobis principis darRveva. aRniSnuli miTiTebebi warmoadgens im aucilebel
samarTlebriv kriteriumebs, romelTa meSveobiT sakasacio sasamarTlo abstraqtulad gansaz-
Rvravs mis mier Sesamowmebel obieqts, magram misi konkretuli gansazRvra (dadgena) ar SeuZlia,
sakasacio sasamarTlos instanciurobidan gamomdinare. amdenad, saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvalis-
winebul SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebulo Zala unda ganvixiloT, rogorc
subsumirebadi faqtebis gansazRvris kriteriumebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes am faqtebis
samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gansaxilveli normis (sssk-is 412-e muxlis me-2 nawili) mizani mTlianad
emTxveva sakasacio sasamarTlos miznebs,27 rac gamoixateba individualuri interesebisa da saja-
ro interesebis dacvaSi.
vfiqrobT, gansaxilvel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT sajaro inte-
resebis dacvis mizanze, romliTac faqtobrivad uzrunvelyofilia individualuri interesebis
dacvis miznis miRweva. sakasacio sasamarTlos aRniSnuli miTiTebebic sabolood, am miznebis
miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes.

26
 g. gogiaSvilis statiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-
los konkretuli mizani unda gaxdes samarTlis dinamikuri, progresirebadi da maunificirebeli
ganmartebis uzrunvelyofa, ramac gadamwyveti roli unda Seasrulos samarTlebrivi usafr-
Txoebis ganmtkicebaSi. am miznis misaRwevad arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba uzenaesi da sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis detalur motivirebas... uzenaesi sasamarTlo unda
asrulebdes konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis, aseve, iuridiuli mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso
dokumentebisa da maT Soris, adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis gamoyenebis kontrolis
funqcias, rasac, sabolood, moaqvs samarTlis unifikacia~28.
aseve, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT am statiaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom `uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlo unda Camoyalibdes wminda sakasacio sasamarTlod, romlis mTavari funqciac iqneba kanonis
dinamikuri ganmarteba da amiT sasamarTlo praqtikis erTgvarovnebis uzrunvelyofa.~29
vfiqrobT, rom zemoaRniSnul miznebTan erTad, sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebs aqvs gar-
kveuli kanonzomiereba, romlis dacviT uzrunvelyofilia ara marto aRniSnuli miznebis miR-
weva, aramed mosamarTlis damoukideblobis principis dacvac. am SemTxvevaSi, didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebis saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis savaldebuloobis
Sinaarsisa da farglebis gansazRvras.
vfiqrobT, rom zemoaRniSnulis Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi farglebi moicavs mxolod
procesualur-samarTlebrivi darRvevis gamosworebis miTiTebas, maTgan erTi nawili ukavSir-
deba faqtobrivi garemoebebis arasworad dadgenas an ardadgenas, xolo meore nawili _ saerTo
sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciis sakiTxebs.
aRniSnuli farglebis dacva aucilebelia ara marto kanonieri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad,
aramed, SesaZlebeli iyos sakasacio sasamarTlos mier saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
samarTlebrivi mxaris Semowmeba. procesualur-samarTlebrivi kriteriumebis sworad gamoye-
nebiT uzrunvelyofilia mxareTa individualuri interesebis dacva, xolo aRniSnuli kriteri-
umebis sworad gansazRvris kontrolis funqciiT _ sajaro interesebis dacva.30
aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnul miTiTebebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs samarTlis ganviTarebisa da
sasamarTlos erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, mosamarTles, romelic
ixilavs sakasacio sasamarTlodan dabrunebul saqmes, SeuZlia gamoiyenos da ganmartos kanoni
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr, rac uzrunvelyofilia mosamarTlis damoukideblobisa da misi mxolod
kanonisadmi damorCilebis principiT. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom samarTlis normis
gamoyeneba da ganmarteba aseve, ukavSirdeba samosamarTlo samarTals, kanonis bundovani adgilebis
ganmartebas, kanonis xarvezis Sevsebasa da sabolood, sasamarTlo praqtikiT Camoyalibebul wesebs.
magram erTgvarovani praqtikis Camoyalibeba ar niSnavs mxolod `erTnairad saqmis gadawyve-
tas~. erTgvarovani praqtika niSnavs, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlebrivad swori praqtikis Ca-
moyalibebas, rasac safuZvlad udevs rogorc Teoriuli codna, aseve, gamocdileba. `mosamar-
Tleebi kanonsa da cxovrebas Soris Suamavlis rols asruleben.~31 aqedan gamomdinare, sakasacio
sasamarTlos miTiTebebi samarTlebrivad unda iyos dasabuTebuli, rom ar Cndebodes damatebiTi
kiTxvebi, Tu ratom miiCnia sakasacio sasamarTlom ase da ratom ar gaiziara saapelacio sasa-
marTlos motivacia. amdenad, SesaZlebelia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlodan sakasacio sasamar-
TloSi xelmeored Semosuli gadawyvetileba, romliTac ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli sakasacio
sasamarTlos miTiTebebi, ganpirobebuli iyos TviT am ukanaskneli sasamarTlos miTiTebebis
dausabuTeblobiT. sasamarTlo praqtika warmoadgens rTul process, romlis drosac ixveweba
da yalibdeba samarTlebrivi xedvebi, rasac sabolood, mohyveba garkveuli Sedegi.
amdenad, rogorc aRvniSneT, sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebs aqvs miznebi, romlebic, ro-
gorc migvaCnia, atarebs konkretul da zogad xasiaTs. am miTiTebebis konkretuli xasiaTi ga-

27
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2
da kanoni

moixateba konkretuli davis gadawyvetaSi da yoveli konkretuli saqme gansazRvravs maT

mniSvnelobas. miTiTebebis zogadi mizani emsaxureba samarTlebriv stabilurobas, samarTlis
ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas, rac, Sesabamisad, aisaxeba
sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi.32
ganvixiloT sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis mxolod zogierTi winapiroba, rac Cveni Tval-
TaxedviT, ukavSirdeba gansaxilvel Tematikas.
kerZod, sssk-is 391-e muxlis me-5 nawilis `a~, `b~ da `g~ qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, sakasacio
saCivari dasaSvebia, Tu saqme mniSvnelovania samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasa-
marTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis; saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba
am kategoriis saqmeebze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtikisagan;
saapelacio sasamarTlos mier saqme ganxilulia mniSvnelovani saproceso darRveviT, rasac
SeeZlo arsebiTad emoqmeda saqmis ganxilvis Sedegebze.
aRniSnuli danawesebi sxva mniSvnelovan kriteriumebTan erTad ganapirobeben marTlmsaju-
lebis funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofasTan erTad kasaciisadmi wayenebuli mTavari moTxovnebis
erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi moyvanas. kerZod: zogadad, marTlwesrigis dacvas da misTvis xelis
Sewyobas erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis meSveobiT da amiT samarTlebrivi stabi-
lurobis Seqmnas; calkeul SemTxvevebze gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas.33
amdenad, sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebi sabolood, unda uzrunvelyofdes samarTlis
ganviTarebasa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas. ceno raihenbeheri Tavis
daskvnaSi aRniSnavs, rom am `kriteriumebs Tu CavuRrmavdebiT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom TiTqmis
yovelTvis, roca saqme mniSvnelovania samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis, igi aseve, mniSvnelovania
erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis da piriqiT. aRniSnul konteqstSi ar
ganixileba is SemTxvevebi, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba uze-
naesi sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikisagan e.w. divergentuli kasacia,
romelsac sssk-is 391-e muxlis me-5 nawilis `b~ da `g~ qvepunqtebi iTvaliswineben.~34
amdenad, mniSvnelovania `samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis~ niSnavs, rom konkretul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli praqtika. magaliTad, ger-
maniis sasamarTloSi damkvidrebuli wesis Tanaxmad, samarTlis ganviTareba moiazrebs or jgufs,
roca: calkeuli saqmis safuZvelze xdeba materialuri da saproceso kanonmdeblobis debule-
baTa ganmartebis zogadi principebis Camoyalibeba da aucilebeli kanonis xarvezis aRmofxvra.35
aRsaniSnavia, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ukan dabrunebis SemTx-
vevaSi, sakasacio sasamarTlo aseve, mxedvelobaSi iRebs im gadawyvetilebebs (sasamarTlo praq-
tikas), romlebic miuTiTebs samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis erTiani praqtikis Camoyalibebaze.
mkveTri, uxeSi gansxvavebebi sasamarTlo praqtikaSi uaryofiTad moqmedebs samarTlebriv stabi-
lurobaze.
magaliTisaTvis isev mivmarToT safrangeTis samoqalaqo saproceso Taviseburebebs. SeiZleba
aRiniSnos, rom sakasacio sasamarTlodan dabrunebuli saqmis xelaxla ganxilvisas sasamarTlos
aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad gansajos rogorc faqtis sakiTxi, aseve _ samarTlis sakiTxi. mas Se-
uZlia, aseve pirdapir Tu iribad Sevides sakasacio sasamarTlosTan konfliqtSi, an axali Tezisi
daamkvidros an safuZvlad gamoiyenos gauqmebuli gadawyvetileba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sasa-
marTlo, romelmac xelaxla miiRi saqme sakasacio sasamarTlosagan, mimarTavs imave dasabuTebas
da misi gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisas eqneba igive uflebamosileba. meore SemTxvevaSi, frangulma
kanonmdeblobam daadgina sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs sakasacio sasamarTlos upirate-
sobas. kerZod, kvlav im SedegiT dabrunebuli gadawyvetileba, romelic sakasacio sasamarTlom
gaauqma sakasacio sasamarTlos plenaruli sxdomaze, SeiZleba gauqmdes imave motivebiT, rac

28
pirvel SemTxvevaSi. magram samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb kodeqsis L. 132-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqme
SeiZleba pirdapir dauqvemdebaron plenarul ganxilvas (sakasacio sasamarTloSi saqmis pirve-
live ganxilvaze), Tu es exeba principul sakiTxs (question de principe), kerZod, Tu arsebobs saqmis
arsebiTad ganmxilvel mosamarTleTa (juges de fond) poziciebSi gansxvaveba an arsebobs gansxvaveba
arsebiTad saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTleTa da sakasacio sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa poziciebs
Soris.36
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba gauqmebulia sakasacio sasamarTlos
plenarul sxdomaze, sasamarTlom, romelic miiRebs am saqmes, unda misdios sakasacio sasamar-
Tlos plenarul sxdomaze miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi motanil mosazrebebs (samarTalwarmoebis
Sesaxeb kodeqsis L. 131-4 muxlis Tanaxmad). am SemTxvevaSic safrangeTis iuridiul literaturaSi
Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar arRvevs aseTi wesi mosamarTleTa damoukideblobas marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebisas. magram miCneulia, rom erTiani praqtikis Camoyalibebis interesebidan ga-
momdinare, kanonmdebelma saboloo sityva unda dautovos sakasacio sasamarTlos.37
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-5 muxlis danawesi, romlis
Tanaxmad, mosamarTleebs ekrZalebaT (il est défendu aux juges) gansaxilvel saqmeebze iseTi
gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romlebic adgens normatiuli xasiaTis saerTo debulebebs (disposi-
tion générale et réglementaire).38 aRniSnuli danawesi miuTiTebs, rom konkretuli sadavo urTierTobis
gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba misi momwesrigebeli normis ganmartebas.
am mxriv, interess iwvevs germaniis sakasacio sasamarTloSi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcie-
lebis Taviseburebebi, kerZod, sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebriv Sefasebas savaldebulo
xasiaTi aqvs saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis, Tu: gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas safuZvlad udevs es
samarTlebrivi Sefaseba e.i. samarTlebrivi Sefaseba gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis uSualo mizezs
warmoadgens; ucvlelad darCa faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo sakasacio
sasamarTlos samarTlebriv Sefasebas; saapelacio sasamarTlos mier axali gadawyvetilebis
miRebamde ar Secvlila samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, an sakasacio sasamarTlos ar Seucvlia
samarTalSefaseba, an saapelacio sasamarTloSi axali mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze arsebiTad
Seicvala faqtobrivi garemoebebi.39
amdenad, gansaxilvel sakiTxTan mimarTebiT zogadad, SeiZleba mivuTiToT germaniis samarT-
lis mixedviT mosamarTlis boWvis farglebi: `1. germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetileba boWavs yvela sasamarTlos; 2. Tu sakasacio instanciam gadawyvetileba
gaauqma da saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daabruna, sasamarTlo SeboWilia zemdgomi sasamarTlos
im mosazrebebiT, romlebic safuZvlad daedo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas; 3. preiudicias
SemboWveli Zala aqvs, Tu miTiTebebi ganxorcielebulia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis meSveobiT;
4. erTsa da imave saqmeze mosamarTle SeboWilia am saqmeze gamoTqmuli sakuTari SexedulebebiT.
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTle ar aris uSualod SeboWili adre miRebuli gadawyvetile-
biT.~40
amdenad, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis danawesi, romlis
Tanaxmad, samarTlebriv Sefasebas savaldebulo mniSvneloba aqvs gasaCivrebuli gadawyveti-
lebis gamomtani sasamarTlosaTvis, ucxo ar aris sxva qveynis samoqalaqo saproceso samarTli-
saTvis.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom sakasacio sasa-
marTlos miTiTebebi erT SemTxvevaSi, exeba saproceso darRvevebis CamonaTvals, rasac ka-
nonmdebeli afasebs amgvarad da rac warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur
safuZvels, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, emsaxureba sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Se-
mowmebis obieqtis gansazRvras, romlis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi kriteriumebis farg-

29
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

lebi mocemulia samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamokveTili

an dadgenili ar aris faqtobrivi garemoebebi (sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefa-
sebis obieqti) SeuZlebelia am faqtebis kvalifikacia (subsumfcia) sakasacio sasamarTlos
mier. aRsaniSnavia, rom faqtebTan Semxeblobis kuTxiT, aRniSnuli miTiTebebi aseve, SeiZleba
davyoT or nawilad: miTiTebebi, romlebic moicavs erT SemTxvevaSi _ dasadgeni faqtobrivi
garemoebebis wres, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ am faqtebis dadgenasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis
dacvas.
aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebs gaaCnia sakmaod didi
mniSvneloba samarTlebrivi stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT da emsaxureba
samarTlis ganviTarebasa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas.
sakasacio sasamarTlos miTiTebebis savaldebulo mniSvneloba, upirveles yovlisa, uz-
runvelyofilia sakasacio sasamarTlos ganCinebis swori da sruli dasabuTebiT, sadac miTi-
Tebebi aisaxeba, rogorc deduqciuri kvlevis Sedegebi.41

SeniSvnebi:

1
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 410-e muxli.
2
ix.: iqve, 412-e muxli.
3
ix.: iqve, 411-e muxli.
4
Sead. T. mamaiaSvili, sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, Jurna-
li `marTlmsajuleba~, #1, 2008, gv. 109.
5
rainhold cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, miunheni,
2006, gv. 130.
6
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 404-e muxlis pirveli nawili.
7
Sead.: Boré.J., La cassation en matière civile, Paris, 1997, 2-e partiè, p.396 ; aseve,
T. liluaSvili, v. xrustali, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, Tb., 2007, gv. 729; aseve, T.
liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tb., 2005, gv. 520.
8
susg #as-1075-1323-05, 15 maisi, 2006; aseve, ix.: #as-440-754-09,
dekemberi, 2009; # as-444-723-05, 7 dekemberi, 2005; #as-456-805-07, 5
oqtomberi, 2007; #as-725-985-05, 28 noemberi, 2005.
9
susg #as-286-608-09, 22 oqtomberi 2009 w., aseve, ix.: #as-954-1204-04,
4 marti, 2005.
10
aseve, ix.: Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et
arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p, 53-54.
11
Code de procédure civile, art. 620, 2008.
12
E. Prieur, La substitution de morifs par la Cour de cassation, Paris, 1986, p. 17.
13
Soc. 12 juin 1987 (Bull. V. n° 378).
14
susg #as-858-1171-07, 23 ivnisi, 2008; aseve, ix.: #as-452-782-05, 3
Tebervali, 2006; #as-877-1501-03, 22 Tebervali, 2005; #as-782-1069-
09, 9 noemberi, 2009.
15
Soc. 21 janv. 1998, Gaz. Pal. 1998, 2, Panor. 211; Civ. 3-e. 20 mai 1987, JCP 1987,
IV. 251; Soc. 6 fevr. 1985, JCP 1985, IV. 143 (citirebulia Ê. Â. Áàëàêèí,
äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèÿ ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà þðèäè÷åñêèõ
íàóê. Îáæàëîâàíèå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé ñóäîâ ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè âî
Ôðàíöèè. Ì. 2001ã., ñòð.152).
16
Soc. 21 mars. 1981, JCP 1981, IV. 207 ; Soc. 10 déc. 1980, JCP 1981. IV. 76.
(citirebulia Ê. Â. Áàëàêèí, äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèÿ ó÷åíîé

30
 ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà þðèäè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Îáæàëîâàíèå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé
ñóäîâ ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè âî Ôðàíöèè. Ì. 2001ã., ñòð.152).
17
Ê. Â. Áàëàêèí, ñòð.152.
18
Civ. 2°, 4 octombre 1978 (Bull. II, n° 202)/ Com., 1er mars 1983 (Bull. IV, n° 92).
19
safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTloSi tradiciulad, ganasxvaveben
`normatiul~ Semowmebas da `disciplinur~ Semowmebas. normatiulia
iseTi saxis Semowmeba, rodesac mowmdeba sakasacio sasamarTlo-
saTvis gansaxilvelad gadacemuli gadawyvetilebebis arsebiTi mxa-
re (samarTlebrivi normis interpretacia da gamoyeneba, faqtebis
kvalifikacia da a. S.). sakasacio sasamarTlos mTavari misiaa ganaxor-
cielos kontroli kanonis zust gamoyenebasa da dacvaze. discip-
linuri Semowmeba dakavSirebulia gadawyvetilebebis formasTan an
samotivacio nawilTan. arsebiTad, am ukanasknelis mizania mxolod
zogierTi formaluri an proceduruli moTxovnebis ardacvis da-
dastureba, arsebiTi mxaris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. dawv. ix.: Marie-
Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière
civile, 2010, p, 49.
20
Soc. 12 juillet 1989,/ Civ. 1er , 29 septembre 2004 (n 03/16.400).
21
susg #as-480-791-09, 12 ianvari, 2010; aseve, ix.: #as-468-780-09, 1
dekemberi, 2009 w. da am gadawyvetilebaze gansxvavebuli azri.
22
g. qiria, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gadasinjvis Teoriul-praq-
tikuli komentarebi, Tb., 2002, gv. 107.
23
rainhold cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, miunxeni,
2006, gv. 127. Sead. À. Áàðàê. Ñóäåéñêîå óñìîòðåíèå, Ì., 1999 ã., 96-97.
24
susg #as-920-1127-08, 10 marti, 2009; aseve, ix.: #as-781-996-08, 17
marti, 2009.
25
v. xrustali, kasacia samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi, disertacia
iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveb-
lad, 2004, gv. 137.
26
aseve, ix.: giorgi gogiaSvili, samarTlebrivi tendenciebi; rogor
aviTareben mosamarTleebi samarTals, Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilva~, #1-2, 2005, gv. 74-75; Sead. v. xrustali, kasacia samoqa-
laqo samarTalwarmoebaSi, disertacia iuridiul mecnierebaTa kan-
didatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, 2004, gv. 135.
27
aseve, ix.: v. xrustali, kasaciis miznebi da sakasacio saCivris gansa-
xilvelad miRebis (dasaSvebobis) winapirobebi, saiubileo krebuli,
Tengiz liluaSvili _ 75, gv. 187.
28
giorgi gogiaSvili, samarTlebrivi tendenciebi; rogor aviTareben
mosamarTleebi samarTals, Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~,
#1-2, 2005, gv. 74-75.
29
ix.: iqve, gv. 75.
30
  Sead. v. xrustali, saqarTvelos Tanamedrove kasaciis warmoSoba da
ganviTareba, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba~, #1, 2009, gv. 45.
31
  i. gagua, gansjadobis probleba meore instanciis sasamarTloSi sa-
moqalaqo da administraciuli samarTalwarmoebisas. Jurnali `mar-
Tlmsajuleba~, #1, 2009, gv. 112.
32
  2005 wlis 23 ivnisis cvlilebiT, qarTvelma kanonmdebelma SemoiRo
kasaciis forma. Tu aqamde kasacia gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qonebriv-
samarTlebriv davebze, sadac dadgenili iyo saCivris fasi 1000 lari-
dan, am zRvarma 1000-dan 50 000 larze gadainacvla. 2007 wlis 28 de-
kembris cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, sakasacio saCivris fasis zRvruli

31
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

odenoba gauqmda da sakasacio saCivris Rirebuleba ganisazRvra imis

mixedviT, Tu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ra zomiT Secvlaze
Seaqvs saCivari mxares. Tu kanonis Zveli redaqcia ar awesrigebda
sakasacio saCivars araqonebriv-samarTlebriv davebze, aRniSnuli
cvlilebebiT, aq ramdenime norma iqna SemoRebuli: sakasacio sa-
Civari dasaSvebia yvela araqonebriv-samarTlebriv davebze, Tu igi
exeba `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas~ (me-4 nawili). sxva Sem-
TxvevebSi, sakasacio saCivris Setana SesaZlebelia yvela (qonebriv-
samarTlebriv Tu araqonebriv-samarTlebriv) davebze, Tu saqme mniS-
vnelovania samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo
praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis an saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba gansxvavdeba am kategoriiis saqmeebze saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtikisagan an Tu
saapelacio sasamarTlos mier saqme ganxilulia mniSvnelovani
saproceso darRveviT, romelsac SeeZlo arsebiTad emoqmeda saqmeSi
miRebul gadawyvetilebaze. dabolos, kasacia aseve, dasaSvebia
saapelacio sasamarTlos meore dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze an
dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Taobaze _
ganCinebaze. aseve, ix.: ceno raihenbeheri. Projekt: Unterstützung des Rechts
– und Gerichtssystems.
33
Zöller/ Gumer, ZPO, vor & 542, RDN. 1. cit. mix. hain boelingi, saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis axali sakasacio warmoebis Sesa-
xeb, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~ #5(7)05, gv. 78.
34
ceno raihenbeheri, Projekt: Unterstützung des Rechts – und Gerichtssystems.
35
ix.: iqve.
36
Ê. Â. Áàëàêèí, äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèÿ ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà
þðèäè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Îáæàëîâàíèå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé ñóäîâ ãðàæäàíñêîé
þðèñäèêöèè âî Ôðàíöèè, Ì., 2001, ñòð. 154.
37
J. Fouer, G. Cornu., Procédure civile. Paris. 1996. p. 235. Sead. J. Boré, L. Boré.
La cassation en matière civile. Dalloz, 2009-2010. p. 747. aseve, ix.: Ass. plén., 21
mai 1976, N 72-92.002, Bull. ass. plén., N 6.
38
Code civil, art. 5, 2006.
39
Zivilprozessordnung, Kommentar von Prof. Dr. Heinz Thomas, Dr. Klaus Reichold,
Prof. Dr. Hans Putzo, Dr. Rainer Hüsstege, 24, neubearbeitete Auflage, Verlag C.H.
Beck, München, 2002, S.910 (citirebulia v. xrustali, kasacia samoqa-
laqo samarTalwarmoebaSi, disertacia iuridiul mecnierebaTa kan-
didatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, 2004, gv. 136).
40
ix.: giorgi xubua, samosamarTlo samarTali: samarTlis wyaro Tu
samarTlis Semecnebis wyaro?, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~,
#5(7)05).
41
Sead. S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis
sasamarTloebSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 135-136.

32
SOME SPECIFICITIES
OF DECISIONS OF THE
CASSATION COURT.
MANDATORY POWER
OF THE CASSATION
COURT INSTRUCTION

TEIMURAZ TODRIA
Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia

In the article below we try to focus on legal outcomes of assessments of

the Appellate Court on one hand, and outcomes of assessment of facts
by the Appellate court on the other. We do it by bringing practical
examples.

Impact of factual circumstances on decisions of the Court of Cassation

raises our interest. In addition, we will discuss mandatory nature of
instructions of the Court of Cassations.
Institute of decisions of the Cassation Court is defined by the Chapter
“L” of the Civil Procedures Code of Georgia.

According to that institution, the Court of Cassation has an authority to

keep the appealed decision or abolish it. Namely, the appealed decision
may be kept unchanged in three cases: when the violation of the law does
not take place; when the decision of the Appellate Court is not based on
the legal violation; when the decision of the Appellate Court is substantially
correct despite the fact that motivation part of the decision does not contain
substantiation1.

It is possible to abolish the appealed decision in three cases: circumstances

of the case are established in violation of procedural norms, which led to
incorrect decision and thus is necessary to examine additional evidence;

33
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

when exist grounds listed in the article 394 of the Code, except sub-paragraphs “c” and “e”2; and in case of
issuing the new decision3.

Aforementioned procedures represent only procedural criteria, which imply outcomes of the procedural law
as well material law based examination of the decision.

Thus, indicated results (outcomes) depend in one case on correctness of identifying factual circumstances
(key and indexed) important for the case and in the other case – on correctness of the facts establishing
process; and in the third case, two factors above depend on existence of the third one, and it represents
procedural violations (article 394 of the CPC); they represent absolute grounds for annulment of the appealed
decision4.

Considering topic of the given article, which concerns importance of vital factual circumstances of the case
for the Court of Cassation, we will not speak about absolute annulment grounds under paragraphs “e” and
“e1” of the article 394 (see later).

Thus, the aforementioned decision of the Court of Cassation is often cased by procedural specificities of
examining factual circumstances of the case.

A very important task of superior courts is to clarify vagueness deriving from interpretation of legal provisions
and facilitate development of the law by this5.

FOOTNOTES
1
Article 410 of the Civil Procedures Code of Georgia
2
see article 412
3
see article 411
4
Compare T. Mamiashvili. Decision of the Cassations Court,
“Martlmsajuleba” journal, # 1, 2008, p. 109
5
Reinhold Cipelius, Preaching Legal Methodology, Munich, 2006, p.130

34
pacientis
uflebebis dacvis
saerTaSoriso
standartebi

nunu kvantaliani
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle,
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

bolo periodSi, sazogadoebis interesi janmrTelobis ufle-

basTan mimarTebiT mkveTrad gaizarda. aRniSnuli gamowveulia
medicinisa da biologiis mecnierebis mzardi ganviTarebiTa da am
dargebSi revoluciuri xasiaTis miRwevebiT, rasac adamianis uf-
lebis dacvis am sferoSi eTikuri da samarTlebrivi problemebi
mohyva. amavdroulad, eqimebs, pacientebsa da farTo sazogado-
ebas Soris urTierTobebma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada.
sazogadoebas gauCnda kiTxvebi janmrTelobis uflebis dac-
vasTan mimarTebiT. amasTan, es kiTxvebi umetesad Tavs iCens maSin,
rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis mimRebi piri _ pacienti mom-
saxurebiT ukmayofiloa da samedicino personalis winaaRmdeg
pretenziebi aqvs. Sesabamisad, am viTarebam medicinaSi da janm-
rTelobis dacvis sferoSi rogorc saerTaSoriso aseve, erov-
nul doneze samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis sakanonmdeblo doneze
mowesrigebis aucilebloba warmoSva.
am procesSi saqarTvelo ar aris gamonaklisi. janmrTelobis
uflebis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Cvens qveyanaSi sak-
maod aqtualuria, ris naTel dadasturebas warmoadgens bolo 4-
5 wlis ganmavlobaSi am uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis moT-
xovniT wardgenili sarCelebis siuxve. am mdgomareobis pirda-
pirproporciulad izrdeba sazogadoebis moTxovnileba janmrTe-
lobis uflebis saTanadod dacvisa, rogorc sakanonmdeblo done-
ze, aseve, erovnuli sasamarTloebisa da advokatebis mier arsebuli
kanonebis sworad gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. aRsaniSnavia, is faq-
tic, rom janmrTelobis uflebis dacvis dargSi mecnieruli naS-

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romebi, garda ramdenime statiisa, TiTqmis ar arsebobs, rac praqtikulad mniSvnelovan problemebs
warmoSobs. Tumca, es garemoeba qarTuli kanonmdeblobis simwiriT ar aris gamowveuli.
janmrTelobis uflebis dacva saqarTveloSi garantirebulia 18 erovnuli kanoniT. am kano-
nebSi naTladaa deklarirebuli Cveni qveynis Ria interesi adamianis janmrTelobis uflebis
saerTaSoriso aqtebis dacvisa, Tumca, arsebuli realoba maT Tanmimdevrul daxvewas moiTxovs.
am sferoSi, saqarTvelos kanonebSi gamoyenebulia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso
aqtebi, rac aumjobesebs uflebis erovnul doneze dacvas.
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis gavlena erovnul kanonmdeblobaze Tvalsa-
Cinod warmoaCens adamianis janmrTelobis uflebis dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso aqtebis gan-
xilvis mniSvnelobas.
janmrTelobis dacvaze adamianis ufleba vrceldeba rogorc pacientebze (pacienti _ nebis-
mieri piri, romelic miuxedavad misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa, sargeblobs, saWiroebs an
apirebs isargeblos janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis momsaxurebiT1), aseve nebismier pirze. Sesa-
bamisad, mniSvnelovania, gairkves am uflebis arsi.
adamianis ufleba janmrTelobaze gulisxmobs, rom nebismier qals, kacs, axalgazrdas da bavSvs
ufleba aqvs xeli miuwvdebodes fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRles, xelmisawvdom
standartebze, yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe. `janmrTelobaze adamianis uflebis~ yvela
aspeqtiT sargebloba sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa adamianis sicocxlisa da keTildReobisaTvis; am
ukanasknels ki, Tavis mxriv gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianis sxva ZiriTadi uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT. janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis (WHO)
ganmartebiT `janmrTeloba aris sruli fizikuri, fsiqikuri da socialuri keTildReobis
mdgomareoba da ara mxolod daavadebis an uZlurebis ararseboba.~
`ufleba janmrTelobaze~ ar niSnavs uflebas iyo janmrTeli, da aseve, ar niSnavs, rom Raribi
qveynebis mTavrobebma unda Seqmnan jandacvis ZviradRirebuli samsaxurebi, romlisTvisac maT
ar gaaCniaT resursebi; aramed `ufleba janmrTelobaze~ mTavrobebisagan da saxelmwifo organo-
ebisagan moqmedebis gegmebis Sedgenas moiTxovs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sayovelTaod xelmi-
sawvdomi janmrTelobis momsaxurebebis arsebobas umokles SesaZlebel droSi. aRniSnulis uz-
runvelyofa, aramarto adamianis uflebebze momuSave sazogadoebis, aramed sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis specialistebisaTvis mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa.2
medicinisa da biologiis mecnierebis mzardi ganviTareba, axali meTodebisa da teqnologi-
ebis danergva sul ufro aqtualurs xdis adamianis uflebebis dacvas janmrTelobis sferoSi.
saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon janmrTelobis dacvis momsaxurebis mimRebis _ pacientis
uflebebisa da movaleobebis ganmsazRvreli erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobaSi moyvana
saerTaSoriso aqtebTan. amavdroulad, saxelmwifoTa valdebulebaa janmrTelobis dacvis seq-
toris iseTi dagegmva, rom maqsimalurad aRmoifxvras pacientis mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebuli
Secdomebi da dainergos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi procedurebi.
janmrTelobis dacvasTan mimarTebiT mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros am uflebis moqmedebis
sfero. `janmrTeloba metad farTo da subieqturi koncefciaa, romelzec sxvadasxva faqtorebi
moqmedebs, maT Soris: geografiuli, kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri. saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis Tanaxmad, janmrTelobis uflebis ganxilvisas, Cveni saboloo mizania davadginoT sa-
marTlis Semadgeneli yvela is elementi, romelic saWiroa, raTa ufleba ar gaxdes imdenad yov-
lismomcveli, rom man azri dakargos. janmrTelobis uflebis Semadgeneli elementebi or kate-
goriad SeiZleba daiyos: erTi kategoria Sedgeba `jandacvasTan~ dakavSirebuli elementebisagan
(maT Soris, samkurnalo da prevenciuli jandacva), xolo meore kategoria moicavs `janmrTe-
lobis fuZemdeblur pirobebs.~ am ukanasknels SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes usafrTxo sasmeli
wyali, saTanado sanitariuli pirobebi, saTanado kveba, janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informacia, gare-
mos dacviT ganpirobebuli janmrTeloba da jansaRi SromiTi pirobebi.3

36
 zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis _ janmrTelobis uflebis farglebis garkveva mniSvnelovania, vina-
idan ikveTeba am uflebis Tanxvedra adamianis iseT uflebebTan, rogoricaa sicocxlis ufleba,
fizikuri xelSeuxleblobis ufleba, Sromis ufleba (jansaRi SromiTi pirobebi), usafrTxo ga-
remoSi cxovrebis ufleba, saTanado sacxovreblis ufleba. dasaxelebuli elementebi janmrTe-
lobis uflebasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli da umetesad, adamianis janmrTelobis ganmsazR-
vrelia, magram isini TavianTi zemniSvnelovani xasiaTis gamo, normatiulad damoukideblad ga-
nixileba. amavdroulad, es uflebebi adamianis janmrTelobasTan mWidro kavSiris gamo, janm-
rTelobis uflebis CarCoebSic ganixileba.
adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa Soris umTavresad aRiarebulia sicocxlis ufleba, romelic
adamianis uflebaTa ierarqiaSi ualternativod, pirvel safexurze dgas. am uflebis prioriteti
ganpirobebulia im martivi garemoebiT, rom `yvela sxva danarCeni ufleba mxolod garkveul
xarisxs aniWebs sicocxles da Tavis moqmedebaSi damokidebulia TviT sicocxlis arsebobaze.4
saerTaSoriso samarTali mkveTrad adgens saxelmwifoTa pozitiur valdebulebas adamianis
sicocxlis dacvis sferoSi. saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT aqtiuri moqmedebis valdebuleba maTi
iurisdiqciis farglebSi sicocxlis uflebis dasacavad. sicocxlis dacvis pozitiuri valde-
buleba moicavs saxelmwifos valdebulebas miiRos yvela zoma adamianis janmrTelobis dasaca-
vad. pirovnebis janmrTeloba adamianis keTildReobisa da Rirsebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa. aR-
niSnuli, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs saxelmwifos valdebulebas srulad uzrunvelyos mkur-
naloba, aramed Seqmnas janmrTelobis dacvis xelmisawvdomobis Tanamedrove standartebi. sa-
xelmwifom unda Seqmnas is ZiriTadi pirobebi, sadac daculia pirovnebis janmrTeloba da SesaZ-
lebelia misi gaumjobeseba, upirvelesad, am uflebis damcavi kanonmdeblobiT.
janmrTelobis dacvisadmi umaRlesi xarisxiT xelmisawvdomoba adamianis sakvanZo uflebaa
da igi amave xarisxiTaa aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebiT. adamianis janmrTelobis ufleba
daculia rogorc universaluri xasiaTis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebiT, aseve saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis aqtebiTa da samedicino asociaciebis mier miRebuli qartiebiT.
ukanasknel periodSi SeiniSneba saintereso tendencia. kerZod, rac ufro viTardeba samedi-
cino teqnologiebi, miT ufro mkacri xdeba pacientis (zogjer, ara marto pacientis, aramed
ufro farTod _ adamianis) uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis Seqmnisa da maTi samarTlebrivi dacvis
uzrunvelyofa. amis dasturia is saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic pirdapir Se-
exebian pacientis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebsa da medicinis sferoSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis
problemebs. gasuli saukunis bolos, pacientTa uflebebis kanonmdeblobis sferoSi gaimarTa
aqtiuri samarTalSemoqmedeba rogorc erovnul, aseve, saerTaSoriso samarTlis doneze. saer-
TaSoriso doneze miRebul iqna axali deklaraciebi, qartiebi da sxva saxis aqtebi, romlebic
detalurad axdenen adamianis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmis Seqmnisa da regulirebis sakiTxebis
reglamentacias, cdiloben daadginon is minimumi zRvari, romlis CarCoebSic samedicino perso-
nali uflebamosilia Caataros samedicino manipulaciebi (eqsperimentebi, mkurnaloba da sxva).5
janmrTelobis uflebis dacvis sferoSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi sam
jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: universaluri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi, saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis aqtebi da samedicino asociaciebis aqtebi.

I. universaluri xasiaTis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi

janmrTelobis uflebis dacva garantirebulia universaluri xasiaTis saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlebrivi aqtebiT, romlebic zogadad, magram mkafiod aRiareben am uflebis maRal mniSvnelobas
da avaldebuleben saxelmwifoebs, Seqmnan misi dacvis saTanado saSualebebi.

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1. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT aRiarebulia rogorc samoqalaqo da poli-

tikuri, aseve, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. am uflebaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia
sicocxlisa da piradi xelSeuxleblobis ufleba, aseve, kerZo da ojaxuri cxovrebis dacvis
ufleba. marTalia, deklaracia ar aris iuridiulad savaldebulo da sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa,
magram misi debulebebi TiTqmis yvela qveyanam aRiara, rac dasturdeba Sesabamisi Sidasaxelm-
wifoebrivi normebisa da kanonebis miRebiT. adamianis janmrTelobis uflebis dacvasTan mimar-
TebiT unda aRiniSnos deklaraciis 25-e muxli, romliTac `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba hqondes
cxovrebis iseTi done, sakvebis, tansacmlis, binis, samedicino movlisa da saWiro socialuri
momsaxurebis CaTvliT, romelic aucilebelia TviTon misi da misi ojaxis janmrTelobisa da
keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad~.
2. saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb. adamia-
nis ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa katalogi moicavs `uflebas janmrTelo-
baze.~ aRniSnuli koncefcia aerTianebs individis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, mis Rirsebas,
samarTlianobis, aradiskriminaciis, genderuli Tanasworobisa da monawileobis sakiTxebs.
paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebma erTxmad aRiares TiToeuli adamianis ufleba fizikuri da
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRles SesaZlo standartebze da am uflebis sruli realizaci-
isaTvis miznad daisaxes iseTi zomebis miReba, romlebic aucilebelia: a) mkvdradSobadobisa da
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcirebisa da bavSvis jansaRi ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad; b) gare-
mos higienisa da mrewvelobaSi Sromis higienis yvela aspeqtis gasaumjobeseblad; g) epidemiuri,
endemuri, profesiuli da sxva daavadebebis Tavidan asacileblad, samkurnalod da Sesamowmeb-
lad; d) iseTi pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi, yvelasaTvis uzrun-
velyofs samedicino daxmarebasa da movlas (me-12 muxli).6
3. saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb savaldebuloa
saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sadac ganmtkicebulia mravali samoqalaqo da politikuri ufleba. paqti
iTvaliswinebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebiT gamocxadebul principebs da me-6
muxliT sicocxlis uflebas aRiarebs TiToeuli adamianis ganuyofel uflebad, xolo me-7 mux-
liT adgens, rom ar SeiZleba samedicino an samecniero cdebis Catareba arc erT pirze, Tu ar
iqna misi Tavisufali Tanxmoba.
4. evropis socialuri qartia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi evropis sabWos mier
SemuSavebuli fuZemdebluri aqtia, romelic sxva ZiriTad uflebebTan erTad ganixilavs jan-
mrTelobis dacvis uflebis efeqtiani ganxorcielebis gzebs. am uflebis dacvis mizniT qartiis
monawile mxareebi me-11 muxliT valdebulebas iReben uSualod saxelmwifoebTan erTad an kerZo
organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT miiRon Sesabamisi zomebi, romlebic mimarTulia: `1. maqsi-
malur misaRwev doneze janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebis gamomwvevi mizezebis aRkveTi-
saken; 2. janmrTelobis ganmtkicebisaTvis da janmrTelobis sakiTxSi daxmarebis da saswavlo
bazis uzrunvelyofisaken; 3. maqsimalurad SesaZlo doneze epidemiologiuri, endemuri da sxva
daavadebebis aRkveTisaken.~
5. evropis sabWos mier miRebuli aqtebidan adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi gansakuT-
rebulad mniSvnelovania evropis konvencia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
dacvis Sesaxeb. konvencia pirveli iuridiuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtia, romelmac
aRiara adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi, maT Soris, sicocxlisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba, wamebis,
monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalvis ufleba, darRveul uflebaTa efeqtiani aRdgenis uf-
leba, diskriminaciis akrZalva da sxva. konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian,
uzrunvelyon konvenciiTa da misi damatebiTi oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi mis iuris-
diqciaSi myofi pirebisaTvis.

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 II. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis aqtebi

adamianis janmrTelobis ufleba daculia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis aqtebiT, romlebic

ufro zustad ganixilaven pacientis uflebebis damcav meqanizmebs. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia:

adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb konvencia;

konvencia qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis mospobis Sesaxeb;
konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis mospobis Sesaxeb;
bavSvis uflebebis konvencia;
`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi `adamianis or-
ganoebisa da qsovilebis gadanergvis Sesaxeb;~
`biologiasa da medicinaSi adamianis uflebebisa da Rirsebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis da-
matebiTi oqmi `adamianis klonirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.~

1. qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvenciiT7 monawile saxelmwifoebi

iReben yvela saWiro zomas, rom aRmofxvran qalTa diskriminacia da Tanasworobis safuZvelze
(muxli 10, 12 da 14) uzrunvelyon ...saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis specialuri informaciis, maT
Soris, ojaxis sididis dagegmvis Sesaxeb informaciisa da konsultaciebis xelmisawvdomoba,
ojaxTa janmrTelobisa da keTildReobisaTvis xelSewyobis mizniT... qalebs uzrunvelyofen
uflebiT, rom isargeblon Sesabamisi samedicino momsaxurebiT, maT Soris, ojaxis sididis
dagegmvis sakiTxebze informaciiT, konsultaciiTa da momsaxurebiT ...isargeblon cxovrebis
jerovani pirobebiT.
2. rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb8 saerTaSoriso konvenciis
me-5 muxliT, monawile saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben akrZalon da aRmofxvran nebismieri
formis rasobrivi diskriminacia da uzrunvelyon yvela adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe,
miuxedavad rasisa, kanis ferisa, erovnuli da eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, gansakuTrebiT, Semdegi
uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis: ...janmrTelobis dacvis, samedicino daxmarebis, socialuri
uzrunvelyofis da socialuri momsaxurebis ufleba.
3. bavSvis uflebebis konvencia 54 muxlisagan Sedgeba da moicavs ara marto samoqalaqo da
politikur uflebebs, aramed socialur da ekonomikur uflebebsac. konvencia awesebs ra, saer-
To standartebs msoflios yvela qveynisaTvis, amasTanave iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifoTaTvis dama-
xasiaTebel kulturul, socialur, ekonomikur da politikur realobebs, raTa TiToeul qve-
yanas SesaZlebloba hqondes optimalurad ganaxorcielos konvenciis debulebebi. konvencia
gansazRvravs bavSvis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis pirobebs, mSoblebis, sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos mxridan maTi saWiroebebis Sesabamis moTxovnebs.
bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia yovlismomcvelia da erTaderTi, romelic uzrunvelyofs bavSvis
samoqalaqo, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebs. is universaluria,
exeba yvela bavSvs yvela situaciaSi, moicavs erTa mTel Tanamegobrobas: upiroboa, mouwodebs
yvela mTavrobas, Tundac, mwiri resursebis mqones, imoqmedon bavSvis uflebaTa dasacavad.
konvenciaSi warmodgenil uflebaTa Soris mniSvnelovania sicocxle _ bavSvebs aqvT sococx-
lisa da gadarCenis ufleba, samedicino momsaxurebiT sargeblobis, wyliTa da sanitariuli
sistemebiT usafrTxod sargeblobis ufleba.
konvencia adgens eqimis valdebulebas gamoikvlios bavSvis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi nebis-
mieri mkurnalobisaTvis, gaigos maTi Sexedulebebi amasTan dakavSirebiT. bavSvTa uflebamo-
silebaa, miiRos gadawyvetileba daTanxmeba Semdgom mkurnalobaze. es gulisxmobs, erTdroulad

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TanamSromlobas bavSvebTan da mSoblebTan, maT srulad CarTvas mkurnalobasa da janmrTelo-

basTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia konvenciis 24-e muxli, romelic adgens:
`1. monawile saxelmwifoebi aRiareben bavSvis uflebas, isargeblos janmrTelobis dacvis
sistemis yvelaze ufro srulyofili momsaxurebiT da daavadebaTa mkurnalobisa da janmrTe-
lobis aRdgenis saukeTeso saSualebebiT. monawile saxelmwifoebi cdiloben uzrunvelyon, rom
arc erT bavSvs ar CamoerTvas ufleba, isargeblos janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis aseTi mom-
saxurebiT.
2. monawile saxelmwifoebi cdiloben miaRwion mocemuli uflebis srul ganxorcielebas da
aucilebel zomebs iReben kerZod: a) CvilTa sikvdilianobis donisa da bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
SemcirebisaTvis; b) yvela bavSvisaTvis aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebisa da janmrTelobis
dacvis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, raTa upiratesi yuradReba daeTmos pirveladi samedicino sani-
tariuli daxmarebis gawevas; g) daavadebebTan da SimSilobasTan brZolisaTvis, maT Soris, pir-
veladi samedicino-sanitariuli daxmarebis farglebSi, advilad xelmisawvdomi teqnologiisa
da sakmao sursaTiTa da sasmeli wyliT momaragebis gziT, garemos dabinZurebis saSiSroebisa da
riskis gaTvaliswinebiT; d) dedebisaTvis mSobiarobamde da mSobiarobis Semdgom periodSi janm-
rTelobis dacvis saTanado momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis; e) sazogadoebis yvela fenis, kerZod,
mSoblebisa da bavSvebisaTvis janmrTelobisa da kvebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis, ZuZuTi
kvebis upiratesobebis gacnobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, higienis, bavSvis sacxovrebeli garemos
sanitariis dacvisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebis Tavidan acilebis, agreTve maTTvis ganaTlebis
xelmisawvdomobisa da codnis gamoyenebaSi daxmarebis gawevisaTvis; v) profilaqtikuri same-
dicino daxmarebisa da ojaxis dagegmvis sferoSi saganmanaTleblo muSaobis gaSlisa da momsa-
xurebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
3. monawile saxelmwifoebi atareben yovelgvar efeqtian da aucilebel zomebs im tradiciuli
praqtikis aRmofxvrisaTvis, romelic uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvTa janmrTelobaze.~
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvebis uflebebi janmrTelobis dacvasa da keTildReobaze
SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT Sejamdes:
yvela bavSvs aqvs ufleba: sicocxlisa da ganviTarebis; uzrunvelyofili iyos cxovrebis
saTanado doniT; isargeblos umaRlesi donis samedicino momsaxurebiT; invalidobis SemTxve-
vaSi, sargeblobdes gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobiT, romelic ganumtkicebs mas Rirsebis grZ-
nobas, uZlierebs sakuTari Tavis rwmenas da uadvilebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiur mona-
wileobas; uzrunvelyofili iyos socialuri dacvisa da bavSvis movlis samsaxurebisa da
dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT.
4. biologiisa da medicinis dargSi globalurma miRwevebma msoflio sazogadoeba daafiqra
adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi specifikur sakiTxebze saerTaSoriso aqtebis miRebis
aucileblobaze. pacientis uflebebTan mimarTebiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs kon-
vencia adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb9. konvencia mTlianad adamianis janm-
rTelobis uflebis dacvas eZRvneba. igi pirveli saerTaSoriso dokumentia, romelic awesrigebs
bioeTikur sakiTxebs. misi mizania daicvas adamianebi axali biologiuri da samedicino teqno-
logiebis SesaZlo araswori gamoyenebisagan, adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
ganmtkicebis gziT.
`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb konvenciisa da misi oqmebis mTavari mizania,
uzrunvelyos evropis sabWos wevr qveynebSi, romlebic konvencias miuerTdebian, adamianis ufle-
bebis, Rirsebisa da individualobis dacva biologiisa da medicinis konteqstSi. saqme is aris,
rom medicina, janmrTelobis dacvis sistema da biomedicinis sferoSi warmoebuli kvlevebi

40
Seicavs sakmaod specifikur risks adamianis uflebebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, risi Tavidan
acilebasac isaxavs miznad zemoxsenebuli konvencia.~10
konvencia exeba yvela dargs biologiis da medicinis sferoSi. meore mxriv, is specifikurad
exeba iseT dargebs, rogoricaa: adamianis genomi; adamianis organoTa gadanergva; adamianze Cata-
rebuli biosamedicino kvleva. am mizniT evropis sabWos bioeTikis samuSao komitetis (GDBI)
mier SemuSavda da miRebulia xelmosawerad Semdegi damatebiTi oqmebi: `adamianis klonirebis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ (1998); `adamianis organoebisa da qsovilebis gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ (2001); `bio-
samedicino kvlevis Sesaxeb~ (strasburgi, 30 ivnisi, 2004 weli); saqarTvelos mier xelmowerilia
yvela oqmi, magram ratificirebulia mxolod `adamianis klonirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ da `ada-
mianis qsovilebisa da organoebis gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ oqmebi.
konvencia valdebulebas akisrebs monawile mxareebs `daicvan TiToeuli adamianis Rirseba
da individualoba, yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe uzrunvelyon maTi xelSeuxebloba da sxva
uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi biologiasa da medicinaSi. TiToeulma mxarem Tavis ka-
nonmdeblobaSi unda Seitanos am konvenciis debulebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro cvli-
lebebi (muxli 1).~ gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania konvenciis meore muxli, romliTac adamianis
interesebi da keTildReoba uzenaesad aris aRiarebuli sazogadoebis da mecnierebis intere-
sebTan SedarebiT.
konvencia moicavs biomedicinis sferoSi adamianis uflebebis iseT ZiriTad principebs, rogo-
ricaa: janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba (muxli 3); saTanado profesiuli
standartebi janmrTelobis sferoSi Carevisas (muxli 4); informirebuli Tanxmoba da im pirTa
uflebebis dacva, romelTac ar (an SezRuduli) aqvT Tanxmobis gacxadebis unari (muxli 5); piradi
cxovrebis pativiscemisa da informaciis miRebis ufleba sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb (muxli 6); genetikur sakiTxebze diskriminaciis dauSvebloba (muxli 11); samecniero kvle-
vaSi monawile pirebis dacva (Tavi V); transplantaciis mizniT cocxali pirisagan organos an
qsovilis aRebisas pirTa uflebebis dacva (Tavi VI); finansuri sargeblobis akrZalva da adamianis
sxeulis nawilebis gankargva (Tavi VI I ); sanqciebi konvenciis debulebebis darRvevisaTvis da
zaralis anazRaurebis valdebuleba (Tavi VI I I ).
5. aqtualuria `adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi
`adamianis organoebisa da qsovilebis gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ (strasburgi, 04.12.2001), romelic
Seexo janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi mosaxleobisaTvis SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis aRiarebul
formas _ mkurnalobis mizniT organoebisa da qsovilebis gadanergvas. oqmis debulebebis miReba
ganapiroba im safrTxem, rac am momsaxurebis arasaTanado gamoyenebas SeiZleba mohyves, vinaidan
aseTi procesebi pirdapir kavSirSia adamianis sicocxlesTan, keTildReobasa da RirsebasTan.
oqmis debulebebiT dadginda gadanergvis sistemis SemuSavebis aucilebloba, rac uzrunvel-
yofs recipientebis Tanabar pirobebSi momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobas; aseve dawesda: coc-
xali donorisa da recipientisaTvis informaciis (maT Soris, mosalodnel riskebze) xel-
misawvdomobis savaldebulooba; gadanergvis dasaSveboba cocxali donorisagan mxolod infor-
mirebuli Tanxmobis, xolo gardacvlilisagan _ uflebamosili piris nebarTvis safuZvelze;
organos an qsovilis aRebaze Tanxmobis gacxadebis unaris armqone pirTa dacva _ aseTi pirebis
donoroba daiSveba iSviaTad, mxolod konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi (ar aris Se-
saferisi donori, romelsac aqvs Tanxmobis gacxadebis unari; recipienti aris donoris da an Zma;
arsebobs misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis nebarTva). oqmiT SemuSavda am sferoSi saTanado profe-
siuli samedicino standartebisa da valdebulebebiT saqmianobis ganxorcielebis aucilebloba.
aRsaniSnavia oqmis 21-e da 22-e muxlebis danawesebi, romliTac imperatiulad aikrZala fi-
nansuri mogebis an sxva raime sargeblis miReba, rac ar gulisxmobs am procedurebTan dakav-

41
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

Sirebul aucilebel xarjebsa da samedicino momsaxurebis gadasaxadebs. aseve, akrZalulia orga-

noebiTa da qsovilebiT vaWroba. mizanSewonilia, aRiniSnos daTqma oqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli de-
bulebebis darRvevisaTvis, rac mkafiod aisaxa oqmis 24-26-e muxlebSi. kerZod: mxareebma unda
uzrunvelyon oqmSi asaxuli uflebebisa da principebis saTanado samarTlebrivi dacva ukanono
darRvevebis Tavidan acilebisa da aRkveTis mizniT. pirs ufleba aqvs gadanergvis Sedegad
miyenebuli zianisaTvis miiRos samarTliani kompensacia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebisa
da proceduris dacviT. oqmSi mocemuli debulebebis darRvevisaTvis mxareebs daevalaT saTa-
nado sanqciebis daweseba.
6. meoce saukunis dasasruli aRiniSna revoluciuri gadatrialebiT genetikis dargSi _ ada-
mianebma iswavles genetikuri informaciis kiTxva, rasac uaRresad didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba
aqvs daavadebebis mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikuri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, amavdroulad,
garkveul eTikur problemebs warmoSobs da adamianis uflebebTan mimarTebiT angariSgasawev
kiTxvebs badebs. adamianis genomis aRmoCenis istoria iwyeba dnm-is (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava)
aRmoCenidan. 1988 wels dnm-is cnobili ormagi spiralis erT-erTma pirvelaRmomCenma, nobelis
premiis laureatma j. uotsonma saxalxod gamoTqva azri adamianis dnm-is nukleotiduri
Tanmimdevrobis sruli gaSifvris realuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.
swored am sakiTxs mieZRvna `biologiisa da medicinaSi adamianis uflebebisa da Rirsebis
dacvis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi `adamianis klonirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ (pa-
rizi, 12.01.1998, evropis sabWo). oqmis debulebebi ganixileba, rogorc konvenciis damatebiTi
muxlebi. oqmis miRebisas evropis sabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma miuTiTes, rom oqmiT dadgenili
debulebebis miReba ganapiroba ZuZumwovrebis dargSi mecnierebis maRali xarisxis miRwevebma,
rac amave xarisxiT teqnikurad SesaZlebels xdis adamianis klonirebas, adamianis depersonali-
zacia ki, genetikurad identuri adamianebis winaswarganzraxviT Seqmnis gziT laxavs adamianis
Rirsebas. amagvari winaswarganzraxuli biosamedicino praqtikam TiToeul dainteresebul
individs SeiZleba Seuqmnas samedicino, fsiqologiuri da socialuri xasiaTis siZneleebi. aRniS-
nulis gaTvaliswinebiT, dadginda, rom akrZalulia nebismieri Careva, romlis mizania sxva adami-
anis, cocxalis an gardacvlilis, genetikurad identuri adamianis Seqmna (muxli 1).11
`adamianis klonirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ saerTaSoriso aqtis mniSvnelobas naTlad da mar-
tivad warmoaCens Semdegi faqtebi:
klonirebis Sesaxeb xmauri warmoiSva 1997 wels, rodesac mecnierebma ganaxorcieles ara-
marto Canasaxis, aramed zrdasruli ZuZumwovara cxovelebis klonireba. SotlandiaSi, roslinis
institutSi mecnierTa jgufma ian vilmatis xelmZRvanelobiT daamuSava meTodika, romelic
iZleva saSualebas deda cxvris curidan amoRebuliyo mTeli memkvidruli informaciis
matarebeli qromosomebis Semcveli birTvi, romliTac Canacvlebuli iqna sxva cxvris ukve
ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis birTvi. Semdgom moxda am kvercxujredis implantacia de-
dobilis organizmSi, ris Sedegad qveyanas moevlina donori cxvris zusti asli _ doli.
`2002 wlis bolos gavrcelda sensaciuri cnoba pirveli klonirebuli bavSvis dabadebis Se-
saxeb. kompania Clonaid-is warmomadgenlis brijit buaseliesa da italieli qirurgis severino
antonionis sityvieri gancxadebis Tanaxmad, dekemberSi gaCnda pirveli klonirebuli gogona,
romelsac msoflio icnobs evas saxeliT. sul klonirebuli embrionebi Caenerga xuT surogat
dedas. isini irwmunebian, rom yvela orsuloba mimdinareobda normalurad, magram amasTan, uars
acxadeben nebismieri informaciis gamomzeurebaze mSoblebis vinaobisa da adgilsamyofelis
Sesaxeb. cnobilia mxolod, rom evas deda aris 31 wlis amerikeli qali. kompania Clonaid-is xel-
mZRvanelma brijit buaseliem ganacxada, rom 2003 wlis ianvarSi daibada kidev erTi klonire-
buli gogona, romlis deda holandielia. ianvarSi kidev sam klonirebul axalSobils moelian.

42
eqimma antonionim ganacxada, rom klonirebuli axalSobilebi qveyanas moevlinebian mxolod iq,
sadac msgavsi operacia kanoniT ar isjeba.~12
evropis umetes qveynebSi adamianis klonireba kanoniT akrZalulia. aSS-s kongresma kloni-
rebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRo jer kidev, gasul wels. klonirebis cdebis akr-
Zalvis moTxovnas eTanxmeba iuneskoc, sadac Tvlian, rom es dauSvebelia eTikis TvalsazrisiT.

III. samedicino asociaciebis aqtebi

pacientis uflebebis da zogadad, adamianis janmrTelobis uflebis dacvis mizniT, msoflio

samedicino asociaciebis mier miRebul iqna araerTi qartia, romlebsac savaldebulo Zala ar
gaaCniaT, magram biosamedicino kvlevebis Catarebisas samedicino personalisaTvis mniSvnelo-
vani da angariSgasawevia. esenia, msoflios eqimTa asociaciis lisabonis deklaracia pacientTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb, msoflio samedicino asociaciis helsinkis 1964 wlis deklaracia `saxelm-
ZRvanelo principebi adamianze samedicino-biologiuri kvlevebis Catarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic
periodulad ganicdida cvlilebebsa da damatebebs (1975 wlis tokios deklaracia, 1983 wlis
veneciis deklaracia, 1989 wlis hong-kongis deklaracia, 1996 wlis somerset vestis deklaracia).
1975 wlis msoflio samedicino asociaciis tokios deklaracia mTlianad mieZRvna samedicino
personalis saxelmZRvanelo principebs, dakavebulTa da patimarTa wamebisa da sxva sastiki,
araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis an sasjelis SemTxvevaSi.
1. upirvelesad, unda aRiniSnos, msoflio samedicino asociaciis generaluri asambleis mier
miRebuli samedicino eTikis saerTaSoriso kodeqsi. kodeqsiT dadginda rogorc eqimis zogadi
movaleobebi, aseve, profesiuli da kolegebTan eTikuri qcevis standartebi. sayuradReboa eTi-
kis kodeqsis daTqma avadmyofis winaSe eqimis movaleobebis Taobaze, kerZod: eqims yovelTvis
unda axsovdes, rom igi movalea daicvas adamianis sicocxle; eqimi movalea uerTgulos pacients
da mTeli Tavisi codna moaxmaros mas. Tu eqims ara aqvs gamokvlevis an mkurnalobis saSualeba,
man saamisod unda mouxmos sxva eqims, romelsac es SesaZlebloba aqvs; eqimma saidumlod un-da
Seinaxos yovelive Tavisi pacientis Sesaxeb, am ukanasknelis sikvdilis Semdegac ki; gadaude-
beli samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCena eqimis humanitaruli movaleobaa im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ar
aris darwmunebuli, rom aseTi daxmarebis gawevis survili an SesaZlebloba sxvebsac aqvT.13
2. pacientTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi interess iwvevs luqsemburgis deklaracia paci-
entTa usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, romlis miReba ganapiroba janmrTelobis dacvis seqtorSi Sec-
domaTa da arasasurvel SedegTa ganviTarebis prevenciis, seriozul SecdomaTa gansazRvrisa
da acilebis, aseve, usafrTxoebis proceduraTa uzrunvelyofis gaZlierebam.
janmrTelobis dacvis seqtori warmoadgens maRali riskis sferos, vinaidan arakeTilsaimedo
movlenebis dadgoma ufro xSirad, mkurnalobas ukavSirdeba, vidre TviT daavadebas. aRniSnuls
ki, SeuZlia gamoiwvios sikvdili, seriozuli dazianeba, garTuleba da pacientisaTvis tanjvis
miyeneba.
konferencia rekomendacias iZleva, rom `pacientis usafrTxoeba~ evrokavSiris, evrokavSiris
wevri qveynebisa da adgilobrivi janmrTelobis dacvis seqtorSi dagegmil politikur Ronis-
ZiebaTa nusxaSi erT-erT upirveles adgilze unda iqnes ganxiluli. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
konferenciam rekomendaciebi evrokavSiris institutebisaTvis gasca, maT Soris, daarsdes ev-
rokavSiris forumi, romelSic monawileobas miiReben Sesabamisi dainteresebuli mxareebi, raTa
ganxilul iyos pacientis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli da evropuli masStabiT
mimdinare saqmianobebi. jandacvis msoflio organizaciasTan aliansSi muSaoba pacientis

43
 N
marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis saerTo gagebis SesamuSaveblad da `problemaTa gadawyvetis evrokav-

Siris bankis~ Sesaqmnelad, romelic moicavs `mowinave gamocdilebas,~ magaliTebsa da standar-
tebs. konferencia nacionalur xelisuflebebs rekomendacias aZlevs: uzrunvelyos pacien-
tTTaTvis maTi janmrTelobis Sesaxeb arsebuli piradi informaciis sruli da Tavisufali miwo-
deba. amasTan, ganamtkicos monacemTa sizuste da pacientis mier misdami Catarebuli mkurnalo-
bis arsis sruli aRqmadoba. izrunos riskis menejmentis rutinis dasaweseblad. magaliTad, gaid-
lainebisa da indikatorebis ganviTareba, rogorc janmrTelobis dacvis seqtorSi xarisxis uz-
runvelyofis sistemis nawili. axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis optimizeba, magaliTad, pa-
cientTa eleqtronuli Canawerebis sistemis SemoReba. aRniSnuli Canawerebi gaiTvaliswinebs
pirad samedicino profilebs da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis mxardaWeris programebs jandacvis
profesionalTaTvis, im mizniT rom Semcirdes mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebuli Secdomebis ric-
xvi da gaizardos maTi amocnobis SesaZlebloba. konferencia aseve, rekomendacias aZlevs jan-
dacvis momsaxurebis mimwodeblebs: jandacvis profesionalTa da jandacvis mimwodebelTa ur-
TierTTanamSromlobis wesiT miudgnen da warmarTon janmrTelobis momsaxurebis miwodeba, raTa
ganamtkicon pacientis usafrTxoeba. samuSao adgilebze ganaxorcielon proeqtebi, romlebic
fokusirebul iqneba pacientis usafrTxoebaze da daawesebs SecdomebTan da naklovanebebTan
ufro efeqtiani gamklavebis Ria kulturas.
3. jandacvis msoflio organizaciis pacientTa usafrTxoebisaTvis londonis deklaraciis
(2006 wlis 17 ianvari) mizania jandacvis sferoSi acilebadi safrTxis farTo mozRvavebis Sem-
cireba; Seiqmnas iseTi samyaro, romelSic jandacvis sferoSi arsebuli Secdomebi minimalize-
buli iqneba. konferenciaze gamoiTqva mzadyofna TanamSromlobaze Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:
pacientTa usafrTxoebisa da pacientTa uflebamosilebis programebis Seqmna da promocia;
pacientTa usafrTxoebis sferoSi moRvawe yvela partniorTan konstruqciuli dialogis
warmarTva; msoflios masStabiT iseTi sistemebis Seqmna, romlebic dakavSirebulia jandacvis
safrTxis angariSgebasTan; ganisazRvros saukeTeso praqtika, romelic dakavSirebulia jandac-
vasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxis SemcirebasTan da am praqtikis promocia mTels msoflioSi.
4. msoflios eqimTa asociaciis lisabonis deklaracia pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb (miRe-
bulia 34-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, lisabonSi, portugalia, 1981 wlis seqtember-
oqtomberSi. Sesworebulia msoflios eqimTa asociaciis 47-e generalur asambleaze, bali,
indonezia, 1995 wlis seqtemberSi saredaqcio gadaxedva moxda asociaciis 171-e sabWos sesiaze,
santiagoSi, Cile, 2005 wlis oqtomberSi) ganixilavs da warmoadgens pacientTa zogierT im
uflebebs, romlebic gaTavisebuli da mxardaWerili unda iyos medicinis profesionalTa mier.
lisabonis deklaraciiT msoflios eqimTa asociaciam aRiara, pacientTa avtonomiurobisa
da samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis aqtualoba da aucilebloba, amasTan, daadgina, samedicino
momsaxurebis miwodebis procesSi monawile eqimebis, sxva pirebisa da organizaciebis erToblivi
pasuxismgebloba pacientTa uflebebTan mimarTebiT.
5. evropis qveynebSi pacientTa uflebebis harmonizaciis yvelaze ganaxlebul da masStabur
aqtad iTvleba pacientTa uflebebis evropuli qartia (2002 wlis noemberi, romi). qartia gan-
saxilvelad gamotanilia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, erovnuli da evropuli institutebis, yvela
dainteresebuli mxaris aqtiuri da SeTanxmebuli muSaobis Sedegad. evropul jandacvis sivrceSi
Seqmnili realobiT da amave sivrceSi arsebuli ganviTarebis tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Sedgenil iqna erTiani, unificirebuli midgoma, romelTa adaptacia nacionalur doneze TiTo-
euli qveynis Sesabamisi struqturebisa da sazogadoebriobis upirvelesi movaleobaa. aRsaniS-
navia, rom qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli dokumentebis danergva da realur instrumentebad qceva
moiTxovs jandacvis profesionalTa, menejmentis warmomadgenelTa, mTavrobebis, sakanonmdeblo

44
da administraciuli organoebis erTobliv muSaobas da Zalisxmevas. pacientTa uflebebis evro-
pul qartiaSi Camoyalibebulia pacientTa 14 ZiriTadi ufleba, rac gamomdinareobs evrokavSiris
fundamentur uflebaTa qartiidan. evrokavSiris (evropis) fundamentur uflebaTa qartia awe-
sebs mTel rig xelSeuval sayovelTao uflebebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba SeizRudos evrokavSiris
organoebisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis mier. aRniSnuli qartiis 35-e muxli gansazRvravs uflebas
janmrTelobis dacvaze, rogorc `xelmisawvdomobis uflebas prevenciul RonisZiebebze da
uflebas _ isargeblo samedicino momsaxurebiT erovnuli kanonmdeblobiTa da praqtikiT da-
wesebuli pirobebiT.~ imave muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom evrokavSiri valdebulia uzrunvelyos `ada-
mianis janmrTelobis dacvis maRali done,~ xolo am konteqstSi janmrTeloba da janmrTelobis
dacva ganixileba rogorc individualuri, ise socialuri produqti. aRniSnuli formulireba
erovnuli mTavrobebisaTvis awesebs standarts, ar dakmayofildnen da Sesabamisad, ar SeCerdnen
`minimalurad garantirebul standartebze~ jandacvis sferoSi da miznad daisaxon umaRlesi
standartebis miRweva, miuxedavad momsaxurebis mimwodebeli sxvadasxva samsaxurebis gansxva-
vebuli SesaZleblobebisa. garda aRniSnuli 35-e muxlisa, qartia aseve, Seicavs mTel rig iseT
debulebebs, romlebic pirdapir an arapirdapir Seexeba pacientTa uflebebs. magaliTad: adami-
anis Rirsebis Seuvaloba (muxli 1), sicocxlis ufleba (muxli 2); adamianis pirovnebis xelSe-
uxebloba (muxli 3); usafrTxoebis ufleba (muxli 6); piradi monacemebis daculoba (muxli 8);
diskriminaciis dauSvebloba (muxli 21); kulturuli, religiuri da lingvisturi mravalfe-
rovnebis ufleba (muxli 22); bavSvTa uflebebi (muxli 24); mozardTa uflebebi (muxli 25);
socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da dacvis ufleba (muxli 34); garemos dacvis ufleba (muxli 37);
momxmarebelTa uflebebi (muxli 38); cxovrebisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba (muxli 45).
pacientis uflebaTa qartiaSi gadmocemuli 14 ufleba aseve, ukavSirdeba saerTaSoriso do-
kumentebs da deklaraciebs, romlebic SemuSavebulia jandacvis msoflio organizaciisa da ev-
rosabWos mier.
qartia gamoyenebadia yvela moqalaqis mimarT, miuxedavad arsebuli gansxvavebisa asakis, sqe-
sis, religiis, socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, ganaTlebis Tu sxva faqtorebisa, rom-
lebmac SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinon individisaTvis saWiro jandacvis momsaxurebis miwodebis
saWiroebaze. qartia ar iTvaliswinebs eTikur sakiTxebs. pacientis ToTxmeti ufleba warmoad-
gens fundamentur uflebaTa faqtiobriv gansaxierebas, ris gamoc isini aRirebuli da dafase-
buli unda iyos miuxedavad finansuri, ekonomikuri an politikuri SezRudvebisa da maTgan ga-
momdinare, Sesabamisi kriteriumebisa; aRniSnul uflebaTa aRiareba da pativiscema moicavs ro-
gorc teqnikur-organizaciul moTxovnaTa aseve, qceviT-profesiuli modelebis damyarebasa
da Sesrulebas. aqedan gamomdinare, dRis wesrigSi dgeba globalur reformaTa saWiroeba, im
gzebze, romlebiTac erovnuli jandacvis sistemebi operireben.

daskvna

zemoT ganxiluli saerTaSoriso aqtebis erToblivi SejerebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom janm-
rTelobasTan dakavSirebuli adamianis uflebebi ganmtkicebulia adamianis uflebebisadmi miZ-
Rvnili yvela ZiriTadi xelSekrulebiTa da konvenciiT da moicavs adamianis uflebas: fizikuri
da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRles xelmisawvdom standartebze; adekvaturi jandacvisa da
janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli momsaxurebis Tanabarxelmisawvdomobaze, ganurCevlad sqesisa,
rasisa da sxva mdgomareobebisa; sakvebis samarTlian ganawilebaze; usafrTxo sasmeli wylis da
sanitariuli pirobebis xelmisawvdomobaze; cxovrebisa da dabinavebis adekvatur standartebze;

45
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usafrTxo da jansaR garemoze; usafrTxo da jansaR samuSao pirobebze da orsul qalTa adekva-
tur dacvaze maTTvis saxifaTo saqmianobisagan; janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul ganaTlebasa
da informaciis xelmisawvdomobaze;
miuxedavad janmrTelobis uflebis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi deklaraciis, rezo-
luciisa Tu SeTanxmebisa, zogierT specifikur SemTxvevebSi, pacientTa uflebebi kiTxvis niSnis
qveS eqceva, rogorc iuridiuli niSniT, ise arsebuli realobidan gamomdinare. xSir SemTxvevebSi,
dadgenili iuridiuli normebi, realurad ar xorcieldeba gamomdinare nacionaluri specifi-
kidan, finansuri situaciidan da aseve, realuri asamoqmedebeli berketebis sisustis an arar-
sebobis gamo. kanoniT dadgenili da xSir SemTxvevaSi Seusrulebeli aseTi uflebebi xSirad,
monitoringis da sxvadasxva programebis ganxorcielebis drosac ki, ar aisaxeba, maT xSirad
iviwyeben kidec axladmosuli mTavrobebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom es momentebi SesaZloa asaxulic
ki, iyos maT winasaarCevno platformaSi. aseTi arasasurveli SemTxvevebis acilebis mizniT, upir-
veles yovlisa, unda moxdes evropuli qveynebis sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebis harmonizacia da
pacientTa uflebebis dacvis sakanonmdeblo garantiebis dayrdnoba evropis sabWos, jandacvis
msoflio organizaciis da sxva mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso organizacebis rekomendaciebsa da
deklaraciebze. es ukanasknelni eyrdnobian organizaciul standartebs, teqnikur parametrebs
da aseve, profesiuli qcevis modelebs.
pacientTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso dokumentebi metad
myari gzavnilia evropis regionis qveynebisaTvis, raTa maT gaaaqtiuron da xeli Seuwyon saqmi-
anobas am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, maT Sesabamis iurisdiqciebSi. miuxedavad amisa, pacientTa
socialuri uflebebis ganmtkiceba saxelmwifosagan moiTxovs saTanado sabiujeto dagegma-
rebasa da resursebs, risi miRwevac realurad pirdapirproporciulia qveynis ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis donisa. movlenaTa ganviTarebis aseT fonze, aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis
qveynebi gviCveneben realur winsvlas sakanonmdeblo garantiebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis
aspeqtebSi.

46
 bibliografia

1. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bili, saqarTvelos axalgazrda

iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi, 1999;
2. rona k. m. smiti, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, oqsfordis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005;
3. asborn eide, katarina krauze, alan rosa, ekonomikuri, socialuri
da kulturuli uflebebi, Tbilisi, 2006;
4. pacientTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
normebsa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, marina kvaWaZe, saqarT-
velo da saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2001;
5. g. javaSvili, komentarebi evropis sabWos konvenciaze `adamianis uf-
lebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~;
6. marina kvaWaZe, adamianis uflebebi da Tanamedrove samedicino samar-
Tali, Tbilisi, 1998;
7. http://laws.codexserver.com saqarTvelos sruli sakanonmdeblo baza;
8. http://moh.gov.ge saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri
dacvis saministro;
9. http://www.psidiscourse.ge sazogadoebrivi ganxilvebi, janmrTelobis
dacva da socialuri sfero;
10. www.medportal.ge

SeniSvnebi:
1
saqarTvelos kanoni `pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 4. `d~.
2
meri robinsoni, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi
komisari, 1997-2002.
3
  rona k. m. smiti, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, oqsfordis uni-
versitetis gamomcemloba, 2005, gv. 209.
4
  rona k. m. smiti, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, oqsfordis uni-
versitetis gamomcemloba, 2005, gv. 202.
5
  pacientTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
normebsa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, marina kvaWaZe, saqarTve-
lo da saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2001.
6
  adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bili, saqarTvelos axalgazrda
iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi, 1999.
7
  www.parliament.ge
8
  www.parliament.ge
9
  www.parliament.ge
10
  g. javaSvili, komentarebi evropis sabWos konvenciaze `adamianis uf-
lebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~, OCGF.
11
www.medportal.ge
12
`adamianis genomi~, www.Medportal.ge
13
www.Medportal.ge

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INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR
PROTECTION OF
RIGHTS OF PATIENTS

NUNU KVANTALIANI
Justice of the Supreme Court
Doctorate student of the Technical University of Georgia

By summarizing international acts in this paper, we can conclude that

health related human rights are reinforced by all treaties ad conventions
on human rights and includes the following: human right to highest
available physical and mental health standard; equal accessibility of ad-
equate healthcare and healthcare services notwithstanding sex, race and
other conditions; just distribution of food; accessibility of safe drinking
water and sanitary conditions; the right to life and adequate accommo-
dation; the right to safe and healthy environment and adequate protec-
tion of pregnant women from hazardous activities; the right to healthcare
related education and information accessibility;

Despite numerous declarations, resolutions and treaties on the right to

healthcare, in some cases, rights of patients are under question from
legal standpoint as well as from the standpoint of existing reality. In
often cases, established legal provisions, are not in fact observed due to
national specificity, financial conditions or weak instruments or the lack
of them. Such rights, established by the law, but never observed, are not
reflected even during monitoring or implementation of other programmes
despite the fact that they are often forgotten by new governments, al-
though these issues could have been the part of their elections programmes.
In order to avoid such undesirable situations, it is first of all necessary to
harmonize legislative matters and base patients’ rights on EC, World

48
Health Organization’s recommendations and declarations. The latter is based on organizational standards,
technical parameters and professional conduct models.

International documents on patients’ rights represent a sound message to countries of the European Region
in order for them to facilitate and support activities in this area in respective jurisdictions. Despite that,
reinforcement of social rights of patients requires the states to do relevant budget planning and resources; it
is directly proportionate to the level of economic development of the country. In such circumstances,
countries of Eastern and Central Europe show real progress in terms of practical implementation of legisla-
tive guarantees.

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saordero fasiani
qaRaldi da misi
samarTlebrivi
mowesrigebis
ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
eka zarnaZe
goris raionuli sasamarTlos mosamarTle, samarTlis doqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis kerZo
samarTlis mimarTulebis asocirebuli profesori

samoqalaqo brunvaSi fasiani qaRaldebis, rogorc realuri

saqonlisa da fuladi niSnebis iuridiuli Semcvlelis gamoCena
vaWrobis ganviTarebis bunebriv Sedegs warmoadgens. pirveli
fasiani qaRaldebi evropaSi Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi warmoiSva.
Tavidan farTo gavrceleba hpova martivma Tamasuqma, Semdeg
gadasapirebeli Tamasuqic gaCnda. fasiani qaRaldebis brunvis
monawileni iyvnen vaWrebi da Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi, Sesabami-
sad, urTierToba savaWro Cveulebebisa da adaTebis safuZvelze
regulirdeboda. TandaTanobiT saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur cxov-
rebaSi fasiani qaRaldebis rolis gazrdam moiTxova maTi maregu-
lirebeli Cveulebebisa da adaTebis sanqcireba, ris Sedegadac
miRebuli iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
(meTeqvsmete saukunis meore naxevarSi italiam miiRo Tamasuqis wes-
deba, msgavsi normatiuli aqti miRebul iqna briuselSi, espaneTSi
da sxv). pirveli fasiani qaRaldebi ufro metad saxelobiTi da
saordero xasiaTis iyo. rac Seexeba sawarmdgenlo fasian qa-
Raldebs, isini samoqalaqo brunvaSi ufro mogvianebiT gaCnda _
meCvidmete saukuneSi, safrangeTSi gavrcelda savalo sabuTebi e.w.
billets en blanc, sadac kreditoris vinaobis aRniSvnisaTvis gankuT-
vnili adgili carieli iyo. amgvari dokumentebis gamoCenas wi-
naaRmdegoba mohyva mTavrobis mxridan _ fizikuri pirebis mier maTi
gacema saxifaTod iqna miCneuli saxelmwifo fulis niSnebisaTvis
da 1719 wlidan „usaxelo~ savalo sabuTebi aikrZala. sawarmdgenlo

50
fasiani qaRaldebis winaaRmdegi iyo iuristTa garkveuli nawilic (romanistebi) da mocemuli saxis
savalo sabuTebs romis samarTlis mier aRiarebuli valdebulebis individualurobis principTan
Seusabamod Tvlida. sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldebi aikrZala evropis zogierT sxva
saxelmwifoSic, magram mecxramete saukunisaTvis isini kvlav dabrundnen samoqalaqo brunvaSi.1
fasiani qaRaldebis calkeuli saxeebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic iyo gavrcelebuli.
cneba `Tamasuqi~ savalo sabuTis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba CveulebiT samarTalSi, vaxtang meeqvsis
samarTlis wignSi. es ukanaskneli Tamasuqis aucilebel rekvizitebsac ki gansazRvravda. Tama-
suqSi sxva pirobebTan erTad zogjer valis aRebis maiZulebel garemoebebzec miuTiTebdnen.2
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, evropaSi ekonomikis aRmavlobam xeli Seuwyo fasiani qaRal-
debis brunvis gaZlierebas, rasac misi samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis ganviTareba mohyva. swo-
red amave periodSi, germaneli mecnieris bruneris SromebSi gamoCnda fasiani qaRaldebis kla-
sikuri Teoria da fasiani qaRaldebis samarTali. pirvelad man gaaerTiana sxvadasxva saxis fa-
siani qaRaldi erTiani cnebis qveS da scada Camoeyalibebina sawarmdgenlo, saordero da saxe-
lobiT fasian qaRaldebad maTi dayofis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi3.
fasiani qaRaldi dadgenili formis mqone sabuTia (dokumentia), romlis warmodgenac auci-
lebelia masSive gamoxatuli qonebrivi uflebiT Sesrulebis misaRebad.4 fasiani qaRaldi SeiZ-
leba uSualod qaRaldis saxiT arc arsebobdes, magram igi yovelTvis gulisxmobs Sesabamisi
qonebrivi uflebisaTvis materialuri matareblis arsebobas, rac aseve, Sesabamisi formis mqone
dokumentad (sabuTad) unda moviazroT. „fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJis sakiTxebi teqnikis gav-
lenasac ganicdis. am kanonzomierebisaTvis gverdis aqceva ar SeiZleba, Tu gvinda rom gariyuli
ar aRmovCndeT. mocemuli kanoni (`fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni) sru-
lad iTvaliswinebs am momentsac, kerZod, „aramaterialur fasian qaRaldebze,” anu fasiani qa-
Raldebis samarTalze fasiani qaRaldebis gareSe, saubaria kanonis meore muxlSi.”5 fasiani qa-
Raldebis bazris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis 33-e punqtis mixedviT, aramateri-
aluri fasiani qaRaldi `ar arsebobs qaRaldis formiT, magram arsebobs Canaweris saxiT fasiani
qaRaldebis reestrSi an centralur depozitarSi beneficiari mesakuTris an nominaluri mflo-
belis saxelze.~ fasiani qaRaldebis reestrSi registraciis warmoebis specialuri wesi, rac
kompiuteruli teqnikiT xorcieldeba aseve, ganisazRvreba specialuri normatiuli aqtebiT.6

1. saordero fasiani qaRaldis cneba, forma da saxeebi

fasiani qaRaldis institutis erT-erTi mizania uflebis ganxorcielebis gaadvileba. mas

adgili aqvs rogorc kreditoris, ise _ movalis mimarT da misi miRwevis erT-erTi saSualebaa
fasiani qaRaldiT uflebamosili subieqtis legitimaciis wesi. es ukanaskneli fasiani qaRldebis
_ sawarmdgenlo, saordero da saxelobiTad klasifikaciis safuZvelia. subieqtis legitimaciis
saSualeba gulisxmobs fasiani qaRaldis gadacemisa da moTxovnis uflebis mqone piris
gansazRvris garkveul wess. aRniSnuli safuZvliT, fasiani qaRaldebis klasifikacia damaxasi-
aTebelia kontinenturi evropis qveynebis samarTlisaTvis.7 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsic
(911-929-e muxli) gansazRvravs ra, fasiani qaRaldebis samarTlis zogad debulebebs, afuZnebs
fasiani qaRaldebis dayofas sawarmdgenlo, saordero da saxelobiT fasian qaRaldebad8.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 911-e muxli gansazRvravs sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldis cnebas da
adgens, Tu vinme gascems dokuments, romliTac is dokumentis mflobels gadaxdas hpirdeba,
maSin mflobels SeuZlia moiTxovos gadaxda dapirebis Tanaxmad, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca mas
amis ufleba ar hqonda.

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samoqalaqo kodeqsis 922-e muxlis mixedviT, savalo dokumenti, romliTac emitenti doku-
mentis wardgenisas gadaxdas hpirdeba dasaxelebul pirs, SeiZleba gaices saordero fasiani
qaRaldis saxiT.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 928-e muxli adgens piradi (saxelobiTi) fasiani qaRaldis cnebas _ gan-
sazRvruli piris saxelze Sedgenili dokumenti SeiZleba gaices im pirobiT, rom movales da-
ekisreba gadaxda mxolod am piris dokumentis Cabarebis sanacvlod. marTebuli iqneboda samo-
qalaqo kodeqss, nacvlad cnebisa „piradi~ gamoeyenebina termini „saxelobiTi~, rac mocemuli
saxis fasiani qaRladis Sinaarss ufro naTlad asaxavs. „piradi” arqonebrivi, pirovnulobasTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli uflebis amsaxveli cnebaa da ara maRali brunvaunarianobis mqone
qonebrivi uflebisa.
‘‘Order” inglisuri sityvaa, niSnavs brZanebas da am saxis fasian qaRaldebs `brZanebiT qaRal-
debsac~ (ïðèêàçíûå áóìàãè) uwodebdnen9. saordero fasian qaRaldebSi yovelTvis aRiniSneba
kreditori, gansxvavebiT sawarmdgenlo dokumentebisagan, magram `yovelTvis~ ar niSnavs fasiani
qaRaldis mTeli brunvis ganmavlobaSi. kreditoris saxeli dokumentSi yovelTvis miTiTebulia
misi movalisaTvis wardgenisas. es ukanaskneli mxolod fasiani qaRaldebis pirvel SemZens aR-
niSnavs sabuTSi, fasiani qaRaldis yoveli Semdgomi mesakuTre da Sesabamisad, yoveli Semdgomi
kreditori, mieTiTeba misi winamorbedis mier.
saordero fasiani qaRaldi SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod materialuri formiT. vinaidan,
aramaterialur dokumentebze uflebaTa fiqsacias axorcielebs Tavad emitenti an am uka-
nasknelis davalebiT, damoukidebeli registratori specializebul reestrSi. es niSnavs
fasiani qaRaldis mflobelis yoveli Secvlis Sesaxeb movalisaTvis savaldebulo wesiT
Setyobinebasa da fasian qaRaldze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobas aRniSnuli registraciis
safuZvelze, rac ewinaaRmdegeba saordero sabuTebis bunebas.
saordero fasiani qaRaldebi SeiZleba gaices konkretuli piris saxelze miTiTebiT: `gan-
kargulebiT~ an aseTi miTiTebis gareSe. konkretuli piris saxelze gacemuli saordero sabuTi,
erTi SexedviT, saxelobiT fasian qaRaldebs hgavs, romelic gaicema aseve, konkretul kredi-
torze miTiTebiT, magram am ukanasknelisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT aucilebelia miTiTebis: `aragan-
kargulebisamebr~ gakeTeba an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani sityvebis aRniSvna (saqarTvelos kanoni
`Cekis Sesaxeb,~ me-10 muxli; saqarTvelos kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~, me-8 muxli). aRniSvna `sa-
ordero~ fasian qaRaldebze sakanonmdeblo aucileblobas ar warmoadgens. mizanSewonili iq-
neboda aseTi aRniSvnis gakeTeba iseT saordero dokumentze, sadac kreditorad dasaxelebulia
konkretuli piri iseTi aRniSvnis gareSe rogoricaa, `gankargulebisamebr.~
samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar icnobs im dokumentebis CamonaTvals, romelic fasian qaRaldad ga-
nixileba. kodeqsSi aseve, ar aris miTiTeba Tu romeli fasiani qaRaldi SeiZleba arsebobdes
sawarmdgenlo, saordero Tu saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldis saxiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsis ocdame-
oTxe Tavi `fasiani qaRaldebis brunvidan warmoSobili valdebulebani~ (911-928-e muxli) adgens
fasiani qaRladebis samarTlis ZiriTad debulebebs da moTavsebulia valdebulebiTi samarTlis
(wigni mesame) kerZo nawilSi _ `saxelSekrulebo samarTali~, Sesabamisad, masze unda vrcelde-
bodes zogadi debulebani xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb. kerZod, 319-e muxli xelSekrulebis Tavi-
suflebis Sesaxeb, rac sxva aspeqtebTan erTad, aseve, gulisxmobs kerZo samarTlis subieqtTa
uflebas dadon xelSekrulebebi, romelic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram ar ewinaaR-
mdegeba mas. mocemuli principi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda iqnes moazrebuli fasiani qa-
Raldebis mimarT, radgan dokumentis aRiareba fasian qaRaldad masze specialur samarTlebriv
reJims avrcelebs. kanonmdeblobis analizidan gamomdinare, fasian qaRaldad unda iqnes miCne-
uli dokumenti Tu mas aseTad kanoni aRiarebs. Tu romeli saxiT SeiZleba arsebobdes fasian

52
qaRaldad kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli dokumenti _ saordero, sawarmdgenlo Tu saxelobiTi
saxiT _ unda dadgindes misi momwesrigebeli normebis analizis safuZvelze. marTebuli iqneboda
debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom fasian qaRaldad miiCneva mxolod dokumenti, romelic aseTadaa
aRiarebuli da ganmtkicebuli kanonmdeblobiT (samoqalaqo kodeqsiT). aseve upriania, calkeuli
fasiani qaRldebis Sesaxeb specialuri normebi pirdapir adgendes Tu ra saxis fasian qaRaldad
SeiZleba igi brunvaSi arsebobdes: saxelobiTi, saordero Tu sawarmdgenlo saxiT (iseve, rogorc
amas adgili aqvs magaliTad, Tamasuqis, Cekis, aqciis SemTxvevaSi).
klasikur saordero fasian qaRalds warmoadgens Tamasuqi, `romlis magaliTzec da romlis
mixedviTac SesaZlebelia amave kategoriis sxva fasiani qaRaldebis regulireba.~10 Tamasuqi sava-
lo dokumentia, romliTac misi gamcemi piri kisrulobs upirobo valdebulebas, gadaixados masSi
aRniSnuli Tanxa piradad an gadaxdas avalebs mesame pirs. igi SeiZleba iyos martivi _ solo
Tamasuqi, an gadasapirebeli _ trata. martivi Tamasuqis gamcemi Tavad kisrulobs aRniSnuli
Tanxis gadaxdas, gadasapirebeli TamasuqiT ki, misi gamcemi-movale gadaxdas sTavazobs mesame
pirs (trasats). es ukanaskneli Cveulebriv, uflebamosilia da ar aris valdebuli gaanaRdos
Tamasuqi. Tumca, zogjer igi SeiZleba valdebulic iyos gadaixados, magaliTad, saaqcepto kre-
ditis dros, romlis safuZvelzec banki axorcielebs klientis mier wardgenili tratis jer
aqceptirebas, Semdeg ki, gadaxdis vadis dadgomisas, mis ganaRdebas. trasatsa da fasiani qaRaldis
gamcems Soris urTierToba fasian qaRaldSi gamoxatuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis „farg-
lebs gareTaa~. trasati Tamasuqs anaRdebs Tavisi saxeliTa da xarjiT. igi namdvilia im urTi-
erTobis namdvilobis miuxedavad, romelic trasantsa da trasats Soris arsebobs. anglo-ame-
rikul samarTalSi ki, mesame piri Cveulebriv valdebulia, gaanaRdos Tamasuqi, radgan trasantis
mier trasatis dasaxelebas yovelTvis aqvs samarTlebrivi safuZveli, romlis ararseboba an
baTiloba iwvevs Tamasuqis baTilobas.11
saordero fasiani qaRaldis saxiT SeiZleba arsebobdes Cekic. saordero CekiT gamcemi ava-
lebs mesame pirs, kerZod ki, sabanko dawesebulebas _ gaunaRdos Tanxa dasaxelebul pirs (kanoni
`Cekis Sesaxeb,~ 1-2 muxli). erTi SexedviT, Ceki gadasapirebel Tamasuqs hgavs: orive fasiani
qaRaldi Seicavs gamcemis davalebas mesame pirisadmi gaunaRdos aRniSnuli Tanxa dokumentSi
dasaxelebul pirs. magram maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebacaa _ saordero Ceki aqceptirebas
ar eqvemdebareba. sabanko dawesebuleba valdebulia gaanaRdos Ceki massa da Cekis gamcems Soris
dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. igi anaRdebs ra Ceks, moqmedebs Cekis gamcemis saxeliTa
da xarjiT da faqtobrivad, gvevlineba Cekis gamcemis rwmunebulad. dRes farToda gavrcele-
buli unaRdo fuladi angariSsworeba plastikuri baraTis meSveobiT, romelic formis Tval-
sazrisiT, Cekis saxecvlilebas warmoadgens, rac teqnikis ganviTarebam ganapiroba. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Ceki Tanamedrove urTierTobebSi plastikuri baraTis formiT gvxvdeba, mxolod
igi moiazrebs sawarmdgenlo an saxelobiT Ceks. plastikuri baraTis, iseve rogorc Cekis mflo-
bels aqvs moTxovnis ufleba sabanko dawesebulebisadmi _ gaanaRdos masSi aRniSnuli Tanxa. amas-
Tan, mxolod im sabanko dawesebulebis mimarT, romelSic inaxeba Cekis Tu plastikuri baraTis
mesakuTris fuladi saxsrebi. aseve, aucilebelia xelSekruleba sabanko dawesebulebasa da Cekis,
plastikuri baraTis mesakuTres Soris. gadasapirebeli gansxvavebiT Tamasuqisagan saCeko ur-
TierToba uSualo kavSirSia Cekis gamcemsa da gamnaRdebels Soris arsebul urTierTobasTan.
fasiani qaRaldebis maRali brunvaunarianoba ganapirobebs, rom brunvaSi zogierTi saxis
saordero fasiani qaRaldi, rogoricaa Tamasuqi da Ceki, Sesabamisad, plastikuri baraTic
SeiZleba arsebobdes egzemplarebis saxiT. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi, iseve, rogorc Ceki SeiZleba
gamoiweros ramdenime egzemplarad, magram mxolod rigiTi nomrebis aRniSvniT. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli maTgani CaiTvleba damoukidebel fasian qaRaldad. egzemplaris gacemis

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da kanoni

ufleba aqvs mxolod movales (kanoni ‘Tamasuqis Sesaxeb,~ 57-59-e muxli; kanoni ‘Cekis Sesaxeb,~
40-41-e muxli).
saordero fasiani qaRaldis saxiT aseve, SeiZleba arsebobdes sasawyobo mowmoba. igi gaicema
sasaqonlo sawyobSi saqonlis Sesanaxad mibarebisas (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 789-e muxli).
zemo aRniSnuli saordero fasiani qaRldebisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebulia fasiani
qaRaldebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi niSani, rogoricaa formaluri xasiaTi: fasiani qaRaldi
Sedgenili unda iyos kanoniT gansazRvruli formiT da Seicavdes yvela aucilebel rekvizits,
romlis ugulebelyofa iwvevs fasiani qaRaldis baTilobas. mocemuli niSani pirdapir ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame wignis ocdameoTxe TavSi _ `fasiani qaRaldebis
brunvidan warmoSobili valdebulebani~, magram igi dadgenilia specialuri normebiT: `Cekis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis pirveli muxli, `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ kanonis pirveli muxli, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
789-e muxli. mkacri formaluri buneba ki, Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia fasiani qaRaldebis e.w.
literaluri xasiaTiT, rac gulisxmobs subieqtis uflebas moiTxovos movalisagan mxolod
iseTi moqmedebis Sesruleba, romelic miTiTebulia dokumentSi, anu valdebulebis Sinaarsi
mxolod fasiani qaRaldiT ganisazRvreba.
zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobiT, saordero fasian qaRalds ipoTekis mowmobac warmoadgens,
romelic bolo periodis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani siaxlea qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. ko-
deqsis 2891-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ipoTekis mowmoba aris fasiani qaRaldi, romelic dgeba erT
egzemplarad da adasturebs misi kanonieri mflobelis uflebas: a) moiTxovos ipoTekis xelSek-
rulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis Sesruleba, b) valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTx-
vevaSi, moTxovna daikmayofilos ipoTekis sagnidan. 2892-e muxlis pirveli da meore nawili adgens
ipoTekis mowmobis rekvizitebs da iTvaliswinebs misi dadasturebis aucileblobas sajaro re-
estris beWdiT. amave muxlis mesame nawili ganamtkicebs fasiani qaRaldebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel formalizmis niSans da adgens, rom am muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi aRniSnul moTxov-
naTa darRveva iwvevs mowmobis baTilobas. kodeqsis 2893-e muxlis mixedviT, ipoTekis mowmobis
faqtobrivi mflobeli iTvleba mis kanonier mflobelad, vidre sawinaaRmdego ar damtkicdeba,
magram mxolod es danawesi ar aris sakmarisi ipoTekis mowmobis sawarmdgenlo fasian qaRaldad
gansaxilvelad.12 amave kodeqsis 2894-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, ipoTekis mowmobaSi
mocemuli moTxovnis daTmoba xdeba ipoTekis mowmobaze uflebis gadamcemis sanotaro wesiT
damowmebuli xelmoweriT, xolo meoTxe nawili adgens moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb movalisaTvis
Setyobinebis valdebulebas im pirisaTvis, romlis sasargeblodac moxda moTxovnis daTmoba.
amdenad, qarTulma kanonmdeblobam ipoTekis mowmoba mxolod saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldis saxiT
aRiara. saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldebi yvelaze dabali likvidurobiT gamoirCevian fasiani qa-
Raldebis klasifikaciaSi. mocemuli saxis dokumentebi ki, mniSvnelovania ipoTekuri kreditis
meoradi bazris ganviTarebisaTvis da xels uwyobs kreditis refinanasirebis sistemas. igi
aqtiurad ganixileba sabanko kreditis seqtoris ganviTarebis erT-erT elementad amerikul
sabanko da fasiani qaRaldebis samarTalSi13. amdenad, upriani iqneboda, kanonmdebels gaeTva-
liswinebina misi saordero fasiani qaRaldis saxiT arseboba, romelic metad brunvaunariania,
vidre saxelobiTi da naklebad brunvaunariania, vidre sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldebi.
saordero fasiani qaRaldebi savaWro an saqonelganmkargavi dokumentebia, romelic regu-
lirdeba sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT (saqarTvelos kanoni `Cekis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos
kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da sxv.). savaWro fasiani qaRaldebi
Tavis mxriv, saangariSsworebo (Ceki, plastikuri baraTi) an sakredito (Tamasuqi) dokumentebia,
romelic faqtobrivad cvlis fuls qonebriv urTierTobaSi. 14 aqve aRsaniSnavia plastikuri
baraTis, romelic dRes yvelaze metad gavrcelebul saangariSsworebo dokumentia saqarTve-

54
loSi, samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis simwiris Sesaxeb qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi. saqonelgan-
mkargav fasian qaRaldebs ganekuTvneba iseTi dokumentebi, romelTa gadacemiT gadadis ufleba
gansazRvrul saqonelze (mxolod ara fulze), magaliTad, sasawyobo mowmoba.
amdenad, saordero fasiani qaRaldebi iseTi savaWro an saqonelgamkargavi dokumentebia,
romlis wardgenisas moTxovnis ufleba aqvs Tavad dokumentis SinaarsSi dasaxelebul an indo-
samentTa uwyveti rigiT uflebamosil pirs.

2. saordero fasiani qaRaldis gadacemis wesi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 923-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saordero fasiani qaRaldi SeiZleba
gadacemul iqnes indosamentiTa da dokumentis gadacemiT. indosamenti keTdeba dokumentze an
mis danarTze, daSvebulia teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyenebac.
indosamenti fasiani qaRaldis mflobelis werilobiTi gankargulebaa dokumentis gadacemis
Sesaxeb. piri, romelic axdens fasiani qaRaldis indosirebas aris indosanti, xolo piri, vis
sasargeblodac adgili aqvs indosirebas _ indosati. indosamentis namdvilobisaTvis aucile-
belia indosantis xelmowera. kanonmdebeli uSvebs iseT indosaments, romelic mxolod xelmo-
weriT iqneba warmodgenili (samoqalaqo kodeqsi 923-e muxli).
saordero fasiani qaRaldis gadacema gulisxmobs rogorc dokumentze sanivTo uflebis
gadacemas, ise Tavad qaRaldSi gamoxatuli moTxovnis uflebis daTmobasac.
indosamenti cesiis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens. igi iseve rogorc cesia, iTvaliswinebs kredi-
toris mier indosantis _ movalis Tanxmobis gareSe moTxovnis uflebis daTmobas mesame piri-
saTvis. klasikuri cesiis dros moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba xdeba mflobelsa da mesame pirs
Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze (samoqalaqo kodeqsi 198-199-e muxli). saordero
fasiani qaRaldiT moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba indosamentSi aisaxeba.
saordero fasiani qaRaldis gadacemis safuZvels SeiZleba warmoadgendes nasyidoba, gacvla
da a. S., magram igi gamoxatulebas ar poulobs indosamentSi. es ukanaskneli, iseve rogorc Cve-
ulebrivi cesia, abstraqtuli garigebaa. indosanti, iseve rogorc cendenti, pasuxs agebs gada-
cemuli uflebis namdvilobisaTvis. magram gamomdinare fasiani qaRaldebis, rogorc garigebis,
abstraqtuli bunebidan da sajaro utyuarobidan indosant movales ar SeuZlia aRZras kredi-
toris mimarT iseTi sarCeli, romelic gamomdinareobs wina mflobelTan urTierTobidan. kla-
sikuri cesiis dros ki, `movales ufleba aqvs wauyenos axal mflobels yvela is Sesagebeli, rac
mas hqonda Tavdapirveli mflobelis mimarT moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb cnobis miRebis dro-
isaTvis~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsi 202-e muxli).
indosamenti formis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos saxelobiTi an sablanko (samoqalaqo kodeqsi
923-e muxli).15 saxelobiT indosamentSi aRiniSneba im piris vinaoba, visac gadaeca ufleba, sab-
lankoSi ki, indosati ar mieTiTeba. orive indosamentisaTvis aucilebelia xelmowera, sablanko
indosamentisaTvis igi sakmarisic ki aris.
indosamenti yovelTvis sruldeba fasian qaRaldze. kanonmdebeli ar gansazRvravs mis adgils
dokumentze. gamonaklisia mxolod sablanko indosamenti, romelic `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ kanonis
me-10 muxlis mixedviT unda Sesruldes dokumentis ukana mxares an darTul furcelze. `Cekis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-12 muxlis mixedviT ki, igi `unda waeweros Cekis meore gverds an pirvel
furcels.~
gamoyofen indosamentis or funqcias: uflebis matarebeli (Transport function) da sagarantio
(Garantie function). pirveli _ uflebis matarebeli, romelic gulisxmobs mesame pirisaTvis uflebis

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gadacemas. igi universaluria yvela indosamentisaTvis. indosamentiTa da dokumentis gadacemiT

indosati iZens yvela im uflebas da im moculobiT, romelic hqonda indosants fasiani qaRal-
didan gamomdinare (aseT indosaments `Jiro~ indosamentsac uwodeben la girata).
sagarantio funqcia gulisxmobs TiToeuli indosantis pasuxismgeblobas ara marto gadace-
muli uflebis namdvilobisaTvis, aramed misi ganxorcielebisaTvisac. Cveni kanonmdeblobiT
sagarantio funqcia aqvs saCeko da saTamasuqo indosamentebs. marTebuli iqneboda sagarantio
funqcia qarTvel kanonmdebels yvela saordero fasiani qaRaldis indosamentisaTvis gaeTva-
liswinebina, rac am saxis dokumentebs metad `mimzidvels~ xdis momavali kreditorebisaTvis da
Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs maT brunvas.
indosamenti SeiZleba Sesruldes nebismieri piris sasargeblod, im piris garda, vinc gasca
fasiani qaRaldi. am wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens Tamasuqi. igi SeiZleba indosirebuli iqnas
rogorc aqceptantze, ise mis gamomSvebze, romelsac Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia Tamasuqis Semdgomi
indosireba (kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ me-8 muxli).
dauSvebelia nawilobrivi indosamenti, anu uflebis nawilis an raime pirobiT fasiani qaRal-
dis gadacema. Tumca, am ukanaskneli wesidan kanonmdebeli uSvebs gamonakliss da gansazRvravs
im daTqmebs, romelic SeiZleba gaakeTos uflebamosilma pirma. magaliTad, indosants ufleba
aqvs akrZalos fasiani qaRaldis Semdgomi indosireba, SeuZlia gaakeTos dokumentze warwera
`protests ar eqvemdebareba~, `dabrundes xarjebis gareSe~ an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani sity-
vebi, rac aTavisuflebs mas ganaRdebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi, protestis gaformebisagan (kanoni
`Cekis Sesaxeb~ me-11, 34-e muxli; kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~, me-40 muxli).
saordero fasiani qaRaldi Sesrulebis misaRebad SeiZleba gadaeces mesame pirs. am dros
dokumentze keTdeba warwera `Tanxa gadasaxdelad~, `mindobilobiT~ an sxva TanabarmniSvnelo-
vani sityvebi, romelic naTlad gamoxatavs marwmuneblis nebas. aseTi daTqmiT gakeTebuli indo-
samenti warmoadgens mindobilobiT indosaments, romlis safuZvelze rwmunebuli Rebulobs
Sesrulebas marwmuneblis saxeliTa da xarjiT. rwmunebuls ufleba aqvs waradginos fasiani
qaRaldi gasanaRdeblad, miiRos Sesabamisi Tanxa, ganaRdebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi, gaakeTos pro-
testi. mas SeuZlia ganaxorcielos fasiani qaRaldidan gamomdinare yvela ufleba, garda erTisa,
_ gadasces igi mesame pirs indosamentiT.
saordero fasiani qaRaldi SeiZleba iyos giravnobis sagani (samoqalaqo kodeqsi 259-e, 795-
796-e muxli). dagiraveba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes masze Sesabamisi warwerisa da mogiravnisaTvis
gadacemis gziT. amdenad, SeiZleba gamovyoT indosamentis kidev erTi saxe _ sagiravno indosa-
menti. saqonelganmkargavi fasiani qaRldebis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania fasiani qaRaldis gi-
ravnobisa da im saqonlis, romelze uflebasac fasiani qaRaldi warmoSobs, giravnobis urTierT-
mimarTebis sakiTxi.
amdenad, Cveulebrivi (la girata) indosamenti cesiis saxesxvaobaa, romlis safuZvelzec, saor-
dero fasiani qaRaldis gadacemisaTvis aucilebelia Tavad fasiani qaRaldis gadacemac. indo-
samenti Sinaarsis mixedviT, aseve, SeiZleba iyos mindobilobiTi da sagiravno.

3. saordero fasiani qaRaldiT Sesrulebis miReba

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 925-e muxlis Tanaxmad: 1. Tanmimdevruli indosamentebiT dadasture-

buli saordero fasiani qaRaldis mflobels SeuZlia xelmowerili dokumentebis Cabarebis sa-
nacvlod moiTxovos gadaxda dapirebis Tanaxmad, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca mas amis ufleba-
mosileba ara aqvs; 2. gadaxda arauflebamosili pirisaTvis, romelmac Tavis ufleba daadastura

56
Tanmimdevruli indosamentis meSveobiT, aTavisuflebs movales, Tu igi ar moqmedebda ganzrax
an gaufrTxileblobiT.
amdenad, saordero fasiani qaRaldiT Sesrulebis misaRebad, iseve rogorc sawarmdgenlo
fasiani qaRaldebis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia dokumentis warmodgena, magram arasakmarisi, aseve,
saWiroa mflobelis identuroba dokumentSi dasaxelebul an bolo indosamentSi miTiTebul
pirTan. am ukanasknelis uflebamosileba indosamentTa uwyveti rigidan unda gamomdinareobdes
da im piris mimarT Sesruleba, romlis uflebac Tanmimdevruli indosamentebiT iqna dadastu-
rebuli, movales aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tundac, warmomdgeni aramarTlzomieri
mflobeli iyos. pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, roca Semsrule-
belma ar icoda da arc SeiZleba scodnoda dokumentis mflobelis aramarTlzomierebis Sesaxeb.
`Cekis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 27-e muxlis mixedviT, gadamxdeli, romelic axdens gacemuli Cekis
ganaRdebas, valdebulia Seamowmos indosamentTa rigis Tanmimdevrobis siswore, magram ara in-
dosantTa xelmoweris namdviloba. amave kanonis me-7 muxlis mixedviT ki, Tu Ceks aqvs piris
xelmowera, romelsac ar SeuZlia ikisros Cekidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi an yalbi xel-
mowera, es gavlenas ar iqoniebs sxva danarCeni xelmowerebis namdvilobaze. `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~
kanonis me-5 muxlic adgens, Tu TamasuqSi aris im piris xelmowera, romelsac ufleba ara aqvs
ikisros Tamasuqidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi an yalbi xelmowera, es gavlenas ar axdens
danarCeni xelmoweris namdvilobaze. mocemul normebSi asaxuli danawesi fasiani qaRaldis sa-
jaro utyuarobisa da abstraqtulobis gamoxatulebaa da igi romanul-germanuli samarTlis
qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. anglo-amerikuli samarTlis qveynebSi Tamasuqi baTilad iT-
vleba, Tu masze yalbia Tundac erTi indosamenti.16
fasiani qaRaldis gacemiT iwyeba axali samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic mocemuli fasi-
ani qaRaldiT ganisazRvreba da ar aris kavSirSi im valdebulebasTan, im kauzasTan, romelic
safuZvels warmoadgenda dokumentis gacemisas. Tamasuqis Sesaxeb kanonis pirveli da 68-e muxlis
mixedviT, Tamasuqi unda Seicavdes upirobo valdebulebas miTiTebuli fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis
Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, Tu magaliTad, erTi mxare gadascems nasyidobis safuZvelze, garkveul
saqonels meore mxares, es ukanaskneli ki, fulis sanacvlod gascems Tamasuqs, am ukanasknelSi
gamoxatul valdebulebasa (fuladi Tanxis gadaxda) da nasyidobidan gamomdinare valdebulebas
Soris ar warmoiSveba kauzaluri kavSiri. TamasuqiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis Sesruleba
ar SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes nasyidobidan gamomdinare valdebulebis arajerovan Sesrulebaze
miTiTebiT.
fasian qaRaldebis abstraqtuli xasiaTi ganapirobebs, garkveulwilad, maT sajaro utyua-
robas. movales fasiani qaRaldiT SeuZlia ganaxorcielos Sesruleba, Tu dokumenti dadgenili
formisaa da Seicavs yvela aucilebel rekvizits. movale endoba ra, dokumentis formalur
niSnebs ar aris valdebuli da arc aqvs ufleba, Seamowmos misi gacemis safuZveli.17 aRniSnuli
fasiani qaRaldebis sajaro utyuarobis niSnis materialur mxares warmoadgens. procesualuri
Sinaarsi ki, Sesageblis SezRudvis principSi ganmoixateba. samoqalaqo kodeqsi Sesageblis Sez-
Rudvas iTvaliswinebs mxolod sawarmdgenlo da saordero fasiani qaRaldebis mimarT (samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi 912-e, 914-e, 924-e muxli).
saordero fasiani qaRaldebis samarTlebrivi reJimis mniSvnelovani elementia pasuxismgeblobis
gansakuTrebuli wesi, rasac saordero fasiani qaRaldiT valdebulebis arajerovani Sesruleba
iwvevs da romelic saordero indosamentis sagarantio funqciaSi poulobs gamoxatulebas.
rogorc aRiniSna, kanonmdebloba indosaments sagarantio funqcias yvela fasiani qaRaldi-
saTvis ar aniWebs. mas saCeko da saTamasuqo indosamenti moicavs. Sesabamisad, uari Cekis an Ta-
masuqis ganaRdebaze moiTxovs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT gaformebas. Tamasuqis SemTxvevaSi, dgeba

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oficialuri aqti anu protesti. Cekis gaunaRdebloba ki, SeiZleba gaformdes rogorc protes-
tiT, ise gadamxdelis warweriT Cekze an gadamxdelis gancxadebiT, rom Ceki droulad iyo war-
dgenili, magram ar ganaRdebula. fasiani qaRaldis gaunaRdeblobis Sesaxeb indosatma kanoniT
dadgenil vadaSi unda acnobos indosants _ dokumentis gamcems da Tavdebs. TiToeuli indosanti
Tavis mxriv, saTanado Setyobinebas ugzavnis Tavis winamorbeds. mxolod dadgenili vadis dacvis
Semdeg, fasiani qaRaldis mflobels SeuZlia dasvas sakiTxi dokumentiT valdebul pirTa
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. es ki niSnavs, rom mflobels ufleba aqvs fasiani qaRaldis ganaRdeba
mosTxovos rogorc yvela valdebul pirs erTad, ise TiToeul maTgans an ramdenimes, im Tan-
mimdevrobis miuxedavad, romliTac maT valdebuleba ikisres (kanoni `Cekis Sesaxeb~ 35-e muxli;
kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ 41-e muxli). ukumoTxovnisas valdebul pirs waredgineba rogorc
fasiani qaRaldi, aseve protesti.
`Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditors (fasiani qaRaldis mflobels)
TamasuqiT ufleba aqvs sarCeliT moiTxovos: fasiani qaRaldiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxa, sarge-
beli 6%-is odenobiT dokumentis gasanaRdeblad wardgenis dRidan, mis mier gaweuli yvela
xarjis anazRaureba da sauravi Tamasuqis Tanxis 3%-is odenobiT, romelic gadaxdis vadidan
gamoiangariSeba. amave kanonis 43-e muxlis mixedviT, piri, romelmac gaanaRda Tamasuqi, uku-
moTxovnis wesiT iZens uflebas moiTxovos adrindeli indosantebisagan mis mier gadaxdili
mTeli Tanxa, gadaxdili Tanxis eqvsi procentis odenobiT sargebeli gadaxdis dRidan da gaweuli
yvela xarjis anazRaureba. ‘Cekis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 36-e muxlis mixedviT, kreditors CekiT ufleba
aqvs sarCeliT moiTxovos: CekiT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxa, sargebeli erovnuli bankis
mier dadgenili odenobiT Cekis gasanaRdeblad wardgenis dRidan, xarjebis anazRaureba, rome-
lic dakavSirebulia protestTan an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovan damowmebasTan. amave kanonis 37-
e muxli Cekis gamnaRdebel indosats uflebas aZlevs winamorbed indosants mosTxovos mis mier
ganaRdebuli yvela Tanxa, sargebeli eqvsi procentis odenobiT Cekis gasanaRdeblad wardgenis
dRidan da mis mier gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba.
saordero fasiani qaRaldiT valdebul pirTa ukumoTxovnis wesiT pasuxismgeblobas ka-
nonmdebeli solidarul pasuxismgeblobas uwodebs (kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ 41-e muxli; kanoni
`Cekis Sesaxeb~ 35-e muxli), rac ar aris marTebuli. vinaidan, saordero fasiani qaRaldiT uku-
moTxovnisas, uflebamosil pirs SeuZlia moiTxovos mis mier gadaxdili yvela Tanxa, romelic
moicavs dokumentSi aRniSnul Tanxas, sargebels, xarjebs da sauravs; yoveli Semdgomi regre-
santis gadasaxdeli Tanxa aRemateba Tavisi winamorbedis mier gadaxdils; samoqalaqo kodeqsis
473-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobisas solidaruli movale valdebulebis
SesrulebiT ukumoTxovnis uflebas iZens danarCeni solidaruli movaleebisagan wilTa Tanab-
robis kvalobaze Tavisi wilis gamoklebiT, erT-erTis valauvalobis SemTxvevaSi ki, misi gadasax-
deli Tanxa Tanazomierad nawildeba danarCen movaleebze, maT Soris, imazec, romelmac ukve
Seasrula valdebuleba. amdenad, saordero fasiani qaRaldiT valdebul pirTa ukumoTxovnis
wesiT pasuxismgebloba, ar warmoadgens solidarul pasuxismgeblobas da kanonmdeblis mier
cnebis, _ `solidaruli pasuxismgebloba~ gamoyeneba mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba saTanadod
iqnes miCneuli. am SemTxvevaSi, adgili aqvs mxolod fasiani qaRaldebis specialur samarTleb-
rivi reJimis CarCoebSi arsebul pasuxismgeblobis wess _ saordero fasiani qaRaldiT valdebul
pirTa ukumoTxovnis wesiT pasuxismgeblobas.
saordero fasiani qaRaldis mflobels SeuZlia moTxovna wauyenos dokumentiT valdebul
yvela pirs, im Tanmimdevrobis miuxedavad, romliTac maT valdebuleba ikisres. Tu mflobeli
ukumoTxovnas wauyenebs ara uSualod Tavis indosants, aramed mis winamorbeds, am ukanasknels,

58
moTxovnis dakmayofilebis Semdeg, ar eqneba ukumoTxovnis ufleba im pirebis mimarT, romelic
kreditorma gamotova.
saCeko da saTamasuqo indosamentma SeiZleba dakargos sagarantio funqcia, Tu indosanti
akrZalavs mis Semdgom indosirebas. Tu indosantis daTqmis miuxedavad, fasiani qaRaldi mainc
iqneba indosirebuli, indosanti, romelmac daTqma gaakeTa, pasuxs aRar agebs regresis wesiT im
pirebis winaSe, vis sasargeblodac moxdeba Semdgomi indosireba (kanoni `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ me-
12 muxli; kanoni `Cekis Sesaxeb~ me-14 muxli). indosamentma sagarantio funqcia SeiZleba dakargos
Tu brunvisas igi xelaxla aRmoCndeba indosirebuli im pirze, romelic ukve iyo am fasiani
qaRaldiT indosanti. indosamentma SeiZleba sagarantio funqcia dakargos, maSinac Tu mas Sem-
degi indosati gadaSlis.
indosireba mflobelis uflebaa da ara movaleoba da misi ganxorcieleba SeiZleba nebismier
dros. magram `Cekis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, gadaxdis vadis dadgomis Semdeg,
Cekis indosireba warmoadgens dokumentis ubralo gadacemas, rac ukargavs indosaments saga-
rantio funqcias. `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-16 muxli ki, adgens, rom: indosaments, romelic
gakeTebulia gadaxdis vadis dadgomisas, aqvs igive Sedegebi, rogorc gadaxdis vadis dadgomamde
gakeTebul indosaments; indosamenti, romelic gakeTebulia protestis Semdeg gadaxdis Sesaxeb
an protestisaTvis dawesebuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg, iTvleba Tamasuqis gadacemad. amdenad,
protestis an gadaxdis vadis dadgomis Semdeg, an protestisaTvis dadgenili vadis gasvlis
Semdeg gakeTebuli indosamentiT, uflebamosil pirs erTmeva ukumoTxovnis ufleba indosan-
tebis mimarT.
saordero fasiani qaRaldiT moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis vada, iseve rogorc sawarmdgenlo
qaRaldebis mimarT, Seadgens ocdaaT wels (samoqalaqo kodeqsi 297-e muxli), Tu specialuri
kanoniT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad, `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 63-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, aqceptantis mimarT TamasuqTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadaa sami
weli, indosantebs SeuZliaT warudginon sarCeli erTmaneTs da Tamasuqis gamcems indosantis
mier Tamasuqis gadaxdis dRidan eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi da sxv. xandazmulobis specialur vadebs
iTvaliswinebuls `Cekis Sesaxeb~ kanonic. aRsaniSnavia, `Tamasuqis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 64-e muxliT
gakeTebuli specialuri daTqma xandazmulobis vadis SeCerebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
saordero dokumentebi fasiani qaRaldebis samarTlis erT-erTi institutia. fasiani qaRal-
debi sabazro ekonomikis infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani elementia. maTi saSualebiT SeiZleba
sakredito SeTanxmebebis gaformeba, kapitalis mozidva, danazogebis gardaqmna investiciebad,
isini mniSvnelovan rols asruleben saangariSsworebo urTierTobebSic. fasiani qaRaldebis
samarTlis funqciaa „Seqmnas is samarTlebrivi CarCoebi, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba danazo-
gebis gardaqmna industriul investiciebad, vinaidan ekonomikasa da saxelmwifos Tavisi inves-
ticiebisaTvis esaWiroeba kapitali.~18 amdenad, mniSvnelovania fasiani qaRaldebis samarTlis
ganviTareba misi momwesrigebeli kanondeblobis srulyofisa da normaTa swori ganmarteba-ga-
moyenebis mizniT, rac SeuZlebelia misi institutebis Seswavlis gareSe. es Tavis mxriv, moiazrebs
am institutebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis aspeqtebis analizs istoriuli, kompleqsuri, Se-
darebiT samarTlebrivi kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebis, normatiuli masalisa da praqtikis gan-
zogadebis safuZvelze.

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SeniSvnebi:

1
  Í. Íåðñåñîâ, Ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâî è öåííûå áóìàãè â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,
Èçä-âî “Ñòàòóò”, Ì., 1998.
2
  ix.: ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi VI I , qarTuli
samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 329-330; ivane javaxiSvili,
istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla, tfilisi, 1926,
gv. 51-52.
3
  ix.: Ì.Ì. Àãàðêîâ, Ó÷åíèå î öåííûõ áóìàãàõ, Ôèíàíñîâîå èçäàòåëüñòâî
ÍÊÔ, Ì., 1927, ñò. 3.
4
  saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba fasiani qaRaldis erTian cnebas ar ic-
nobs. 1998 wlis `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis me-2 muxlis 32-e punqti gansazRvravs terminis `fasiani qa-
Raldi~ Sinaarss mxolod mocemuli kanonis miznebisa da Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare. kanonis regulirebis sfero ki, moicavs mxolod iseT
fasian qaRaldebs, romelic SeiZleba iyos sajaro SeTavazebis sagani
da Sesabamisad, dematerializebuli (p. 32. fasiani qaRaldi _ mimoq-
cevadi finansuri instrumentebi da uflebebi, romelTa sajaro Se-
Tavazebac SesaZlebelia wilobrivi Tu sasesxo fasiani qaRldebis
saxiT, an romlebic SeiZleba gardaiqmnas aseTebad an romlebic arian
aseTebze xelmowerisa Tu aseTis SeZenis uflebis matareblebi, sain-
vesticio xelSekrulebebi da fasian qaRaldebTan dakavSirebuli sxva
instrumentebi da uflebebi).
5
ix.: p. kluseni, sabirJo da fasiani qaRaldebis samarTali saqarTve-
loSi. sakorporacio samarTlis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTve-
loSi, l. Wanturia, r. kniperi, j. zemleri, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 142.
6
aramaterialuri fasiani qaRaldebis „samSoblod“ aSS iTvleba. maTi
warmoSoba 70-iani wlebSi amerikis birJebze Seqmnilma `qaRaldebis
bumma~ gamoiwvia. kontinenturi evropis samarTalSi dematerializa-
ciis sanqcireba pirvelad, safrangeTSi moxda 1982 wlis kanoniT `fi-
nansebis Sesaxeb“, romlis sauZvelzec garkveuli fasiani qaRaldebi
iqna dematerializebuli eleqtronuli depozitarebis angariSebze
Canaweris saxiT. depozitarebis rolSi gamovidnen safinanso da-
wesebulebebi, romlebsac angariSebi centralur depozitarSi
hqondaT (SICOVAM). Semdeg aramaterialuri fasiani qaRaldebi ho-
landiis kanonmdeblobamac aRiara _ 1992 wlis kanoniT `fasiani qa-
Raldebis bazris Sesaxeb~, 1995 wels, germaniis kanonma `fasiani qa-
Raldebis Senaxvisa da SeZenis Sesaxeb~ gaiTvaliswina materialuri
dokumentebis nacvlad, globaluri sertifikatebis gamoSvebis SesaZ-
lebloba. mogvianebiT, msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi dsT-s qvey-
nebis kanonmdeblobaSic aisaxa. ix.: Uniform Commercial Code. Official
text-1990 with comments. The American Law Institute National Conference
of Comissioners on Uniform State Laws. 12-H ed-West Publishing lo. 1991,
p.711-713; Æàìåí Ñ.,.Ëàêóð Ë., Òîðãîâîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Ïåð.
ì ôð. Ì. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, 1993, ñ.117; Hotman P, Nederveen
A, Guide to the Regulation of securities Market in the Netherlands. A
Commentary on the Securities Market Actof 1992 and the Investment
Undertakings Act of 1990. Amsterdam, 1994, p.15; Ãðàæäàíñêèé êîäåêñ
ÐÔ, ñò. 149; Ãðàæäàíñêèé êîäåêñ Àçåðáàéäæàíñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè ñò. 996;
Ãðàæäàíñêèé êîäåêñ ðåñïóáëèêè Àðìåíèÿ, ñò. 152 da sxv.
7
ix.: BGB &783-808, Ãåðìàíñêîå ïðàâî, ×àñòü I Ãðàæäàíñêîå óëîæåíèå,
Ì., 2006, ñò.182-187; Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí,
Ïîä ðåä. Â.Â. Áåçáàõà, Â.Ê. Ïó÷èíñêîãî, Ì., 2007. fasiani qaRaldebis
sakanonmdeblo klasifikacias sawarmdgenlo, saordero da saxelo-
biT fasian qaRaldebad iTvaliswinebs postsabWouri saxelmwifoebis

60
 kanonmdeblobac, rogoricaa magaliTad, latviis, ruseTis, somxeTis,
azerbaijanis samoqalaqo kodeqsebi, litvis da latviis kanonebi
`fasiani qaRalebis Sesaxeb~. ix.: Ãðàæäàíñêèé êîäåêñ ÐÔ îò 21 îêòÿáðÿ,
1994 ãîäà, ñò. 145; Ãðàæäàíñêèé êîäåêñ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àðìåíèÿ, îò 5 ìàÿ,
1998 ãîäà, ñò. 148; Ãðàæäàíñêèé êîäåêñ Àçåðáàéäæàíñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè
ñïåöèàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü, îò 28 äåêàáðÿ, 1999 ãîäà, ñò. 989, 990, 991. anglo-
amerikuli, iaponiis samarTali icnobs fasiani qaRaldebis klasifi-
kacias sainvesticio, savaWro da saqonelganmkargav dokumentebad.
amgvari dayofis safuZvels fasiani qaRaldebis ekonomikuri mizani
ufro warmoadgens, vidre maTi iuridiuli buneba. ix.: Åäèíîîáðàçíûé
òîðãîâûé êîäåêñ. Îôôèöèàëüíûé òåêñò, 1990; Ìåæäóíàðîäûé öåíòð
ôèíàíñîãî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, 1996, Ìîñêâà, Hideki K,
Developmentin Japanes Securrities Regulation: An Overviw. The Interna-
tional Lawyer, 1995, p.59.
8
fasiani qaRaldebis klasifikaciis Sesaxeb ix.: e. zarnaZe, fasiani qa-
Raldebis cneba da maTi klasifikacia, profesor zurab axvledianis
xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tb., 2004,
gv. 95-105.
9
ix.: Øåðøåíåâè÷ Ã.Ô., Êóðñ òîðãîâîãî ïðàâà, ò. Èçä-âî Áðàòüåâ
Áàøìàêîâûõ, 1908, ñò. 2, 62-67.
10
ix.: Àãàðêîâ Ì.Ì., Ó÷åíèå î öåííûõ áóìàãàõ, ñò. 112.
11
D. Larry Soderguist, Securiries regulation. third Editor 2004, Uniform
Commercial Code, Official text-1990 with comments, The American Law
Institute National Conference of Comissioners on Uniform State Laws,
12-H ed-West Publishing lo, 1991.
12
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmul iqna mosazreba ipo-
Tekis mowmobis sawarmdgenlo fasian qaRaldad ganxilvis Sesaxeb.
ix.: z. WeWelaSvili, sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 430.
13
D. Larry Soderguist, Securiries regulation, third Editor 2004; Àáðàìîâà
Å., Èðîòå÷íûè ñåðòèôèêàò, Õîçÿéñòâî è ïðàâî, 2008, ¹4, ñò. 63-73.
14
savaWro fasiani qaRaldebi axlos dgas amerikuli samarTlisTvis
cnobili dokumentebis iseT saxesTan, rogoricaa "negotiable instru-
ments". aSS-s erTgvarovani savaWro kodeqsis mixedviT, sabrunavi
dokumenti ("negotiable instrument") niSnavs upirobo dapirebas an brZa-
nebas garkveuli fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb, procentebiT an
uamisod, an masSi miTiTebuli sxva danaricxebiT (par. 3-104). amave
kodeqsis mixedviT, sabrunav dokuments warmoadgens note (martivi
Tamasuqi), draft (gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi) da cashier’s check (sabanko
Ceki), teller check (salaros Ceki), traveler check (turistuli Ceki) da
sxv. H.R.Corley, Fundaments of Business Len, p. 222-223; Åäèíîîáðàçíûé
òîðãîâûé êîäåêñ, ñò. 3-104.
15
saqarTveloSi moqmedi 1902 wlis Tamasuqis wesdeba, sablanko da sa-
xelobiT indosamentebs `saxelian da usaxelo gardasacems~ uwodeb-
da. ix.: Tamasuqis wesdeba, sarCeviTa da rusul da sxva ucxo qveynis
saTamasuqo terminTa ganmartebiT, Targmnili da Sedgenili a. m.
axnazarovis mier, tfilisi, 1919 w.
16
Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ïîä ðåä. Â.Â. Áåçáàõà,
Â.Ê. Ïó÷èíñêîãî, Âèøíåâñêèé À.À., Âåêñåëüíîå ïðàâî, Èçä-âî ÁÅÊ,
Ì., 2006.
17
ix.: Àãàðêîâ Ì.Ì., Ó÷åíèå î öåííûõ áóìàãàõ, ñò. 33, 74; Êðàøåííèêîâ
Å.À. Îáûêíîâåííûå öåííûå áóìàãè, Õîçÿèñòâî è ïðàâî, 1996. ¹12. ñò.67.
18
ix.: p. kluseni, sabirJo da fasiani qaRaldebis samarTali saqarTve-
loSi, sakorporacio samarTlis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTve-
loSi, 2000, gv. 131.

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ORDER BONDS AND

KEY ASPECTS OF
LEGAL REGULATION

EKA ZARNADZE
Judge of the Gori Regional Court, Doctor of Law Associate Professor
Private Law Direction Law School of the Tbilisi State University

Order documents represent one of institutions of the securities law. Securi-

ties represent an important element of the market economy infrastructure:
with them it is possible to enter into the credit agreement, attract capital,
transform savings into investment; they play important role settlement of
accounts. Importance of securities law shall not be underestimated in legal
and economic reforms, although the limited number of scientific research
shall be mentioned as well. The paper below is dedicated to some aspects of
legal regulation of order bonds (securities). Based on generalization of leg-
islation and analysis of juridical literature, the concept of order securities is
defined; namely, it is explained as trade and commodity disposal docu-
ment, by presentation of which the authorised by continuous order of en-
dorsement person or the person named in the order document itself, shall
be able to place a demand. The paper examines key issues related to trans-
fer or receipt of fulfilment of order securities. The latter is viewed as literal
and formal, public credibility sign of order bonds and is discussed as the
abstract principle. The opinion exists about granting the guarantee function
to endorsement of the order bond by legislation as well impossibility to use
the term “solidary responsibility” to responsibility for retrospective demand
based on the securities, etc. In addition, the idea is expressed on legal
reinforcement (Civil Code) of the concept that only the document recog-
nized by the law shall be considered as securities.

Function of the securities law is “to create legal framework, which will
allow for transformation of savings into industrial investments, since

62
economy and the state require capital for their investments”1. Therefore, legal development of securities is
important for the purpose of refining legislation and correct interpretation and use of norms, which is
impossible without proper study of its institutions; it, in its turn, implies analysis of legal refinement aspects
based on historical, complex, comparative legal research methods and generalization of practice.

FOOTNOTES

1
see, Klausen, Stock exchange and Securities Law in Georgia. Problems of
development of corporate law in Georgia, 2000, 131

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suspenziuri efeqti
administraciul
saproceso
samarTalSi

ciala Cqareuli
sdasu, iuridiuli fakultetis sruli profesori

gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTleb-

rivi aqtis moqmedebis kanonismieri SeCerebis sakiTxi metad aq-
tualuria, rac misi TaviseburebebiTaa gamowveuli. sarCelis Se-
tana iuridiuli faqtia, romlis safuZvelze warmoiSoba konk-
retuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi urTierToba mosarCe-
lesa da sarCelis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos Soris. sarCeli SeiZ-
leba iyos rogorc individualuri, ise koleqtiuri. saqarTve-
los administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis pirvel
nawilSi mocemulia zogadi definicia, rom sasamarTlos mier
sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba aCerebs gasaCivrebuli individualu-
ri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebas. amasTan,
sarCeli miRebulad iTvleba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac sasar-
Celo gancxadebas sasamarTlo miiRebs warmoebaSi. ese igi, sar-
Celis warmoebaSi miRebis ganCinebis gamotaniT SeCerdeba indi-
vidualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba da
ara mxolod sasarCelo gancxadebis sasamarTlos kancelariaSi
wardgeniT. sasarCelo moTxovna SeiZleba iyos individualuri
administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad cnoba, Zalada-
kargulad gamocxadeba an ararad aRiareba. es moTxovna SeiZleba
exebodes ara mTlianad gasaCivrebul aqts, aramed mxolod aqtis
nawilsac. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis
baTilobis, Zaladakargulad cnobisa da arara aqtad aRiarebis
safuZvlebi mocemulia zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-
60, me-601 da 61-e muxlebSi. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti

64
baTilad, Zaladakargulad an ararad gamocxaddeba ara mxolod misi gasaCivrebis Sedegad, aramed
TavisTavad masSi arsebuli defeqtebis an ukanonobis gamo.
2009 wlis 4 dekembers, administraciul saproceso kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis
Sedegad, gauqmda is alternatiuli saSualeba, romliTac moqalaqeebs sruli ufleba hqondaT
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gauqmebis moTxovniT sakuTari Sexedu-
lebisamebr miemarTaT administraciuli organosadmi an sasamarTlosaTvis. Tumca, aqve dav-
konkretdebiT, rom es `alternativa~ srulebiTac ar gaxldaT identuri im TvalsazrisiT, rom
piri, romelic pirdapir sasamarTlos mimarTavda saxelmwifo baJisagan ar Tavisufldeboda.
amdenad, mosarCele mxaris `Tavisufali~ arCevani mainc garkveulwilad SezRuduli iyo. zemo-
aRniSnuli cvlilebisa da administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-5 nawilis Ta-
naxmad, sasamarTlo ar miiRebs administraciul sarCels, Tu mosarCeles ara aqvs gamoyenebuli
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT dadgenili administraciuli saCivris erTjeradad wardgenis
SesaZlebloba. aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi analogiuri midgomaa germanul administraciul samar-
TalSic. vfiqrobT, rom es erTi mxriv, gantvirTavs sasamarTloebs, meore mxriv, administraciul
organoebs miscems SesaZleblobas gamoasworon daSvebuli Secdomebi sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tilebis gareSec da aRadginon kanoniereba mmarTvelobis erTian sistemaSi. isic sayuradReboa,
rom administraciul organos gancxadebisa da saCivris garda, sakuTari iniciativiTac SeuZlia
administraciuli warmoebis dawyeba individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis ga-
uqmebis Tu masSi cvlilebis Setanis mizniT. sasamarTlo ki, yovelive amas mxolod dainterese-
buli mxaris mier sarCelis SetaniT ganaxorcielebs. administraciuli procesis inkviziciuro-
bidan gamomdinare, mosamarTlis aqtiuri roli calsaxad saxezea, gansxvavebiT samoqalaqo samar-
Talwarmoebisagan, sadac mosamarTle arbitris rolSia da Semofarglulia mxareTa mier mopo-
vebuli mtkicebulebebiTa da maTi poziciebiT. administraciul procesSi sasamarTlo ufleba-
mosilia TviTon, sakuTari iniciativiTac moipovos mtkicebulebebi. frangi administrativisti
gui brebani miiCnevs, rom administraciuli mosamarTle Setanili gancxadebisa Tu saCivris
SinaarsiT unda Semoifarglos da dava gadawyvitos mxolod momCivnis argumentaciis farglebSi.1
vfiqrobT, aseTi midgoma kategoriulia da igi SeiZleba samoqalaqo procesisaTvis misaRebi
iyos. xolo administraciuli saqmis warmoebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, administraciuli
mosamarTle ara mxolod uflebamosilia, aramed valdebulicaa ufro Rrmad Caswvdes sa-
xelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi momxdari darRvevis arss, vinaidan saqme gvaqvs kanonierebis
aRdgenasTan swored mmarTvelobis sferoSi. administraciuli procesis inkviziciurobis
principidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia sakuTari iniciativiT moipovos saqmis
gadasawyvetad saWiro mtkicebulebebi. marTalia, sasamarTlos sakuTari iniciativiT, anu uf-
lebamosili subieqtis sarCelisa Tu gancxadebis gareSe, ar SeuZlia wamoiwyos administraciuli
samarTalwarmoeba, magram Tu aseTi ukve arsebobs, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, SeuZ-
lia aqtiuri daxmareba gauwios mxares sasarCelo moTxovnis formulirebis CamoyalibebaSi (Ziri-
Tadad, amis motivi procesis daCqarebaa) da aRadginos samarTlianoba, kanoniereba.
amave kodeqsis 29-e muxlis 1-li nawili imperatiulad gansazRvravs, rom sasamarTlos mier
sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba avtomaturad aCerebs gasaCivrebuli individualuri administra-
ciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebas. am samarTlebrivi normis imperatiuli xasiaTis miuxe-
davad, praqtikaSi arc Tu ise iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTloebi mis sxvagvar ganmar-
tebebs gvaZleven. yuradsaRebia, rom suspenziuri efeqti gasaCivrebuli aqtis moqmedebis kano-
nismierad SeCerebaSi vlindeba. ufro gasagebad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba avtomaturad iw-
vevs gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebas
ise, rom amis Taobaze arc mxare Suamdgomlobs da arc sasamarTlo msjelobs (savaldebulo

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marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

wesiT ar iRebs dasabuTebul ganCinebas). sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebiT, individualuri adminis-

traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis kanonismieri, avtomaturi SeCerebis dros, gasaCivrebuli aqtis
moqmedeba da misiT gamowveuli yvela samarTlebrivi Sedegi gadaideba sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde. am periodis ganmavlobaSi mosarCeles ubrundeba is sa-
marTlebrivi da faqtobrivi mdgomareoba, romelic sadavo administraciuli aqtis gamocemamde
arsebobda. mosamarTleTa nawili, ganCinebaSi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb saerTod ar
uTiTebs. es imdenad calsaxaa da saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTleTa nebaze araa damokidebuli,
rom aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis damatebiT aRniSvnas azri ekargeba. nawili ki, aseT aRniSvnas
akeTebs, Tumca kanoniT aseTi valdebuleba araa gawerili. Cveni azriT, arcerTi ar warmoadgens
Secdomas. orive forma samarTlebrivad gamarTlebulia. gaugebaria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac
sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba administraciuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Taobaze, magram
gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebas ar aCerebs, Ta-
nac sasamarTlo ar asabuTebs aRniSnuls da arc raime samarTlebriv normaze miuTiTebs da rac
mTavaria, saxeze araa igive 29-e muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebi. magaliTad,
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiam 2006 wlis 14 agvistos
ganCinebiT (saqme #3/3590), administraciuli sarCeli individualuri administraciul-samar-
Tlebrivi aqtis baTilad cnobisa da misi moqmedebis SeCerebis moTxovniT warmoebaSi iqna miRe-
buli, magram gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba ar
iqna SeCerebuli. aseTi midgoma arasworia, ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis moTxovnas. am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, sasarCelo gancxadebiT moTxovnili iyo gasaCivrebuli individualuri adminis-
traciul samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba. migvaCnia, rom aseTi moTxovnac rom ar yofiliyo,
sasamarTlo valdebuli iyo SeeCerebina gasaCivrebuli administraciuli aqti, radgan es kanonis
moTxovnaa, romelic srulebiTac araa damokidebuli arc mxaris da arc sasamarTlos survilze.
garda amisa, gasaCivrebul ganCinebas saerTod ar gaaCnda dasabuTeba (faqtobrivad, samotivacio
nawili), Tu ra samarTlebriv safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT ambobda uars administraciuli aqtis
moqmedebis SeCerebaze. calsaxad, sasamarTlos mier arasworad iqna gagebuli (ganmartebuls ver
davarqmevT, vinaidan aseTi saerTod ar yofila) administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e
muxlis 1-li nawili. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 285-e muxlis `e~ punqtis Tanaxmad,
ganCinebis SinaarsSi unda aRiniSnos `motivebi, romlebiTac sasamarTlo mivida Tavis daskvnamde
da kanonebi, romlebiTac sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobda.~ am kuTxiTac, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasa-
marTlos mier miRebul ganCinebaSi ar iyo kanonis moTxovnebi daculi. swored amitomac, igi ra
Tqma unda, gaauqma Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom 2006 wlis 21 agvistos ganCinebiT da SeaCera
gasaCivrebuli aqtis moqmedeba (saqme #3b-2795-06). saapelacio sasamarTlom ganmarta: vinaidan
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom warmoebaSi miiRo administraciuli sarCeli, es niSnavs, rom
administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, gasaCivrebuli in-
dividualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba avtomaturad, saqmis saboloo
ganxilvamde SeCerebulia. agreTve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi, saxeze
araa imave muxlis me-2 nawilSi CamoTvlili garemoebebi. ufro metic, quTaisis saqalaqo sa-
samarTlom gasaCivrebuli aqtis kanonismieri SeCereba procesualurad absoluturad gaaigiva
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi damkvidrebuli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebasTan. ma-
galiTad, quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 05 ianvris ganCineba (saqme #3/3-10). aR-
niSnuli exeba Semdeg garemoebas: mosarCelem mimarTa sasamarTlos administraciuli sarCeliT
da garda administraciuli organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis (individualuri adminis-
traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis) baTilobisa, agreTve, moiTxova gasaCivrebuli individualuri
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis SeCereba administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e

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muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxaris moTxovnis miuxedavad (anu, aseTi
moTxovna romc ar yofiliyo), sasamarTlos mier sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba, gasaCivrebuli
aqtis kanonismier SeCerebas iwvevs. Tumca, migvaCnia, rom aseTi moTxovna Secdoma araa da igi
kidev ufro cxadhyofs mosarCelis samarTlebriv interess. sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom `gauge-
baria aseTi moTxovna~, vinaidan igi aris sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, romelic sasarCelo moTxovnis
grafaSi ar unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. aseve, savaldebuloa samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
39-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `e~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo baJis gadaxda sarCelis uz-
runvelyofisaTvis. migvaCnia, rom sasamarTlos mier aRreul iqna ori sruliad sxvadasxva cneba.
faqtia, rom calsaxad, saqme gvaqvs 29-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul suspenziur
efeqtTan (roca gasaCivreba kanonismierad aCerebs gasaCivrebuli aqtis moqmedebas) da ara
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebasTan. vfiqrobT, rom amgvari midgoma ar Seesabameba kanonis
moTxovnebs da piriqiT, xels uwyobs araswori sasamarTlo praqtikis damkvidrebas. TiTqmis
analogiuri ganCineba iqna miRebuli quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier, 2009 wlis 10 ivniss
(saqme #3/101). aqac sasamarTlo gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebas miiCnevs mxaris Suamdgomlobad, Tumca, iqve apelirebs mosarCelis
mier miTiTebul samarTlebriv safuZvelze _ administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis
pirvel nawilze. marTalia, orive SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad erTi da igive Sedegi dgeba, magram
samarTlebrivad gansxvavebul mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme. igive 29-e muxlis mexuTe nawili
mxares saSualebas aZlevs sarCelis sasamarTloSi Setanamde aRZras Suamdgomloba individua-
luri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo saproceso
samarTalSi amas sarCelis uzrunvelyofa hqvia. aRniSnulic, swored administraciuli sarCelis
uzrunvelyofis saSualebaa. magram orive maTgani calsaxad dakavSirebulia mxaris Suamdgom-
lobasa da am Suamdgomlobis dasabuTebaze, rac radikalurad gansxvavdeba suspenziuri efeq-
tisagan. vinaidan, am dros gasaCivrebul individualur administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis
moqmedebas kanoni aCerebs _ mxaris Suamdgomlobisa Tu mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebisagan damo-
ukideblad, avtomatur reJimSi. sayuradReboa, rom zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, sarCeli ukve
Setanili iyo, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavda sarCelis aRZvramde individualuri administraci-
ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis moTxovnis SuamdgomlobiT mimarTvis SesaZleb-
lobas. gasagebia, rom saqarTveloSi precedentuli samarTali ar arsebobs, magram isic naTelia,
rom samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 391-e muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, sakasacio saCivari
dasaSvebia, Tu saqme mniSvnelovania erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis
da Tu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba analogiuri kategoriis saqmeebze uzenaesi
sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikisagan. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
praqtikaSi, sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebaSi rogorc mxareebi apelireben uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, aseve sasamarTloebic sakuTar gadawyvetilebebs swored uze-
naesi sasamarTlos rekomendaciebze dayrdnobiT iReben. Cveni azriT, suspenziur efeqtTan da-
kavSirebiT, drouli iqneba uzenaesi sasamarTlos rekomendaciebi, raTa Camoyalibdes erT-
gvarovani sasamarTlo praqtika da aRmoifxvras sasamarTloebis mier sakuTari Sexedulebisa-
mebr kanonis moTxovnaTa sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia, rac aSkarad saxezea, Tundac zemoT
motanili magaliTebis mixedviT.
bunebrivia, kanonmdebelma sajaro interesebis dacis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobac gaiTva-
liswina da swored amitomac administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis meore nawiliT
gansazRvra is eqvsi SemTxveva, rodesac sasamarTlos mier sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba avtoma-
turad ar SeaCerebs gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciul samarTlebrivi aqtis moq-
medebas. aseve, individualuri administraciul samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba

67
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marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

dauSvebelia, Tu es pirdapir kanoniTaa dadgenili. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonis `licenzi-

ebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, am tipis individualuri administraciul-
samarTlebrivi aqtebis gasaCivreba ar iwvevs maT SeCerebas. Tumca, kodeqsi mxares mainc aZlevs
saSualebas (uflebas), rom zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebis arsebobisasac ki, mimarTos sasamarTlos
individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis SeCerebis moTxovniT. calsaxaa, rom sa-
samarTlo SeaCerebs gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqme-
debas mxolod mxaris moTxovniT. es ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos sasamarTlos akisria valdebuleba
moTxovnisTanave daeTanxmos mxares. sasamarTlo Seamowmebs moTxovnisa Tu Suamdgomlobis arss,
mis dasabuTebulobas, kanonierebas da ise miiRebs gadawyvetilebas, SeaCeros Tu ara gasaCivre-
buli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba. am SemTxvevaSi, mxaris
mier moTxovnis dayeneba aucilebelia, rac niSnavs, rom Tu ara mxaris moTxovna, gasaCivrebuli
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba ar SeCerdeba avtomaturad da
arc sasamarTlos iniciativiT. aRniSnuli ki, radikalurad gansxvavdeba suspenziuri efeqtisa-
gan.
mniSvnelovania, rom mxares kanonmdebloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs mimarTos dasabuTebuli
SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlos da moiTxovos amave muxlis pirveli nawiliT, anu suspenziuri
efeqtiT SeCerebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis SeCerebis gauqmeba.
anu, sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT auqmebs kanoniT dadgenili individualuri adminis-
traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis suspenziur SeCerebas. kanonis am axal redaqcias iuristTa nawili
saerTod ar eTanxmeba. rasac viziarebT da migvaCnia, rom meoTxe nawili principSi, auqmebs pirvel
nawils. miuxedavad amisa, swored es punqti kidev ufro sarwmunos xdis Cvens mosazrebas, rom 29-
e muxlis pirveli nawiliT imperatiulad dadgenilia gasaCivrebis suspenziuri efeqti da indi-
vidualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba-arSeCerebis sakiTxi sa-
samarTlos gadasawyveti ver iqneba _ igi ukve kanonma SeaCera. iTvaliswinebs ra, suspenziur efeqts
kanonmdebeli, igi mxares aZlevs saSualebas kanonismierad SeCerebuli individualuri adminis-
traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis gauqmeba moiTxovos (ra Tqma unda, aseTi
interesis arsebobisas). ase rom ar yofiliyo, individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis gauqmebis SesaZleblobis daSveba saerTod azrs dakargavda.
gasaCivrebis suspenziur efeqtTan araa dakavSirebuli, magram zogierT gamonaklis SemTxve-
vebSi, sasamarTlo gansaxilvel saqmes warmoebiT aCerebs ise, rom kanonis moTxovnis radikalu-
rad gansxvavebul interpretacias gvaZlevs. magaliTad, gardabnis raionulma sasamarTlom 2010
wlis 04 maiss miiRo ganCineba (saqme #2-50-10), saqmiswarmoebis SeCerebis Taobaze, vidre igive
davas administraciuli organo ar ganixilavda. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom saqmiswarmoe-
bis SeCerebis moTxovnis Taobaze Suamdgomloba mxarem daayena dagvianebiT, sasamarTlos mTavar
sxdomaze, paeqrobis stadiaze. bunebrivia, aRniSnuliT dairRva samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
215-e muxlis moTxovnebi. cnobisaTvis, Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, dava gaxldaT saxelSek-
rulebo _ samoqalaqo, swored amgvarad miiRo sarCeli warmoebaSi sasamarTlom. calke gansaxil-
veli sakiTxia administraciuli organos qmedebis kanoniereba (razec aq detalurad ar SevCer-
debiT), romelsac zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 182-e muxlis 1-li nawilis `b~ punqtis Ta-
naxmad, ekrZaleba administraciuli saCivris ganxilva, Tu sasamarTlos warmoebaSia saqme davaze
imave mxareebs Soris, imave saganze da imave safuZvliT, rasac adgili hqonda am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 279-e muxli CamoTvlis SemTxvevebs, ra drosac sa-
samarTlo valdebulia SeaCeros saqmiswarmoeba, xolo imave kodeqsis 280-e muxlSi ganxilulia
is SemTxvevebi, ra drosac sasamarTlo uflebamosilia SeaCeros saqmiswarmoeba. arcerT Ca-
moTvlil garemoebas am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, ar hqonia adgili. miT umetes, gaurkvevelia

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raionuli sasamarTlos pozicia, roca man SesagebelSi dafiqsirebul igive Suamdgomlobis
(saqmis warmoebis SeCerebaze) dakmayofilebaze uari ganacxada, xolo Semdgom, ukve (Tanac, mTa-
var sxdomaze) daakmayofila Suamdgomloba saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Taobaze. ufro metic,
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom gardabnis raionuli sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli gasaCivre-
buli ganCineba sruliad bundovani ganmartebebiT datova ZalaSi (31.01.11 saqme #2b/1746-10).
kerZod, man miiCnia, vinaidan mopasuxe mxarem administraciul organos gancxadebiT mimarTa
sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomamde, amitom saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis safuZvelic swored am dros
dadga. saintereso midgomaa. mosarCele mxare zustad imas xdis sadavod, rom dagvianebiT daye-
nebuli Suamdgomloba ara Tu dakmayofilebuli, ganxilulic ki, ar unda iyos. Semdeg, Tbilisis
saapelacio sasamarTlo 2011 wlis 31 ianvris ganCinebaSi apelirebs samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 279-e muxlis `d~ punqtis im variantze, romelic jer kidev 2010 wlis 24 seqtembridanaa
gauqmebuli (axali redaqcia 1-li oqtombridan Sevida ZalaSi). esec rom ara, Cven ver dave-
TanxmebiT saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazrebas, sadac igi administraciul warmoebas adminis-
traciul samarTalwarmoebasTan aigivebs. calsaxaa, rom samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 106-e
muxli preiudiciulad dadgenil faqtebad miiCnevs sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesul gadawy-
vetilebas, Tanac mxolod samoqalaqo saqmeze (01.10.10-dan) da im daTqmiT, rom erTi da igive
mxareebi unda iRebdnen orive saqmeSi monawileobas. motanil magaliTSi, arc es garemoeba ar iyo
saxeze. saproceso kodeqsSi miTiTebuli muxlebi imperatiuli xasiaTisaa da sasamarTlos Sexe-
dulebiT ganvrcobas ar eqvemdebareba.
davubrundeT administraciul saproceso samarTalSi arsebul suspenziur efeqts. adminis-
traciuli sasamarTlo valdebulia sami dRis vadaSi miiRos gadawyvetileba Suamdgomlobis
dakmayofilebis (an ar dakmayofilebis) Taobaze. gansxvavebiT samoqalaqo procesisagan, sadac
ganxilva da gadawyveta xdeba dauyovnebliv. bunebrivia, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT SeiZleba
dakmayofildes mxaris Suamdgomloba an uari eTqvas mas. miRebuli gadawyvetileba savaldebulo
wesiT erTi dRis vadaSi egzavnebaT mxareebs. marTalia, am punqtSi ar aris miTiTebuli, magram
zogadi principebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, TviTon ganusazRvros mosar-
Cele mxares administraciuli sarCelis wardgenis vada. Tu sasamarTlos mier dadgenil vadaSi
ar iqna wardgenili administraciuli sarCeli, bunebrivia, gauqmdeba manamde mis mier miRebuli
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba _ individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis
moqmedebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb. individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis
SeCerebis ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. Zveli redaqciiT aseTi Canaweri ar arse-
bobda. Sesabamisad, metad progresulia am normis SemoReba. aRniSnuli norma arafers ambobs
gasaCivrebis vadebze. aman iuridiul literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 416-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kerZo saCivris Setanis vadaa 12 dRe, romelic aiTv-
leba ganCinebis Cabarebis momentidan. magram, rodesac mxare iTxovs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis
RonisZiebis gamoyenebas _ individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis
SeCerebas, maSin samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 194-e muxli kerZo saCivris Setanis vadas xuTi
dRiT gansazRvravs. administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis pirvelive muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom
administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebani,
Tu am kodeqsiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. amasTan dakavSirebiT iuridiul literaturaSi
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom `sasamarTloSi SeiZleba arsebobdes Sereuli principi.~ aseT pozi-
cias gamoTqvamen i. bartikovi, p. dageli, p. eliseikini, romelsac ver daveTanxmebiT. vinaidan,
praqtikulad, ise ar xdeba, rom erTi da igive sakiTxi gadaiWras erTdroulad sxvadasxva samar-
Tlis dargis normebiT. sul sxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac esa Tu is sakiTxi adminis-
traciuli saproceso kodeqsiT araa mowesrigebuli da igi SeiZleba gadawydes samoqalaqo

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saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebiT, oRond aucileblad administraciuli procesualuri

formebis dacviT. ese igi, saqme Sereul procesTan, anu erTdroulad orive dargis normebis
gamoyenebasTan ar gvqonia.
administraciul saproceso kodeqsSi 2005 wlis 24 ivniss Setanili cvlilebis Sedegad, da-
emata 301-e muxli, romelic exeba gasaCivrebuli normatiuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi
aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom normatiuli aqtebis SeTxvevaSi, kanoni sruliad
samarTlianad ar uSvebs gasaCivrebuli aqtis kanonismieri SeCerebis SesaZleblobas. normatiuli
administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba ra Tqma unda, daiSveba, magram mxolod
mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT da mxolod kodeqsiT gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas. kerZod,
Tu arsebobs dasabuTebuli eWvi gasaCivrebuli normatiuli aqtis kanonierebis Taobaze da Tu
misi gadaudebeli aRsrulebiT pirs miadgeba arsebiTi ziani an Tu SeuZlebeli gaxdeba misi
kanonieri uflebebis dacva. Cveni azriT, mxares, romelsac ziani adgeba, misTvis igi yovelTvis
arsebiTia. xolo ziani realurad arsebiTia Tu ara, es ukve sasamarTlos mier unda Sefasdes
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi (da arc sxva) ar gangvimar-
tavs, Tu ra aris `arsebiTi~. vfiqrobT, subieqtivizmi rom gamoiricxos, kodeqsSi aseTi ganzoga-
debuli terminebi ar unda arsebobdes. Tumca, zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-601 muxlis
meore nawili administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis momzadebis an gamocemis wesis arsebiT
darRvevad miiCnevs kanonis iseT darRvevas, romlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mocemul sakiTxze
miRebuli iqneboda sxvagvari gadawyvetileba. cxadia, mxare sasamarTlos mimarTavs adminis-
traciuli aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis moTxovniT im SemTxvevaSi, roca igi administraciul (nor-
matiul Tu individualur) aqts Tvlis ukanonod. migvaCnia, rom termini _ `dasabuTebuli eWvi~
gamarTuli araa, garkveulwilad, logikasac moklebulia. Tu raimes vasabuTebT, es ukve faqte-
bia, dadgenili garemoebebia da ara eWvi. xolo piriqiT, Tu raRacis Taobaze gvaqvs eWvi, es
TavisTavad dasabuTebulobas gamoricxavs. normatiuli aqtebis kanonierebis ganxilviT (miT
umetes, maTi moqmedebis SeCerebiT) faqtiurad, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis makontrolebeli funqcia eniWeba. es progresulia Tu ara, calke ganxilvis sakiTxia
da amaze aq ar SevCerdebiT. erTia, rom mudmivi an droebiTi da mravaljeradi gamoyenebis qcevis
zogadi wesis Semcveli aqtebis aRusruleblobam ar unda gamoiwvios aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-
lebis muSaobis paralizeba da qaosi mmarTvelobis sferoSi. calsaxaa, rom normatiul adminis-
traciulsamarTlebriv aqtebs gacilebiT meti socialuri datvirTva aqvT individualur admi-
nistraciul-samarTlebriv aqtebTan SedarebiT, Tundac, maTi sayovelTaobis TvalsazrisiT.
am kuTxiT dasafiqrebelia inga Todrias mosazreba, rom `kanonebiT unda ganisazRvros is prio-
ritetuli sferoebi da sakiTxebi, romelTanac dakavSirebiT miRebuli normatiuli administra-
ciul-samarTlebrivi aqti SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saerTo sasamarTloSi da amisaTvis saTanado
safuZvlebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, SeCerdes.~2 amgvari praqtika ukve arsebobs germanul sap-
roceso samarTalSi, romelic mxolod samSeneblo normatiuli aqtebis kanonierebas ganixilavs.
garda imisa, rom suspenziuri efeqtis sakiTxi TavisTavad mniSvnelovania da garkveulwilad
administraciuli procesis Taviseburebas warmoadgens, igi metad aqtualuria praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiTac. administraciuli organos mxridan ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis (individu-
aluri administraciul samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocema) Sedegad uflebadarRveuli mxaris (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles ase miaCnia) samarTlebrivi interesi Selaxulia da igi denadi procesia,
mosarCelisTvis, ra Tqma unda, pirvel yovlisa, mniSvnelovania misTvis zianis mimyenebeli indi-
vidualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba, Tundac, sasamarTlos
mier sakiTxis srulad Seswavla-gamokvlevamde. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, admi-
nistraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis 1-li nawiliT imperatiulad dadgenilia gasaCiv-

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rebuli individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis avtomaturi, kanonismieri SeCe-
reba, romelic sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze damokidebuli araa. sasamarTlos uflebamosi-
leba am SemTxvevaSi, mxolod administraciuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebiT Semoifargleba.
amdenad, 29-e muxlis 1-li nawilis sxvagvarad (kanonis moTxovnaTa sawinaaRmdegod) ganmarteba
suspenziuri efeqtis rols akninebs da araswor sasamarTlo praqtikasac amkvidrebs. 2007 wels
gamocemul krebulSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganxiluli aqvs administraciuli saproceso kodeq-
sis 29-e muxli, sadac igi calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad ganmartavs gasaCivrebuli individua-
luri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis (an misi nawilis) moqmedebis kanonismier SeCerebas.
Tumca, ZiriTadi aqcentebi gakeTebulia (savaraudod, im dros arsebul problematur sakiTxze)
kanonismieri SeCerebis mxaris mier moTxovniT gauqmebis SesaZleblobaze. Sejerebuli mosazre-
biT irkveva, rom individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis
gauqmeba SesaZlebelia da aseTi moTxovnis dayenebis ufleba mxares procesis nebismier etapze
aqvs. miuxedavad uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier rekomendaciebis gamoqveynebisa (albaT, mxolod es
araa sakmarisi), rogorc statiaSi ganxiluli magaliTebidan irkveva, sasamarTloebs mainc ara
aqvT erTgvarovani midgoma suspenziur efeqtTan dakavSirebiT da problema mainc arsebobs. Cven
isic kargad gvesmis, rom rekomendaciebs savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCniaT, magram swrafi da efeq-
tiani marTlmsajulebis gansaxorcieleblad, agreTve erTiani samarTlebrivi midgomis Camo-
yalibebis TvalsazrisiT, maT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT
da gamovTqvamT imeds, rom kanonis (da ara mxolod rekomendaciebis) moTxovnaTa sawinaaRmdego
ganmartebebi ar iqneba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, minimumamde mainc Semcirdeba) da miT umetes, ar dam-
kvidrdeba araswori sasamarTlo praqtika, romelTanac brZola gacilebiT ufro Zneli iqneba,
vidre imisaTvis garja, rom Tavidanve swori samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi da praqtika damkvidrdes.

SeniSvnebi:

1
Áðýáàí Ã., Ôðàíöóçñêîå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîå ïðàâî, 1988.
2
saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis komenta-
ri, Tb., 2005, gv. 173.

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SUSPENSION EFFECT IN
THE ADMINISTRATIVE
PROCEDURES LAW

TSIALA CHKAREULI
DAUG, Law School, Full Professor

Suspension effect, i.e. legal suspension of the appealed individual ad-

ministrative act represents a pressing issue in the administrative proce-
dures law; it is caused by its specificity. Part 1 of the article 29 of the
Administrative Procedures Law imperatively defines that admission of
the claim automatically suspends power of the administrative act in
force. Despite imperative nature of the article, there are quite frequent
cases when courts provide a different interpretation of the provision. It
shall be noted that suspension effect reflects in the legal suspension of
the appealed administrative act. To be more precise, admission of the
claim (appeal) automatically suspends the appealed individual adminis-
trative act without motions filed by the party; neither the court hears the
case (does not adopt a mandatory substantiated decision). By admitting
the claim, during individual and automatic suspension of administrative
acts as well as all ensuing legal outcomes are postponed till court deci-
sion comes into power. During that period of time the claimant’s pre-
cious legal and factual conditions, existing before issuance of the ad-
ministrative act, are returned to him/her. Part of judges, does not indi-
cate in the ruling the fact of suspension of the administrative act at all.
It is so obvious and does not depend on the judge’s will, that it makes no
sense to make a separate or additional record about suspension of the
act. Another part of the judges do make such records in rulings, al-
though the law does not impose such an obligation. In our opinion,

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neither is a mistake. Both approaches are legally justified. Some cases are unclear, though; for instance,
when the court issues the ruling on admission of the administrative act, but does not suspend the adminis-
trative act in force without substantiation of such a decision, and, most importantly, there are no cases
envisaged by the article 29.2. In practice we see cases, when the court identifies the suspension effect with
security of the administrative act with all the accompanying outcomes, which is not right either. Since in the
first case administrative acts are legally suspended, independently of the party and courts, application of the
enforcement provision entirely depends on the will and substantiated motions of parties, and, most impor-
tantly, all the above shall be assessed by the court. The article offers specific examples with regard to that
problem, as well as court decisions. Due to existence of different opinions in practice, we think that
theoretical opinions on suspension effect would be of interest not only for scientist lawyers, but for all
persons studying this issue.

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usafuZvlo
gamdidrebisas
davalebisa da
moTxovnis uflebis
daTmobis safuZvelze
Sesrulebis Sedegebi

Tamar CitoSvili
samarTlis doqtori

yoveli Sesruleba valdebulebis arsebobas gulisxmobs, xolo

Sesrulebis miReba qonebis marTlzomier gazrdas. Tumca, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, sapirispiro SedegTan gvaqvs saqme, anu yoveli Ses-
ruleba ar aris valdebuleba da Sesabamisad, Sesrulebulis miRebac
aris usafuZvlo. rogorc wesi, usafuZvlod miRebuli dabrunebas
eqvemdebareba da igi kanonismier valdebulebas warmoadgens,
xolo misgan gamomdinare urTierTobani ki, kanonismieri val-
debulebiTi urTierTobania. magaliTad, Sesrulebulis usafuZ-
vlod miRebas adgili aqvs maSin, roca garigeba cnobil iqneba
baTilad, Sewydeba an sxva garemoebis gamo aRar arsebobs. aRniSnul
SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, rom saxeze iyos usafuZvlod Sesrule-
bulis miReba da mimRebisaTvis sargeblis miReba misi qonebis
gazrdiT an dazogviT, romelic aucileblad eqvemdebareba dab-
runebas, anu unda moxdes restitucia, romelic SeiZleba iyos
ormxrivic.
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Sedegebi agreTve, SeiZleba dadges,
rodesac moqmedeba sruldeba calmxrivi garigebis safuZvelze,
amjerad ar igulisxmeba iseTi garigeba, romelic dadebisa da
Sesrulebis Semdeg baTilad iqna cnobili. es aris davalebis
gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba, rodesac piri Tavisive nebiT

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asrulebs sxvisi (mepatronis) interesebis Sesabamis saqmeebs da Semdeg mepatrone aramarTlzomierad
uars acxadebs Semsruleblis mier gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebaze.
`davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba _ kvazixelSekruleba, romelsac adgili aqvs
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piri, romelsac ara aqvs Sesabamisi davaleba, kisrulobs valdebulebas
Seasrulos sxva pirisaTvis sargeblis momtani moqmedeba. magaliTad, piri Tavis Tavze iRebs
valdebulebas _ marTos Tavisi megobris qoneba, romelic depresiaSia, an imyofeba Sors, saz-
RvargareT...
uflebebi da movaleobebi davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb kvazixel-
Sekrulebidan warmoiSva ori sxvadasxva wyarodan:
pirveli _ esaa calmxrivi nebis gamovlena, romlis saSualebiTac piri Tavad kisrulobs
sxvisi saqmeebis marTvas.
meore _ xelSekrulebis gareSe gadacemuli qonebis anazRaureba.~1
gasaTvaliswinebelia iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac garigeba daido Tumca, misi Sesruleba
ukavSirdeba pirobis dadgomas, aseTi pirobiani garigeba SeiZleba iyos sxvis qonebaze SecdomiT
xarjebis gawevisa da am qonebis mesakuTris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis safuZveli.
magaliTad:
`a~-sa da `b~-s Soris moxda SeTanxmeba, rom maT Soris daideboda binis nasyidobis xelSekruleba.
amis uzrunvelsayofad `a~-m gadasca `b~-s 1000 lari bes saxiT. maTive SeTanxmebiT gadawyda, rom
nasyidobis xelSekruleba daideboda bes gadacemidan erTi Tvis Semdeg, rodesac `b~ (binis
mesakuTre) dabrundeboda germaniidan, sadac mas saswrafod mouxda wasvla. gamgzavrebamde
`b~-m `a~-s dautova binis gasaRebi da misca binaSi cxovrebis ufleba. aRniSnuli garemoebebis
safuZvelze `a~-m CaTvala, rom bina aucileblad gaxdeboda misi sakuTreba da samzareuloSi
Caatara kapitaluri remonti.
germaniidan dabrunebis Semdeg `b~-m uari ganacxada nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebaze da
amiT daarRvia bes miRebiT nakisri valdebuleba. anu piroba, romlis dadgomasac ukavSirdeboda
binis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba _ dadga, Tumca, valdebuleba ar Sesrulda da xelSekruleba
ar daido. `a~-m moiTxova `b~-sgan bes miRebiT nakisri valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveuli
zianis anazRaureba da aseve, moiTxova im xarjebis anazRaureba, romliTac gaizarda `b~-s sac-
xovrebeli binis Rirebuleba, es ki, niSnavs `b~-s usafuZvlo gamdidrebas.
usafuZvlo gamdidreba saxezea maSinac, rodesac garigeba arsebobda da Sewyda, Tumca am
garigebiT warmoSobili valdebulebis Sesruleba grZeldeboda misi Sewyvetis Semdegac.
magaliTad:
samisdReSio rCenis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlidan `a~ (marCenali) yovelTviurad
ugzavnida `b~-s (sarCens) 300 lars. 2009 wlis 10 agvistos, `b~ gardaicvala, Tumca, `a~-m sarCenis
gardacvalebis Sesaxeb Seityo 2010 wlis TebervalSi. aRniSnulis Setyobinebis Semdeg `a~-m
moiTxova 2009 wlis 10 agvistodan 2010 wlis Tebervlamde sarCos saxiT gadaxdili Tanxa, rogorc
usafuZvlod gadaxdili. dadginda, rom aRniSnul Tanxas iRebda `b~-s axlobeli, romelic misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg mis kuTvnil binaSi cxovrobda.
usafuZvlod gamdidrebas SeiZleba adgili hqondes maSinac, rodesac pirma sargebeli naxa
uSualod dazaralebulis, anu Semsruleblis moqmedebiT. magaliTad, rodesac piri SecdomiT
fiqrobda, rom Sesruleba misi valdebuleba iyo, xarjebi gaiRo qonebaze, romelzec varaudobda,
rom misi sakuTreba gaxdeboda da a. S.
amdenad, qonebis usafuZvlod SeZena an dazogva (usafuZvlo gamdidreba) SeiZleba gamowveul
iqnes moqmedebiT, an xdomilebiT.
moqmedeba, romelmac gamoiwvia usafuZvlo gamdidreba, SeiZleba ekuTvnodes:

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a) uSualod im pirs, romlis qonebac gaizarda an daizoga sxvis xarjze;

b) pirs, romlis qonebac Semcirda, an romlis uSualo moqmedebamac gamoiwvia viTom kreditoris
usafuZvlod gamdidreba;
g) mesame pirs, romelic uSualod TviTon ar aris viTom kreditori, an viTom movale, Tumca,
misma moqmedebam gamoiwvia SemZenis (viTom kreditoris) qonebis gazrda, an dazogva.
usafuZvlo gamdidreba, aseve, SeiZleba gamoiwvios umoqmedobamac, rac ukavSirdeba SemZenis,
dazaralebulis, an mesame piris qcevas. amdenad, usafuZvlo gamdidreba, romelic SeiZleba
gamoiwvios pirTa moqmedebam an umoqmedobam, gaTvaliswinebulia ss kodeqsis 976-990-e muxlebiT.
usafuZvlo gamdidreba, anu erTi piris qonebis gazrda meore piris qonebis xarjze SeiZleba
moxdes ise, rom adgili ar hqondes arc dazaralebulis, arc usafuZvlod gamdidrebulis da
arc mesame piris qcevas. magaliTad, xdomilebiT, rodesac Sedegi dgeba dauZleveli ZaliT.
SesaZlebelia, swored aseTi SemTxvevbi igulisxmeba ss kodeqsis 991-e muxlSi miTiTebuli
usafuZvlod gamdidrebis sxva SemTxvevebSi. kerZod, `piri, romelic sxva piris xarjze usafuZvlod
gamdidrda sxva saSualebiTac, garda imisa, rac gaTvaliswinebulia am TavSi, movalea daubrunos
mas miRebuli~. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebuli muxlis Sinaarsi da Sesabamisad, kidev ra
SeiZleba igulixmebodes `sxva safuZvlebSi~ calke Seswavlis sagania, rac ar warmoadgens mocemuli
statiis mizans.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi adgens usafuZvlod
gadacemuli qonebis dabrunebis sxvadasxva wess, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gadacemulis dabruneba
yovelTvis ar xdeba im pirisagan visac uSualod gadaecema qoneba. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 988-e muxliT daregulirebuli
samarTlebrivi urTierTobani. aRniSnuli muxli iTvaliswinebs usafuZvlo gamdidrebis iseT
SemTxvevas, rodesac urTierTobebSi monawileobs mesame piric da mas garkveuli uflebebi da
movaleobebic uCndeba. es ki, dakavSirebulia misTvis Sesrulebulis gadacemasTan, risi dabrunebac
sxvadasxva wesiT xdeba. kerZod, miTiTebuli muxlis pirveli punqtis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,
`pirs, romelic 976-e muxlis Tanaxmad, raimes gadascems mesame pirs viTom kreditoris miTiTebiT,
SeuZlia Sesrulebulis gamoTxova viTom kreditorisagan ise, TiTqos misTvis gadaeces raime,
Tu viTom kreditoris miTiTeba saeWvoa, maSin ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
iqnes mxolod mesame piris mimarT.~
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, viTom kreditoris miTiTebiT Sesrulebuli gadaecema mesame pirs.
Sesrulebulis, rogorc usafuZvlod gadacemulis ukan gamoTxova erT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba
moxdes mesame pirisagan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki, viTom kreditorisagan. orive SemTxvevaSi,
saxezea usafuZvlo gamdidreba, Tumca, adgili aqvs usafuZvlo gamdidrebis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebs.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, viTom movalisagan Sesrulebulis gadacemas kreditorisaTvis iTxovs
mesame piri kreditorisave moTxovniT. sagulisxmoa, rom mesame pirs viTom movalisagan Sesrulebis
moTxovnis ufleba miniWebuli aqvs viTom kreditorTan dadebuli davalebis xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze, anu mesame piri viTom kreditoris moTxovnas asrulebs davalebis xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze. viTom movale mesame pirs gadascems Sesrulebas da amiT is asrulebs Tavis movaleobas
viTom kreditoris winaSe. aRniSnuli valdebuleba ki, viTom kreditoris moTxovnis dakmayofilebis
Sesaxeb, arsebobs viTom movalesa da viTom kreditors Soris dadebuli ZiriTadi garigebis
safuZvelze, romelic Semdeg baTilad iqna cnobili.
aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, viTom movalisagan mesame pirisaTvis Sesrulebis gadacema uTanabrdeba
viTom krditorisaTvis Sesrulebulis gadacemas da ZiriTadi garigebis baTilobis SemTxvevaSi,
viTom movale mesame pirze gadacemulis dabrunebas iTxovs ara mesame pirisagan, aramed viTom
kreditorisagan ise, TiTqos misTvis gadaeces raime.

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 magaliTad:
`a~-m `b~-s davalebiT moiTxova `c~-sagan Tanxa, romelic `b~-s saxelze iyo gamowerili da
romelic Seadgenda Sromis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze `b~-s mier `c~-s sasargeblod Sesrulebuli
samuSaos Rirebulebas. sazRauris gadacemis Semdeg, dadginda, rom `b~-s saxelze gamowerili
500 lari (Sromis sazRauri), nacvlad 300-isa, ekuTvnoda `d~-s da igi `a~-s saSualebiT arasworad
gadaeca `b~-s.
ss kodeqsis 988-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare:
`b~ _ aris viTom kreditori;
`a~ _ aris mesame piri, romelic asrulebs viTom kreditoris miTiTebas;
`c~ _ aris viTom movale;
vinaidan `b~-s gadaeca sxvisi kuTvnili Tanxa da iTvleba viTom kreditorad, igi valdebulia
usafuZvlod miRebuli Tanxa daubrunos `c~-s. Sesabamisad, `c~-s miTiTebuli Tanxis moTxovnis
ufleba aqvs uSualod `b~-sagan, ise, TiTqos mas piradad gadaeces `b~-saTvis Tanxa.
normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Tanxis dabrunebis valdebuleba ekisreba pirs, romlis
qonebac usafuZvlod izrdeba, anu `b~ aris piri, romelic usafuZvlod gamdidrda da Sesabamisad,
mas ekisreba Tanxis dabrunebis valdebuleba.
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi ukavSirdeba usafuZvlod miRebulis gamoTxovasa
da dabrunebas. amitom, mniSvnelovania imis dadgena konkretulad vin iTvleba gamdidrebulad
da vin aris valdebuli daabrunos viTom movalisagan miRebuli qoneba. miTiTebuli muxlis
pirveli punqtis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, ganxilulia, agreTve iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac mesame
piri usafuZvlod iyenebs sxvis uflebas, anu eWvis qveS dgeba viTom kreditoris moTxovna da
amiT mesame piri iRebs sargebels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mesame piri viTom movalisagan Sesrulebas
iTxovs viTom kreditoris nebis gareSe. anu, mesame piri viTom kreditorisagan Sesrulebas iRebs
viTom davalebiT, Tumca, viTom kreditorisagan mas aranairi davaleba movalisagan gamoTxovis
Sesaxeb ar miuRia da Sesabamisad, mesame piris moTxovnac viTom movalisagan aris samarTlebriv
safuZvels moklebuli. amasTan, Tu viTom movalesa da viTom kreditors Soris ZiriTadi valdebuleba
garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis gamo, ar arsebobs, maSin viTom movales, romelmac ukve
Seasrula valdebuleba, Sesrulebulis ukan gamoTxova SeuZlia mesame pirisgan da ara viTom
kreditorisagan, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi, gamdidrda ara viTom kreditori, aramed usafuZvlod
gamdidrda mesame piri, romelmac kreditoris miTiTebis gareSe moiTxova movalisagan valdebulebis
Sesruleba.
amdenad, mesame piri valdebulia miRebuli sargebeli daubrunos viTom movales, anu pirs
visganac uSualod miiRo sargebeli. es aris SemTxveva, rodesac uflebis mqone pirsa (viTom
kreditors) da Semsrulebels (viTom movales) Soris arsebuli SeTanxmeba aRmoCndeba baTili,
xolo mesame piris moTxovna viTom kreditoris miTiTebiT saeWvoa.
am SemTxvevas Tu zemoT motanili magaliTis safuZvelze ganvixilavT, maSin gasarkvevia:
visgan moxdeba `c~-s (viTom movalis) mier gadacemuli Tanxis dabruneba, Tuki `a~-s (mesame
piris) moTxovna `b~-s (viTom kreditoris) miTiTebis safuZvelze eWvis qveS dadgeba. Tu `a~
`c~-sagan iTxovs TiTqos `b~-s miTiTebiT Tanxas, romelic warmoadgens `b~-s mier gaweuli Sromis
sazRaurs da dadgindeba, rom `a~-m gaayalba `c~-sagan Tanxis moTxovnis safuZveli, anu `b~-s
aranairi davaleba `c~-sagan Tanxis gamoTxovaze ar miucia `a~-saTvis, maSin `c~ usafuZvlod
gadacemul Tanxas moiTxovs da daibrunebs ara `b~-sagan, aramed `a~-sagan, romelmac faqtobrivad
miiRo Tanxa da usafuZvlod gamdidrda.
aRniSnuli wesi gamarTlebulia im principidan gamomdinare, romelic axasiaTebs usafuZvlo
gamdidrebas, anu usafuZvlod miRebulis gamoTxova unda moxdes im pirisagan, vinc gamdidrda,

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visi qonebac gaizarda, an daizoga miRebuli qonebis xarjze. ukan gamoTxova dauSvebelia im
pirisagan, vinc marTalia usafuZvlod miiRo qoneba, Tumca, ar gamdidrebula da aranairi sargebeli
ar miuRia aRniSnuli qonebis xarjze.
kerZo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi xSirad SeiZleba moxdes Tavdapirveli kreditoris Secvla
axali kreditoriT, rac SeiZleba ganapirobos moTxovnis uflebis daTmobam, wilis daTmobam,
indosirebam da a. S.
aRniSnuli urTierTobis dros usafuZvlod gadacemuli (miRebuli) qonebis dabrunebis
mniSvnelovani wesia dadgenili ss kodeqsis 988-e muxlis meore punqtis Sesabamisad, kerZod:
`pirs, romelic 976-e muxlis mixedviT, axal viTom kreditors raimes gadascems moTxovnis
wayenebis Semdeg, SeuZlia Tavdapirveli viTom kreditorisagan moiTxovos dabruneba, ise, TiTqos
misTvis gadaeces raime, Tu Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris miTiTeba saeWvoa, maSin ukumoTxovna
SeiZleba mxolod axali viTom kreditoris mimarT.~
axali kreditoris winaSe movale valdebulebas asrulebs iseTive pirobebis dacviT, rogorc
is Seasrulebda Tavdapirveli kreditoris winaSe. Tavdapirveli, an axali kreditoris winaSe
Sesruleba, Tuki, valdebuleba usafuZvlobis gamo aRar arsebobs, iqneba usafuZvlo gamdidreba
Tavdapirveli kreditoris an viTom axali kreditoris mimarT. gamomdinare iqidan, Tu axali
viTom kreditoris winaSe Sesrulebis rogori safuZveli arsebobs, maSin usafuZvlod Sesrulebulis
dabrunebac gansxvavebulia, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
pirveli _ es aris SemTxveva, rodesac kreditori Tavis moTxovnis uflebas uTmobs sxvas da
valdebuli piri aRniSnulis safuZvelze, valdebulebis Sesrulebis mizniT, axal kreditors
gadascems raimes. Tu Semdeg dadgindeba, rom valdebuleba viTom movales da viTom kreditors
Soris ss kodeqsis 976-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobda, an aRar arsebobs, maSin usafuZvlod
gadacemulis dabrunebis moTxovna viTom movalem unda warudginos Tavdapirvel viTom kreditors,
romelmac unda uzrunvelyos dabruneba, radganac Tavdapirveli kreditoris mier moTxovnis
uflebis daTmoba moxda misive nebiT. Sesabamisad, motivs da mizans, miT umetes movalisaTvis,
mniSvneloba ara aqvs. movalis mier axali viTom kreditorisaTvis Sesrulebulis gadacema
gulisxmobs, rom samarTlebrivi Sedegi dadga da Sesabamisad, sargebelic miiRo Tavdapirvelma
kreditorma, amitomac axali viTom kreditorisaTvis raimes gadacema uTanabrdeba Tavdapirveli
viTom kreditorisaTvis gadacemas.
magaliTi:
`a~-m `b~-sagan usasyidlod miiRo 2 tona cementi. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom `a~ cementis
transportirebas moaxdenda meore dRes.
`a~-m cementze sakuTrebisa da Sesabamisad, `b~-sagan moTxovnis ufleba gadasca `c~-s. `c~-m
moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis safuZvelze `b~_sagan miiRo cementi da moaxdina misi transportireba.
dadginda, rom `b~-s ar hqonda cementis gasxvisebis ufleba, ris gamoc `a~-sa da `b~-s Soris
dadebuli SeTanxmeba CaiTvala baTilad.
ss kodeqsis 988-e muxlis meore punqtis pirveli winadadebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, `a~
iTvleba Tavdapirvel kreditorad, `c~ ki, romelsac `a~-m gadasca cementze sakuTrebisa da
moTxovnis ufleba aris axali viTom kreditori. Sesabamisad, usasyidlod gadacemuli nivTis
dabrunebis moTxovna `b~-m unda wauyenos `a~-s rogorc Tavdapirvel kreditors da ara `c~-s
_ axal viTom kreditors.
ss kodeqsis 988-e muxlis meore punqtis meore winadadebis SinaarsiT, regulirdeba iseTi
urTierToba, romlis drosac axali viTom kreditoris moTxovna saeWvoa da samarTlebriv safuZvels
moklebulia.

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 kerZod: `...Tu Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris miTiTeba saeWvoa, maSin ukumoTxovna SeiZleba
mxolod axali viTom kreditoris mimarT~. ras niSnavs gamoTqma `Tu Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris
miTiTeba saeWvoa.~ anu, ra unda dadges eWvis qveS: Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris miTiTebis
kanoniereba, Tu axali viTom kreditoris qmedeba. vinaidan, miTiTebuli muxli gadacemulis
dabrunebas akisrebs axal viTom kreditors, unda vivaraudoT, rom axali viTom kreditori,
romelic Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris mier TiTqosda, misTvis moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis
safuZvelze iTxovs viTom movalisagan Sesrulebulis (raimes) gadacemas, uSualod TviTon
axdens moTxovnis safuZvlis gayalbebas da misive qceviT dgeba Tavdapirveli, viTom kreditoris
miTiTebis kanoniereba eWvis qveS. aqedan gamomdinare, swored, axali viTom kreditoria valdebuli
daubrunos viTom movales usafuZvlod miRebuli qoneba, rogorc usafuZvlod gamdidrebulma
mxarem.
amdenad, miTiTebis eWvqveS dayenebis sakiTxs Tu zemoT motanili magaliTis safuZvelze
ganvixilavT, sadac `a~ Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoria, `b~ _ movale da `c~ _ axali viTom_kreditori,
maSin, saeWvooba SeiZleba vlindebodes axali viTom kreditoris mier moTxovnis uflebis daTmobis
gayalbebaSi, rac adasturebs, rom moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba Tavdapirveli kreditoris mier
ar momxdara. aqedan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebis baTilobis gamo navaraudevi valdebulebis
Sesrulebis safuZvelze, `c~-saTvis nivTis gadacema iTvleba usafuZvlo gamdidrebad da misi
gamoTxova Semsruleblis, anu `b~-s (viTom movalis) mier unda moxdes axali viTom kreditorisagan
da ara Tavdapirveli viTom kreditorisagan.
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania ormxrivi xelSekrulebis baTilobis Sedegebi
da misi analizi usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan mimarTebiT. anu unda dadgindes rogori samarTlebrivi
Sefaseba mieces baTilobis Sedegebs: rogorc usafuZvlo gamdidreba, Tu usafuZvlod miRebulis
dabruneba da mxareTa Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi aRdgena, anu ormxrivi restitucia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `garigeba yovelTvis konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevas isaxavs
miznad, magram garigebis monawileebis mier arCeuli saSualebebi, an maT mier ganxorcielebuli
moqmedebebi xSirad ar aris samarTliT SemoTavazebuli SesaZleblobebis adekvaturi da eqviva-
lenturi. praqtikulad, es niSnavs, rom zogi nebis gamovlena (garigeba) iwvevs dasaxuli samarTleb-
rivi Sedegis dadgomas, zogi ki _ ara. am gansxvavebaTa aRsaniSnavad samoqalaqo samarTali
ganamtkicebs namdvili garigebisa da baTili garigebis cnebebs. namdvilad iTvleba iseTi garigeba,
romelic iwvevs garigebis monawileebis mier dasaxuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomas. garigeba
miiCneva baTilad, Tuki mas Sedegad ar mohyveba dasaxuli mizani imis gamo, rom moqmedi samarTali
ganxorcielebul qmedebas samarTlebrivad uvargisad miiCnevs.~2 amdenad, baTili garigebis
drosac dgeba Sedegi, magram es ar aris mxareTa an mxaris mier dasaxuli miznis miRweva, aramed
es Sedegi SesaZloa iyos damdgari zianis, usafuZvlod miRebulis, an dazogilis anazRaureba
da a. S. ase, rom baTili garigebis Sedegebis ganxilva da analizi garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs
usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan mimarTebiT.
aq sakiTxis ganxilva sxvadasxva kuTxiTaa saintereso, raTa dadgindes rogori Sefaseba unda
mieces ormxrivi xelSekrulebis baTilobis Sedegebs, rogorc usafuZvlo gamdidreba Tu rogorc
usafuZvlod miRebulis dabruneba, anda SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva ormxrivi xelSekrulebis baTilobis
SemTxvevaSi, iqneba Tu ara misi Sedegebi yovelTvis usafuZvlo gamdidreba. aRniSnulis Sefasebis
safuZvels iZleva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 976-e muxlis pirveli punqti, kerZod,
`pirs, romelmac sxvas valdebulebis Sesasruleblad raime gadasca, SeuZlia mosTxovos viTom
kreditors (mimRebs) misi ukan dabruneba, Tu valdebuleba garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis
gamo ar arsebobs, ar warmoiSoba an Sewyda SemdgomSi.~

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ormxrivi xelSekrulebis baTilobis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebi ubruneben erTmaneTs imas, rac

miiRes baTili garigebis safuZvelze da unda moxdes maTi Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi aRdgena,
anu Tu am garigebiT miRebulis safuZvelze orive mxare aRmoCnda (qonebis gazrdisa da dazogvis
TvalsazrisiT) Tanabar mdgomareobaSi da baTilad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis igive Sedegi
dgeba, maSin es iqneba mxareTa mier usafuZvlod miRebulis dabruneba, maTi Tavdapirvel mdgo-
mareobaSi aRdgena, ormxrivi restitucia. e. i. rodesac arcerTi mxare ar aRmoCndeba qonebrivad
upirates mdgomareobaSi.
magaliTad:
`a~-sa da `b~-s Soris daido binis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. Tumca, `a~-s xelSekrulebis
sanotari wesiT gaformebasa da sajaro reestrSi registraciaze uari ganucxades, radgan dadginda,
rom konkretuli binis gayidvis ufleba gamyidvels ar hqonda da Sesabamisad, es SeTanxmebac
binis nasyidobaze aris baTili. moxda mxareTa Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi dabruneba, gamyidvelma
miRebuli Tanxa daubruna myidvels. amave dros dadginda, rom miRebidan myidvelisadmi dabrunebamde
gamyidvels aRebuli Tanxidan aranairi sargebeli ar miuRia da Sesabamisad, arc mis gamdidrebas
(meore mxaresTan SedarebiT) adgili ar hqonia.
aqedan gamomdinare, saxezea Tanxis usafuZvlod miReba da aseve, misi dabruneba ise, rom am
SemTxvevas arcerTi mxaris usafuZvlod gamdidreba ar mohyolia.
sruliad gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi Sefaseba SeiZleba mieces iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac
ormxrivi xelSekruleba miiCneva baTilad, Sedegad mohyveba ormxrivi restitucia. Tumca, dadgindeba
rom baTilobam gamoiwvia aseve, erT-erTi mxaris qonebrivad upiratesi mdgomareoba e. i. saxezea
erT-erTi mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidreba.
aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ganvixiloT zemoT motanili binis nasyidobis xel-
Sekrulebis magaliTze.
myidvelisagan miRebuli Tanxa gamyidvelma imave dRes Seitana sabanko angariSze, rogorc
anabari. amasTan, bina myidvelisaTvis arc faqtobriv mflobelobaSi iyo gadacemuli. garigebis
baTilad cnobis Semdeg moxda gamyidvelis mier myidvelisaTvis, rogorc kreditorisaTvis Tanxis
dabruneba. gamyidvelis mier Tavis sabanko angariSze Setanil Tanxas mogebis saxiT daericxa
procenti.
aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, ormxrivi xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobas Sedegad mohyva rogorc calmxrivi
restitucia (vinaidan bina myidvelisaTvis arc faqtobriv mflobelobaSi iyo gadacemuli), ise
erT-erTi mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidreba. radgan gamyidvelma, myidvelis mier misTvis gadacemuli
Tanxis saSualebiT, miiRo sargebeli da usafuZvlod gamdidrda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi valdebulia
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis Sesabamisad, moaxdinos viTom myidvelisaTvis rogorc ZiriTadi
Tanxis, ise am Tanxis safuZvelze, procentis saxiT, miRebuli sargeblis dabruneba.
usafuZvlo gamdidreba saxezea mxolod maSin, Tu piris qonebis gazrda, an dazogva moxda gvarovnuli
niSniT gansazRvruli qonebis safuZvelze.
usafuZvlod gadacemuli qonebis gamoTxovis sxva safuZveli arsebobs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
usafuZvlod gadacemulia individualuri niSniT gansazRvruli qoneba. am SemTxvevaSi, upirveles
yovlisa, unda dadgindes romeli urTierToba gvaqvs saxeze valdebulebiTi-samarTlebrivi Tu
sanivTo-samarTlebrivi.
sanivTo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis SemTxvevaSi, moxdeba ara kondiqciuri, aramed savindikacio
sarCelis wardgena. aRniSnul sarCelebs Soris gansxvaveba swored is aris, rom kondiqciuri
sarCelis dros saqme exeba gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli qonebis dabrunebas an kompensacias
razedac mopasuxes warmoeSva sakuTrebis ufleba, moxda am qonebiT misi qonebis gazrda, gadamuSavebis

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da sxva saxiT gamoyenebis Sedegad miiRo sargebeli (Semosavali). igulisxmeba, rom mopasuxes
usafuZvlod miRebul gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvrul qonebaze warmoeSva sakuTrebis ufle-
ba.
rac Seexeba savindikacio sarCels, igi gamoiyeneba usafuZvlod miRebuli individualuri
niSniT gansazRvruli qonebis amoRebisas. rodesac mopasuxis mflobelobaSi usafuZvlod aRmoCnda
nivTi, romelic individualuri niSniT aris gansazRvruli da mopasuxes aseT nivTze ar warmoSobia
sakuTrebis ufleba da Sesabamisad, arc am uflebis dakargva xdeba mopasuxisagan nivTis amoRebisas.
magaliTad:
`a~-s Cuqebis dapirebis safuZvelze `b~-saTvis unda gadaeca ZviradRirebuli saaTi. dapirebuli
saCuqris gadacemis valdebulebis Sesruleba `a~-sagan moiTxova `c~-m `b~-s davalebiT. `a~-m
Seasrula moTxovna da `c~-s gadasca dapirebuli saCuqari. Tumca, gairkva, rom `a~-sa da `b~-s
Soris dadebuli dapireba aRmoCnda baTili, radgan `a~-s, rogorc SezRudulqmedunarians, ar
hqonda miTiTebuli saaTis gaCuqebis ufleba. moxda Tu ara saaTis gadacemasTan erTad sakuTrebis
uflebis gadasvla `b~-ze. vinaidan saaTi aris individualuri niSniT gansazRvruli qoneba _
saaTze sakuTrebis ufleba kvlav aqvs `a~-s da Sesabamisad, `b~-sagan saaTis gamoTxova unda
moxdes ara usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis Sesabamisad, aramed savindikacio sarCelis safuZvelze,
rogorc sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxova. e. i. individualuri niSniT gansazRvruli
qonebis mimarT dazaralebuls unarCundeba sakuTrebis ufleba, xolo dazaralebulsa da valdebul
pirs Soris warmoiSoba sanivTo-samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rac gulisxmobs, rom nivTis mflobel
pirs dazaralebuli mesakuTrisagan waeyeneba savindikacio sarCeli.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `a~-s usafuZvlod gadacemuli saaTis gamoTxovis ufleba aqvs
`b~-sagan da ara `c~-sagan, romelic asrulebda `b~-s miTiTebas.
gansxvavebiT kondiqciuri sarCelisagan, savindikacio sarCelis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia
nivTis SemZenis keTilsindisierebisa da arakeTilsindisierebis momenti. aseve, nivTis mesakuTris
(anu gamoTxovis uflebis mqone piris) nebis momenti misi mflobelobidan nivTis gamosvlis momentTan
dakavSirebiT.
gasaTvaliswinebelia iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac savindikacio sarCelis dakmayofileba, anu
nivTis mesakuTrisaTvis dabruneba SeiZleba gaxdes kondiqciuri sarCelis wardgenis safuZvelic.
amas ganapirobebs is SemTxveva, rodesac nivTis flobis periodSi moxdeba am nivTis Rirebulebis
gazrda, razedac nivTis mflobelma gaswia garkveuli xarjebi da Sesabamisad, mas aqvs misi
anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba, rac unda mowesrigdes usafuZvlo gamdidrebisa da davalebis
gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis wesebis Sesabamisad.

pasuxismgebloba viTom kreditoris miTiTebis SesrulebiT usafuZvlo

gamdidrebisas

usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxvevaSi, restitucia xdeba usafuZvlo gamdidrebis specialuri

normebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, kondiqciuri sarCelis nacvlad ar SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
deliqturi sarCeli an piriqiT. Tumca, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTx-
vevaSi, adgili hqondes, aseve, zianis dadgomas. am dros, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis specialur nor-
mebTan erTad moxdeba im zogadi normebis gamoyeneba, romelic ukavSirdeba damdgari zianis anazRaurebas.
amdenad, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxvevaSi, restitucia SesaZlebelia rogorc kondiqciuri,
ise deliqturi sarCelebis erToblivi gamoyenebiT.

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kondiqciuri sarCelis wardgena da Sesabamisad, misi dakmayofileba moxdeba mxolod da

mxolod im principebze dayrdnobiT, romelic zogadad, usafuZvlo gamdidrebas axasiaTebs,
kerZod:
a) adgili unda hqondes mopasuxis gamdidrebas misTvis qonebis gadacemiT, an misive qonebis
dazogviT.
b) qonebis miReba an dazogva unda moxdes yovelgvari samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe (baTili
garigebiT, mesame piris moqmedebiT, stiqiuri movlenebiT da a. S.), anu gadaxda piris mier
an miReba moxda samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe. rodesac piri Tvlis, rom evaleba sxvisTvis
raime moqmedebis Sesruleba materialuri Rirebulebis qonebis Seqmnis an qonebis gadacemis
mizniT, Tumca, qonebis usafuZvlod miReba (gamdidreba) SeiZleba moxdes sxvadasxva saSualebiT,
moqmedebiT an xdomilebiT.
g) amasTan, ar unda ikveTebodes mimRebi piris ganzraxi moqmedeba, romelic xels uwyobs mis
sasargeblod qonebis SeZenas an dazogvas. aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebaSi arsebobs gabatonebuli
mosazreba, rom deliqtur da kondiqciur sarCels Soris ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani
aris bralis principi.
sayuradReboa, rom mosarCelis mier sarCelis wardgena ar unda xdebodes saxelSekrulebo
an deliqturi moTxovnis safuZvelze, anu sarCelis wardgenis safuZveli ar unda iyos saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebaTa Seusrulebloba, anu sargeblis miReba an qonebis dazogva ar unda iyos gamowveuli
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa arajerovani Sesrulebis Sedegi. aseve, sarCelis mizani ar unda
iyos marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba. amdenad, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles sarCelis wardgena unda SeeZlos, rodesac mopasuxis qoneba gaizarda
an daizoga mosarCelis mier mopasuxis sasargeblod Sesrulebuli moqmedebis Sedegad (Tu es
moqmedeba Sesrulda yovelgvari samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe magaliTad: SecdomiT), baTili
garigebiT an xdomilebiT e. i. rodesac stiqiuri movlenebis Sedegad mosarCelis qonebis mierTeba
moxdeba mopasuxis qonebasTan da a. S. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxvevaSi, usafuZvlod miRebulis
dabrunebis safuZvlebisa da farglebis gansazRvra xdeba rogorc specialuri normebiT, ise im
zogadi wesebiT, romlebic aregulreben zianis anazRaurebaze valdebulebis Sesrulebis wessa
da pirobebs.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, viTom kreditoris miTiTebiT Sesrulebis Sedegebis dabruneba
uflebamosili pirisaTvis xdeba rogorc zogadi (mux: 979_980), ise specialuri (mux. 989) wesebis
Sesabamisad.
ss kodeqsis 988-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul (usafuZvlo gamdidrebis) SemTxvevebSi, mimRebi
valdebulia gamoTxovis uflebis mqone pirs srulad daubrunos rogorc SeZenili qoneba, ise is
sargebeli, romelic am qonebis safuZvelze miiRo.
rogorc cnobilia, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxvevaSi, mimRebs gadaecema gvarovnuli niSniT
gansazRvruli qoneba. amitom, Tu es qoneba dabrunebis momentSi isev arsebobs im saxiT, ra saxiTac
igi arsebobda mimRebisaTvis gadacemis momentSi, maSin gamoTxovis uflebis mqone pirisaTvis
moxdeba igive qonebis dabruneba, magram Tu igive saxiT ukve aRar arsebobs, maSin misi dabruneba
moxdeba igive (gvarovnuli niSnis mqone) saxis qonebiT an SeTanxmebis safuZvelze moxdeba igive
Rirebulebis sxva saxis qonebiT an anazRaurdeba misi saerTo Rirebuleba (fuladi kompensacia).
usafuZvlod SeZenili qoneba Tu mimRebis bralis gareSe dazianda, ganadgurda an sxva mizeziT
aRar arsebobs (magaliTad, mimRebi piris Tanxmobis gareSe moxda misi gadamuSaveba, Serwyma sxva
nivTTan an sxva qonebasTan erTad sruliad sxva saxiT gardaiqmna), maSin moTxovnis uflebis
mqone pirs igi daubrundeba im saxiT, ra saxiTac braleulma pirma sanacvlo anazRaurebiT gadasca
mimRebs.

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 mimRebi miRebuls Tu imave an Secvlili saxiT ver ubrunebs uflebamosil pirs da unda moxdes
misi saerTo Rirebulebis anazRaureba, maSin Rirebulebis odenoba ganisazRvreba anazRaurebis
moTxovnis uflebis wamoSobis dros arsebuli Rirebulebis mixedviT.
magaliTad:
mimRebma usafuZvlod miRebuli qoneba gankarga Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT da am qonebis
dabruneba imave saxiT SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosil pirs mimRebma unda aunazRauros
dasabrunebeli qonebis Rirebuleba, anu unda moxdes misi kompensacia, romlis moculoba unda
Seesabamebodes moTxovnis uflebis warmoSobis momentSi arsebul e. i. sabazro Rirebulebis odenobas.
mimRebi ar aris valdebuli daabrunos (srulad an nawilobriv) qoneba Tu:
a) miRebulis dabruneba SeuZlebelia (srulad an nawilobriv) imis gamo, rom qoneba daiRupa
an dazianda mimRebis bralis gareSe;
b) moTxovnis wayenebis momentSi qoneba aRar arsebobs da Sesabamisad, mimRebic aRar iTvleba
gamdidrebulad;
g) mimRebs aranairi sargebeli am qonebis usafuZvlod miRebis periodSi ar miuRia.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom mimRebi (srulad an nawilobriv) mxolod maSin Tavi-
sufldeba dabrunebis movaleobisagan, Tu zemoxsenebuli yvela piroba saxezea.
mimRebi, rogorc aRiniSna, valdebulia uflebamosil pirs daubrunos sargebelic, romelic
man miiRo ZiriTadi qonebis gamoyenebis Sedegad.
mimRebi ar Tavisufldeba sargeblis miRebis movaleobisagan maSinac, Tu ar miuRia mas aranairi
sargebeli, Tumca, SeeZlo mieRo, magram ver miiRo misive braleuli moqmedebis gamo.
dasabrunebeli sargeblis farglebi e. i. sargeblis moculoba ganisazRvreba im momentidan,
rodesac mimRebma Seityo an unda Seetyo miRebulis usafuZvlobis Sesaxeb.
mimRebi ar Tavisufldeba miRebulis dabrunebis movaleobisagan im SemTxvevaSic, Tu miRebulis
(sruli an nawilobrivi) ganadgureba an dazianeba moxda mesame piris braleuli moqmedebiT. rac
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: viTom kreditori (mimRebi) viTom movalisagan Sesrulebas iRebs mesame
piris saSualebiT. amasTan, mimRebisaTvis gadacemamde mesame piris braleuli qmedebiT xdeba
movalisagan miRebuli qonebis daRupva. Tu dadgindeba, rom ar arsebobda qonebis gadacemis
samarTlebrivi safuZveli, maSin aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, gadacemuli qonebis gamoTxova movalis
mier moxdeba ara mesame pirisagan, aramed viTom kreditorisagan. Sesabamisad, viTom kreditori
valdebulia daakmayofilos viTom movalis moTxovna. Tumca, viTom kreditorsa da mesame pirs
Soris urTierTobis regulireba moxdeba davalebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, rac gamomdinareobs
988-e muxlis pirveli punqtis pirveli winadadebidan, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom gadacemis
namdvili safuZvlis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi da Sesabamisad, sargebeli unda mieRo viTom kreditors.
viTom kreditoris miTiTebis saeWvoobisas ki, dabrunebis movaleoba (usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
SemTxvevaSi) miRebuli qonebisa da sargeblisac ekisreba mesame pirs, vinaidan moTxovnac da Sedegic
am SemTxvevaSi ekuTvnis mesame pirs da ara viTom kreditors. amitom, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
zogadi principis Tanaxmad, gamoTxova da dabruneba unda moxdes im pirisagan, vinc uSualod
gamdidrda da sargebeli naxa.
piri, romelic ss kodeqsis 988-e muxlis mixedviT, iTvleba mimRebad (viTom kreditori, mesame
piri, Tavdapirveli viTom kreditori an axali viTom kreditori) yovelTvis Tavisufldeba miRebuli
qonebis dabrunebis movaleobisagan, Tu miRebuli qoneba dazianda an gafuWda. dabrunebis
movaleobisagan mimRebi gaTavisufldeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekrulebis namdvilobis
dros qonebis dazianebis an gafuWebis gamo pasuxismgebloba daekisreboda uSualod qonebis
gadamcems (Semsrulebels), rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gadacemuli
qoneba iyo nakliani, uxarisxo da misi daRupva an gafuWeba swored gadamcemis braleulobiT
moxda, risTvisac riski swored am ukanasknelze gadadis.

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usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxvevaSi, restitucia SeiZleba moicavdes mimRebis (viTom kreditoris,

mesame piris, Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris an axali viTom kreditoris) uflebas moiTxovos
viTom movalisagan im xarjebis anazRaureba, romelic man gaiRo (SemdgomSi baTilad cnobili)
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze miRebuli qonebis gaumjobesebaze. es exeba im SemTxvevas, rodesac
mimRebs miRebuli sagani samudamod SeZenilad miaCnda da swored es gaxda misgan qonebis gaumjobesebisa
da xarjebis gaRebis safuZveli. am SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba ormxriv restitucias. anazRaurebis
movaleobani, anu restitucia unda moxdes erTdroulad.
ukan dabrunebis xarjebi da riski ekuTvnis Semsrulebels, anu pirs, romlis moqmedebiTac,
moxda qonebis usafuZvlod gadacema an pirs, romelsac aqvs gamoTxovis ufleba. es Sedegi dgeba
maSinac, Tu piris qonebis gazrda moxda xdomilebis Sedegad.
ra samarTlebrivi Sedegebi SeiZleba dadges im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirma usafuZvlod miRebuli
qonebis mimarT gaswia xarjebi, Tumca arsebobda iseTi garemoebebi, romlis safuZvelzedac pirs
SeeZlo evarauda, rom qoneba mas ar ekuTvnoda. aseTi qoneba ubrundeba uflebamosil (gamoTxovis
uflebis mqone) pirs, romelic iRebs qonebas ufro gazrdili RirebulebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, xarjebis
gamwev pirs gaweuli xarjebi an warmoSobili qonebrivi danaklisi aunazRaurdeba ara usafuZvlo
gamdidrebis, aramed davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis wesebis mixedviT. moxdeba
mxolod aucileblobiT gamowveuli xarjebis an qonebrivi danaklisis anazRaureba.

mesame piris valdebuleba usafuZvlod miRebulis dabrunebisas

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 989-e muxli iTvaliswinebs specialur wesebs, romelic

exeba usafuZvlod miRebulis dabrunebas. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, sayuradReboa erTi momenti,
anu Tavdapirveli viTom kreditoris mier mesame pirisaTvis qonebis gadacema xdeba sasyidliT,
Tu usasyidlod.
ss kodeqsis 989-e muxliT gaTvalswinebuli wesi exeba im SemTxvevas, rodesac mimRebi (an miRebaze
uflebamosili) piri usasyidlod gadascems qonebas an qonebis miRebaze uflebas. kerZod, ss
kodeqsis 989-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. 976-e da 988-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, Tu
mimRebi, romelic movalea daabrunos miRebuli, usasyidlod gadascems mas mesame pirs, maSin
mesame piri aseve, movalea daabrunos miRebuli ise, TiTqis mas kreditorisagan kanonieri safuZvlis
gareSe mieRos raime, Tu mimRebisagan dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia. 2. zianis anazRaurebis mimarT
Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba 979_981-e muxlebis moTxovnebi.~
aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mimRebi, anu piri, romelic valdebulia daabrunos miRebuli (viTom
kreditori, mesame piri, Tavdapirveli viTom kreditori an axali viTom kreditori), usasyidlod
gadascems miRebul qonebas mesame pirs, maSin mesame piri aris valdebuli daubrunos uflebamosil
pirs. mesame pirs, romelsac usasyidlod gadaeca miRebuli, dabrunebis valdebuleba ekisreba
mxolod garkveul SemTxvevebSi, kerZod:
a) Tu mesame piris qoneba miRebuli qonebis xarjze gaizarda an daizoga, anu man am gadacemiT
naxa sargebeli;
b) Tu mimRebisagan mesame pirisaTvis gadacema ar ukavSirdeba mimRebis mier (mesame piris winaSe)
nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebas da es Sesruleba exeba gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvrul
qonebas.
g) Tu mimRebi pirisagan (vinc usasyidlod gadasca mesame pirs qoneba) miReba SeuZlebelia. es
ki, SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos misi gardacvalebiT, gadaxdisuunarobiT da a. S. amasTan, mniS-
vnelovan momentad iTvleba is, rom mimRebs qonebis miRebiTa da gadacemiT aranairi sargebeli

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 ar unda hqondes miRebuli. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, zianis anazRaureba moxdeba, aseve, 979_981-e
muxlebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, razedac ukve iyo saubari.
usafuZvlod miRebul qonebas Tu mimRebi sasyidliT an sanacvlo anazRaurebis miRebiT
gadascems mesame pirs, maSin mimRebia valdebuli aunazRauros uflebamosil pirs sanacvlo
RirebulebiT, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos fuladi kompensaciiT, igive niSniT gansazRvuli qonebis
an igive Rirebulebis mqone nivTis gadacemiT.

SeniSvnebi:

1
Ð. Ñàâàòüå, Òåîðèÿ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ, Ïåðåâîä ñ ôðàíöóçñêîãî è âñòóïèòåëüíàÿ
ñòàòüÿ äîêòîðà þðèäè÷åñêèéõ íàóê Ð.Î. Õàëôèíîé, 1972, ñòð. 367.
2
l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad
nawilSi, 1997, gv: 381-382.

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TRANSFER RESULTS
IN CASES OF
UNJUSTIFIED
ENRICHMENT BASED
ON GIVING UP
DEMAND AND
INSTRUCTIONS

TAMAR CHITOSHVILI
Doctor of Law

Relations deriving from unjustified enrichment belong to relationships

of obligations based on the law and it possesses certain features. Main
feature is _ illegal origin of the property.

Unjustified enrichment implies careful spending of property or its expan-

sion on others’ account; it can happen by means of obtaining, mixture of
somebody’s property (monetary or in-kind) as well as by actions of others
or direct actions of the victim, etc.

Among unjustified enrichment cases, the relationship where the third

person participates with originated certain rights and responsibilities,
represents one of the important components.

In the mentioned case, the so-called debtor execution is transferred to

the third person upon instruction of the so-called creditor; however in
case of termination of the deal or its annulment, due to inexistence of
obligations, the so-called debtor demands the so-called creditor – and
not the third person – to return the transferred items. If instructions of

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the so-called creditor on giving up the right to demand execution are being questioned, then the so-called
debtor has a right to demand return of transferred items from the third person and not from the so-called
creditor.

Filing conditional claims and meeting demands will take place in cases when happens groundless transfer of
patrimonial property.

Beneficiary of groundlessly received property shall return to the authorized person together with the gain
received by him/her from such property, or could receive and did not due to his/her faulty actions.

Beneficiary (including the third person) shall be released from the obligation of returning received property, if
the beneficiary has not enriched by increase of the property, or careful spending, or if receipt of such property
did not give any gain without fault of the beneficiary.

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samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis
subieqtebi

Tea suxitaSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti

dava samarTlis subieqtis raobaze. gasuli saukunis 60-70-

ian wlebSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTan da obieqtTan
dakavSirebiT specialistebs Soris mwvave diskusia gaimarTa. rogorc
cnobilia, samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis erTaderT da savaldebulo
safuZvlad aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi miCneuli iyo samarTal-
darRvevis Semadgenloba. dResac, am mimarTulebas sakmao mimdevrebi
hyavs. g. matveevi, xelmZRvanelobda sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi
damkvidrebuli samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobis principiT da
samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobas obieqtur da subieq-
tur elementebad Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT hyofda: aramarTlzomieri
moqmedeba (umoqmedoba), am moqmedebiT warmoSobili mavne Sedegi
da mizezobrivi kavSiri moqmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris, rogorc
samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobis obieqturi elementebi da
samarTaldamrRvevis brali, rogorc samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlo-
bis subieqturi elementi. samoqalaqo samarTaldarRveva, ambobs
g. matveevi, swored am saxiT warmoadgens obieqturi da subieqturi
elementebis erTobliobas. profesori g. matveevi SemdgomSic am
poziciis erTguli darCa.1
s. aleqseevi kategoriulad ar iziarebda samarTaldarRvevis
Semadgenlobis g. matveeviseul struqturas obieqtur da subieqtur
elementebad dayofis Taobaze da werda: samoqalaqo samarTal-
darRvevis Semadgenlobis obieqtur da subieqtur elementebad
dayofiT g. matveevi gaumarTleblad aaxloebs mas danaSaulis

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Semadgenlobis elementebTan; amasTan, gamoricxavs ra, samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobidan subieqtis
niSan-Tvisebebs da ar gamohyofs ra, calke samarTaldarRvevis obieqts, igi ver amCnevs am monaTesave
kategoriebs Soris msgavsebas.2
s. aleqseevi cdilobda danaSaulis Semadgenlobis elementebi gaemijna samoqalaqo samarTal-
darRvevis elementebisagan. igi samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobas Semdegnairad ganmartavda:
Tu samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobis saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo pasu-
xismgeblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebis matarebeli elementebis klasifikacias movaxdenT,
isini sami mimarTulebiT unda ganvalagoT: 1. obieqti, 2. subieqti, 3. obieqturi mxare (aramarTlzomieri
moqmedeba, uaryofiTi Sedegi, mizezobrivi kavSiri).3 rogorc vxedavT, s. aleqseevi marTalia, kvlav
samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobis poziciaze idga, magram TavisTavad danaSaulis Semadgenlobis
elementebis samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis Semadgenlobis elementebidan gamijvna problemis
kvlevis dadebiT mcdelobad unda iyos Sefasebuli.
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis subieqti, rogorc zogadad, samarTalurTierTobis
subieqti, SeiZleba iyos fizikuri da iuridiuli piri. specialistebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs samarTlebrivi urTierTobisa da samarTlis subieqtebis cnebaTa gageba. sakiTxis swori
gagebisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis,
samarTlisa da samarTlis normis urTierTdamokidebulebis garkveva. kerZod _ SeiZleba Tu ara
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebis Setana samarTlis gansazRvrebaSi da samarTlebrivi normebi
aregulireben samarTlebriv urTierTobebs Tu sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. avtorTa erTi nawili,
magaliTad, a. piontkovski miiCnevda, rom samarTlis cneba samarTlis normebis erTobliobis cnebis
igiveobas ar warmoadgens. piriqiT, samarTali gulisxmobs samarTlis normebisa da samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis erTobliobas.4 principSi, amave debulebas iziarebda profesori s. bratusi, romelic
samarTlis normebsa da samarTlebriv urTierTobebs Soris damokidebulebas imgvarad warmoadgenda,
TiTqos samarTali mxolod maSin gvaqvs, roca samarTlebrivi normebi xorcieldeba konkretul
samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, xolo manamde samarTali ar arsebobs.5
zemoaRniSnul mosazrebaTa logikur gagrZelebas warmoadgenda o. iofes, m. karevas, a. stalgeviCisa
da sxvaTa daskvnebi, rom samarTlebrivi normebi awesrigeben ara konkretul sazogadoebriv
urTierTobebs, aramed samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. a. stalgeviCis mtkicebiT, samarTlis normebs
ar SeuZliaT uSualod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba; samarTlis normebi iTvaliswineben
mxolod iuridiul urTierTobebs, romlebic samarTlis normis farglebSi aregulireben sazogadoebriv
urTierTobebs.6
a. piontkovskis, a. stalgeviCis, s. bratusisa da sxvaTa Sexedulebebi SemdgomSi samarTlianad
iqna gakritikebuli. b. v. Seindlini statiaSi `samarTlis norma da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi~
sruliad logikurad miuTiTebda, rom samarTlis cneba da samarTlis normis cneba erTmaneTisadmi
iseTive damokidebulebaSia, rogorc zogadisa da konkretulis (mTelisa da nawilis) filosofiuri
kategoriebio,7 rasac sruliad veTanxmebiT. aseve, arasworia samarTlis normebsa da samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs Soris damokidebulebis imgvarad warmodgena, TiTqos samarTali mxolod maSin
gvaqvs, roca samarTlebrivi normebi xorcieldeba konkretul samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi da
TiTqos samarTali manamde ar arsebobs. samarTlis normasa da samarTlebriv urTierTobas Soris,
ra Tqma unda, mWidro kavSiria. samarTlebrivi urTierToba yovelTvis gulisxmobs sazogadoebriv
urTierTobasa da samarTlis normebs Soris aucilebel kavSirs, magram amgvari kavSiri ar iZleva
safuZvels, rom samarTlis zogadi cneba ganisazRvros, rogorc samarTlis ori konkretuli formis
_ samarTlis normisa da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis erToblioba.
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da samarTlis normebs Soris
damokidebulebaSi garkveuli sicxade Seaqvs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis formisa da Sinaarsis

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dadgenas. rogorc profesori i. tolstoi aRniSnavs, realur sinamdvileSi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi

yovelTvis gvevlineba rogorc nebiTi ekonomikuri da sxvadasxva zednaSeni urTierTobebis forma,
romelic ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli am urTierTobaTa SinaarsTan da ganpirobebulia misi
TaviseburebebiT.8 Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi urTierToba socialuri Sinaarsisa da samarTlebrivi
formis erTianobas warmoadgens, anu erTi mxriv, gansazRvruli interesebis misaRwevad mimarTul
moqmedebasa da meore mxriv, uflebebsa da movaleobebs Soris erTianobas. samarTlis normebi
aregulireben ra, gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, samarTlebrivi regulirebis procesSi
samarTlis normebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs aZlevs samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis formas.
kerZod, isini adgenen am sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa savaldebulo moqmedebis (qcevis)
wess da amdenad, sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs eniWebaT samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis forma.
amasTan, rogorc ukve iTqva, samarTlebriv urTierTobebs aqvT gansazRvruli Sinaarsic.
iuridiul literaturaSi termini `samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsi~ ori gagebiT ixmareba
_ samarTlebrivi urTierTobis socialuri Sinaarsi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis iuridiuli
Sinaarsi. socialuri Sinaarsis mixedviT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi arafriT gansxvavdeba
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisagan. samarTliT (samarTlis normiT) mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobis monawileebs piradi miznebi da interesebi aqvT. magaliTad, SeiZinon sakvebi, sawvavi
da sxva, romlis misaRwevadac gegmaven TavianT moqmedebas, rac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis
Sinaarss warmoadgens da romlebic samarTlebrivi regulirebis Sedegad Rebulobs samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis xasiaTs. amitom lev iaviCi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi
realuri, cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebia da maTi Sinaarsi adamianTa da organizaciaTa moqmedebas
(qcevas) gulisxmobs.9 rac Seexeba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis iuridiul Sinaarss, didi xania
damkvidrebulia azri da davas ar iwvevs, rom samarTlebrivi urTierTobis iuridiuli Sinaarsi
gamoixateba am urTierTobis subieqtTa uflebebsa da movaleobebSi, romlebic miuTiTeben urTierTobis
monawileebs, rogori SeiZleba da unda iyos maTi moqmedeba.10 rogorc vxedavT, samarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobis Sinaarsi ormagi bunebisaa _ socialuri da iuridiuli, amitom samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
cnebis samarTlis (samarTlis normis) ganmartebaSi Setana ar iqneba swori, radgan am ukanasknelisaTvis
mxolod iuridiuli Sinaarsia damaxasiaTebeli.
saxelmwifo ama Tu im sazogadoebriv urTierTobas awesrigebs saxelmwifoebrivi nebis mixedviT,
rac vlindeba samarTlebriv normebSi. samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis xasiaTs arsebiTad saxelmwifos
neba gansazRvravs, magram samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, rogorc nebiTi urTierTobebi, martooden
saxelmwifos nebiT ar amoiwureba. samarTlebrivi urTierTobis nebiTi xasiaTi aucileblad gulisxmobs
am urTierTobis monawileTa nebis arsebobasac. nasyidobis Tu sxva saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
momwesrigebeli normebiT dadgenili mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi saxelmwifos nebis gamoxatulebaa
da isini aseTad (samarTlis normad) darCebian, vidre sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis monawileni
ar gamoxataven nebas _ dadon nasyidobis xelSekruleba, rac samarTlis normiT dadgenil qcevis
zogad wess savaldebulo Zalas SesZens da rac samarTalurTierTobis warmoSobis safuZveli gaxdeba.
amdenad, samarTali (samarTlis norma) mxolod saxelmwifos nebas gamoxatavs, samarTlebrivi urTierToba
ki, gamoxatavs rogorc saxelmwifos, ise urTierTobis monawile subieqtis nebas.
amrigad, forma-Sinaarsisa da nebelobis kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobisa
da samarTlis cnebebi ar aris erTi da igive. samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti konkretuli
uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT aRWurvili piria, xolo samarTlis subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
samarTalsubieqturobis zogadi niSnebi _ samarTalunarianoba da qmedunarianoba statikur mdgo-
mareobaSi. sxva konkretuli uflebebi da movaleobebi samarTlis subieqts ar gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, sa-
moqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia konkretuli
uflebebisa da movaleobebis dinamika, xolo samoqalaqo samarTalsubieqturoba am uflebebisa
da movaleobebis warmoSobis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria.

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 samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtis samarTalsubieqturoba da deliqtunarianoba.
samarTalsubieqturobasTan dakavSirebiT, mokled gvinda SevexoT qarTul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi
da samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebul araswor termins _ `uflebaunarianobas~. Tu terminis
`uflebaunarianobis~ Sinaarsis garkvevas gramatikuli (sityvasityviTi) ganmartebis saSualebiT
SevecdebiT, erT daskvnamde mivalT, rom es aris piris unari hqondes garkveuli samoqalaqo uflebebi.
mkacri gansjis Sedegad uflebaunarianobis terminSi verafriT moviazrebT piris unars, hqondes
garkveuli movaleobebi, Tumca, dRes sadavo ar aris, rom uflebaunarianobaSi kanonmdebelic da
samecniero wreebic moiazreben piris uflebebsac da movaleobebsac. uflebaunarianobis terminis
araswori dadgena vfiqrobT, unda momdinareobdes saqarTvelos 1923 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis
kodeqsidan. kodeqsis zogadi nawilis meore Tavi, sadac saubaria subieqtebze, dasaTaurebulia
uflebis subieqtad. amave kodeqsis meoTxe muxlSi vkiTxulobT, rom saqarTvelos ssr aniWebs
yvela moqalaqes, visac ki, sasamarTlos mier ar eqneba ufleba SezRuduli, samoqalaqo ufleba-
unarianobas. aRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod kanonmdebeli iZleva uflebaunarianobis gafarToebul
legalur ganmartebas, rom igi aris piris unari iqonios samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi.
rogorc vxedavT, uflebaunarianobis termini srulyofilad ver asaxavs mis namdvil mniSvnelobas,
radgan masSi ar Cans piris unari samoqalaqo movaleobis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT, es xarvezi gaimeora
saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsma da 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsmac. am
terminis srulyofisaTvis arc mecnieruli diskusia gamarTula Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT
profesor vaxtang abaSmaZis mier gamoTqmul samarTlian SeniSvnas _ termini uflebaunarianoba
Seicvalos samarTalunarianobis terminiT.11
fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtad aRiarebisaTvis saWiroa,
rom igi akmayofilebdes samarTalsubieqturobisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil yvela moTxovnas, anu
iyos samarTalunariani da qmedunariani. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-11 muxliT, fizikuri piris sa-
marTalunarianoba aris piris unari, hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi, rac warmoiSoba
dabadebis momentidan da Sewydeba misi gardacvalebiT. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtad
cnobisaTvis upirvelesad, mainc qmedunarianobaa miCneuli. samoqalaqo kodeqsi piris qmedunarianobis
legalur ganmartebasac iZleva. kodeqsis me 12 muxli qmedunarianobas ganmartavs, rogorc piris
unars, Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi.
samarTalunarianobisagan gansxvavebiT qmedunarianobis warmoSobas or ZiriTad garemoebas ukavSireben
_ asaks da janmrTelobas.12
roca saubaria samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebze, aq mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis procesSi subieqtTa ganlagebis ra kompoziciasTan gvaqvs saqme. rogorc
saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi savaldebulo wesiT ori mxare monawileobs
_ kreditori da movale (samarTaldamrRvevi da dazaralebuli). kreditori SeiZleba iyos yvela
fizikuri da iuridiuli piri, xolo movale SeiZleba iyos mxolod deliqtunariani piri. qarTul
samecniero literaturaSi deliqtunarianoba ganmartebulia, rogorc `piri, romelic pasuxs agebs
Tavisi moqmedebisaTvis.~13 vfiqrobT, deliqtunarianobis aseTi definicia srulad ver gamoxatavs
mis namdvil mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, sawarmos muSaki, romelsac sruli qmedunarianoba aqvs, zo-
gadad, deliqtunarian pirad unda CaiTvalos, magram samoqalaqo kodeqsis 997-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevebSi, muSaki Tavis qmedebaze pasuxs ar agebs. aq pasuxismgeblobis subieqtad sawarmo gvevlineba,
amitom mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sawarmo aris deliqtunariani. Sesabamisad, deliqtunarianoba
unda ganimartos rogorc piris unari, pasuxi agos Tavisi an mesame piris qmedebisaTvis (aq termins
`mesame pirs~ farTo gagebiT vxmarobT da mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, TavisTavad pasuxismgebloba mesame
piris qmedebisaTvis, subsidiaruli pasuxismgebloba, sawarmos pasuxismgebloba muSakis mier miyenebuli
zianisaTvis da sxva).

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da kanoni

araiuridiuli piris deliqtunarianoba samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT daSvebuli gamonaklisi

SemTxvevaa. es niSnavs, rom yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebs, romlebic ar
arian iuridiuli pirebi, deliqtunarianoba kanoniT unda hqondeT dakisrebuli. samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba icnobs sazogadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebul iseT araiuridiul pir moqalaqeTa
gaerTianebebs, romlebic uflebamosilni arian iyvnen samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis monawile
subieqtebi, magram es sulac ar gulisxmobs maT aucilebel deliqtunarianobas. magaliTad, samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba Svilad ayvanisa da misi baTilad cnobis saqmeSi monawileobis aqtiur rols aniWebs
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis adgilobriv organoebs, magram amave dros kanoni maT raime pasuxis-
mgeblobas ar ganusazRvravs. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, xSirad, araiuridiuli pirebi deliqtunarian
pirebad arian aRiarebulni. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 39-e muxlis mixedviT, araregistrirebuli kavSiri
ar aris iuridiuli piri, magram kreditorebis winaSe igi pasuxs agebs saerTo qonebidan. didi
praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqonea binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobis, rogorc araiuridiuli piris pa-
suxismgeblobis subieqtad sworad gansazRvra. binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-14
muxliT binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobis kreditorebis moTxovnebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes amxana-
gobis wevrTa qonebidan. amasTanave, binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze
amxanagobis wevrebi pasuxs ageben amxanagobis wevrTa saerTo qonebaSi TavianTi wilis Sesabamisad,
personalurad da rogorc solidaruli movaleebi. dasaxelebuli norma bevr kiTxvaze moiTxovs
pasuxs, kerZod: 1. amxanagobis kreditorebis moTxovnebi rodis ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes da
rodis SeiZleba dakmayofildes amxanagobis wevrTa qonebidan? 2. rogor gavigoT amxanagobis wevrTa
erTdroulad wilobrivi da solidaruli pasuxismgebloba da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, dasaxelebul normaSi pirdapir ar aris mocemuli amxanagoba misi kreditorebis
winaSe uSualod TviTon agebs pasuxs Tu misi wevrebi. magram kanonis moTxovna, rom `amxanagobis
kreditorebis moTxovnebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes amxanagobis wevrTa qonebidan,~ subsidiarul
pasuxismgeblobaze migvaniSnebs, rac niSnavs, rom amxanagobis kreditorebis moTxovnebi upirvelesad,
amxanagobis gancalkevebuli qonebidan unda dakmayofildes, xolo Tu aseTi ar aRmoCnda an zianis
anazRaurebis srulad dasafarad arasakmarisia, kreditorebis moTxovnebi amxanagobis wevrebma
unda daakmayofilon solidarulad.
rogorc ukve iTqva imisaTvis, rom amxanagobam misi kreditorebis winaSe TviTon agos pasuxi,
saWiroa, rom mas amxanagobis wevrebisagan gancalkevebuli qoneba hqondes. `binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-4 da me-5 muxlebiT, miwa, Senoba-nageboba da misi calkeuli konstruqciuli
elementebi amxanagobis wevrTa individualuri an saerTo wiladi sakuTrebis obieqtebia. amitom
igive qoneba amxanagobis gancalkevebul qonebad ver CaiTvleba da amxanagobis pasuxismgeblobis
realizacia am qonebiT ar unda ganxorcieldes. amxanagobas misi wevrebisagan gancalkevebuli qoneba
SeiZleba hqondes arasamewarmeo ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis saxiT, rogoricaa
qiravnoba, ijara da misT., amxanagobis saerTo saxsrebiT SeZenili uZravi da moZravi qoneba da
sxva.
msgavsi saqmeebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlos marTebs, gaarkvios vin aris saTanado mopasuxe _
araiuridiuli piri binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagoba Tu misi wevrebi. amasTan, subsidiaruli pasu-
xismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi moqmed binaTmesakuTreTa amxa-
nagobebs faqtobrivad gancalkevebuli qoneba ar gaaCniaT, amxanagobis kreditorebis sarCelebis
saqmeSi mopasuxed amxanagobis wevrebic unda CaerTnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos mier
amxanagobis sawinaaRmdegod gamotanili gadawyvetileba aRusrulebeli darCeba, rasac sasamarTloebi
xSirad, ver acnobiereben. samSeneblo kompania Sps `mercxalma~ mopasuxe binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagoba
`gagarinis I I Sesaxvevi #12-14~-is mimarT sarCeli aRZra da moiTxova Catarebuli samSeneblo samuSaoebis
Rirebulebis anazRaureba. amxanagobis wevrebma moiTxoves saqmeSi mopasuxed CarTva. mosarCelis

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winaaRmdegobis gamo sasamarTlom amxanagobis wevrebis moTxovna ar daakmayofila. Tumca, yvelasTvis
cnobili iyo, rom amxanagobas misi wevrebisagan gancalkevebuli qoneba ar hqonia. mxolod sami
wlis Semdeg, rac sxvadasxva instanciebSi saqme ramdenjerme iyo ganxiluli, Tbilisis saapelacio
sasamarTlom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miiRo swori gadawyvetileba.
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa ganlagebis modelebi. qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis
mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa ganlageba pirobiTad, SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT:
1. pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa pirveli da ZiriTadi modeli. pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa
pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa iseTi modeli, roca saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobidan warmoSobili zianisaTvis pasuxs agebs uSualod xelSekrulebis monawile piri,
romlis moqmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT xelSekruleba ar Sesrulda an Sesrulda arajerovnad, ramac
gamoiwvia ziani. pasuxismgeblobis am modelSi xelSekrulebis meore mxare, vinc ganicada ziani,
aris kreditori, romelic uflebamosilia moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. aseve, deliqtiT
warmoSobili zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba daekisreba uSualod zianis mimyenebels, xolo meore
mxare aris dazaralebuli, romelmac uSualod ganicada deliqtiT gamowveuli ziani da uflebamosilia
moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba. samoqalaqo samarTali upiratesad pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa
aseT models iTvaliswinebs, rac erTnairad vrceldeba rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli pirebis
mimarT.
saerTo wesis mixedviT, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, kreditori uflebamosilia, movales,
romelmac daarRvia valdebuleba, mosTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba (saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxli); aseve, deliqtur urTierTobebSi piri, romelic sxva pirs marT-
lsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros
mas es ziani (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxli).
pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa deliqtunarianobasTan dakavSirebiT fizikuri pirebisagan gansxvavebiT
iuridiul pirebTan mimarTebaSi ufro met sadavo sakiTxebs vawydebiT. am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli
TaviseburebiT gamoirCevian komerciuli iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis
xasiaTi da moculoba maTsave definiciaSi vlindeba. individualuri mewarme, ramdenadac is ar
warmoadgens iuridiul pirs, saqmian urTierTobebSi Tavis uflebebs axorcielebs da movaleobebs
asrulebs, rogorc fizikuri piri. amitom individualuri mewarme Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobidan
warmoSobili valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs piradad, rogorc fizikuri
piri mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. rac Seexeba SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas, saaqcio
sazogadoebasa da kooperativs, es sazogadoebebi maTi kreditorebis winaSe uSualod TviTon ageben
pasuxs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT. Sps-is, ss-isa da kooperativis partniorebi sazogadoebis kreditorebis
winaSe pasuxs ar ageben.
erTi SexedviT, es sakiTxi davas ar unda iwvevdes, magram partnioris zogierTi pasuxismgebloba
gaugebrobas iwvevda jer kidev, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis pirvelsave redaqciaSi. masSi garkveuli
cvlilebebis Setanis miuxedavad migvaCnia, rom Sps-is partnioris pasuxismgebloba kreditorebis
winaSe calsaxad da saTanado doneze ar aris mowesrigebuli. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis pirveli
redaqciis 44-e muxlSi naTqvami iyo, rom Sps-is pasuxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe Semo-
ifargleboda mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, xolo partnioris pasuxismgebloba _ sawesdebo kapitalSi
misi wilis odenobiT; magram es sulac ar niSnavda, rom partniorebi sazogadoebis kreditorebis
winaSe agebdnen pasuxs da iyvnen pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebi. partnioris mier sazogadoebis sawesdebo
kapitalSi Sesrulebuli Senatani sazogadoebis sakuTrebad gadaiqceva, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
sazogadoebis valis dasafarad gamoiyeneba. kanons swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi, magram misi
teqstidan sul sxva Sinaarsi ikiTxeboda. Semdgom kanonSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad,
es xarvezi ki gamosworda, magram ara bolomde.

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`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-3 da me-6 punqtebis Tanaxmad, komandituri sazogadoebis
SezRuduli partniorebi (komanditebi), Sps-is, ss-isa da kooperativis partniorebi sazogadoebis
kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs ageben maT mier Seutaneli SenataniTac, Tu pasuxismgebloba dadga
partniorTa mier SeTanxmebuli Senatanis srulad Setanamde. aseve, sazogadoebis kreditorebis
winaSe partniorebi pasuxs ageben piradad, Tu isini borotad gamoiyeneben pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis
samarTlebriv formebs.14 Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom zemoaRniSnul qmedebaTa gamo partniorebs
pasuxismgebloba ar daekisroT. ubralod, gaumarTleblad migvaCnia kanonis mier SemoTavazebuli
pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa is modeli, roca dasaxelebulma partniorebma pasuxi unda agon sa-
zogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe. partnioris Senatanis Seutanloba, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis
borotad gamoyeneba sazogadoebis wesdebis, anu partniorTa SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) darRvevaa.
Sesabamisad, partniorebis mier sazogadoebis winaSe nakisri valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis
da miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebisaTvis kreditorad unda gamovides sazogadoeba da ara sazogadoebis
kreditori. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu partnioris zemoaRniSnuli qmedebebi sazogadoebis kreditorebisaTvis
zianis momtani iqneba, kreditoris winaSe pasuxi unda agos sazogadoebam, romelic uflebamosili
iqneba regresis wesiT zianis anazRaureba partniorebs mosTxovos.
sasamarTloSi ama Tu im saqmis ganxilvisas WeSmaritebis dadgenis da kanonieri gadawyvetilebis
gamotanis erT-erTi aucilebeli winapiroba pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebis (saTanado mosarCelisa
da mopasuxis) swori gansazRvraa. am sakiTxs sasamarTlo xSirad, zereled ekideba, rac ukanono da
dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT mTavrdeba. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo
saqmeTa kolegiam 2009 wlis 4 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebiT, mosarCele S. c-Zis sarCeli mopasuxe
Sps `alia-holdingsa~ da Tbilisis sapatrulo policiis ufrosis g. g-is mimarT pativisa da Rirsebis
Semlaxveli cnobebis uaryofisa da moraluri zianis _ 10 000 dolaris dakisrebis Taobaze ar
dakmayofilda. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mosarCele S. c-Zem gaasaCivra saapelacio wesiT.
saqmis masalebiT dadgenilia, rom mosarCele S.c-Zem TviTmkvleloba gadawyvita germaniis sael-
CosTan, ris Sesaxebac Tavad daukavSirda sainformacio saSualebebs. man JurnalistTan ganacxada,
rom misi aseTi survili gamowveuli iyo im mizeziT, rom igi saprezidento arCevnebSi Tanabar
pirobebSi ar Caayenes. amasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTSi `versia~ 2007 wlis 10-11 dekembris 46-e nomerSi,
gamoqveynda statia `skandali _ prezidentobis kandidati germaniis saelCos win Tavs iklavda~,
xolo gazeTSi `qronika~ 2007 wlis 10-16 dekembris 48-e nomerSi, daibeWda statia _ `prezidentobis
kandidatma germaniis saelCos Robeze bawriT Tavis CamoxrCoba scada.~ imave statiaSi vkiTxulobT,
rom respondenti S.c-Ze Jurnalistis SekiTxvaze: `patrulma rom gadagiyvanaT fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoSi, iq ra giTxres?~ pasuxobs: `araferi, xeli momawerines raRaceebze da gamomiSves.~
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatam 2009 wlis 27 maisis ganCinebiT
ucvlelad datova pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, rac mosarCele S.c-is mier
gasaCivrebuli iqna sakasacio wesiT. saapelacio sasamarTlom, iseve rogorc pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlom, ganCinebas safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba, rom Tavad faqti _ TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis
Sesaxeb Seesabameboda sinamdviles da ar iyo cilismwamebluri, magram gasaTvaliswineblia is garemoeba,
rom mosarCele sadavod xdis ara TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobas, aramed fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi
misi gadayvanis faqtis sagazeTo statiaSi gamoqveynebas, rac fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos mier
gacemuli cnobiT marTlac ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris ganCinebiT gaauqma mocemul saqmeze saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba da
saqme xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis daubruna imave sasamarTlos. uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis ganCinebas
ZiriTad safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba, rom qvemdgomma sasamarTlom ver gansazRvra saqmeSi
monawile subieqtebis statusi. kerZod, uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi naTqvamia, rom `saqalaqo

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sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaval nawilSi g.g. miTiTebulia fizikur pirad, sarezolucio
nawilSi ki, moxseniebulia rogorc sapatrulo policiis ufrosi. saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCinebis
Sesaval nawilSic g.g-i miTiTebulia fizikur pirad.~ aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, uzenaesi sasamarTlo
sruliad kanonierad askvnis, rom: ‘Tu mosarCele edaveba g.g-s, rogorc Tanamdebobis pirs, mxared
monawileoba unda miiRos saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom, radgan sapatrulo policiis
sammarTvelo warmoadgens am uwyebis struqturul qvedanayofs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxared saqmeSi
Caebmeba zemoT miTiTebuli saministro, saqme ganxiluli unda iyos administraciul saqmeTa palatis
mier... amdenad, palatam upirvelesad, unda daadginos mopasuxis vinaoba da ise gadawyvitos dava~,15
askvnis sakasacio sasamarTlo.
2. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa meore models transqmedunarianoba warmoadgens.
misi Taviseburebaa, rom erTi piris mier samarTaldarRveviT (rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise deliq-
tiT) gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mesame pirs (aq termin `mesame
pirs~ farTo gagebiT vxmarobT da mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, TavisTavad pasuxismgebloba mesame piris
qmedebisaTvis, subsidiaruli pasuxismgebloba, sawarmos pasuxismgebloba muSakis mier miyenebuli
zianisaTvis da sxva). magaliTad, rwmunebulis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis,
saerTo wesis mixedviT, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba marwmunebels, radgan samoqalaqo kodeqsis 709-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, rwmunebuli mesame pirTan garigebas debs marwmuneblis saxeliTa da xarjiT.
mesame piris pasuxismgebloba ufro mkveTrad vlindeba trastis xelSekrulebis dros. Tu davalebis
xelSekrulebiT rwmunebuli mesame pirTan garigebas marwmuneblis saxeliT debs da arsebobs gamarTleba
marwmuneblisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis, trastis xelSekrulebis arsebobisas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom mas mindobili mesakuTre Tavisi saxeliT debs, am xelSekrulebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba mainc sakuTrebis mimndobs daekisreba. es principi damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 725-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu mindobili mesakuTre mindobili sakuTrebisadmi
iseTsave gulisxmierebas iCens, rogorc misi sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT, mesame pirTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mimndob pirs ekisreba. erTi SexedviT,
garkveul gaugebrobas iwvevs amave kodeqsis 728-e muxli, sadac naTqvamia, rom mesame pirebTan
urTierTobaSi pasuxs agebs mindobili mesakuTre, magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos is
pasuxismgebelia Tavisi qonebiT, aramed is pasuxismgebelia `sakuTrebis mimndobis riskiTa da xarjiT.~
mindobili mesakuTre sakuTari qonebiT pasuxs maSin agebs, Tu sakuTrebis mimndobis interesebis
dasacavad ar iCens iseT gulisxmierebas, rogoric mas sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT unda gamoeCina.
aranakleb sainteresoa kanonieri warmomadgenlebis (mSoblebis, meurvis, mzrunvelis) monawile-
obiT dadebul garigebebSi maTi pasuxismgeblobis roli. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12, me-15, 1293-e
muxlebiT dadgenilia, rom SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone pirebi garigebebs deben maTi kanonieri
warmomadgenlis _ mSoblebis an mzrunvelis TanxmobiT, xolo sameurveo piris saxeliT da misi
interesebidan gamomdinare, yvela aucilebel garigebas debs misi kanonieri warmomadgeneli _
mSobeli an meurve. TiTqos davas ar unda iwvevdes, rom amgvari garigebebidan warmoSobili pasu-
xismgebloba pirvel SemTxvevaSi, SezRudulqmedunarian pirs unda daekisros, radgan garigebis
monawile mxares is warmoadgens; aseve, meore SemTxvevaSi, marTalia, garigebas sameurveo piris
warmomadgeneli debs, magram garigeba ideba sameurveo piris saxeliT, anu xelSekrulebis mxare
ara kanonieri warmomadgeneli, aramed sameurveo piria. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebad
sameurveo an samzrunvelo pirebi gamodian.
magram yovelTvis ase martivad ar wydeba saqme. 2005 wels, mcirewlovanis meurve a.k-Ze sameurveo
pirTan i.k-ZesTan erTad droebiT sacxovreblad gadavida samuSao adgilis mixedviT, sxva dasaxlebul
punqtSi, xolo sameurveo piris i.k-Zis sakuTari saxli gaaqirava. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg damqiravebelma
a.k-Zes mosTxova gaqiravebul binaSi kapitaluri remontis Catareba. a.k-Zem samsaxurSi mouclelobis

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gamo, saxli droulad ver SeakeTa, amitom damqiravebelma es samuSaoebi Tavisi xarjebiT Caatara
da Semdeg saxlis mesakuTrisagan moiTxova xarjebis, binis qiraSi gaqviTva. i.k Zis meurvem a.k-Zem
CaTvala, rom damqiraveblis mier saremonto xarjebi iyo gazrdili, amitom mxareebma davis gadasawyvetad
mimarTes mudmivmoqmed kerZo arbitraJs. arbitraJSi saqmis ganxilvis procesSi gairkva, rom saremonto
samuSaoebis Rirebuleba marTlac gazrdili iyo imis gamo, rom a.k-Zem damqiraveblis moTxovnisTanave
droulad ar Caatara saremonto samuSaoebi, ramac gamoiwvia damatebiTi saxsrebis gaxarjva. 2008
wlis 9 ivlisis saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebiT damqiraveblis moTxovna dakmayofilda. gadawyvetilebis
aRsrulebis procesSi gadasaxdeli Tanxis mcire mniSvnelobis gamo i.k-Zis sakuTar saxlze aRsrulebis
miqceva gaumarTleblad da mizanSeuwonlad CaiTvala. mxareebma saaRsrulebo warmoeba morigebiT
daamTavres da Sewyda saaRsrulebo warmoeba.
migvaCnia, rom mocemul saqmeze da sxva analogiuri saqmis ganxilvisas ufro principuli mniSvnelobis
sakiTxi unda garkveuliyo. kerZod, vin unda iyos analogiur saqmeSi saTanado mopasuxe _ sameurveo
piri Tu meurve. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1293-e muxli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, pirdapir pasuxs ar
iZleva, magram amave normaSi miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom meurve sameurveo piris saxeliT garigebas
debs am ukanasknelis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mravlis mTqmelia. sameurveo piris saxeliT
dadebul garigebaSi daculi unda iyos sameurveo piris interesi niSnavs, rom meurvem garigeba
unda Seasrulos sameurveo piris xarjze da kontrahentisagan miiRos Sesabamisi dakmayofileba.
amitom Tu meurvis mxriv xelSekrulebis jerovani SesrulebisaTvis saTanado moqmedebebi ar iqneba
ganxorcielebuli, xelSekrulebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobac meurves
unda daekisros. zemoT motanil magaliTTan mimarTebaSi, ramdenadac meurvem a.k-Zem ver uzrunvelyo
qiravnobis xelSekrulebis jerovani Sesruleba, ramac gamoiwvia damatebiTi xarjebis gadaxda,
misi anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba am ukanasknels unda daekisros.
xSiria mesame piris pasuxismgebloba deliqtur urTierTobebSic. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saerTo
wesis mixedviT, piri, romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT
miayenebs zians, valdebulia TviTon aanazRauros igi. samoqalaqo kodeqsi pasuxismgeblobis saerTo
wesidan akeTebs iseT gamonakliss, roca uSualod zianis mimyenebeli da pasuxismgeblobis subieqti
erTi da igive piri ar aris. magaliTad, pasuxismgebloba aTi wlis asaks miuRweveli piris mier
miyenebuli zianisaTvis (994-e muxli), suliT avadmyofis mier da droebiTi sulieri moSlilobis
mdgomareobaSi miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba (995-996-e muxlebi), samsaxurebrivi movaleobis
Sesrulebisas miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba (998-e muxli), saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba misi
mosamsaxuris mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis (1005-e muxli) da sxva; magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom
aTi wlis asaks miuRweveli piris mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis, iseve rogorc suliT avadmyofis
mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxs aravin agebs. aseTi piris mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis, dasaxelebuli
normebis mixedviT, pasuxismgebloba daekisrebaT mSoblebs an maT meTvalyureobaze valdebul
pirebs. aseTive wesi vrceldeba im piris mimarT, romlis muSakmac samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT, magram bralis gareSe, ziani miayena mesame pirs. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, aucilebelia, rom muSakis qmedebaSi, romelmac mesame pirs ziani miayena mocemuli warmoeba-
dawesebulebis, organizaciis is funqcia vlindebodes, romlis Sesrulebac muSakis samsaxurebriv
movaleobas warmoadgens; xolo muSakis mier mesame pirisaTvis miyenebuli zianiaTvis, Tundac
samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis dros, magram imgvari qmedebiT, rac mis samsaxurebriv
movaleobaSi ar Sedis, warmoeba-dawesebuleba, organizacia pasuxs ar agebs. am debulebis sailustraciod
profesorebs v. smirnovsa da a. sobCaks sasamarTlo praqtikidan Semdegi magaliTi mohyavT: sawarmom
misi TanamSromlebi samsaxurebrivi mivlinebiT mezobel qalaqSi gagzavna. gzad mimavalma muSakebma
erT-erT gaCerebaze spiritiani sasmeli dalies, iCxubes da erTma maTganma xulignuri qvenagrZnobiT,
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT mokla meore. gardacvlilis meuRlem sarCeli aRZra sawarmos mimarT

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marCenalis dakargvis gamo zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb im safuZvliT, rom mopasuxis TanamSromelma
samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis dros miayena ziani. ruseTis umaRlesma sasamarTlom Tavis
ganCinebaSi miuTiTa, rom marTalia, ziani miyenebulia sawarmos muSakis mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis
Sesrulebis dros, magram ara samsaxurebrivi movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. amitom
sawarmo pasuxs ar agebs.16
3. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa mesame models ganekuTvneba sajarimo (sakonfis-
kacio) modeli, rasac saxelmwifo gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, subieqtTa SezRuduli wris mimarT
gamoiyenebs. pasuxismgeblobis es modeli imiT xasiaTdeba, rom samarTaldamrRvevi pasuxs agebs
ara misi kontrahentis an dazaralebulis winaSe an mesame piris qmedebisaTvis, aramed pasuxs agebs
sakuTari qmedebisaTvis saxelmwifos winaSe. pasuxismgeblobis aseTi modelis gamoyeneba samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasjiTi meTodis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli magaliTia,
rac aseve, mimarTulia subieqtTa aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis aRsakveTad. da mainc, samoqalaqo
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ucxo da miuRebelia, amitom kanonmdebeli mas iSviaTi gamonaklisebis
saxiT gamoiyenebs. moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsis sulisCamdgmeli da Semoqmedi profesori sergo
jorbenaZe siamayiT aRniSnavda, rom `axali kodeqsiT administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikis
dominirebuli mdgomareobis nacvlad, civilizebuli sabazro ekonomikis principebis mixedviT
wesrigdeba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobani.~17 batoni sergo jorbenaZis mxriv aRniSnul
faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom saqarTvelos 1923 wlis da 1964 wlis
samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsebi administraciulsamarTlebrivi normebiT iyo gajerebuli, rac
sajaro samarTlisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, roca e.w. mxareebs Soris urTierTdaqvemdebarebis
(subordinaciis) principi moqmedebs, maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo samarTalma Tanasworuflebian
mxareebs Soris urTierTobebi unda moawesrigos. saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis
kodeqsis 105-e muxli iTvaliswinebda SemTxvevas, rom Tu moqalaqes erTze meti sacxovrebeli
saxli an saxlis nawili aRmoaCndeboda pirad sakuTrebaSi, saxalxo deputatebis raionuli (saqalaqo)
sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis gadawyvetilebiT usasyidlod gadaecemoda saxelmwifos (konfis-
kacia). amave kodeqsis 137-e muxliT konfiskacias eqvemdebareboda aseve moqalaqis mouvleli piradi
sakuTrebis saxli da sxva.
saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsi gaTavisuflda `administraciul-mbrZanebluri
ekonomikis dominirebuli mdgomareobidan,~ magram samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis subieqtTa sakon-
fiskacio modelma Tavi iCina 2007 wels, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebis Sedegad. mocemuli SemTxvevis magaliTs warmoadgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sapro-
ceso kodeqsis 3561, 3562, 3563, 3564, 3565, 3566 da 3567 muxlebiT dadgenili samoqalaqo pasuxismgeb-
lobebi. dasaxelebuli normebis mixedviT, prokurors evaleba sarCeli aRZras sasamarTloSi reke-
tiris, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis
gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis, maTi ojaxis wevrebis, axlo naTesavebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli
pirebis mimarT saxelmwifos sasargeblod qonebis CamorTmevis mizniT.
Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom reketiris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWreebisa
da sxvaTa qonebas, rac danaSaulebrivi gziT aris mopovebuli, ar gaukeTdes konfiskacia. vfiqrobT,
marTebuli ar aris, roca qonebis konfiskacia samoqalaqo sarCeliT xorcieldeba. samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis amgvari modeli uaryofiTad aisaxeba samoqalaqo samarTlis Sefasebisas. iZulebiT
an muqariT dauflebuli qonebis ukan dabrunebisas samoqalaqo samarTali unda dasjerdes samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 978-e da 979-e muxlebiT dadgenil pasuxismgeblobis saxesa da farglebs. rac Seexeba
konfiskacias, is sajaro samarTlis prerogativaa da man unda moawesrigos sakonfiskacio urTierTo-
bebi.

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SeniSvnebi:

1
 Ã.Ê. Ìàòâååâ, Âèíà â ñîâåòñêîì ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå, Êèåâ, 1955 ã., ñòð.
23; aseve, ix.: Ã. Ê. Ìàòâååâ, Îñíîâàíèÿ ãðàæäàíñêîïðàâîâîé
îòâåòñòâåííîñòè, Ìîñêâà, 1970 ã., ñòð. 9.
2
   Ñ.Ñ. Àëåêñååâ, Î ñîñòàâå ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ, «Ïðàâîâåäå-
íèå», 1958 ã., ¹1, ñòð. 49.
3
   Ñ.Ñ. Àëåêñååâ, Ãðàæäàíñêàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà íåâûïîëíåíèå ïëàíà
æåëåçíîäîðîæíîé ïåðåâîçêè ãðóçîâ, Ãîñþðèçäàò, 1959ã., ñòð. 49.
4
   À.À. Ïèîíòêîâñêèé, Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû îáùåé òåîðèè ãîñóäàðñòâà è
ïðàâà, æóðíàë «Ñîâåòñêîå ãîñóäàðñòâî è ïðàâî», 1956ã., ¹1, ñòð.19.
5
   Ñ.Í. Áðàòóñü, Âîïðîñû òåîðèè ïðàâà â òðóäàõ Â.È. Ëåíèíà, ó÷åíûå
çàïèñêè À.Î.Í ïðè ÖÊ ÊÏÑÑ, âûï.20, Ìîñêâà, 1955ã., ñòð. 44; vaxtang
abaSmaZe, sabWoTa socialisturi samarTlis Teoriis sakiTxebi, I,
Tbilisi, 1979w., gv. 127.
6
   À.Ê. Ñòàëãåâè÷, Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû òåîðèè ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ïðàâî-
îòíîøåíèé, æóðíàë «Ñîâåòñêîå ãîñóäàðñòâî è ïðàâî», 1957ã., ¹2, ñòð.
24-25.
7
   Á.Â. Øåéíäëèí, Íîðìà ïðàâà è ïðàâîîòíîøåíèå, Âîïðîñû îáùåé òåîðèè
ñîâåòñêîãî ïðàâà, Ìîñêâà, 1960ã., ñòð.121-127.
8
   ix.: vaxtan abaSmaZe, sabWoTa socialisturi samarTlis Teoriis
sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1979w., gv. 135.
9
   Ë.Ñ. ßâè÷, Ïðîáëåìû ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ñîâåòñêèõ îáùåñòâåí-
íûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, Ìîñêâà, 1961 ã., ñòð. 127-131.
10
  Î.Ñ. Èîôôå, Ì.Ä. Øàðãîðîäñêèé, Âîïðîñû òåîðèè ïðàâà, Ìîñêâà,
1961ã., ñòð. 216-219; Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, èçäàíèå òðåòüå, ÷àñòü1, ïîä.
ðåäàêöèé À.Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ.Ê. Òîëñòîãî, Ìîñêâà , 1998ã., ñòð. 82-84.
11
  am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ufro srulyofilad ix.: vaxtang abaSmaZe,
sabWoTa socialisturi samarTlis Teoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi,
1979w., gv. 156-157.
12
  piris qmedunarianobis warmoSobis, qmeduunarod aRiarebis, qmeduna-
rianobis SezRudvasa da emansipaciis Taobaze sakiTxi qarTul samec-
niero literaturaSi farTod aris gaSuqebuli. ix.: mag., lado Wantu-
ria, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
Tbilisi, 1997 w., amitom masze yuradRebas aRar SevaCerebT.
13
  saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi I I ,
avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi, 2001w., gv. 380.
14
  `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tavdapirveli redaqciis
me-3 muxlis meoTxe punqtiT, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis borotad
gamoyenebad iTvleba sazogadoebis qonebis Sereva sxva qonebasTan
an sawarmos funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli kapitalis arasruli
formireba.
15
  saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo,
samewarmeo da gakortebis saqmeebze, 2009w., #3, gv. 11-16.
16
  Â.Ò.Ñìèðíîâ, À.À.Ñîá÷àê, Îáùåå ó÷åíèå î äåëèêòíûõ îáÿçàòåëüñòâàõ,
Ëåíèíãðàä, 1983 ã., ñòð. 17.
17
  saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli,
Tbilisi, 1999w., gv. 7.

98
SUBJECTS TO CIVIL
RESPONSIBILITY

THEA SUKHITASHVILI
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Doctorate Student of the Law School

Subjects to civil responsibility are not well studied by the legal science. I
cannot say the same about subjects to civil relationship. Features of the
subjects to civil responsibility are not reflected in reviews of subjects to
civil legal relationships. The paper below aims at research of such fea-
tures; however, we could not avoid general description of subjects to
civil relationship.

First part of the paper we tried to review history and show the place of
the subject in the composition of the legal violation and disputes of law
scientists on the subject to law. In order to achieve logical and correct
legal conclusions, it was deemed necessary to clarify public relations,
legal relations, correlation of the law and the legal provision. Form and
content of the legal relationship helps to clarify the aforementioned
issues and defines place of willful criteria – on one hand of the state and
subjects of the relationship on the other hand. As a result, it becomes
absolutely clear that generally subjects to civil law possess legal ability as
well as general ability in a static condition, and subjects to civil relation-
ship responsibility possesses dynamics of specific rights and responsibili-
ties.

In the next part of the paper are brought examples of legal entities of the
private law and non-registered societies, based on which specificity of
judicial personality and tortuous ability are reviewed. Finally, the paper
reviews models of ordering responsibilities of subjects. Cases, when legal
violators are individually held responsible before the victim (creditor),
belong to the first model; trans-capability represents the second model;
penalty, i.e. confiscation model represents the third group.

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meuRleTa
TanasakuTrebis
warmoSobis
samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebi

Tea kalandaZe
iuristi

ojaxze, rogorc sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilsa da sa-

xelmwifos ZiriTad ujredze zrunva qveynis umaRlesi kanonm-
deblobiT, konstituciiT aris ganmtkicebuli, romlis mixedvi-
Tac, saxelmwifo valdebulia izrunos ojaxis keTildReobaze.
saojaxo urTierTobebi wesrigdeba rogorc zneobis norme-
biT, CveulebebiTa da tradiciebiT, ise saojaxo samarTlis nor-
mebiTac.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze damya-
rebul kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTo-
bebs. saojaxo samarTali aris samoqalaqo samarTlis qvedargi,
romelic mTeli rigi saojaxo samarTlebrivi institutebisagan
Sedgeba da awesrigebs iseTi saxis urTierTobebs, romelic war-
moiSoba qorwinebisa da ojaxis safuZvelze. misi regulirebis
sferos ara ojaxi rogorc aseTi, aramed mis wevrebs Soris arse-
buli saojaxo urTierTobebi warmoadgens. e.i. moicavs iseT sa-
kiTxebs, rogoricaa daqorwinebis wesi da pirobebi, ganqorwineba,
meuRleTa TanasakuTreba, maTi ufleba-movaleobebi erTmaneTis
da Svilebis mimarT da a.S. saojaxo urTierTobebi iuridiuli
bunebiT SeiZleba piradi da qonebrivi xasiaTis iyos.
piradi (araqonebrivi) xasiaTis urTierTobebi warmoiSoba da-
qorwinebis, qorwinebis Sewyvetis, meuRleTa mier gvaris arCevis,
mamobis dadgenis, Svilebis aRzrdis, ganaTlebis, sacxovrebeli
adgilisa da sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas. qonebrivi urTier-

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Tobebi ojaxSi moicavs meuRleTa Soris uflebebsa da movaleobebs, saerTo da gancalkevebul
qonebaze uflebas, meuRleTa (yofil meuRleTa) urTierTrCenis movaleobas, mSoblebisa da Svi-
lebis, agreTve ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento valdebulebebs.
saojaxo samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani subieqtia meuRleebi, romelTa Soris samar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSobis safuZveli aris qorwineba. qorwinebis registracia unda
moxdes saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semavali sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli piris _ samoqalaqo reestris teritoriul samsaxurSi. mxolod aRniSnulis ganxor-
cieleba (anu registracia qorwinebis) warmoSobs meuRleTa mimarT iuridiul Sedegebs. moce-
muli ganpirobebulia rogorc saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi interesebis uzrunvelsayofad,
ise TviT meuRleTa da maTi Svilebis piradi da qonebrivi uflebebis dacvis mizniT.
ojaxSi meuRleebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT. aRniSnuls safuZvlad
daedo adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali da saqarTvelos konstitucia, saxeldobr,
me-14 muxli, romelic exeba diskriminaciis akrZalvas da awesebs kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis
princips. aRniSnulis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanasworia kanonis winaSe ganurCevlad sqesisa
da amave dros mas safuZvlad udevs konstituciis 36-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Sinaarsi _
`qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobas.~ zemoaRniSnulma detaluri gamoxatu-
leba hpova kodeqsis 1152-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac, saojaxo urTierTobebSi meuRleebi
sargebloben Tanabari piradi da qonebrivi uflebebiT da ekisrebaT Tanabari movaleobebi. qor-
winebis registraciis momentidan meuRleTa piradi da qonebrivi ufleba-movaleobebis Tanab-
roba saojaxo urTierTobaTa arsebobis yvela etapisaTvis kanoniT garantirebuli aucileb-
lobaa.
meuRleTa qonebrivi ufleba-movaleobebi, urTierTobebi pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT or
jgufad:
meuRleTa TanasakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi;
meuRleTa urTierTrCenasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi (saalimento movaleobani).
Cveni ganxilvis Temas meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebi warmoadgens, anu qorwinebis gan-
mavlobaSi, Tanacxovrebis periodSi SeZenili uZravi qonebis samarTlebrivi bedi da misi gayofis
wesi ganqorwinebisas, roca sadavo qonebis registracia sajaro reestrSi ganxorcielebulia
erT-erTi meuRlis saxelze.
ojaxSi meuRleTa qonebas SeiZleba individualuri sakuTreba warmoadgendes, rogoricaa qo-
neba, romelic TiToeul maTgans ekuTvnoda daqorwinebamde da qoneba, romelic qorwinebis gan-
mavlobaSi miRebulia memkvidreobiT an CuqebiT, aseve, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi meuRleTa sa-
erTo TanxebiT SeZenili qoneba, Tu igi gankuTvnilia erT-erTi meuRlis individualuri moTxov-
nis dasakmayofileblad da TanasakuTreba, romelSic Sedis qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili
qoneba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1163-e muxlis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli meuRlis qoneba
SeiZleba CaiTvalos meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad, Tu dadgindeba, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi
gaweuli xarjebis Sedegad am qonebis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad gadidda (gadagegmareba, mSe-
neblobis dasruleba, gadakeTeba da sxva). mocemuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba, Tu saqorwino xelSek-
rulebiT sxva ram iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-
erT saqmeze uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta Semdegi: im qonebis mimdinare remonti, romelic erT-
erT meuRles ekuTvnis an iseTi umniSvnelo Tanxis dabandeba, romelic ar gamoiwvevs am qonebis
Rirebulebis mniSvnelovnad gadidebas, ar SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli qonebis saerTo sakuTre-
bad aRiarebisaTvis. qonebis remonti an Tanxebis dabandeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
gaxdes safuZveli TanasakuTrebad aRiarebisaTvis, Tu am qonebis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad
gaizrdeba (ix.: saqme as-33-489-06. 08.09.2006 w.).

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rac Seexeba saCuqriT miRebuli nivTis iuridiul beds, davis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTloebi
xelmZRvaneloben prezumfciiT, rom ojaxis saerTo sargeblobisaTvis da ara marto erT-erTi
meuRlis piradi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisaTvis gankuTvnili nivTebi, Tu sawinaaRmdego
ar aris damtkicebuli, orive meuRlisaTvis naCuqar qonebad unda CaiTvalos da maTze gavr-
celdes meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis reJimi.
kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebulia SesaZlebloba meuRleTa mier qonebrivi urTierTobebis sa-
qorwino xelSekrulebiT mowesrigebisa, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi novacias war-
moadgens. xelSekruleba aris mxareTa mier nebis gamovlenis Sedegi, romelic mimarTulia sa-
marTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken. mxareebs SeuZliaT Tavisuf-
lad dadon xelSekrulebebi da gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsi. xelSekruleba SeiZleba
daidos, rogorc qorwinebis registraciamde ise registraciis Semdeg, magram samarTlebriv
Sedegebs warmoSobs mxareebisaTvis mxolod qorwinebis maregistrirebel organoSi daregist-
rirebis Semdeg. kanonmdeblis imperatiuli moTxovnaa, rom xelSekruleba daidos werilobiTi
formiT da damowmdes sanotari wesiT.
meuRleebs SeuZliaT xelSekrulebis gziT daareguliron iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa qorwi-
nebamde arsebuli qonebis TanasakuTrebad gadaqceva an qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qoneba-
ze erT-erTi meuRlis sakuTrebis reJimis gavrceleba da a.S.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqorwino xelSekrulebiT mxareebi xdebian garkveuli ufleba-mo-
valeobebis matarebelni, magram aris movaleobebi, romelTa Secvlac saqorwino xelSekrulebiT
dauSvebelia (ssk-is 1179-e muxli). esenia: meuRleTa urTierTrCenis movaleoba, mSoblis ufleba-
movaleobebi Svilebis mimarT, saalimento movaleobani da davis SemTxvevaSi _ sasamarTloSi
mimarTvis ufleba. aseve, xelSekrulebiT ar SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iseTi pirobebi,
romlebic mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs erT-erT meuRles.
meuRleTa qonebis samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra mTlianad damokidebulia maT neba-
survilze. am sferoSi kanonis mxridan raime saxis SezRudva ar aris. rac Seexeba meuRleTa
qonebriv ufleba-movaleobaTa sxva saxeebs, maT mimarT kanoni gansazRvrul sifrTxiles iCens,
rac meuRleTa da ojaxis sxva wevrTa interesebis darRvevis Tavidan acilebis mizniTaa ganpi-
robebuli.
ra iTvleba meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad? amaze gvpasuxobs ssk-is 1158-e muxli, sadac miTiTebu-
lia rom qoneba, SeZenili qorwinebis Semdgom iTvleba meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad Tu saqorwino
xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gansazRvruli.
qonebis cnebis ganmartebas iZleva ssk-is 147-e muxli. qoneba aris yvela nivTi da aramateri-
aluri qonebrivi sikeTe, romelTa flobac, sargebloba da gankargva SeuZliaT fizikur da
iuridiul pirebs da romelTa SeZenac SeiZleba SeuzRudavad, Tu es akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT
an ar ewinaaRmdegeba zneobriv normebs. aRniSnuli qoneba, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc moZ-
ravi, ise uZravi arsebobs fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis sakuTrebaSi.
sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romlis gareSec
SeuZlebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos arseboba. sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis ara marto ar-
sebobis elementaruli safuZvelia, aramed uzrunvelyofs mis Tavisuflebas, misi unarisa da
Tavisuflebis adekvatur realizacias, cxovrebis sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT warmarTvas. imav-
droulad, kerZo sakuTreba, rogorc instituti, sabazro ekonomikis birTvs warmoadgens. igi
aris demokratiuli saxelmwifos arsebobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapiroba. sakuTreba
adamianis bunebiTi uflebaa. igi adamians dabadebidanve aqvs. sakuTrebis ufleba konstitu-
ciiT garantirebuli, aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofili uflebaa. saqarTvelos konstituciis
21-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi `sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRia-

102
rebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidre-
obiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba.~
sxadasxva samarTlebrivi regulireba axasiaTebs nivTebs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini moZravia
Tu uZravi. uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis warmoSobisaTvis amave kodeqsis 183-e muxliT, savaldebu-
loa sajaro reestrSi registracia, radgan swored aqedan iwyeba mesakuTris uflebebis gan-
xorcieleba, romelic nivTis misi survilisamebr gankargvas ukavSirdeba. qonebaze SeiZleba vrcel-
debodes saerTo sakuTrebis reJimi, anu rodesac ufleba ramdenime pirs erToblivad ekuTvnis.
Cvens mier qonebis Tu sakuTrebis arsis zogadi mimoxilva ukavSirdeboda im problemis ukeT
gamokveTas, romelic warmoiSoba da arsebobs maSin, roca meuRleTa qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi
SeZenili uZravi qoneba sakuTrebis uflebiT aRricxulia sajaro reestrSi mxolod erT
maTganze. meuRleebze rogorc uZravi qonebis TanamesakuTreebze saubari SegviZlia maSin, roca
isini amgvarad arian daregistrirebulni Sesabamis organoSi (sajaro reestrSi). rogorc aRi-
niSna, uZravi nivTis registracia imperatiuli moTxovnaa da am danawesidan mxareeebs gadaxveva
ar SeuZliaT. aRniSnulis imperatiuloba ganpirobebulia im faqtiTac, rom sajaro reestri
sajaro-samarTlebriv instituts warmoadgens, sadac xdeba calkeuli kerZosamarTlebriv uf-
lebaTa registracia, saxeldobr, rogoricaa uZrav nivTebze sakuTreba da sxva sanivTo ufle-
bebi. sajaro reestris ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, rom igi asrulebs mowesrigebuli samoqalaqo
brunvis garantiis funqcias, romlis mimarTac moqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia,
vidre sawinaaRmdego ar damtkicdeba. Canawerebis mimarT mesame pirs uCndeba dasabuTebuli
varaudi da ndoba rom sajaro reestrSi aRricxuli piri aris nivTis mesakuTre.
msjeloba meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis warmoSobaze mxolod sajaro reestrSi registraciis
Semdeg, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba CavTvaloT winaaRmdegobad saojaxo samarTlis iseT fuZem-
deblur sakiTxTan, rogoricaa meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis principi. Teoriasa Tu praqtikaSi gav-
rcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba maT
saerTo qonebas (TanasakuTrebas) warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa, orive maTganzea Tu erT-erTze
registrirebuli. TanasakuTrebis ufleba warmoiSoba maSinac, Tu erT-erTi maTgani eweoda sa-
ojaxo saqmianobas, uvlida Svilebs an sxva sapatio mizezis gamo, ar hqonda damoukidebeli Se-
mosavali. erTi SexedviT, aRniSnuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1158-e muxlidan gamom-
dinareobs.
Tumca TanasakuTrebasTan amgvar midgomas ver gaviziarebT da aRvniSnavT, rom zemoT miTi-
Tebuli muxli aris sakuTrebis warmoSobis erT-erTi safuZveli, kanonmdeblis mier miniWebuli
ufleba da ara avtomaturi danawesi TanamesakuTred cnobisa. kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs, rom
qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebaze TanasakuTrebis ufleba warmoeSoba orive meuRles
da es ufleba saTanado wesiT saWiroebs realizebas, konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki, sajaro reestrSi
registracias orive maTganze (meuRleebze). es ase rom ar iyos, maSin ssk-is 1158-e muxlSi
aucileblad iarsebebda amgvari Canaweri, rom meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili
qoneba maT saerTo qonebas (TanasakuTrebas) warmoadgens, miuxedavad am qonebis saTanado wesiT
registraciisa. aseTi Canaweri ki, Cveni mosazrebiT, imitom ar gakeTda, rom calsaxad adgili
eqneboda im mesame pirebis, romlebic keTilsindisierad moqmedeben, interesTa darRvevas, radgan
Tu kanoni sakuTrebis warmoSobis zogadi wesidan (uflebis registracia) gansxvavebul wess
gvTavazobs, miT ufro maSin, roca saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs meuRleTa
qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qonebis gankargvis (gasxviseba, ipoTekiT datvirTva da a.S.)
SemTxvevaSi, meore meuRlis werilobiTi Tanxmobis wardgenas Sesabamis organoSi. aseT dros
mesame pirisaTvis sirTules warmoadgens imis gageba, Tu vis ekuTvnis es qoneba, individualur
sakuTrebas warmoadgens Tu ara. sajaro reestrSi registracias arasavaldebulo xasiaTi rom

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hqondes, maSin erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmobis gareSe, dadebuli xelSekrulebis dros gaTvaliswi-
nebuli iqneboda ara mesame piris (ssk-is 1160-e muxli), aramed dazaralebuli meuRlis interesi,
rac seriozul safrTxes Seuqmnida sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, dawevda ndobis
xarisxs da qonebis SeZena dakavSirebuli iqneboda sakmao da dasabuTebul riskTan. vfiqrobT,
esec argumentia imisa, rom miniWebuli uflebis ganxorcielebaze uaris TqmiT (umoqmedobiT)
mxare kargavs nivTze batonobis iseT uflebebs, rac mxolod registrirebul mesakuTres unda
hqondes.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1159-e muxlis mixedviT, TanasakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebaze meuRleebs
aqvT Tanabari uflebebi. am qonebis floba sargebloba da gankargva xorcieldeba meuRleTa
urTierTSeTanxmebiT. meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT
erTis mier dadebuli garigeba ver iqneba baTilad cnobili meoris moTxovniT im safuZvliTac
ki, Tu meore meuRlem ar icoda garigebis Sesaxeb an ar eTanxmeboda aRniSnul garigebas. aseT
dros meuRles ufleba aqvs moiTxovos qonebis gankargviT miRebuli sargebeli.
Teoriulad daculia im meuRlis interesi, romelsac meores moqmedebiT miadga ziani, magram
am uflebis praqtikaSi realizeba iseT sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoric moTxovnis
realurad dakmayofilebaa, radgan aseT dros sasamarTlos mier dakmayofilebul sarCels uWirs
aRsruleba, Tu mopasuxes ar gaaCnia qoneba (moZravi an uZravi), razedac SemdgomSi SesaZlebelia
moxdes aRsasruleblad miqceva da amitom umravles SemTxvevebSi, meore meuRlis saerTo qonebis
gankargviT miRebuli zianis anazRaureba praqtikulad gadauWreli da daukmayofilebeli rCeba.
kanonmdebeli amgvari danawesiT kidev erTxel, xazs usvams Tanacxovrebis periodSi SeZenili
qonebis registraciis savaldebuloobas, rasac upirveles yovlisa, safuZvlad TviTon meuR-
leTa interesi _ saojaxo samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi principis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa
udevs. sajaro reestris utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfciidan gamomdinare, mesame pirebs,
romlebsac aqvT kanonieri ndoba mocemuli monacemisadmi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna da moqmedeben
keTilsindisierad, ar SeiZleba miadgeT ziani. dazaralebulma meuRlem, misive nebiT xelidan
gauSva TanamesakuTred yofnis SesaZlebloba Tavisive interesis sazianod. aseve, radgan dava
exeba qonebas (kerZod, uZravs) specialuri normebi unda veZioT sanivTo samarTlis TavSi, sadac
weria, rom mesakuTred iTvleba piri, romelic aseTad aris registrirebuli Sesabamis organoSi,
anu sajaro reestrSi.
praqtikaSi mravlad aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mxareebi ganqorwinebasTan erTad sasamarTlos
mimarTaven TxovniT Tanacxovrebis periodSi SeZenili qonebis gayofasTan (TanasakuTrebidan
wilis gamoyofa) dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli moTxovna sasamarTlos mier ar unda iqnes dakmayofi-
lebuli, radgan saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma
mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels.
amave muxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT ki, saqmis garemoebebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad, unda
dadasturdes garkveuli saxis mtkicebulebebiT, ar SeiZleba dadasturdes sxva saxis mtkice-
bulebebiT. aseT dros TanasakuTrebis samtkiceblad mxolod qorwinebis mowmoba (e.i. mtkice-
buleba imisa, rom sadavo qoneba namdvilad qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi aris SeZenili) ar gamodgeba,
saWiroa amonaweri sajaro reestridan, radgan swored es aris imgvari mtkicebuleba rac adas-
turebs zemoaRniSnuls (TanasakuTrebas), aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki, SesaZlebelia moT-
xovnil iqnes TanasakuTrebidan wilis gamoyofa.
zemoT saubari gvqonda kanonmdeblis mier moniWebul uflebaze qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi
SeZenili qonebis _ TanasakuTrebis sajaro reestrSi daregistrirebasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc
viciT, mxareebi maTi darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis mizniT, xSirad mimarTaven sasamarTlos.
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba yoveli adamianis garantirebuli uflebaa. sasamarTlom ar

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SeiZleba uari Tqvas marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaze. roca sakuTrebis uflebis registracia
Tanacxovrebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebaze aris erT-erT meuRleze ganxorcielebuli da
meore meuRles surs masTan erTad daregistrirdes rogorc TanamesakuTre da gamoiyenos 1158-e
muxliT misTvis miniWebuli ufleba da aseT dros awydeba winaaRmdegobas meore meuRlisagan
rogorc qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi, ise ganqorwinebisas (Tumca, amgvari davebi ufro xSiria gan-
qorwinebis dros) mas SeuZlia sasamarTlos mimarTos TanamesakuTred cnobis moTxovniT, roca
warmodgenilia saTanado mtkicebulebebi (aseT dros, ukve qorwinebis mowmoba, imis samtki-
ceblad rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi moxda SeZena da a.S.) moTxovna safuZvliani da dasabuTe-
bulia. sajaro reestrisaTvis erT-erTi meuRlis mimarTva im mizniT, rom daaregistriron Tana-
mesakuTred uZrav qonebaze, radgan SeZenilia qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi da mtkicebulebad qor-
winebis mowmobis wardgena uSedego iqneba, vinaidan qorwineba ar aris sajaro reestrisaTvis
mesakuTred daregistrirebis iseTi safuZveli, rogoricaa nasyidobis, Cuqebis, gacvlis da a.S.
xelSekrulebebi. aseT dros, sasamarTlos mier TanamesakuTed cnobis da reestris monacemebSi
cvlilebebis Setanis moTxovna unda dakmayofildes, radgan mxarem sadavo sakiTxis iZulebiT
mosawesrigeblad, mimarTa marTlmsajulebis ganmxorcielebel organos.
Tu kargad gadavxedavT mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sasamarTloebis SemuSavebul praqti-
kas, mivalT daskvnamde, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebaze meuRleTa TanasakuTreba
warmoiSoba miuxedavad registraciisa da sasamarTlo praqtika ambobs, rom meuRleTa TanasakuT-
rebisadmi ama Tu im qonebis mikuTvnebisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs im garemoebas, rom qoneba SeZenili
iyos meuRleTa mier qorwinebis gnmavlobaSi erToblivi SromiTa da saerTo saxsrebiT, rasac ar
veTanxmebiT.
zemoT aRniSnulidan naTlad Cans, rom TanasakuTrebas maSin aqvs adgili, roca uZrav qonebaze
meuRleebi TanamesakuTreebad arian daregistrirebulni sajaro reestrSi da ara avtomaturad,
mxolod im pirobis dakmayofilebiT, rom sadavo qoneba qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi iyos SeZenili.
aqedan gamomdinare, ganxilul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, samoqalaqo brunvis ganviTarebasTan
erTad ufro meti windaxedulebis gamoCena gvmarTebs, raTa SemdgomSi Cvenive umoqmedobiT ar
moxdes sakuTari interesebis Selaxva.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia;
2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi;
3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi;
4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi, 2000, wigni
mexuTe;
5. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (wigni meore);
6. roman Sengelia, saojaxo samarTali, kanonTa komentarebi, Tbilisi,
1999;
7. saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, sakuTrebis ufleba
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2007;
8. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamaTlos 2006 wlis gadawyvetilebaTa
krebuli;

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GROUNDS FOR
ORIGINATION OF
CO-OWNERSHIP
RIGHTS OF SPOUSES

THEA KALANDADZE
Lawyer

Family law has its own, very peculiar features. Family law regulates
relationships participants to which we automatically become right after
birth; this is when the obligations of parents towards children and vice
versa start. Spouses’, as well as family members’ authorities are defined.

The paper below reviews the subject of property relationships of spouses;

namely, legal future of the property acquired during marriage (when the
given issues is not regulated by the marriage contract). Then, co-owner-
ship represents the problem according to the Family and Property Law;
as well as collision between provisions regulating origination of the right
to property, which is provided in the two areas of civil law.

Besides, the article reviews problems related to formulation of the de-

mands of the claim during hearing of the dispute by the court, as well as
the attitude of the court to the arisen problem of marital co-ownership,
etc.

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organizebuli
danaSaulis
winaaRmdeg brZola
italiaSi

daviT mesxiSvili
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis
iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti

organizebul danaSaulTan brZola italiaSi gansakuTrebuli

TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mafias sak-
maod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, didi xnis manZilze qveynis xeli-
sufleba araTu ar ebrZoda, aramed saerTod mis arsebobasac ar
aRiarebda. specialistebis azriT, gadaWarbebuli ar aris mosaz-
reba, rom mafia mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobs saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebis organoebTan erTad.1 realuri Zvrebi organizebuli dana-
Saulis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi 1982 wlidan daiwyo, ramde-
nime Tanamdebobis piris sazareli mkvlelobis Semdeg. 1982-1992
wlebSi miRebulia 114 normatiuli aqti, romelic pirdapir an
arapirdapir mimarTulia organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg.
maT Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1982 wlis 13 seqtembris #646
kanoni, romelsac mafiis mier mokluli avtorebis pativsacemad
ronioni da la tores saxelwodebiT moixseneben. garda amisa,
ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo aqti organizebuli danaSaulis sfe-
roSi aris 1965 wlis 31 maisis `kanoni mafiis winaaRmdeg~ (anti-
mafia), sadac sityva `mafia~ pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli saka-
nonmdeblo doneze, agreTve calekuli debulebebi mocemulia
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi.
ZiriTad antimafiur sakanonmdeblo aqtad miiCneva 1965 wlis
31 maisis #575 `kanoni mafiis winaaRmdeg~ (antimafia), romelmac
Semdgom arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganicada. igi exeba pirebs, romle-
bic eWvmitanilni arian mafiuri tipis dajgufebebis, kamorasa

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Tu sxva gaerTianebaTa wevrobaSi maTi adgilobrivi dasaxelebis miuxedavad, romlebic mafiuri

gaerTianebis interesebisaTvis iRvwian da Sesabamisi meTodebiTve moqmedeben.2
amgvarad, amerikuli rikosgan gasxvavebiT, aRniSnuli kanoni sjis konkretuli dajgufebis
wevrobas. is, Tu ra CaiTvleba `mafiozuri dajgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel miznad~, kanoniT
gansazRvruli ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi, zogadad, organizebuli danaSaulis ganmartebas unda
daveyrdnoT da amgvar miznad ukanono Semosavlis miReba miviCnioT. rac Seexeba meTodebs, rom-
lebzec imave muxlSia miTiTebuli, zogadi cnebidan gamomdinare, aseTad unda CaiTvalos Zala-
doba an Zaladobis muqara, nebismier saqmianobaSi monopoliuri mdgomareobis mopoveba, wevrTa
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad pirTa mosyidva da a.S.
kanonis danarCeni normebi eTmoba qonebis konfiskaciisa da misi saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis
proceduras. kanoni qonebis cnebaSi aerTianebs uZrav da moZrav qonebas, maT Soris, fasian qaRal-
debs. prokuroris an kvestoris (policiis ufrosi) moTxovnis safuZvelze tribunali iRebs
gadawyvetilebas qonebis dayadaRebis Sesaxeb. igi daeqvemdebareba konfiskacias, Tu ar dadas-
turda misi kanonieri warmomavloba, rac unda daamtkicos braldebulma. yadaRis Sesaxeb gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebamde misi warmoSobis ukanonobas amtkicebs prokurori an kvestori. amgvarad,
saqme gvaqvs mtkicebis tvirTis Sereul saxesTan.3 CamorTmeuli qonebis marTvisaTvis daniSnuli
administratoris movaleobaa dayadaRebuli sakuTrebis dacva, Senaxva da administrireba, aseve,
SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, qonebis gazrda. yovelive es xorcieldeba mosamarTlis uSualo
zedamxedvelobiT. mkacradaa gansazRvruli administratoris saqmianobis reglamenti, raTa
Tavidan iqnas acilebuli CamorTmeuli qonebis gankargva misi uwindeli mflobelis mier. ad-
ministrators ekrZaleba mTeli rigi qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, kerZod: mosamarTlis winaswari
nebarTvis gareSe sesxis aReba, garigebis dadeba, saarbitraJo SeTanxmeba, Tavdeboba, qonebis
ipoTekiT datvirTva, sasamarTlo procesze mxared gamosvla. CamorTmeuli qonebis movlisa da
SenaxvisaTvis saWiro an aucilebel xarjebs anazRaurebs administratori saamisod gamoyofili
Tanxebidan. Tu ar moipoveba dayadaRebuli qonebis samarTavad sakmarisi Tanxa, maSin am xarjebs
gaiRebs saxelmwifo, xolo yadaRis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi _ qonebis marTvisa da dacvisaTvis
gaRebuli xarjebi saxelmwifos ar aunazRaurdeba. qonebis konfiskaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi, administratoris mier gaweuli saqmianobis, misi momsaxurebis, agreTve,
mis mier damxmare pirebze gacemuli xarjebi anazRaurdeba CamorTmeuli qonebis administrirebis
angariSidan. Tu arsebuli Tanxebi ver faravs zemoxsenebul xarjebs, maT nawilobriv an mTlianad
anazRaurebs saxelmwifo ukuanazRaurebis uflebis gareSe. yadaRis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi, ze-
moxsenebul xarjebs mTlianad gaiRebs saxelmwifo.
1996 wlis 7 marts, kanonSi Setanil iqna cvlileba, romelic CamorTmeuli qonebis Semdgom
gankargvas Seexeba. `aman konfiskacias savsebiT realuri da imavdroulad, keTilSobiluri da-
niSnuleba SesZina. kerZod, cvlileba ayalibebs racionalur meqanizms konfiskacias daqvemde-
barebuli qonebis Semdgomi gankargvisaTvis. amgvari qonebis marTvisas Semosuli fuladi saxs-
rebi akumulirdeba prefeqturasTan arsebul fondSi, raTa Semdgom SesaZleblobis farglebSi,
CamorTmeuli uZravi qoneba gaices instituciuri, socialuri da sajaro interesebis gansaxor-
cieleblad, administrirebis proeqtebis, Tundac, nawilobriv dasafinanseblad. aseve, iseTi
specifikuri saqmianobisaTvis, rogoricaa: dazianebuli sacxovrebeli raionebis aRdgena, si-
Raribisa da segregaciis aRmofxvra, skolebSi marTlwesrigis Semswavleli kursebis danergva,
axalgazrda umuSevarTa Soris samewarmeo kulturisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
agreTve, es Tanxebi da uZravi qoneba emsaxureba narkomaniasTan brZolas, narkomanTa mkurna-
lobasa da maT reabilitacias, risTvisac isini gadaecema sxvadasxva socialuri funqciis mqone

108
iuridiul pirebs, Tu isini akmayofileben garkveul pirobebs. amdenad, kanoni sazogadoebisaTvis
usamarTlod warTmeul ama Tu im sikeTes sazogadoebasve ubrunebs.~4
1982 wlis 13 seqtembers miRebul iqna `debulebani qonebrivi xasiaTis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis
Sesaxeb,~ romelsac ronioni-la tores saxelwodebiT ixsenieben proeqtis avtorebis, qristian-
demokratis, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris virjinio ronionisa da komunistebis lideris, pio la
tores pativsacemad.
miTiTebulma kanonma Semoitana ori siaxle – modificirebul iqna sisxlis samarTlis 416-e
muxli, ris Sedegadac moxda `mafiuri tipis gaerTianebis~ kriminalizacia da gafarTovda Sesa-
bamisi organoebis uflebamosileba eWvmitanil pirebze TvalTvalis ganxorcielebasa da maTTvis
gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvaSi.
zemoT miTiTebuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad Seqmnili sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 416 mux-
lis Sesabamisad, dajgufeba iTvleba mafiozuri tipis dajgufebad, Tu igi Sedgeba sami
wevrisagan mainc, romlebic iyeneben daSinebas, adgenen morCilebisa da dumilis pirobebs, rac
emsaxureba danaSaulis Cadenas, ekonomikuri saqmianobis menejmentis, koncesiebis, licenziebis,
saxelmwifo kontraqtebisa da sajaro samsaxuris pirdapir an arapirdapir daqvemdebarebas an
masze kontrolis uSualo an irib ganxorcielebas, TavisTvis an sxva pirebisaTvis ukanono Se-
mosavlebis an upiratesobis misaRebad.5
damamZimebel garemoebebad iTvleba cecxlsasroli iaraRis floba an gamoyeneba, aseve,
ukanonod mopovebuli Semosavlebis meSveobiT masTan dakavSirebul ekonomikur saqmianobaze
kontrolis mopoveba.6
aRniSnuli normatiuli aqtis safuZvelze, msjavrdebuli pirebi kargaven sapolicio, vaW-
robis, biTumad vaWrobis, saauqciono brokerobis, sazogadoebrivi wylebis koncesiis licenzi-
rebis uflebas, aseve, sajaro administraciis kuTvnil samSeneblo samuSaoebis ganmaxorci-
elebel kontraqtorTa siaSi registraciis uflebas. am muxlis debulebani exeba kamorasa da
sxva gaerTianebebs, romlebic iyeneben daSinebas da aqvT mafiozuri tipis dajgufebaTa msgavsi
miznebi.
rionioni-la tores kanonis me-3 Tavi finansur debulebebs Seexeba, konkretulad ki, qonebis
CamorTmevis proceduras. finansuri gvardiis sagadasaxado policiis samsaxuri savaluto da
korporaciul danaSaulTa gaxsnis mizniT qvemdebareobis mixedviT axorcielebs im pirebis fi-
nansuri mdgomareobis gamoZiebas, romelTa mimarTac gamotanilia Tundac, arasaboloo ganaCeni
zemoT miTiTebuli qmedebebis CadenisaTvis an romelTa mimarTac miRebulia Tundac, arasabo-
loo gadawyvetileba aRmkveTi RonisZiebis Sefardebis Sesaxeb, antimafiis safuZvelze. ganaCenis
an aRmkveTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis asli saamisod uflebamosili kan-
celariis mier gadaecema am muxlis pirvel nawilSi miTiTebul finansuri gvardiis sagadasaxado
policiis samsaxurs. gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, romlis safuZvelzec pirs Seefarda aRmkveTi
RonisZieba, ar warmoadgens dabrkolebas gamoZiebisas gamoaSkaravebuli monacemebis safinanso
gamoZiebis mizniT gamoyenebisaTvis. mafiis wevrobaSi msjavrdebuli pirebi, valdebulni arian
sagadasaxado policias acnobon maTi qonebis Rirebulebis nebismieri cvalebadoba, romelic
aRemateba 20 000 000 liras (daaxloebiT, 13 000 aSS dolari). Tu safinanso policiis mier
ganxorcielebuli Semowmebisas gamovlindeba finansuri xasiaTis danaSauli, prokurori awar-
moebs sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas. piris dakaveba yovelTvis savaldebuloa finansuri, sava-
luto an korporaciuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic sasjelis zomis
saxiT iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas da Cadenilia im pirTa mier, romelTa mimarTac
gamotanilia saboloo ganaCeni mafiozuri tipis dajgufebis wevrobisaTvis an saboloo gadawyve-

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tilebiT, maT mimarT ukve moqmedebs aRmkveTi RonisZieba, antimafiis safuZvelze. winaswari
dakavebis vada ganisazRvreba sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 272-e muxliT, rac arc
erT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba aRematebodes danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli maqsimaluri
sasjelis or mesameds. Tu piris mier finansur, savaluto an korporaciul danaSaulTan erTad
Cadenilia sxva danaSauli, procesis gaerTianeba dauSvebelia. finansuri, savaluto an korpo-
raciuli danaSaulis saqmes, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ganixilavs igive sasamarTlo, romelmac am
pirs Seufarda aRmkveTi RonisZieba an daadgina misi kuTvnileba mafiozuri dajgufebisadmi.
sainteresoa, rom ronioni-la tores kanonis 30-e muxlis mixedviT, pirebi, romelTac saboloo
ganaCeniT sasjeli daekisraT sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 416-bi muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulis CadenisaTvis an saboloo gadawyvetilebiT daekisraT 1965 wlis 31 maisis #575
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli aRmkveTi RonisZieba, ramdenadac eWvmitanilad iqnen miCneuli am
kanonis pirveli muxliT gansazRvruli dajgufebis wevrobaSi, valdebulni arian, am faqtidan
30 dRis vadaSi da 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT arsebul sagadasaxado
policiis samsaxurs acnobon maT qonebriv mdgomareobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, Tu
maTi qoneba aRemateba 20 milion liras. 10 wlis vadis aTvla iwyeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis an
saboloo ganaCenis gamotanis dRidan. is, vinc kanoniT dadgenil vadebSi ar warmoadgens cnobas
30-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qonebrivi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
vadiT oridan eqvs wlamde da jarimiT 20-dan 40 milion liramde.7
ronioni-la tores kanonis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia me-4 Tavi, romelic iTvalis-
winebs mafiasTan sabrZolvelad saparlamento komisiis Seqmnas, romlis mizania:
mafiisa da misi kavSirebis fenomenTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli am kanonisa da sxva saxelmwifo
kanonebis aRsrulebaze kontrolis daweseba;
moqmedi normebisa da sajaro xelisuflebis organoTa mier saTanado reagirebis arsebobis
dadgena, aseve, mafiozuri fenomenis saxecvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, sakanonmdeblo da
administraciuli xasiaTis winadadebebis formulireba, raTa gaZlierdes saxelmwifos ini-
ciativa;
yovelwliurad da gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, parlamentisaTvis angariSis wardgena.
rac Seexeba komisiis struqturas, igi Sedgeba oci senatorisa da oci deputatisagan, rom-
lebsac Sesabamisad, irCeven respublikis senatis prezidentis da palatis prezidentis mier
saparlamento jgufebis wevrTa raodenobis proporciulad, raTa daculi iqnas parlamentis
orive palatis yoveli jgufis warmomadgenloba. komisiis Tavmjdomares irCeven ori asambleis
prezidentTa saerTo Tanxmobis safuZvelze _ parlamentis orive palatis wevrTagan. komisia
irCevs or vice-prezidents da or mdivans.
komisiis saqmianoba emyareba Tavad komisiis mierve miRebul Sida reglaments. reglamentSi
cvlilebebis Setana dasaSvebia nebismieri wevris iniciativiT.
garda zemoT ganxiluli ori umniSvnelovanesi specialuri kanonisa, organizebul danaSaul-
Tan dakavSirebuli calkeuli debulebebi ramdenime sakanonmdeblo aqtSia gabneuli. maT Soris,
upirvelesad, unda aRiniSnos, italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, romlis 416-e muxli orga-
nizebul danaSauls martivad, sami elementis safuZvelze gansazRvravs _ jgufuroba, organi-
zebuloba da danaSaulebrivi programa. rac Seexeba mafiozuri tipis dajgufebas, aRniSnuli
calkea gansazRvruli ronioni-la tores kanonis safuZvelze.8
amgvarad, naTelia, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul cnebas aklia organi-
zebuli danaSaulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi arsebiTi niSnebi, rogoricaa iZulebis gamoye-
neba, didi odenobiT Semosavlis miReba.
aseve mniSvnelovania, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 318-323-e muxlebi, romlebic Seexeba, qrTa-
mis aRebas da samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, radganac Tanamdebobis

110
pirebisa da samarTaldacavi organos TanamSromlebis mosyidva mafiis saqmianobis Cveulebrivi
formaa. kodeqsi calke gamoyofs qrTamis aRebas ukanono sasamarTlo moqmedebebisaTvis.
fulis gaTeTreba italiuri kanonmdeblobiT 1978 wlidan isjeba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
648-bi muxlis mixedviT, piris mier danaSaulis Cadenis gziT miRebuli fulis, qonebis an sxva
sargeblis gadacvla an gadaricxva an am qmedebaTa Cadena sxva operaciebis ganxorcielebiT,
romlebic xels uSlis maTi danaSaulebrivi warmomavlobis dadgenas, isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT, vadiT oTxidan Tormet wlamde da jarimiT, oridan ocdaaT milion liramde. 20 000
000 liraze meti Tanxis nebismieri transferi saWiroebs deklarirebas.
1993 wlis 28 agvistos #328 kanoni did wilad imeorebs `fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb~ evropuli
konvenciis debulebebs. aRniSnuli aqtis safuZvelze, fulis gaTeTrebas warmoadgens nebismieri
danaSaulis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis reinvestireba da ara mxolod oTxi danaSaulis
(narkotikebiT vaWroba, adamianebis gataceba, yaCaRoba dadamZimebel garemoebSi, gamoZalva),
rogorc es manamde moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT iyo dadgenili, magram kvlav mougvarebeli rCeba
smarfingis problema. `ar arsebobs finansuri tranzaqciebisaTvis Tvalyuris sadevneblad
erTiani sistema. SesaZlebelia moxdes Tanxis dayofa 20 000 000-ze nakleb odenobebad da amgvarad
ganxorcieldes transferi.~9
organizebul danaSaulTan brZolis procesSi gansakuTrebulad didi mniSvneloba aqvs sa-
zogadoebis rols. mafia sazogadoebrivi fenomenia da upirvelesad, swored sazogadoeba unda
aRudges mas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTaldamcavi organoebis Zalisxmeva arsebiT Sedegs
ver gamoiRebs.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom organizebuli danaSauli arsad yofila imaze ufro `mZime seni~,
vidre italiaSi. swored amitom, mizanSewonilia im RonisZiebebis mimoxilva, romlebic Tavad
sazogadoebis `mkurnalobisakenaa~ mimarTuli.
saerTod, italiaSi da konkretulad, palermoSi, mafiis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebis gaaqtiureba
jovani falkonesa da paolo borselinos saxels ukavSirdeba. 1992 wels, pirvelad, swored maTma
mkvlelobam aamxedra mosaxleoba da dasabami daudo e.w. `kulturul revolucias~. imisaTvis,
rom naTeli gaxdes, ras niSnavs kulturuli revolucia da ra kavSiri aqvs mas mafiis winaaRmdeg
brZolasTan, sasurvelia am revoluciamde mimdinare da misi gamomwvevi procesebis ganxilva.
falkone da borselino palermoeli mosamarTleebi iyvnen. isini 80-ian wlebSi didi war-
matebiT axorcielebdnen sasamarTlo gamoZiebebs. maT, ramdenime kolegasTan da policiis ofic-
rebTan erTad, aRmoaCines da gaanadgures mafiis is struqtura, romelic adre misteriisa da
legendebis burusiT iyo moculi da faqtobrivad, xelSeuxeblad iTvleboda. maTi wyalobiT
ganxorcielda cnobili sasamarTlo e. w. `maqsi procesi~ (Maxi trial) mafiis winaaRmdeg, romlis
Sedegadac mafiozuri dajgufebis asobiT wevri iqna mxilebuli, dadanaSaulebuli da msjav-
rdebuli.
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis, realurad, mafiam Zalauflebis mwvervals
miaRwia, moixveWa usazRvro simdidre da Tavis statusSi darwmunebuli, dausjelad moqmedebda.
`garegnulad friad uimedo situaciidan amotivtivda erTi SemTxveva, romelic mafiis TviTga-
nadgurebis marcvals Seicavda. albaT, es iyo sakuTari Zalauflebis gadaWarbebuli rwmena,
ramac ubiZga erT-erTi mafiozuri klanis _ e.w. `korleonelebis~ dajgufebis xelmZRvanel sal-
vatore `toto~ riinas, rom Sida omi gaeCaRebina organizaciaze mTliani Zalauflebis xelSi
Casagdebad, ramac gamoiwvia aTasamde adamianis mkvleloba.10 80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari
aRiniSneba `korleonelebis~ mier umowyalod daxocili mafiozebisa da maTi axloblebis, maT
Soris, qalebisa da bavSvebis dausrulebeli siiT; agreTve, `brwyinvale gvamebis~ aranakleb
sisxliani nusxiT _ mosamarTleebi, policielebi, karabinerebi (samxedro policia), politikuri
moRvaweebi da Jurnalistebi, romlebic imis gamo daxoces, rom safrTxes uqmnidnen maT or-

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da kanoni

ganizacias an maT bizness eRobebodnen. `korleonelebma~ ver gaacnobieres, rom swored maTma
borotma qedmaRlobam gauCina bzari erT dros SeuRwevad sistemas, romelsac mafia wlebis
ganmavlobaSi qmnida Tavisi moRvaweobiT.~11 1987 wels ojaxis aTi wevris mkvlelobis Semdeg,
`korleonelebis~ mowinaaRmdege erT-erTi mafiozuri klanis `kapom~ (igive Capodecina _
aTmeTauri, romelic mafiozuri ojaxis SigniT akontrolebs `jariskacTa~ gansazRvrul ode-
nobas)12 _ tomazo buSetam Tanxmoba ganacxada policiasTan TanamSromlobaze13. realurad, es
`omertas~ (dumilis kanoni) darRvevas niSnavda.
amave periodSi gangaSi atyda samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikur samyaroSi. amdeni mama-
ci da patiosani adamianis mkvlelobiT gamowveulma sayovelTao aRSfoTebam biZgi misca mTeli
rigi antimafiozuri asociaciebis Camoyalibebas, romelTac saTaveSi Caudgnen pedagogebi,
religiuri moRvaweebi da sxva moxaliseebi. bolos da bolos kaTolikurma eklesiamac daarRvia
dumili da Riad dagmo mafiis saqmianoba.14
zemoaRniSnulis Sedegad, 1992 wlis 31 ianvars, sakasacio sasamarTlos ganaCeniT, mafiis yvela
boss, cixeSi myofsa Tu mimaluls, samudamo patimroba miesaja.
amis Semdeg, movlenebi swrafad ganviTarda. jer iyo da 1992 wlis TebervalSi, saxelmwifo
seqtorSi arsebuli korufciis saqmeebi gaixsna, rac salvo limas, evroparlamentis wevrisa da
qristianul-demokratiuli partiis siciliis regionis erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgenlis mkvle-
lobiT dasrulda. arsebuli informaciiT aRniSnuli faqti gamoiwvia `korleonelebis~ lideris
_ toto riinas ganrisxebam, rom salvo limam, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi mafiis mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda, ver daicva isini, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlo `maqsi-procesis~ gadawyvetilebas
amtkicebda.15 amave wels, mafiis mier organizebul afeTqebas emsxverpla jovani falkonesa da
misi meuRlis sicocxle, sam pirad mcvelTan erTad.16
xalxis reaqcia, romelic falkones mkvlelobas mohyva, warmoudgeneli iyo. falkonesa da
palermoelebs Soris arsebobda gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba. swored amiT SeiZleba aixsnas
is didi Soki, romelic qalaqma misi mkvlelobiT ganicada. amave aspeqtiT aixsneba xalxis mZafri
reaqciac, rac gamoixata mafiis winaaRmdeg mowyobil demonstraciebSi, sadac ormociaTasamde
adamiani iRebda monawileobas17. protestis swored am talRas uwodebs enco lodato `kulturul
revolucias,~ radganac es marTlac iyo xalxis azrovnebis mimarTulebis Secvla. Tumca, mafiam
movlenebi saTanadod ver Seafasa. imave wels, xuT pirad mcvelTan erTad moklul iqna palermos
mTavari prokuroris postze falkones Semcvleli _ paolo borselino.18 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
es mkvleloba bolo wveTi gamodga. jovani falkonesa da paolo borselinos mkvlelobebi aTa-
sobiT italielis mier aRqmul iqna, rogorc Rrma, piradi tkivili, TiTqosda sakuTari megobrebi
dakarges maT. xalxi xelisuflebisagan saTanado reagirebas moiTxovda. sazogadoebis zewolis
Sedegad, erovnulma mTavrobam daiwyo masStaburi antimafiuri kampania, romlis farglebSic
palermos quCebSi Seyvanil iqna 7 000 samxedro.19 Sedegad dapatimrebul iqnen mafiis mTavari
figurebi. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, yovelTvis arsebobda yuradRebis modunebisa da mafiis
Semobrunebis safrTxe.
swored am riskis Tavidan asacileblad gaCnda `palermos aRorZinebis~ idea, romelic sxva-
dasxva mimarTulebis proeqtebs moicavda. upirveles yovlisa, aucilebeli iyo adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebisaTvis ndobis dabruneba, rasac palermos axalma saqalaqo sabWom
warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. mTavari, rac kriminalebis amdenxniani batonobis Semdeg sazogadoebas
sWirdeboda, aris samoqalaqo azrovnebis Camoyalibeba da kanonisadmi pativiscemis amaRleba.
swored am mizniT, axalma sabWom saqmianoba sami mimarTulebiT warmarTa. moqmedebis sferoebad
SeirCa skola, qalaqis dagegmareba da kultura.
cxadia, skola umniSvnelovanesi safexuria piris moqalaqed aRzrdis procesSi. `saskolo
kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT da palermos skolebis sammarTvelos

112
mxridan kanonierebis sakiTxebSi ganaTlebis mxardaWeriT, qalaqis ganaTlebis ganyofilebam
alesandra siraguzas xelmZRvanelobiT mTeli rigi farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebi ganaxorci-
ela, ramac sasikeTo Sedegebi gamoiRo.~20
antimafiis saparlamento komisiis zewolis Sedegad, 1993 wlidan skolebis saswavlo progra-
maSi Setanil iqna masala `karg moqalaqed aRzrdisa~ da `antimafiis~ Sesaxeb. ukve 1998 wlisaTvis
daaxloebiT, 620-ma skolam wamoiwyo aRniSnuli programebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aTasamde
proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romelic moicavda 8 000 maswavlebelsa da 800 000 mde moswavles.21
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi iyo 1992 wlis dekemberSi, `evropis
Tanamegobrobis~ patronaJiT samxreT italiaSi dawyebuli proeqti `skola Svilad iyvans Zegls~,
romelic ukve 1994 wlisaTvis erovnul doneze gavrcelda da moicavda 65 qalaqis sabWos, 100
skolasa da 600 000-mde moswavles.22 programa sTavazobs skolas, rom mouaros romelime isto-
riul Zegls. amasTan, moswavleebi axorcieleben informaciuli da sailustracio masalebis moZi-
ebas, qmnian rukebsa da plakatebs, xdeba gamofenebis organizeba `Svilobili~ Zeglis istoriis
Temaze, aseve, megzurobas uwven Zeglebis daTvalierebis msurvelebs.
1998 wlisaTvis palermo iyo erTaderTi italiuri qalaqi, romelic agrZelebda miTiTebuli
proeqtis ganxorcielebas. 1997-98 akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqis 124-ma skolam `iSvila~
121 monumenti.
amave periods ukavSirdeba eklesiis gaaqtiureba organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg.
sxvadasxva konkretuli mRvdlebis qmedebebTan erTad umniSvnelovanesi nabiji iyo 1992 wlis
oqtomberSi, eklesiis doqtrinaluri dadgenilebiT Camoyalibebuli 21-punqtiani dokumenti _
`mafia da qristianobis gavrceleba (evangelization)~, romlis Sesabamisadac, mafiozebad cnobil
pirebs ekrZalebodaT qristianul saidumloebebTan ziareba Tu ar moinaniebdnen da ar daamtki-
cebdnen TavianT gulwrfelobas. maT, aseve, CamoerTvaT naTliobis ufleba. agreTve, mafiis
wevrebi, romlebic daiRupebodnen SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis dros an cixeSi monaniebis raime
niSnis gareSe, rCebodnen religiuri wesis augeblad.
cxadia, yvela am process pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg
brZolasTan, magram amgvari RonisZiebebi aucilebelia sazogadoebis TviTSegnebis amaRlebisa
da socialuri kulturis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT. es ki, TavisTavad erT-erTi mniSvnelo-
vani safexuria mafiis damarcxebis gzaze. yvela am proeqts erTi saerTo mizani aqvs: `1992 wlis
revoluciuri momentis gamoyeneba da am energiis gardaqmna dadebiT da nayofier Sedegad Tu
konkretul qmedebad. degradaciidan aRdgenisaken, izolaciidan erTianobisaken, korufciidan
gamWirvalobisaken, mafiozuri kulturidan samarTlis kulturisaken, skepticizmidan rwme-
nisaken, sibnelidan sinaTlisaken _ swored es aris aRorZinebis is gzebi, romliTac ganagrZobs
svlas qalaqi ara mxolod municipalitetis, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela fenis (samRv-
deloeba, asociaciebi, skolebi, presa, profkavSirebi da sxva samTavrobo saagentoebi) daxmare-
biT, romlebic municipalitetis yovelgvari Carevis gareSe, damoukideblad vidodnen imave
gzebiT.~23
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba Semdegi: organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad aucilebelia sami momentis erTianoba, esenia: 1. saxelmwifos politikuri neba _
SeinarCunos sifxizle da mudmivad ebrZolos organizebul danaSauls; 2. moqalaqeTa mtkice
survili, gaTavisufldes kriminalebis zewolisagan, maT Soris, fsiqologiuri zewolisagan da
ikisron samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba; 3. mTavrobis neba da unari, xeli Seuwyos samoqalaqo moZ-
raobas. samive maTgani aucilebelia Sedegis misaRwevad.
rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia Tqma, rom mafia da korufcia bolomde moispo italiaSi. es
bunebrivicaa, organizebul danaSauls fesvebi erT dReSi ar gaudgams da verc ase swrafad mox-
deba misi amoZirkva, magram mxolod palermos magaliTic ki, cxadyofs miRweul Sedegebs.

113
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da kanoni

organizebul danaSaulTan brZolis procesSi sazogadoebis rolis met-naklebad ganxilvis

Semdeg, aucilebelia Sefasdes ramdenad efeqtiania saxelmwifos qmedeba am mimarTulebiT. sa-
xelmwifos qmedeba am SemTxvevaSi, moicavs, rogorc sakanonmdeblo procesebs, ise sxva tipis
RonisZiebebsa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis saqmianobas. is faqti, rom aTwleulebis manZilze
mafiis arseboba aRiarebuli ar iyo da mxolod me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan daiwyo maT wina-
aRmdeg raime saxis RonisZiebebis gatareba, saxelmwifos sasargeblod ar metyvelebs. wlebis
manZilze xsenebuli danaSaulebrivi sindikati da xelisufleba mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobdnen,
calkeuli pirebis Zalisxmeva ki, mafiis dasamarcxeblad, maTi mkvlelobiT sruldeboda.
me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebidan mafiam legalur biznesSi SeRweva daiwyo, magram realuri
qmedebebi aRniSnuli procesis sawinaaRmdegod mxolod 1982 wels daiwyo. italiis antimafiur
RonisZiebebs erTi saerTo niSani aqvs, maTi gatareba xdeba naCqarevad, miTiTebuli kriminaluri
organizaciis mier raime sazareli danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg. `Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
italiuri kanonmdebloba mafias araadekvaturad ebrZvis da faqtobrivad, konkretuli gegma am
danaSaulebrivi organizaciis rTuli sqemis yvela aspeqtis amosaZirkvad ar arsebobs. yvela
sakanonmdeblo aqti, SeiZleba CaiTvalos simbolur kanonebad, radganac miRebulia uSualod
Cadenili mZime danaSaulis sapasuxod, saswrafod, mravali praqtikuli aspeqtis gauTvaliswi-
neblad.~24
umberto santino Tavis statiaSi sakmaod skeptikurad uyurebs mafiis winaaRmdeg gatarebul
RonisZiebebs da Tavad mafiis damarcxebis faqts. `italiur xelisuflebas miaCnia, rom mafia
arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca sazareli mkvlelobebi xdeba, sinamdvileSi ki, mkvlelobebis ararse-
boba mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom organizebuli danaSaulis saqmianoba uproblemod miedineba.~25
amgvari damokidebuleba, SesaZloa, cota gadaWarbebulic iyos, magram is, rom mafiis sabolood
damarcxebaze saubari naadrevia, faqtia.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, falkonesa da borselinos mkvlelobis Semdeg, siciliaSi armia
gaigzavna mafiis winaaRmdeg RonisZiebebis gasatareblad. TviT es moqmedebac simboluri iyo,
mafiis teritoriuli kontrolis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT palermos `maqsi-pro-
cesebi~ ar iyo adekvaturi pasuxi. yvela represiuli RonisZieba im periodisaTvis Cadenili sa-
zareli mkvlelobebis pasuxi iyo. `maqsi-procesebis~ pirveli etapi arcTu warmatebulad das-
rulda, radganac sakasacio sasamarTlom qvemdgomi instanciebis mier dadgenili sasjelebi Se-
amcira. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mafiozuri dajgufebebi damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri jgufebi
iyvnen, ris Sedegadac maT koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobaze saubaric zedemti iyo. aRniSnuli
Sexeduleba mxolod 1992 wlidan Seicvala.
TviT `mafiis winaaRmdeg~ kanonisa da roniono-la tores kanonis gamoyenebas praqtikaSi bevri
xarvezi aqvs. maTgan mTavari aris qonebis dayadaRebisa da CamorTmevis procesebis arasworad
warmarTva. problema am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom qonebis dayadaReba metismetad naCqarevad xdeba,
rogorc wesi, mafiis mier Cadenil mZime danaSaulze sapasuxod, Tumca, sasamarTlos ganaCeniT
qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili maT ukan ubrundebaT.
amgvarad, rogorc gamoikveTa, italiis organizebul danaSaulTan brZolis meTodebi efuZ-
neba `Tavdasxmas Tu mafia gitevs,~ danarCen dros ki, mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas. yvela is mniSv-
nelovani RonisZieba, romelic winamdebare statiaSi iqna ganxiluli, mxolod sazogadoebis
zewoliT iyo gamowveuli. rasakvirvelia, es mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo, magram
mafia da Sesabamisad, korufcia, jer kidev Sorsaa damarcxebisagan.

114
 SeniSvnebi:

1
Franco Roberti, Effective measures to combat organized crime in criminal
processes, http://www.centroimpastato.it
2
Alison Jameson, “The Antimafia”, Anthony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham,
Wiltshire, gv. 17, 1999.
3
ani morgoSia, italiis antikorufciuli da antimafiuri kanonmdeb-
loba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 5.
4
ani morgoSia, italiis antikorufciuli da antimafiuri kanonmdeb-
loba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 5.
5
Alison Jameson, “The Antimafia”, Anthony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham,
Wiltshire, gv. 28, 1999.
6
Alison Jameson, “The Antimafia”, Anthony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham,
Wiltshire, gv. 28, 1999.
7
ix.: kanoni #646, 1982 wlis 13 seqtemberi, debulebani qonebrivi
xasiaTis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb; 1956 wlis 27 dekembris #1924,
1962 wlis 10 Tebervlis #57 da 1965 wlis 31 maisis #575 kanonis
damatebani; ani morgoSia, `italiis antikorufciuli da antimafiuri
kanonmdebloba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, 2004.
8
Umbero Santino “Law Enforcement in Italy and Europe against mafia and
organized crime”, http://www.centroimpastato.it/otherlang/mcdonald.php3
9
Umbero Santino “Law Enforcement in Italy and Europe against mafia and
organized crime”, http://www.centroimpastato.it/otherlang/mcdonald.php3
10
Abadinsky Howard “Organized Crime” 7th edition (Thomson Wadsworth),
2003 w. gv. 153.
11
enco lodato, `palermos kulturuli revolucia da qalaqis mar-
Tvis ganaxlebis proeqti~; ani morgoSia, `italiis antikorufciuli
da antimafiuri kanonmdebloba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi~,
Tbilisi, 2004, 50.
12
Lyman Michael D., Poter Gary, W., “Organized Crime”, 2nd edition, 2000
(Prentice-Hall) gv. 339.
13
Abadinsky Howard “Organized Crime” 7th edition (Thomson Wadsworth),
2003 w. gv. 155.
14
enco lodato, `palermos kulturuli revolucia da qalaqis marTvis
ganaxlebis proeqti~; ani morgoSia, `italiis antikorufciuli da
antimafiuri kanonmdebloba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi~, Tbi-
lisi, 2004, 50.
15
della Porta Donatella and Alberto Vanucci, “Corrupt Exchanges: Actors,
Resources and Mechanizm of Political Corruption”, New York: Walter de
Geruiter, 1999w, gv. 34.
16
Abadinsky Howard “Organized Crime” 7th edition (Thomson Wadsworth),
2003 w. gv. 156.
17
Cowell Alan “Inquiry into Sicilian Slaying Looks for Mafia Link to Colom-
bia Drug Cartel”, New York Times (june 21), 1992 w. gv. 3.
18
Cowell Alan “Mafia Throws the Gauntlet in Italy’s Face”, New York Times
(july 21), 1992 w. gv. 5.
19
Hundley Tom “Anty-Mafia Sweep Helps Sicilian Capital Clean Up Its Act”,
Chicago Tribune (November 8), 1998 w, gv. 4.
20
enco lodato, `palermos kulturuli revolucia da qalaqis marT-
vis ganaxlebis proeqti~; ani morgoSia, `italiis antikorufciuli
da antimafiuri kanonmdebloba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi~,
Tbilisi, 2004, 56.

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da kanoni

21
Census carried out by “Libera”, 1994-1998, in Alison Jameson, “The
Antimafia”, Anthony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire, gv. 149, 1999.
22
F. Ramella, C. Triglia, “Associazionismo e mobilitazione contro la criminalita
organizzata nel Mezzogiorno”, 288, 1997.
23
enco lodato, `palermos kulturuli revolucia da qalaqis mar-
Tvis ganaxlebis proeqti~; ani morgoSia, `italiis antikorufciuli
da antimafiuri kanonmdebloba _ qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxebi~,
Tbilisi, 2004, 67.
24
Umbero Santino “Law Enforcement in Italy and Europe against mafia and
organized crime”, http://www.centroimpastato.it/otherlang/mcdonald.php3,
4
25
Umbero Santino “Law Enforcement in Italy and Europe against mafia and
organized crime”, http://www.centroimpastato.it/otherlang/mcdonald.php3 3

116
FFFIGHT AGAINST
ORGANIZED CRIME
IN ITALY

DAVID MESKHISHVILI
PHD Student of Grigol Robakidze University, Law Faculty

Italy has quite a long history of organized crime. However, it is worth

mentioning that despite this, the history of fighting this crime in Italy is
not very long, as until second half of 20th Century, the Government would
not acknowledge existence of maphia groups.

Presented Article shortly reviews Italian experience in fighting organized

crime that as mentioned above, started sixties of 20th century. Article also
offers an overview of the peculiarities of this fight and those general cir-
cumstances that made it possible to significantly decrease maphia influ-
ence on state as well as private sector – in the country where Cosa Nostra
had been strong roots in each and every sphere.

117
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marTlmsajuleba
2
da kanoni

sazogadoebisaTvis
sasargeblo Sroma _
arasapatimro saxis
sasjelTa Soris
arasrulwlovan
damnaSaveTa resocia-
lizaciis erT-erTi
saukeTeso agenti
(saqarTvelosa da aSS-is sisxlissamarTlebrivi
midgomis SedarebiTi analizi)

irine xerxeuliZe
samarTlis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis
sisxlis samarTlis mimarTulebis asistent-profesori,
amave universitetis kriminalistikisa da kriminologiis
institutis wevri

Sesavali

kontinenturi Tu saerTo samarTlis bevrma qveyanam sisxlis

samarTlis kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebi ga-
iara. TiToeul stadias axasiaTebda sakuTari privilegirebuli
sasjelebi.1 penitenciur sistemaSi sasjelTa calkeuli saxeebis
warmoSobas da Camoyalibebas sakuTari istoria aqvs.
sasjelTa pirobiTi dayofa or jgufad formisa da Sinaarsis
mixedviT, aseTia: sasjelebi, romlebic iwveven msjavrdebulis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvas an aRkveTas (Tavisuflebis SezRudva,
Tavisuflebis vadiani da uvado aRkveTa) da sasjelebi, romle-
bic ar aris dakavSirebuli msjavrdebulis Tavisuflebis Sez-
RudvasTan an aRkveTasTan (jarima, sazogadoebisaTvis sasar-
geblo Sroma).

118
 miCneulia, rom sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis gamoyenebis upiratesi xasiaTi Tavi-
suflebis aRmkveT sasjelebTan mimarTebiT sxva mravali pozitiuri aspeqtis garda, rogoric
aris magaliTad, resocializaciis ukeTesi perspeqtiva, SeiZleba aisaxos aseve, sasjelis eko-
nomiis principis TvalTaxedvidanac.
cixeebis gadatvirTulobis gamo, `pirovnebaze dawesebulma meTvalyureobam mas unda Seuqmnas
Tavisuflebis aRmkveTi sasjelis iluzia.2 ase iqmneba `axali penologia zedamxedvelobasa da
dasjas Soris.~3 misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli ki, swored sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo
Sromaa.4 braldebuls uqmnian garemos, rom ar moxdes axali danaSaulis Cadena (incapacitation),
magram ise, rom ar Seilaxos misi pirovnuli Rirseba cudi mopyrobiT.5 amasTanave, yvela kanon-
mdeblobaSi, axali sasjelebis gverdiT, romlebic Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternatiulia, arse-
bobs tradiciuli sasjelebic.6 Tumca, tradiciuli sasjelebidan yvelaze ufro xSirad gamo-
yenebadi sasjelis _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sefardebisas aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom sasjeli unda iyos _ Ultima Ratio, rodesac faqtebis simZimidan gamomdinare, mosamarTles
sxva gamosavali aRar aqvs. amrigad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTas unda gansazRvravdes danaSaulis
iseTi simZime, rodesac SeuZlebelia sxva alternatiuli sasjelis gamoyeneba.7
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos marTlmsajulebis sferoSi meti yuradReba unda daeTmos
da ara marto sakanonmdeblo doneze, aramed praqtikuladac, saqarTvelos ssk-is sasjelTa sis-
temaSi gaTvaliswinebul arasapatimro sasjelis iseTi saxes, rogoricaa sazogadoebisaTvis sa-
sargeblo Sroma, rogorc srulwlovnebTan, ise arasrulwlovanebTan mimarTebiT. es sakiTxi miT
ufro Rrma Seswavlas, analizs da frTxil midgomas arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa dasjadobasTan
dakavSirebiT moiTxovs, ramdenadac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier inicirebuli sisxlis sa-
marTlis sistemis reformis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani prioriteti swored arasrulwlovanTa
marTlmsajulebis kuTxiT, sisxlis samarTlis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis axleburi
da progresuli mowyobaa. sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis strategia, romelic miRebulia
saqarTvelos prezidentis #591 brZanebulebis safuZvelze, mis prioritetebad swored ara-
srulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebisa da sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis reformis kuTxiT, sisxlis
samarTlis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Seqmnas isaxavs miznad.
amJamad, saqarTveloSi mimdinare programis mizania daixvewos da gafarTovdes strategia,
raTa man moicvas iseTi sfero, romelic adre ar iyo warmodgenili an gansakuTrebiT aqcenti-
rebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis reformis strategiaSi (kerZod, ara-
srulwlovanTa samarTlis, probaciisa da patimrobis alternatiuli zomebis calke Tavad
Camoyalibeba, sisxlis samarTlis seqtoris reforma, romelic gamiznulia cixeebis gadatvirTu-
lobis Semcirebisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvisaken). aseve, programa eswrafvis, rom SemoRe-
buli iqnes Secvlili midgoma danaSaulisa da damnaSaveTa mimarT sazogadoebaSi, raTa moxdes
gadasvla patimarTa dasjasa da gariyvaze orientirebuli sistemidan im sistemaze, romelic
eZiebs danaSaulis mizezebs da iswrafvis damnaSaveebis reabilitaciisa da reintegraciisaken,
rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo wevrebisa. gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebulia arasrul-
wlovanTa danaSauli. am mimarTulebiT unda ganxorcieldes RonisZiebebi, romlebic gamiznulia
(SesaZleblobebis arsebobisas) ufro reabilitaciisa da sazogadoebis SigniT dasjisaken, vidre
dapatimrebisaken.8
aRniSnuli strategia arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis, ufro konkretulad ki, inter-
venciis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, miuTiTebs, rom `Tavisuflebis SezRudva da Tavisuflebis aRkveTa,

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gamoyenebul unda iqnas, rogorc ukiduresi RonisZieba SeZlebisdagvarad, xanmokle droiT.

sistemas unda hqondes Sesabamisi SesaZlebloba, raTa gamoiyenos kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi
bavSvebis mimarT socialuri an saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis RonisZiebebi. intervenciis progra-
mebma xeli unda Seuwyos zogad mizans _ ganaxlebuli danaSaulebriobis Semcirebas. strategia
aseve, uTiTebs alternatiuli sanqciebis gamoyenebis aucileblobaze. alternatiuli sanqciebis
ganviTarebisa da gamoyenebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia bavSvis emociuri, mentaluri da inteleq-
tualuri mowifuloba, aseve, konkretuli saqmis Taviseburebani.~9
aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis samarTlis reformis uwyebaTaSorisi sakoordinacio sabWos mier
Seqmnili sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis reformis samuSao jgufis strategiis erT-erT kompo-
nentad moiazreba cixeebSi gadatvirTulobasTan brZolis strategiac.10 swored am ukanaknelis
uzrunvelyofas Seuwyobs xels sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis, rogorc sapatimro saxis
sasjelis alternativis xSiri gamoyeneba, radgan misi dadebiTi mxare, sxva upiratesobebTan
erTad, imaSic gamoixateba, rom igi amavdroulad, sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi msjav-
rdebulTa ricxvis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam gamoxata mzadyofna, saerTaSoriso standartebTan da normebTan
SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sistema, romelic prevenciaze,
reabilitaciasa da integraciaze iqneba fokusirebuli. am mimarTebiT sayuradReboa arasrulw-
lovanTa sasjelis sistemis farglebSi arasapatimro sasjelis saxis, sazogadoebisaTvis sasar-
geblo Sromis arsisa da daniSnulebis ganxilva rogorc saqarTvelos, ise aSS-is kanonmdeblo-
baSi, sadac ase farTod da warmatebiT funqcionirebs iuvenaluri iusticiis sistema.

1. arasrulwlovani damnaSavis mimarT sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis

gamoyenebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelosa da aSS-is kanonmdeblobis mixedviT

arasrulwlovanis mimarT gamosayenebeli sasjelis gansazRvra danaSaulis xasiaTsa da ara-

srulwlovani damnaSavis individualur Taviseburebebze dafuZnebiT, savaldebuloa gaerTia-
nebuli erebis organizaciis minimaluri standartuli wesebiT, arasrulwlovanTa mimarT
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb aqtiT (`pekinuri wesebi~).
am aqtis me-17 wesi adgens sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da zemoqmedebis zomebis
SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebel saxelmZRvanelo principebs. wesis Tanaxmad, zemoqmedebis zoma
yovelTvis unda iyos danaSaulis simZimis, arasrulwlovanisa da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis
Tanazomieri; Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sasjelis saxed unda gamoiyenebodes mxolod ZaladobiT
an araerTgzis Cadenili danaSaulebisaTvis; arasrulwlovanis mimarT dauSvebelia rogorc
sikvdiliT, ise fizikuri dasjis gamoyeneba. xelisuflebis kompetentur organos unda mieniWos
arasrulwlovanis saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvis nebismier momentSi Sewyvetis diskreciuli
uflebamosileba.11
`pekinur wesebSi~ mocemuli debulebebi gaTvaliswinebuli da asaxulia saqarTvelosa da aSS-
is sisxlissamarTlebriv procesualur Tu materialur kanonmdeblobebSi. misTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli Taviseburebidan da specifikidan gamomdinare, SevexebiT aSS-is sisxlissamarTlebriv
sferoSi arsebul da moqmed iuvenaluri iusticiis sistemas.

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 1.1 sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis gamoyenebis praqtika aSS-Si

aSS-Si damoukidebeli iuvenaluri iusticiis sistemis koncefciis ganxorcieleba jer kidev,

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo. am dromde mozardebis gasamarTleba Cveulebriv sasamarT-
loebSi xdeboda, xolo maTTvis Sefardebuli sasjelis aRsruleba ki, imave sasjelaRsrulebiT
dawesebulebebSi, sadac srulwlovani msjavrdebulebi iyvnen moTavsebulni.12
damoukidebeli iuvenaluri iusticiis sistemis araerTi Teoriis mixedviT, ukanono qmedebis
Camdeni bavSvebi reabilitaciis TvalsazrisiT, ukeTes poziciaSi arian srulwlovan msjavrde-
bulebTan SedarebiT. amasTanave, damoukidebeli iusticiis sistema arsebobs imis uzrunvelsa-
yofad, rom ZiriTadi fokusireba reabilitaciaze gakeTdes.13
amerikuli sisxlis samarTlis sistemis Taviseburebaa, rom mas arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebi-
saTvis specialuri leqsikoni aqvs.14 `iuvenaluri iusticiis~ sferoSi gansxvavebulia sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi pasuximgeblobis asakic, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil
pasuxismgeblobis asakTan SedarebiT gacilebiT dabalia da igi 7-8 wlis asakidanac ki, iwyeba15,
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom aseve saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynaSi
arsebobs `iuvenaluri iusticiis~ kargad ganviTarebuli sistema. miuxedavad pasuxismgeblobis
dabali asakisa, umetes SemTxvevaSi, e.w. `bavSvTa saqmeebis mosmenis~ progresuli sistema 17-
wlamde bavSvebs saSualebas aZlevs, Tavi aaridon marTlmsajulebis formalur sistemasTan
kontaqts. `bavSvTa saqmeebis mosmenis~ sistemis mizania, arasrulwovanTa mimarT upiratesad
iseTi zomebis gamoyeneba, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli Tavisuflebis aRkveTasaTan. sxva srul-
wlovnebTan SedarebiT, specialuri prevenciuli wesebia dadgenili 21-wlamde danaSaulis
Camdeni mozardebis mimarT.16
iuvenaluri iusticiis sistemis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia arasrulwlovanTa mimarT rogorc
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba,17 aseve probaciis aqtiurad gamoyeneba,18 romelic
xSir SemTxvevaSi, moicavs sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromas. Tumca, sazogadoebrivad sa-
sargeblo Sroma, rogorc sapatimro saxis sasjelis alternativa, SesaZloa, damoukidebeli for-
miTac iqnas gamoyenebuli.
zogadad, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma yvelaze novatoruli sasjelia, romelic Seqmna
kanonmdebelma XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi. principi Semdegia: braldebuli valdebulia
garkveuli saaTebis ganmavlobaSi usasyidlod imuSaos sazogadoebis sasargeblod. am sasjels
zustad gansazRvruli mniSvneloba aqvs: damnaSavis amgvari saqmianoba sazogadoebas aunazRa-
urebs miyenebul zians, imavdroulad uzrunvelyofs damnaSavis reintegracias sazogadoebaSi.
probaciisa da pirobiTi sasjelis dros ori moqmedi piria _ damnaSave da probaciis samsaxuris
agenti. sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma umatebs mesames, _ komunas, sazogadoebas, dajgu-
febas, asociacias an samsaxurs, romelic sTavazobs samuSaos.
sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis saTavea 1920 wlis sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirmSo ko-
leqtiuri samuSaoebi Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gareSe.19 aseve, 1972 wels pirveli WeSmariti sazo-
gadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma Tavs iCens inglisSi (Criminals Justice Act 1972 qmnis community
service orders). britanuli kanoni sisxlis samarTlis sistemis sakonsultacio sabWos e.w. vuTonis
moxsenebis safuZvelia. inglisuri Tvalsazrisi Zalze keTilganwyobilia komunis wiaRSi damna-
Saveebis mier `sasargeblo samuSaos~ Sesrulebisa da male sasjelis am axalma saxeobam realur

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warmatebas miaRwia.20 kanadaSi es sasjeli gaerTianda probaciasTan. aRniSnulis Sedegad, maga-

liTad, mosamarTle avalebs damnaSaves konkretuli daxmareba gauwios ltolvilebis damcvel
asociacias. sasamarTloebi sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo samuSaoebs reabilitaciis saukeTeso
saSualebad Tvlian. igive midgomaa aSS-Sic.21 magaliTad, arizonas StatSi, probaciis gaZlierebu-
li meTvalyureobis pirobebSi (IPS) arasrulwlovnebma probaciis iseTi pirobebis morCilad
dacvasTan erTad, rogoricaa savaldebuli saSualo ganaTlebis miReba da mkurnalobis savalde-
bulo kursis gavla, unda aRasrulon aseve, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma (community
work service), masze meTvalyureobis ganxorcielebiT sul mcire, 32 saaTi yovelkvireulad.22
ramdenadme gansxvavebuli wesebia mocemuli luizianas StatSi. am StatSi probaciis daniSvnis
pirobebis dadgenisas, sasamarTlom SeiZleba aseve, gansazRvros raime damatebiTi pirobac, Tu
miiCnevs mas bavSvisaTvis sasargeblo interesebis Sesaferisad. aseTi SeiZleba iyos sasamarTlos
mier dadgenili ganaCeni, romelic msjavrdebulisagan moiTxovs sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo
Sromas (court-approved community service).23
kanonmdebeli, rogorc aRiniSna, nebas rTavs mosamarTles gamoiyenos sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi:
maT Soris, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo samuSaos msgavsic. am TvalsazrisiT, Criminal Justice
Act axal formas aZlevs probacias. es aris kombinirebuli daniSvna (combination Order), romlis
wyalobiT, mosamarTle ara mxolod garkveul valdebulebebs, aramed sazogadobrivad sasar-
geblo samuSaos Sesrulebasac akisrebs pirs, 50-100 saaTis farglebSi. aSS-Si mdgomareoba icv-
leba Statebis mixedviT. zogi Statis kanoni CamoTvlis pirobebs an mosamarTle Tavisufalia am
TvalsazrisiT, xolo sxva StatebSi mosamarTle saqmes gadascems probaciis komitetebs. amerikis
iuristTa asociacia mxars uWers zusti pirobebis arsebobas, imgvari movaleobebis dakisrebis
CaTvliT, rogoric aris samedicino daxmarebis gavla, danaSaulis Sedegebis gamosworeba, miyene-
buli zianis anazRaureba, an gansazRvruli adgilidan gausvlelobis movaleoba.24
amerikeli mkvlevarebis mier recidivTan brZolis sakiTxSi dadebiTi daskvna keTdeba alter-
natiuli sasjelis iseTi saxeebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, rogoric aris sazogadoebisaTvis
sasargeblo Sromis ganmaxorcielebeli programebi. am mimarTebiT, sainteresoa, aSS-Si arsebuli
alternatiuli sasjelis iseTi saxeebi, rogoric aris: sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis,
samuSaos Sesasruleblad gaTavisuflebis da SabaT-kviris sasjelis programebi. Tumca,
savaraudod, am programaTagan mxolod sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc srulwlovani, ise arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebis mimarT, ramdenadac samuSaos Sesasru-
leblad gaTavisuflebis da SabaT-kviris sasjelis programebSi ar aris miTiTebuli maTSi ara-
srulwlovan delinkventTa SesaZlo monawileobis Sesaxeb.
jinjer martinma statiaSi “The Effectiveness of Community-Based Sanctions in Reducing Recidi-
vism”25 gamoikvlia monacemebi oregonis Statidan, romelic exeboda recidivis koeficients sas-
jelis daniSvnis alternatiul formebze. 1999 wlis ianvridan 2001 wlis dekembramde cixidan
gamosuli 13 219 patimari CarTuli iyo am kvlevaSi. j. martinma aRmoaCina, rom iseTi saSualebebi,
rogoric aris: sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma da samuSaos Sesasruleblad gaTavisufleba
ufro iafi iyo, vidre patimroba da aCvenebdnen recidivis ufro dabal dones 12 Tvis Semdeg.26
samuSaos Sesasruleblad gaTavisuflebis programa SerCeul patimrebs sasjelis vadis amo-
wurvasTan miaxloebisas, uflebas aZlevs imuSaon sazogadoebaSi, xolo arasamuSao saaTebis gan-
mavlobaSi ki, daubrundnen cixis dawesebulebebs an sazogadoebaSi arsebul sacxovrebel dawese-

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bulebebs. aseTi programebi Seqmnilia saTanadod kontrolirebad garemoSi patimrebis mosamza-
deblad _ sazogadoebaSi dabrunebisaTvis, romlis ganmavlobaSic isini swavloben produqtiulad
muSaobas. samuSaos Sesasruleblad gaTavisufleba aseve, nebas rTavs patimrebs gamoimuSaon garkveuli
Semosavali, aunazRauron saxelmwifos Tavisi patimrobis xarjebi, gaakeTon danazogi sasjelisagan
gaTavisuflebis periodisaTvis da SeiZinon cxovrebisaTvis meti dadebiTi Cvevebi.
sasjelis alternativis saxiT, sazogadoebis sasargeblod damnaSaveTa Sromis gamoyenebis
erT-erTi saxea SabaT-kviris sasjelis programebi. isini, vinc CaerTvebian aseT programebSi,
garkveul dReebs (rogorc wesi, SabaT kviras) atareben cixeSi, magram Tavisufali arian mTeli
danarCeni drois ganmavlobaSi. orive aRniSnuli saxis sasjeli cnobilia, rogorc wyvetili
patimroba (“intermittent incarceration”). Zaladobrivi danaSaulis Camdeni da narkotikul danaSa-
ulSi braldebulni amoiricxebian am programidan sasamarTlos mier. ohaioSi da Crdilo karoli-
naSi, sapatimroSi myofebs SeuZliaT imuSaon saSegirdo xasiaTis samuSao programaSi, romelic
ewyoba kerZo industriaSi, raTa am Segirdebma miiRon sertifikatebi iseTi xelobis dauflebaSi,
rogoric aris: stamburi beWdva da mSenebloba.

rogorc Cans, samuSaos Sesasruleblad gaTavisuflebis programebi exmarebian patimrebs,

raTa dabrundnen sazogadoebaSi. kvlevaSi ‘‘Baltimore Prisoners’’ Experiences Returning Home27
dadginda, rom `yofili patimrebi, romlebic Souloben samsaxurs gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, met-
wilad, sasjelis moxdis periodSi monawileobdnen samuSaos Sesasruleblad gaTavisuflebis
programiT SemoTavzebul samsaxurSi, vidre isini, vinc ver iSova samsaxuri.~ samuSaos Sesasru-
leblad gaTavisuflebis programaSi monawileobis dadebiT mxareze miuTiTebs publikacia _
‘‘Chicago Prisoners’’ Experiences Returning Home.28
sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma (Community Service Programs), rogorc satransporto
danaSaulis CamdenTaTvis dadgenili sasjeli daiwyo 1966 wels, aSS-is alamedas olqSi, ka-
liforniaSi da gavrcelda mTel amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. es sasjeli xSirad, damatebiTi
sasjelia. ZiriTadad, sasjelad misi gamoyeneba xdeba `TeTrsayeloiani~ (“white-collar”)
kriminalebis, arasrulwlovani delinkventebis da maT mimarT, visac ar Caudenia seriozuli
danaSauli. damnaSaveebs, rogorc wesi, moeTxovebaT imuSaon iseT samTavrobo an kerZo arako-
merciul saagentoebSi, romelTa saqmianobac mimarTulia Semdegi saxis samuSaos Sesrulebisaken:
parkebis dasufTaveba, gzispira nagvis Segroveba, sazogadoebrivi movlenebisaTvis skamebis
mowyoba da saeqTno saqmeSi Sesabamisi dawesebulebis daxmareba. aseTi samoqalaqo programebis
magaliTebs Seicavs kaliforniis metyeveobisa da cecxlisagan dacvis departamenti, romelic
iyenebs cixis 1500 binadars, rogorc veluri miwis mexanZreebs da vaSingtonis Statis gamosas-
worebeli centris programa qalebisaTvis, sadac mis mobinadreebs aswavlian rogor gawvrTnan da
gamokvebon ZaRlebi, romelTac SeuZliaT daxmareba gauwion unarSezRudulebs.29
aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebul RonisZiebTa zogierTi saxis gamoyeneba xdeba rogorc srul-
wlovani, ise arasrulwovani damnaSaveebis mimarT. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ki, arasrulwlov-
nebTan mimarTebiT amgvar RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebisas, aucileblad unda gakeTdes aqcenti aR-
niSnuli RonisZiebebis Sefardebis samarTlebrivi mizanSewonilobis Semowmebis kuTxiT, raTa
dadgindes, rom ama Tu im saxis Sromis Sesruleba ar aris mozardisaTvis Seusabamo da ar war-
moadgens misi uflebebis darRvevas.

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2000 wlis ivnisSi, marTlmsajulebis statistikis biurom (BJS) State Court Organization 1998,
sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma miiCnia `gamonaklisad arakonstituciuri katorRuli
samuSaoebidan,~ romelic iribad exeboda aSS-is konstituciis me-13 Sesworebas.30

1.2. sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis praqtikuli gamouyeneblobis problema da

misi gadaWris gzebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, aSS-gan gansxvavebiT ar damdgara sazogadoebisaTvis sasar-

geblo Sromis konstituciasTan Seusabamoba. aq sakiTxi ufro mwvaved dgas. miuxedavad sasje-
lis am saxis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobisa, arasrulwlovanTa mimarT misi gamoyeneba Zalian Sez-
Rudulad da iSviaTad xdeba. amis mizezad ki, qveyanaSi arsebuli dasaqmebis donis isedac da-
bali maCvenebeli da samuSao adgilebis nakleboba saxeldeba.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 85-e muxlis mixedviT, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma iniSneba
40-dan 320 saaTamde vadiT. 15-wlamde arasrulwlovanisaTvis igi ar unda aRematebodes 4 saaTs,
xolo 15-18-wlamde asakSi _ 6 saaTs. sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis Sinaarss, agreTev
sasjelis moxdis wessa da pirobebs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa
da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa saministros adgilobrivi sabWo.31 aseTi Sroma SeiZleba ga-
moixatos quCebisa da skverebis gasufTavebaSi, parkebis gamwvanebaSi da a.S.
saqarTveloSi arasapatimro sasjelis aRsrulebis RonisZiebebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos
2007 wlis kanoni `arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebis wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb.~ Sesabamisad,
kanonis me-3 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis aRsrulebas
uzrunvelyofen arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebisa da probaciis erovnuli saagento da am
saagentos teritoriuli organoebi _ arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebisa da probaciis
biuroebi.32
dReisaTvis moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT sasjelis saxiT sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis
aRsrulebis wesi garkveul etapebs moicavs. kerZod, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis
daniSvnis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganaCenis aslis aRsasruleblad miRebis Semdeg, probaciis biuro
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesabamis organos ugzavnis moTxovnas sazogadoebisaTvis sa-
sargeblo Sromis saxisa da msjavrdebulis samuSao adgilis gansazRvris Taobaze. moTxovnaSi
miTiTebuli unda iyos sasamarTlos mier gansazRvruli sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis
mTliani vada da saqarTvelos ssk-iT dadgenili aseTi saxis Sromis yoveldRiuri xangrZlivoba.
Tavis mxriv, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo valdebulia moTxovnis miRebidan erTi
Tvis ganmavlobaSi werilobiT acnobos probaciis oficers sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo
Sromis saxis, xangrZlivobisa da msjavrdebulis samuSao adgilis Sesaxeb. amave kanonis 30-e
muxliT, dadgenilia sasjelis saxiT sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis moxdis pirobebi.
kerZod, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma SeiZleba ganxorcieldes dRis nebismier monak-
veTSi msjavrdebulis Tavisufali drois gaTvaliswinebiT.33 sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo
Sromis daniSvna SesaZlebelia, Tumca, SedarebiT garTulebulia maSin, roca arasrulwlovani
Sromas uTavsebs swavlas. amasTanave, es sasjeli gulisxmobs iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebas, ro-
melic SeuZlia arasrulwlovans.34 probaciis oficeri periodulad, magram aranakleb 3 TveSi

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erTxel, sasjelis moxdis adgilze misvliT akontrolebs msjavrdebulis mier misTvis dakis-
rebul movaleobaTa Sesrulebas.35 Tu arasrulwlovani uars ganacxadebs sasjelis am saxeze,
igi mas Seecvleba Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba arasrulwlovanTa
mimarT arasapatimro sasjelis aRsrulebis es forma, radgan aseTi sasjelis Sefardebas qarTul
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi mosamarTleebi naklebad axdenen. sasjelis am saxis gamouyeneblobis
argumentad ki, asaxeleben, rom mniSvnelovania sasjelis Tavad aRsruleba, misi miznebis miRweva
da ara misi mxolod formaluri Sefardeba. ase rom, bolo periodis sakanonmdeblo iniciati-
vamde, sazogadobrivad sasargeblo Sroma, gamomdinare Sesabamisi organoebis uunarobidan _
uzrunveleyoT misi aRsruleba samuSao adgilebis simciris gamo, arapraqtikul, sasjelis mxo-
lod formalur saxed moiazreboda. aRniSnuli iniciativa sisxlis samarTlis politikis li-
beralizaciis Semadgeneli nawilia da proeqtis saxiT iTvaliswinebs _ `sazogadoebisaTvis sa-
sargeblo Sromis efeqtian ganxorcielebas.~ sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis (gansakuT-
rebiT ki, arasrulwlovanTa mimarT) praqtikuli gamouyeneblobis problema, misi daZleva, uka-
nasknel xans, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erT prioritetad iqca.
SemuSavebuli iqna axali proeqti, `sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma~, romlis ganxil-
vaSic aqtiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli
daxmarebis sakiTxTa da iusticiis saministroebi. axali proeqtiT cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, sazo-
gadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis aRsrulebis procesSi izrdeba probaciis sistemis roli. ker-
Zod, probaciis biuro msjavrdebuls ganusazRvarvs sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis saxes,
yoveldRiur xangrZlivobas da masze monitoringis ganxorcielebas. mniSvnelovania is datvir-
Tva, rasac es axali proeqti atarebs. kerZod, misi mizania ara danaSaulis Camdenis sapyrobileSi
moxvedra, aramed misTvis sapatimro saxis sasjelis alternativis gamonaxva da SesaZleblobis
farglebSi sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi CarTva. proeqtis Sinaarsi miT ufro relevan-
turia arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis dasjadobasTan mimarTebiT, vinaidan igi orientirebulia
iseT kanondamrRvevebze, romelTac ar CaudeniaT mZime danaSauli da amavdroulad, sazogado-
ebisaTvis potenciur safrTxes ar warmoadgenen. aRniSnuli alternatiuli sasjelis dadebiTi
mxare imaSic gamoixateba, rom igi amavdroulad sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi msjavdre-
bulTa Semcirebas gamoiwvevs.36 aRniSnuli proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi CarTulia Tbilisis meriac.
proeqtis efeqtiani ganxorcielebis mizniT, Seiqmneba adgilobrivi sakoordinacio sabWo, ro-
melic awarmoebs im samuSao adgilebis reestrs, sadac aRsruldeba sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeb-
lo Sroma. igi TveSi erTxel Seikribeba da ganaaxlebs Sromis adgilTa alternativebis sias,
romelsac miawodebs probaciis erovnul saagentoSi arsebul specialur monacemTa bazas, sadac
Tavs moiyris detaluri informacia SromiTi adgilebisa da maTi samuSao aRwerilobis Sesaxeb.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba moiZiebs da sistematurad miawodebs sakoordinacio sabWos
informacias axali samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da
iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa saministrosa da iusticiis saministros erToblivi proeqti _
`sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma~ parlamentSi Sesabamisi kanonproeqtis damtkicebis
Semdeg amoqmeddeba. `saqarTvelos zogierT sakanonmdeblo aqtSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze~
kanonproeqti mTavrobas ukve waredgina da gansaxilvelad parlaments gadaeca.37

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daskvna

amgvarad, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sromis, rogorc arasapatimro saxis sasjelis rele-

vanturi gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis strategiis far-
glebSi mimdinare programiT iseTi mniSvnelovani Sedegebis miRweva, rogoricaa: `arasrulwlo-
vanTa samarTlis yovlismomcveli sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic Seesabameba saerTaSoriso
standartebs da iunisefis rekomendaciebs da romelic gamiznulia arasrulwlovanTa danaSa-
ulze reagireba moxdes upiratesad socialuri programebis meSveobiT, arasapatimro da gamo-
sasworebeli sadamsjelo reJimebiT da reabilitaciisa da socialuri integraciis aqcentire-
biT. aseve, patimarTa raodenobis Semcireba (an cixis binadarTa raodenobis zrdis Semcireba
mainc) evropis sabWos rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad.38
aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis efeqtianad gamoyenebas exeba saqar-
Tvelos sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis strategia _ mis erT-erT prioritetad dasaxe-
lebul probaciis samsaxuris reformirebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas. aRniSnuli strategiis mi-
xedviT, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma aris sasjelis ganxorcielebadi zoma da igi far-
Tod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. SesaZlebloba sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis saRamos saaTebSi da uqme dReebSia Seqmnili.39
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli progresuli sakanonmdeblo iniciativa mogva-
gonebs zemoganxiluli amerikuli gamocdilebidan zogierT sakiTxs, romelic, SesaZloa, Sesa-
bamisad CaiTvalos arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis Tanamedrove principebTan da bavSvis
uflebebTan. amasTan, gvevlineba, rogorc recidivis sawinaaRmdego da resocializaciis xel-
Semwyobi arasapatimro sasjeli, romelic Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania sasjelis
ekonomiis TvalsazrisiTac.

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 SeniSvnebi:

1
J. pradeli, SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 419.
2
intermediate punishments: intensive supervision, home confinement and
electronic surveillance, koleqtiuri naSrmi, Monsey, New-your, Criminal
Justice Press, 1987; J.P Brodeur, `post-modernistuli azrovneba da
kriminologia~, Criminologie, monreali, tomi XXIV, gv. 101, 1992. N.
Morris, M. Tonry, “Between prison and Probation”, 1990; A. von Hirsch,
“Censure and Sanctions”, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993, gv. 57 da
momdevno Sefaseba exeba Sualedur sasjelebs; S. Brochu, G. Lemire,
`saboloo moxseneba intensiuri meTvalyureobis programebis Sefa-
sebis Sesaxeb~, monreali, 1993 wlis aprili. moxseneba miuTiTebs
axali sasjelebis sargeblianobaze: monrealis programam sazogado-
ebas warmatebiT SeunarCuna Tavisi klientebis naxevarze meti (52,
6%) 18 Tvis manZilze, maT Soris _ programis dasrulebis Semdegac.
3
J.P Brodeur, dasax, naSr. gv. 101.
4
G. Kellens, `penologiisa da sisxlis samarTlis sasjelebis samarTlis
mokle kursi~, lieJi, 1992, gv, 208.
5
J. pradeli, dasax. naSr., Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 420.
6
J. pradeli, dasax. naSr., Tbilisi, 1999 gv. 420.
7
J. pradeli, dasax. naSr., Tbilisi, 1999, gv.443.
8
http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/Documents/Policy_Reform_Matrix_GEO.pdf
9
saqarTvelos 2009 wlis sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis stra-
tegia, miRebuli saqarTvelos prezidentis #591 brZanebulebis sa-
fuZvelze, gv. 17. http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/strategy.pdf
10
http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/Documents/Working_Groups_GEO.pdf
11
i. boxaSvili, m. beniZe, arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sakiT-
xebi, Jurnali `samarTali~, #2, 2009, gv. gv. 54.
12
http://www.ehow.com/about_5135532_juvenile-justice-system.html
13
http://www.ehow.com/about_5135532_juvenile-justice-system.html
14
floridis iuvenaluri iusticiis sistema, statutidan gamomdinare,
Sesabamisia bavSvTa sakiTxebTan da iyenebs unikalur terminologias,
romelic ar aris dakavaSirebuli zrdasrulTa sisxlissamarTleb-
rivi iusticiis sistemasTan, http://www.djj.state.fl.us/Parents/glossary.
html
15
Sdr. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis administracia (saqarTvelos
kanonmdebloba da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi), gamo-
cemulia gaeros bavSvTa fondis (UNICEF) mier, 2004, gv. 7-28 da 196.
16
m. turava, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, meSvide ga-
mocema, Tbilisi, 2010.
17
http://www.rjcolorado.org/
18
http://www.ehow.com/about_5135532_juvenile-justice-system.html
19
J. pradeli, dasax. naSr., Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 436.
20
J. Verin, `inglisuri “community service“ warmateba~, sisxlis samarTlis
samecniero Jurnali, 1979, gv. 636.
21
J. pradeli, dasax. naSr., Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 437.
22
http://www.ehow.com/list_6505860_rules-juvenile-probation.html
23
http://www.ehow.com/list_6383506_louisiana_s-juvenile-probation-rules.html
24
S. Stojkovic, R. Lovell, “Corrections. An Introduction”, Anderson pub.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992, gv. 475.
25
Corrections Today Magazine, February, 2003.

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26
http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2553/Sentencing-ALTERNATIVE-
SENTENCING.html
27
Washington, DC: Urban Institute, March, 2004.
28
Washington, DC: Urban Institute, December, 2004.
29
http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2553/Sentencing-ALTERNATIVE-
SENTENCING.html
30
http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2553/Sentencing-ALTERNATIVE-
SENTENCING.html
31
saqarTvelos 2007 wlis kanoni arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebis
wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb.
32
iqve, muxli 3.
33
saqarTvelos 2007 wlis kanoni arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebis
wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb, muxli 30.
34
avtorTa koleqtivi, dasax. naSr., gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tbilisi,
2007, gv. 434.
35
saqarTvelos 2007 wlis kanoni arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebis
wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb, muxli 331.
36
http://www.justice.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=143&info_id=
3054
37
http://www.justice.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id =143&info_id=
3069
38
http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/Documents/Policy_Reform_Matrix_GEO.pdf
39
saqarTvelos 2009 wlis sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis stra-
tegia, miRebuli saqarTvelos prezidentis #591 brZanebulebis sa-
fuZvelze, gv. 25; http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/strategy.pdf

128
PUBLIC WORKS –
ONE OF THE BEST
AGENTS AMONG
NON-CUSTODIAL
MEASURES FOR
RESOCIALIZATION OF
JUVENILES

IRINE KHERKHEULIDZE
Doctor of Law Assistant Professor Criminal law direction
of the Law School Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Member of the Criminalistics and Criminology Institute of
the Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

The article below speaks about juvenile sentencing related issues like use
of public works as an alternative non-custodial punishment measure both,
in Georgia and USA. The article lists advantages of using the aforemen-
tioned punishment, which is especially advisable in case of juveniles. It is
perceived that in addition to other advantages of public works (as com-
pared to custodial type of punishment), like, for instance better perspec-
tive for resocialization, economy of sentence can also be considered one
of advantages.

Grounds, procedures and legal regulation instruments for imposition of

this type of a punishment are reviewed by Georgian and American legal
systems. Namely, application of public works in case of juveniles and in
some instances in case of adults (US experience) is also reviewed in ac-
cordance with Georgian and American laws and based on their compari-
son.

The topic requires in-depth research, analysis and careful approach to

juveniles’ punishability, since one of the priorities of the initiated by the

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government criminal justice reform is about juvenile justice, which envisages new vision and progressive
approaches. Thus, the article concerns the juvenile justice system as well. This system allows for implemen-
tation of the rehabilitation justice as well as for active use of probation, which, very often, envisages public
works as well. However, public works, as alternative to imprisonment may be used as an independent work.

Mentioned problem deserves attention, since researches clearly show that the US criminal law gives prefer-
ence to alternative non-custodial punishments, which are used not only in case of juveniles, but adults as
well. In this regard, the article describes alternative punishments of the US: public works, release for
performance of works and week-end sentence programmes.

Considering all said above, the question is why alternative measures of punishment, like public works, are not
used in Georgian system of justice at least in some cases instead of custodial measures. The article raises the
issue of disuse of public works and offers possible solutions. It also reviews provisions of the law of Georgia
“On enforcement of non-custodial punishments and probation” and the new project “Public Works” devel-
oped by joint effort of the Ministry of Corrections, Probation and Legal Aid and the Ministry of Justice of
Georgia. Goals of the new project are listed as well; the project envisages seeking alternatives to custodial
measures of punishment and engaging offenders in public works. The project is extremely relevant with regard
to juveniles’ punishability, since it is oriented at offenders, who did not commit grave crimes and who do not
represent public threat.

Similar to implementation of such progressive legislative initiatives American experience, is also described
in the article.

130
nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos
verdiqti

irina aqubardia
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
asocirebuli profesori

cnobilia, rom sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsis

erT-erTi umTavresi novaciaa nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos Semo-
Reba. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo didi xania damkvidrebulia
rogorc saerTo samarTlis, aseve, kontinenturi samarTlis
sistemis rig qveynebSi. qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis ki, es ins-
tituti faqtobrivad ucxoa. 2004 wels saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciaSi Sesuli cvlilebiT ganisazRvra nafic msajulTa sasamar-
Tlos SemoReba saqarTveloSi, xolo nafic msajulTa Semadgen-
lobis formireba, uflebamosileba, gansjadoba1 da saqmis gan-
xilvis saproceso wesi mowesrigebulia saqarTvelos axali sis-
xlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, romelic 2010 wlis 1 oq-
tombridan Sevida ZalaSi.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoReba saqarTveloSi mimdi-
nare sasamarTlo reformis axali talRis Semadgeneli nawilia.2
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `marTlmsajulebis Zvel da Tanamed-
rove meqanizmTa Soris, faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia moiZebnos Ta-
visi imanenturi bunebiT ufro winaaRmdegobrivi, iuristebsa Tu
sazogadoebaSi diametrulad sawinaaRmdego Sefasebebis adre-
sati meore iseTi instituti, rogoricaa nafic msajulTa sasa-
marTlo.3
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos amoqmedebisas moqalaqeebi pir-
dapir Caebmebian marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi. Tu sazo-
gadoebas istoriulad ar hqonda sasamarTlos ndoba da fiqrob-

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da, rom mosamarTleebi araswor gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen, axla xalxi Tavad iqneba am proce-
sis monawile da gadawyvetilebas Tavad miiRebs... moqalaqeebi gadamwyvet rols Seasruleben
piris braleulobisa Tu udanaSaulobis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi. mosamarTle kanonis eqsperti
iqneba, magram imoqmedebs rogorc damoukidebeli damkvirvebeli, romelic uzrunvelyofs
samarTliani sasamarTlos Catarebas rogorc braldebulis, aseve, braldebis mxareTaTvis.~4
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo misi arsebobis aTaswliani istoriis manZilze mecnierTa yu-
radRebas yovelTvis ipyrobda. saqarTveloSic bevri daiwera masze. Cveni mizani ar aris am mra-
valmxriv saintereso institutis yvela rakursiT Seswavla. yuradRebas gavmaxvilebT mxolod
erT konkretul sakiTxze _ verdiqtis gamotanis da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis Tavisebure-
bebze.
upirvelesad, SevexoT nafic msajulTa ufleba-movaleobebs, rac regulirebulia axali sisx-
lis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 235-236-e muxlebiT. aRniSnuli muxlebis analizisas, yurad-
Rebas ipyrobs garkveuli Seusabamoba. kerZod, axali sssk-is 235-e muxlis I nawilis `b~ punqtis
Tanaxmad, msajulebs ufleba aqvT sasamarTlodan miiRon winaswari informacia saqmis garemo-
ebebisa da gamosarkvevi mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, aRniSnuli debuleba winaaRmdegobaSi
modis amave kodeqsis 236-e muxlis I nawilis `d~ punqtTan, romlis mixedviTac, nafic msajulebs
ekrZalebaT gansaxilvel saqmesTan dakavSirebiT informaciis moZieba sxdomis farglebs gareT.
vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad umjobesi iqneboda sssk-is 235-e muxlis I na-
wilis `b~ punqti amogveRo, radgan nafic msajulTa mier sasamarTlo sxdomis gareSe, winaswari
informaciis miReba saqmis garemoebebisa da gamosarkvevi mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb, mTels msof-
lioSi miCneulia nafic msajulTa institutis nivelirebis safuZvlad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, nafic msajulTa
sasamarTloSi garemoebebi, romlebic unda damtkicdes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze (mtkicebis
sagani) or jgufad iyofa: 1. danaSaulebriv qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebi e.w. faq-
tobrivi garemoebebi; 2. gansasjelis pirovnebis daxasiaTebasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebi.
amasTan, pirveli jgufis garemoebebi unda dadgindes verdiqtis gamotanamde, xolo meore
jgufis garemoebebi ki, verdiqtis gamotanis Semdeg.
sasamarTlo ganxilvis orsafexuriani sistema axali ar aris. igi didi xania damkvidrebulia
inglisis (nafic msajulTa, gvirgvinis, magistratTa) sasamarTloebSi. amasTan, am saerTo wesidan
arsebobs gamonaklisi. kerZod, bralmdebels ufleba aqvs nafic msajulebs acnobos, rom gan-
sasjels, romelsac brali edeba seqsualur xelyofaSi, winaT ukve Cadenili aqvs analogiuri
danaSauli.5
saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsic iTvaliswinebs garkveul gamo-
nakliss aRniSnuli wesidan. kerZod, sssk 238-e muxlis Tanaxmad, verdiqtis gamocxadebamde nafic
msajulebs ar unda ecnoboT braldebulis adrindeli sisxlis samarTlis an administraciul
pasuxisgebaSi yofnis an nasamarTlobis Sesaxeb (Tu es ar aris wardgenili braldebis erT-erTi
makvalificirebeli niSani, an gamiznuli ar aris braldebulis Cvenebis sandoobis Sesamowmeb-
lad).
inglisuri mtkicebiTi samarTlis klasikuri dogmis asaxva saqarTvelos axal sisxlis samar-
Tlis saproceso kodeqsSi marTebulad migvaCnia, radgan braldebulis damnaSaveobis sakiTxis
gadawyvetamde pirovnebis maxasiaTebeli garemoebebis gamokvlevam, romelic ar ukavSirdeba
braldebas, SesaZloa nafici msajulebi uaryofiTad ganawyos am piris mimarT, rasac sabolood,
SeiZleba usamarTlo ganaCenis dadgena mohyves.
amasTan, vfiqrobT, rom sssk 238-e muxlSi aRniSnuli sagamonakliso SemTxvevebi unda daixve-
wos da dazustdes. Cveni azriT, gamonaklisebi unda exebodes danaSaulis konkretul Semadgen-

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lobebs maTi simZimisa da Cadenis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT da ara braldebulis Cvenebis san-
doobis Semowmebas, radgan aseTi Semowmebisas SesaZlebelia garkveuli TviTneboba da bralde-
bulTa uflebebis SezRudva.
sasamarTlo sxdomis gaxsnisas da saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde sxdomis Tavmjdomare nafic
msajulebs aZlevs ganmartebas gamosayenebeli kanonis Taobaze. kerZod, nafic msajulebs ga-
nemartebaT braldebis Sinaarsi da misi samarTlebrivi safuZveli, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis
ZiriTadi wesebi, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis cneba, rom gamamtyunebeli verdiqti unda emyare-
bodes sxdomis Tavmjdomaris mier ganmartebul kanons da sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros gamokv-
leul eWvis gamomricxav mtkicebulebaTa erTobliobas. agreTve, verdiqti unda daeyrdnos
mxolod sasamarTlo procesis dros ganxilul mtkicebulebebs, rom aranairi mtkicebuleba ar
unda iyos miRebuli mxedvelobaSi sxvisi miTiTebebiT, rom verdiqti ar unda iyos miRebuli
varaudis safuZvelze da dauSvebel mtkicebulebaTa gamoyenebiT.
sxdomis Tavmjdomris ganmartebis miRebis Semdeg, nafici msajulebi gadian saTaTbiro oTaxSi
verdiqtis gamosatanad. aravis aqvs ufleba imyofebodes saTaTbiro oTaxSi nafic da saTadarigo
msajulTa garda da raime saxiT gavlena moaxdinos nafic msajulTa verdiqtze.
vfiqrobT, kanonis aRniSnuli norma daxvewas saWiroebs, radgan saTaTbiro oTaxSi ar unda
imyofebodes saTadarigo msajuli. mas xom xmis micemis ufleba ara aqvs. igi sxdomis darbazSi
imyofeba, rom Secvalos romelime nafici msajuli, Tu dadgeba aseTi Secvlis aucilebloba
sxdomis dasrulebamde da ara saTaTbiro oTaxSi. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom axali sssk-is 256-e
muxlis I nawilidan amosaRebia sityvebi _ `da saTadarigo~.
verdiqti aris nafic msajulTa Jiuris gadawyvetileba braldebulis damnaSaveoba-udanaSa-
ulobis Sesaxeb. verdiqti rogorc wesi, nafic msajulebs gamoaqvT verbaluri informaciis sa-
fuZvelze, radganac kanonis Tanaxmad, isini ar ecnobian sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi arsebul
werilobiT masalebs. misi ZiriTadi specifikuri damaxasiaTebeli niSania, rom verdiqti gamoaqvT
motivirebis gareSe.
saTaTbiro oTaxSi ufrosi msajuli Tanamimdevrulad ayenebs Ria kenWisyraze TiToeul sa-
kiTxs, sxdomis Tavmjdomaris mier gansazRvruli rigiTobiT da formulirebiT. jer kenWi eyreba
yvela wardgenil braldebaze gamamarTlebel verdiqts, xolo Tu verdiqti ver miiReba, kenWi
eyreba gamamtyunebel verdiqts. nafic msajuls ufleba ara aqvs, Tavi Seikavos xmis micemisagan.
nafici msajulebi xmas aZleven msajulTa siaSi maTi rigiTobis mixedviT. ufrosi msajuli xmas
aZlevs bolos da ajamebs kenWisyris saerTo Sedegebs.
sagulisxmoa, rom verdiqtis gamotanis procedura droSi gawelilia. sssk is 261-e muxlis
me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi ver moaxerxebs
erTsulovani gadawyvetilebis miRebas, gadawyvetileba momdevno 6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi miiReba
xmaTa Semdegi umravlesobiT: Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo Sedgeba aranakleb 11 nafici
msajulisagan, verdiqti miiReba 8 xmiT; Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo Sedgeba 10 nafici msaju-
lisagan, verdiqti miiReba 7 xmiT; Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo Sedgeba 9 nafici msajulisagan,
verdiqti miiReba 6 xmiT; Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo Sedgeba 8 nafici msajulisagan, ver-
diqti miiReba 5 xmiT; Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo Sedgeba 7 an 6 nafici msajulisagan, ver-
diqti miiReba 4 xmiT. anu saWiroa nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT samiT naklebi xmis
micema. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansaxilvel saqmeSi braldebuls SeiZleba daeniSnos uvado Tavisuf-
lebis aRkveTa, verdiqti erTxmad unda iqnes miRebuli.
Tu nafic msajulebs ar SeswevT unari, miaRwion saerTo SeTanxmebas, sxdomis Tavmjdomare
kidev erTxel ganumartavs nafic msajulebs verdiqtis mniSvnelobas da Txovs maT dabrundnen
saTaTbiro oTaxSi da gamoitanon is kanonis Sesabamisad. Tu saTaTbiro oTaxSi dabrunebis Semdeg,

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nafici msajulebi momdevno 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mainc ver miiReben verdiqts, maSin mosamarTle
miscems maT gonivrul vadas an daiTxovs maT srul Semadgenlobas da daniSnavs nafic msajulTa
axali Semadgenlobis SerCevis sxdomis TariRs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arc am nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos Seswevs unari, miiRos gadawyvetileba, braldebuli gamarTlebulad CaiTvleba.
migvaCnia, rom verdiqtis gamotanis aseTi xangrZlivi procesi amcirebs misi sarwmunoobis
xarisxs, amitom Cveni azriT, unda Semcirdes dro da ufro gamartivdes verdiqtis gamotanis
procedura.
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi gansxvavebulia verdiqtis formebis mixedviT. Tu naficma msaju-
lebma gamoitanes gamamarTlebeli verdiqti sasamarTlo sxdomis Tavmjdomare valdebulia da-
uyovnebliv gamoitanos gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni, romelic sabolooa da gasaCivrebas ar eqvem-
debareba. gamamtyunebeli verdiqtis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi ki, misi gamocxadebisTanave sxdomis
Tavmjdomare niSnavs sasjelis daniSvnis sxdomas, rac unda gaimarTos verdiqtis gamocxadebidan
ara ugvianes 3 dRisa.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi uflebamosileba, rogorc wesi, gamijnulia. nafici msajulebi
wyveten faqtis sakiTxebs, mosamarTle ki, samarTlis sakiTxebs. aqedan gamomdinare, verdiqtis ga-
mocxadebis Semdeg, sxdomis Tavmjdomare marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobisaTvis
madlobas uxdis nafic msajulebs da daiTxovs maT, magram am wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisi. kerZod,
Tu arc erTi mxare ar ganacxadebs uars _ sasjelis daniSvnis sxdoma imarTeba nafic msajulTa
monawileobiT. amasTan, nafic msajulTa rekomendaciebi sasjelis daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT
savaldebuloa mosamarTlisaTvis. axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 264-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, Tu sasjelis daniSvnis sxdomaze nafici msajulebi xmaTa umravlesobiT miiReben sasjelis
Semsubuqebis rekomendacias, sxdomis Tavmjdomare ar aris uflebamosili braldebuls dauniSnos
am danaSaulisaTvis saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli sasjelis maqsimaluri
zRvaris or mesamedze meti. xolo Tu nafici msajulebi xmaTa umravlesobiT miiReben sasjelis
damZimebis rekomendacias, sxdomis Tavmjdomare ar aris uflebamosili braldebuls dauniSnos am
danaSaulisaTvis ssk-iT gansazRvruli sasjelis maqsimaluri zRvaris or mesamedze naklebi. Tu
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ar Seswevs unari miiRos sasjelis Semsubuqebis an damZimebis
rekomendacia, uSualod mxolod maSin niSnavs sasjels sxdomis Tavmjdomare.
migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli norma ewinaaRmdegeba mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis princips,
radgan mosamarTles Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT, kanonis safuZvelze, saqmis faqtobrivi garemo-
ebebisa da braldebulis pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar SeuZlia daniSnos sasjeli. gamodis,
rom nafici msajulebi faqtis sakiTxTan erTad samarTlis sakiTxebsac wyveten, rac vfiqrobT,
mosamarTlis rols akninebs da imavdroulad gaumarTleblad afarToebs nafic msajulTa
uflebamosilebas. sjobda kanonmdebels realurad gaemijna faqtisa da samarTlis sakiTxebi
(Tumca, sadavoa, braleuloba-arabraleulobis dadgena da gadawyveta ramdenad SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT mxolod faqtis sakiTxs) da funqciebis aRreva ar daeSva. samarTlianad aRniSnavs
prof. T. liluaSvili, rom `Tu msajulebsa da mosamarTles Soris funqciebi ar aris gamijnuli
da saqmis ganxilvis procesSi wamoWril yvela sakiTxs erToblivad wyveten msajulebi da mo-
samarTle _ aseT sasamarTlos ar SeiZleba vuwodoT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo.~6 aseTi sasa-
marTlo ufro Sereuli tipis sasamarTlos hgavs, sadac profesionali da araprofesionali mo-
samarTleebi erToblivad ixilaven saqmeebs. Tanamedrove periodSi xom bevrma qveyanam (maga-
liTad, germaniam, safrangeTma) uari Tqva nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze da upiratesoba swored
Sereuli tipis sasamarTloebs mianiWa.
sainteresoa, mosamarTles aqvs Tu ara ufleba Secvalos nafic msajulTa gadawyvetileba,
Tu miiCnevs, rom verdiqti aSkarad usamarTloa? axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis

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261-e muxlis me-7 punqti Seicavs erTgvar meqanizms, romelic mosamarTles aZlevs SesaZleblobas
gavlena moaxdinos saqmis saboloo gadawyvetaze. kerZod, sxdomis Tavmjdomare uflebamosilia
gaauqmos nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli verdiqti da daniSnos nafic msajulTa
axali Semadgenlobis SerCevis sxdomis TariRi, Tu verdiqti aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba mtkicebu-
lebaTa erTobliobas, usafuZvloa da gamamtyunebeli verdiqtis gauqmeba samarTliani marTl-
msajulebis aRsrulebis erTaderTi SesaZleblobaa. sxdomis Tavmjdomare ar aris uflebamosili
gamoiyenos aRniSnuli uflebamosileba im safuZvliT, rom igi ar eTanxmeba nafic msajulTa
mier mowmis sandoobis Sefasebas an romelime mtkicebulebis mniSvnelobas. amasTan, kanoni ar
Seicavs ganmartebas, rom sasamarTlos aRniSnuli uflebamosilebiT erTjeradad SeuZlia isar-
geblos Tu SeuzRudavad. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kanonSi saubaria mxolod gamamtyu-
nebeli verdiqtis gauqmebis uflebamosilebaze, radgan nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamo-
tanili gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni sabolooa da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba. Tumca, xom ar aris
gamoricxuli, gamamarTlebeli verdiqtis gauqmebac samarTliani marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis
erTaderTi SesaZlebloba iyos?
nafic msajulTa ufleba kanonis ugulebelyofiT gaamarTlon braldebuli ,,nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos nulifikaciis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.
`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos nulifikacia~ inglisurenovani terminia da misi Sinaarsi gan-
martebulia rogorc `nafic msajulTa uflebamosileba _ kanonis ugulvebelyofiT gaamarTlon
gansasjeli Tundac maSin, rodesac warmodgenili mtkicebulebebiT misi brali safuZvliani eWvis
gareSe dgindeba.~7
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos nulifikacia is SemTxvevaa, roca saqmeSi uxvadaa gamamtyune-
beli mtkicebulebebi da nafic msajulebs materialuri da saproceso moTxovnebis miuxedavad,
gamamarTlebeli verdiqti gamoaqvT.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos nulifikaciis Tavidan asacileblad efeqtiani meqanizmia mosa-
marTleTa mier msajulebisaTvis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT micemuli ganmartebebi, rac erTi mxriv,
aTviTcnobierebs nafic msajulebs samarTlebriv sakiTxebSi, xolo meore mxriv, xels uSlis maT
kanonis gverdis avliT miiRon gadawyvetileba. mosamarTleTa instruqciebi gansakuTrebiT da-
maxasiaTebelia Sereuli sistemis sasamarTloebisaTvis. es sistemebi uaryofiT Sefasebas swored
nafic msajulebze mosamarTleTa metismeti zegavlenis gamo `imsaxureben~. praqtikam aCvena,
rom mosamarTlis miTiTebebi gavlenas axdenen saboloo gadawyvetilebaze, rac nulifikaciis
SesaZleblobas maqsimalurad amcirebs. swored amis gamo, saerTo samarTlis qveynebisagan gansx-
vavebiT, Sereuli sistemebisaTvis nulifikacia naklebad aris damaxasiaTebeli. sasamarTlo mi-
TiTebebi imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom mas SeuZlia nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos saqmianoba
samarTlianobisa da miukerZoeblobisaken warmarTos. SesaZloa mosamarTlis miTiTebebi iuri-
diuli ganaTlebis armqone nafic msajulebs garkveulwilad ama Tu im mxaris mimarT pozitiurad
ganawyobdes, magram misi gamoyeneba mainc aucilebelia nulifikaciis Tavidan asacileblad.
kanonis Tanaxmad, sxdomis Tavmjdomares sasjelis daniSvnis sxdomaze gamoaqvs ganaCeni,
romelic erTmniSvnelovnad unda eyrdnobodes nafic msajulTa mier gamotanil verdiqts (sssk-
is 265-e muxli). amasTan, radgan nafic msajulebs ar evalebaT verdiqtis dasabuTeba, Sesabamisad,
mosamarTlec (sxdomis Tavmjdomare) ar asabuTebs ganaCenSi mas. ganaCeni mxolod sasjelis
nawilSi unda iyos motivirebuli.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli verdiqti SeiZleba gasaCivrdes mxolod
sakasacio wesiT, saapelacio sasamarTloSi. gasaCivrebis safuZvlebi gansazRvrulia sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 266-e muxliT. Tu ganaCeni gasaCivrda im motiviT, rom sxdomis
Tavmjdomarem mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb, an mxaris mier dayenebuli Suamdgomlobis

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ganxilvisas ukanono gadawyvetileba miiRo, aseve, Tu sxdomis Tavmjdomarem nafic msajulTa

saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlis win ganmartebebis micemisas arsebiTi Secdoma dauSva an igi ar
daeyrdno ganaCenis gamotanisas nafic msajulTa verdiqts, anda piriqiT, daeyrdno kanonis moT-
xovnaTa darRveviT gamotanil verdiqts da es saCivari dakmayofilda _ saqme xelaxali gan-
xilvisaTvis gadaecema nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos axal Semadgenlobas.
marTalia, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos axal SemadgenlobaSi mosamarTlec Sedis, magram
kanonis es ukanaskneli debuleba marTebulad ar migvaCnia Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: jer erTi,
saqmis ganxilvisas Tu sxdomis Tavmjdomarem dauSva Secdomebi, daarRvia kanoni, ratom unda
moxdes nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis xelaxali formireba; meore, dasaxelebuli sakiTxebis
gadawyveta isedac ar Sedis nafic msajulTa kompetenciaSi, vinaidan kanonSi calsaxad aris mi-
TiTebuli, rom nafici msajulebi ar monawileoben mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobisa da mxareTa
mier dayenebuli Suamdgomlobebis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi; mesame, nafic msajulTa axali
Semadgenlobis formireba dakavSirebulia damatebiT xarjebTan, drois, energiis dakargvasTan
da saqmis ganxilvis usafuZvlo gaWianurebasTan. vfiqrobT, ufro marTebuli iqneboda saqme
xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis gadascemoda sxva mosamarTles da ara nafic msajulTa axal Semadgen-
lobas.
sssk-is 266-e muxlis me-4 punqtiT Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ganaCeni gasaCivrda
sasjelis ukanonobis an dausabuTeblobis motiviT, an sxdomis Tavmjdomarem ar gaiTvaliswina
nafic msajulTa mier miRebuli sasjelis Semsubuqebis an damZimebis rekomendacia _ saqme sas-
jelis xelaxali daniSvnisaTvis ubrundeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos sxdomis Tavmjdomares,
rac aseve, marTebulad ar migvaCnia, radgan sxdomis Tavmjdomarem dauSva Secdomebi sasjelis
daniSvnisas (Segnebulad Tu aracnobierad).
`gaugebaria, Tu ratom ubrundeba saqme sasjelis xelaxali daniSvnisaTvis~ nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos sxdomis Tavmjdomares, anu darRvevis damSveb pirs... ra garantia arsebobs, rom aq
romelime mimarTulebiT kvlav ar dairRveva kanoni?8 cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasjelis daniS-
vnis movaleoba unda daekisros sxva mosamarTles, romelic gamoasworebs daSvebul Secdomebs.~
winamdebare naSromSi, Cven SevexeT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis mxolod
zogierT sakiTxs. naSromSi gamoTqmuli winadadebebis gaTvaliswineba, vfiqrobT, xels Seuwyobs
kanonmdeblobis srulyofas, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis saTanado normebis
daxvewas, raTa realurad am institutma ganapirobos mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis xarisxis
gazrda, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas moqalaqeTa socialuri kontrolis uzrunvelyofa,
sasamarTlos mimarT da mTlianad arsebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT xalxis ndobis
amaRleba. sabolood, am mizans emsaxureba nafic msajulTa institutis SemoReba.

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 SeniSvnebi:

1
2010 wlis 1 oqtombridan 2012 wlamde nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos
gansjadi iqneba saqarTvelos ssk-is 109-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSauli, 2012 wlidan 2014 wlis 1 oqtombramde ki, ssk-is 111, 137-
e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebic.
2
robert uoTkinsi, `saqarTvelos SeuZlia siamayiT Tqvas, rom did
gamocdas gauZlo,“ Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni”, 2009, #1, 6.
3
i. gabisonia, nafic msajulTa, magistratTa da momrigebeli sasamar-
Tloebi, Tb., 2008, 92.
4
jared kinboli, `qarTuli sasamarTlo sistema ukeTesobisken icv-
leba~, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2009, #4, 10.
5
k. f. gucenko, l. v. golovko, b. a. filimonovi, dasavleTis saxelm-
wifoTa sisxlis samarTlis procesi, Tb., 2007. gv.120.
6
T. liluaSvili, `gaamarTlebs Tu ara nafic msajulTa sasamarT-
lo?!~, Jurn. `samarTali~, 1992, #5, 4.
7
n. vidmari, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo (saero samarTlis qveynebi),
Tb., 2005, gv. 76.
8
i. gabisonia, nafic msajulTa, magistratTa da momrigebeli sasamar-
Tloebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 472.

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VERDICT OF
THE JURY TRIAL

IRINA AKUBARDIA
Tbilisi Technical University Associate Professor

The paper speaks about one of the major innovations of the criminal
procedure – jury trial. During thousand of years of history, the jury trial
was always in focus of scientists. A lot was written about the institution
in Georgia as well. Goal of the paper is not to study all aspects of the
jury trial institution. Major focus is made on one specific issue – features
and legal outcome of the jury trial verdict.

The paper analyses rights and responsibilities of the jury trial and the
opinion is expressed that in order to overcome contradictions between
articles 235 and 236 of the CPC, it is necessary to remove paragraph “b”
of the article 235, since receiving preliminary information on circumstances
of the case and evidence by the jury before the trial is considered a basis
for leveling the institution of the jury trial. The paper underlines that
procedural law defines timeframes for arriving at the verdict by the jury; it
diminishes its credibility, therefore an opinion is expressed about reducing
the time and simplifying procedure for arriving at the verdict.

The paper also reviews authorities of the jury to decide on issues of the fact and
features of participating in the sentencing hearing, providing recommendation
on sentencing and aggravating as well as mitigating circumstances. In addition,
we discuss potential results of appealing to the guilty verdict.

The paper points out that separate provisions of the new Criminal
Procedures Code, regulating procedure of arriving at the verdict, require
refinement and proposals on improvement of the legislation are made.

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dazaralebulis
uflebrivi
mdgomareoba sisxlis
samarTlis axali
saproceso kodeqsis
mixedviT
daviT kariauli
sulxan-saba orbelianis saswavlo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori

dazaralebuli sisxlis samarTlis procesis erT-erTi mniSv-

nelovani monawilea, romlis uflebebic sxvadasxva dros sxva-
dasxvanairad iyo daculi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonm-
deblobaSi. dazaralebulis statuss da mis uflebriv mdgoma-
reobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis
ganxorcielebisas. dazaralebulis cneba rogorc Zvel aseve,
sisxlis samarTlis axal saproceso kodeqsSi erTnairad aris
ganmartebuli, rasac ver vityviT mis statusze da uflebriv
mdgomareobaze. 1998 wlis kodeqsis mixedviT, dazaralebuli
warmoadgenda braldebis mxares sisxlis samarTlis procesSi da
gamodioda rogorc sufsidiuri bralmdebeli. aqedan gamomdi-
nareobda misi mTeli rigi uflebebi, romlebsac axali sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT moklebulia. axali ko-
deqsis mixedviT dazaralebuli aRar warmoadgens mxares sisxlis
samarTlis procesSi da Sesabamisad, misi mdgomareobac mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba adrindelTan SedarebiT.
axali kodeqsis mixedviT, dazaralebuli ganixileba, rogorc
braldebis mowme da damkvidrebuli praqtikis mixedviT, misi sa-
samarTlo procesze gamoZaxeba damokidebulia prokuroris ga-
dawyvetilebaze _ rodis da romel sxdomaze iqnas igi gamoZaxe-
buli da daeswros Tu ara sasamarTlo ganxilvas bolomde proce-
sis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi, rac Cveni azriT, garkveulwilad
zRudavs dazaralebulis saproceso uflebebs.

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dazaralebulis cneba sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT TiTqmis ar

gansxvavdeba wina kodeqsebisagan. kodeqsis me-3 muxlis 22-e punqtis mixedviT, dazaralebuli
aris saxelmwifo, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelsac moraluri, fizikuri Tu qonebrivi
ziani miadga uSualod danaSaulis Sedegad. rogorc am ganmartebidan irkveva, danaSauli uSu-
alod mimarTulia dazaralebulis uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis sawinaaRmdegod da zians
ayenebs mas. aqedan gamomdinare, mas, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesis monawiles gansakuT-
rebuli adgili ukavia sxva monawileTa Soris. is uSualod aris dainteresebuli sisxlis samar-
Tlis saqmis bediT, raTa erTi mxriv, srulyofilad iqnas daculi misi kanonieri uflebebi da
interesebi, xolo meore mxriv, mxilebul iqnas da saTanadod daisajos is piri, romelsac brali
miuZRvis danaSaulis CadenaSi, aseve, srulad iqnas anazRaurebuli is ziani, rac mas danaSaulis
Sedegad miadga.
dazaralebulis uflebebi mocemulia kodeqsis 57-e muxlSi, kerZod, dazaralebuls ufleba
aqvs:
a) icodes braldebulisaTvis wardgenili braldebis arsi;
b) sasamarTloSi saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisas da sasjelis Sefardebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo sxdo-
maze misces Cveneba zianis Sesaxeb, romelic mas miadga;
g) ufasod miiRos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis an\da gamoZiebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis
(ganCinebis), ganaCenis, sxva Semajamebeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis asli;
d) miiRos procesSi minawileobis Sedegad gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba;
e) daibrunos gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos ganxilvis dros saqmis saWiroebisaTvis droebiT
CamorTmeuli, misi kuTvnili qoneba;
v) prokurors mosTxovos dacvis specialuri RonisZiebis gatareba, Tu safrTxe emuqreba
rogorc mis, ise misi axlo naTesavis an ojaxis wevris sicocxles, janmrTelobas an\da
sakuTrebas;
z) miiRos ganmarteba Tavisi ufleba-movaleobis Sesaxeb;
T) isargeblos am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva uflebebiT;
aseve kodeqsis 47-e muxlis (mowme) mixedviT, dazaralebuls, iseve, rogorc gamomZiebels,
prokurors, braldebuls, eqspertsa da Tarjimans sasamarTloSi Cvenebis micemisas eniWeba mow-
mis yvela ufleba da movaleoba.
aseTia dazaralebulis statusi da uflebrivi mdgomareoba moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixed-
viT. radganac dazaralebuli, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aRar warmoadgens mxares mas veRar eqneba
mTeli rigi uflebebi, romlis meSveobiTac igi axorcielebda sufsidiuri braldebis funqcias
da es bunebrivicaa, magram migvaCnia, rom misTvis zogierTi uflebis miniWeba xels Seuwyobs
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dazaralebuls gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukavia sisxlis samar-
Tlis procesis monawileTa Soris. igi warmoadgens danaSaulis msxverpls da danaSaulebrivi
qmedeba mimarTulia misi kanonieri uflebebis sawinaaRmdegod. dazaralebuli umravles SemTx-
vevaSi, danaSaulis TviTmxilvelia, amitom is xSir SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze ukeT flobs saWiro in-
formacias da SeuZlia warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis yvela garemoebis
Sesaxeb. mas aseve, xeli miuwvdeba saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan mtkicebulebebze, romelic gamo-
Ziebisa da damnaSavis mxilebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania. aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa,
rom dazaralebuli mxares ar warmoadgens, misTvis mtkicebulebaTa wardgenis uflebis miniWeba
vfiqrobT, mizanSewonilia. amiT mas miecema SesaZlebloba ukeT ganaxorcielos Tavisi Selaxuli
uflebebis dacva, xolo procesis mwarmoebeli organos yuradReba gaamaxvilos saqmisaTvis mniS-
vnelovan garemoebebze, rac sabolood, xels Seuwyobs saqmeze obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenas.

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Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar SeiZleba gadaWarbebulad SevafasoT dazaralebulis mier war-
modgenili mtkicebulebebis utyuaroba. ra Tqma unda, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros, gaTva-
liswinebuli unda iqnas dazaralebulis interesi danaSaulis swrafi gamoZiebis, damnaSavis mxi-
lebisa da misi umkacresad dasjisa. amitom mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba unda moxdes kritikulad,
didi sifrTxiliT, raTa ar iqnas gadametebulad aRqmuli dazaralebulis mier warmodgenili
mtkicebuleba.
dazaralebulis, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesis gansakuTrebuli subieqtis mdgomare-
obaze metyvelebs isic, rom prokurors iseve, rogorc braldebulad cnobis SemTxvevaSi, gamo-
aqvs calke dadgenileba dazaralebulad cnobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli sakiTxi arasodes ar iwvevda
davas da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdablobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, erTgva-
rovnad iyo mowesrigebuli. amasTan, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi ikveTeba ori urTierTdapiris-
pirebuli subieqti, romelTa interesebic erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. orive subieqti cdilobs
warmoadginos argumentebi Tavisi poziciebis dasacavad da gasamyareblad. braldebuls moqmedi
saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, aqvs mTeli rigi uflebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeuZlia je-
rovnad ganaxorcielos Tavisi interesebis dacva da daicvas Tavi wayenebuli braldebisagan.
meore mxriv, is faqti, rom danaSaulebrivi qmedeba mimarTulia dazaralebulis uflebebis sawi-
naaRmdegod metyvelebs, rom dazaralebuls aqvs damoukidebeli saproceso interesi sisxlis
samarTlis saqmis mimarT. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom kodeqsis mixedviT, swored dazaralebulis
arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani. prokuroris mier da-
zaralebulad cnobis dadgenilebis gamotanasTan uSualo kavSirSia danaSaulis Sedegad mi-
yenebuli zianis gansazRvrac. aqedan gamomdinare, marTebuli iqneboda, rom dazaralebulsac
braldebulis msgavad, hqondes zogierTi uflebamosileba iseTi, rogoric aris magaliTad, gasa-
Civreba, romlis meSveobiTac, is SesZlebs daicvas Tavisi poziciebi.
axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs dazaralebulisaTvis iseT
mniSvnelovan uflebas, rogoricaa gasaCivreba. aRniSnuli midgoma gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom
kodeqsi dazaralebuls aRar ganixilavs mxared. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis samarTlis
saproceso kanonmdeblobis TiTqmis yvela etapze, imis miuxedavad, warmoadgenda Tu ara daza-
ralebuli mxares _ mas yovelTvis hqonda ufleba gaesaCivrebina gamomZieblis da prokuroris
ukanono moqmedeba zemdgom prokurorTan da pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ganaCeni zemdgom
sasamarTloSi.
kodeqsis 166-e muxlis mixedviT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebisa da ganxorcielebis
diskreciuli uflebamosileba aqvs mxolod prokurors. kodeqsis 105-e muxlis (gamoZiebis Sewy-
vetis an sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ardawyebis an Sewyvetis safuZvlebi) me-3-e punqtis mi-
xedviT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna SesaZloa ar daiwyos an Sewydes, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba sisx-
lis samarTlis politikas. am punqtis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2010 wlis
8 oqtombris #181 brZanebiT, damtkicda `sisxlis samarTlis politikis saxelmZRvanelo prin-
cipebis zogadi nawili~, sadac Camoyalibebulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebis mizan-
Sewonilobis safuZvlebi da rekomendaciebi prokurorisaTvis, am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
kerZod, am dokumentis I I TavSi naTqvamia rom `saxelmwifos resursi ar aris sakmarisi yvela
danaSaulis faqtze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad... Sesabamisad, sajaro
interesis gansazRvrisas, prokurorma unda gaiTvaliswinos, saxelmwifosaTvis ramdenad prio-
ritetulia konkretuli danaSaulis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.~ amave dokumentis mixedviT,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebisaTvis aucilebelia saxeze iyos sruli testi. is ki, Tavis
mxriv, Sedgeba ori testisagan: 1. mtkicebulebiTi testi; 2. sajaro interesis testi. aRniSnuli
testebis Sefasebis Semdeg, prokurorma unda gaaanalizos danaSaulis simZime da xasiaTi da

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Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT unda gadawyvitos, ramdenad Seesabameba konkretul danaSaulze

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyeba sajaro interess da miiRos gadwyvetileba devnis dawyeba-
ardawyebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi, dazaralebuli, romlis interesebis dacvac damokidebulia
imaze, daiwyeba da\an gagrZeldeba Tu ara sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna sisxlis samarTlis dana-
SaulTan dakavSirebiT, moklebulia SesaZleblobas gaasaCivros prokuroris gadawyvetileba zem-
dgom prokurorTan (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT 168-e muxls, sadac ar aris konkretizacia) da
amiT mieces saSualeba daicvas Tavisi kanonieri uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis devnis dawyebis
etapze.
dazaralebuls aseve, ar gaaCnia ufleba gaasaCivros pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier
gamotanili ganaCeni zemdgom sasamarTloSi da is damokidebulia prokuroris iniciativaze _
gaasaCivrebs Tu ara igi sasamarTlos ganaCens. migvaCnia, rom dazaralebuli, rogorc damouki-
debeli saproceso interesis mqone subieqti sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi aRWurvili unda iyos am
uflebiT. es xels Seuwyobs erTi mxriv, misi uflebebis jerovnad dacvas da meore mxriv, aamaR-
lebs saqmeze samarTliani ganaCenis gamotanis SesaZleblobas.

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RIGHTS OF VICTIMS
UNDER THE NEW
CRIMINAL
PROCEDURES CODE

DAVID KARIAULI
Sulkhan-Saba University Associate Professor

On October 1, 2010 the new Criminal Procedures Code came into force.
It employs new approaches to number of various issues; namely, rights
of parties as well as their status have changed. The article speaks about
rights of the victim – one of the most important subjects of criminal
procedures. Current rights are listed and the issue of granting rights like
presentation of evidence and appeal are reviewed.

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sagadasaxado samarTlis
konstituciur-
samarTlebrivi
safuZveli sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis miReba:
problemebi da
Taviseburebani
(saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze
saqonlis gadaadgilebis kuTxiT)

ia xarazi
saqarTvelos saaviacio universitetisa da saqarTvelos
daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis asocirebuli
profesori

ukanasknel dros SesamCnevad izrdeba saxelmwifosa da samar-

Tlis roli saqonlis, samuSaoebis, momsaxurebisa da sxvadasxva
informaciis saerTaSoriso gacvlis regulirebaSi. saxelmwifo
emyareba konkretul iuridiul aqtebs, daadgens saqarTvelos
ekonomikur teritoriaze saqonlisa da satransporto saSuale-
bebis gadaadgilebis Sesabamis sasaqonlo operaciebs, krefs ga-
dasaxads, amtkicebs portalSi (saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazR-
varTan mdebare kontrolis zonaSi) mgzavrebis, saqonlisa da
satransporto saSualebebis mimarT sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dad-
genil procedurebs da sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis monawi-
leebze samarTlebrivi da mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis sxva
formebs. samarTlis Sesabamisi normebis meSveobiT samarTal-
damcavi organoebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri sazRvris ukanonod
gadamkveTi pirebis mimarT, romelTa saqoneli da satransporto
saSualebebi arRveven portalis gadakveTis wess da pirobebs,
iyenebs sxvadasxva zomebs, axorcielebs samZebro-operatiul da
profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs.

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 `gansakuTrebuli fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba sagadasaxado samarTlis funqcionirebasa da
ganviTarebaSi 1995 wlis saqarTvelos konstitucias eniWeba. masSi Cadebulia saqarTvelos de-
mokratiuli da civilizebuli principebi, saqarTvelos demokratiisa da samarTlebrivi siste-
mebis da misi calkeuli damatebis, maT Soris, sagadasaxado samarTlis ganviTarebis safuZvlebi.
saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula, me-3, me-6, 21-e, 90-e, 93-e, muxlis me-7 punqti, 94-e
muxlis me-4 da me-5 muxlebi1 da rigi sxva muxlebi qmnian samarTlis axali dargebis warmoSobisa
da ganviTarebis xelsayrel niadags (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs dRes ukve sabaJo samarTalTan gaer-
Tianebuli sagadasaxado samarTali2, sainvesticio samarTali, fasiani qaRaldebis samarTali,
ekonomikuri samarTali da sxva). gansakuTrebiT aqcenti gvinda gavakeToT konstituciis me-3
muxlze, romlis `v~ punqtis Tanaxmad, mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa
gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba `sagareo vaWroba, sabaJo da satarifo reJimebi.~ aR-
niSnulma muxlma gamokveTa sagadasaxado-sabaJo politika (ekonomikuri politika), romelic
aris `saxelmwifos mier dadgenili erTgvari `TamaSis wesebi~ sagadasaxado-sabaJo sferoSi,
romlis mizani gacvliT ganpirobebuli ganawilebiTi marTvaa.~3
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado politika viTardeba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso
samarTlebriv normebsa da praqtikasTan harmonizaciisa da unifikaciis mimarTulebiT. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, upirvelesi primati ganekuTvneba evrokavSiris (EEG) sabaJo kodeqssa da sabaJo pro-
cedurebis gamartivebisa da harmonizaciis saerTaSoriso konvencias (1973 w. kioto).
`saqarTvelos konstituciis muxlebi qmnian sagadasaxado samarTlis gansazRvrul da arsebiT
sakonstitucio samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, wanamZRvrebs. amasTan, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi
aris ufro vrceli da safuZvliani regulirebisa da im konstituciuri debulebebisa da normebis
damagrebis SesamCnevi rezervebi, romlebic sagadasaxado-sabaJo saqmesa da sagadasaxado-sabaJo
samarTals exeba.~4
sagadasaxado kodeqsi sagadasaxado samarTlis sakiTxebis kodificirebuli aqtia.
2011 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedebulma sagadasaxado kodeqsma Zaladakargulad gamoacxada
2004 wlis saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi da 2007 wlis sabaJo kodeqsi (sagadasaxado kodeqsi,
muxli 310, gardamavali debulebebi).
sagadasaxado kodeqsi Sedgeba XV karisagan, 62 Tavisagan, gardamavali debulebebisagan,
romelic mTlianobaSi moicavs 310 muxls.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi araerTi novaciiT gamoirCeva, romelic samomavlod xels
Seuwyobs saxelmwifo organoebsa da bizness Soris saqmiani, partnioruli, civilizebuli ur-
TierTobis Camoyalibebas, romelzec mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikuri gaZli-
ereba da TiToeuli moqalaqis keTildReobac.
cxadia, qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, ekonomikuri berketebis srulyofisaTvis, biz-
nesis seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis, udavod gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sagadasaxado ko-
deqsis muxlebs, romelic wina sagadasaxado da sabaJo kodeqsebTan SedarebiT ufro miaxloe-
bulia evropul sagadasaxado-sabaJo kanonmdeblobasTan.
WeSmaritebaa, rom samyaroSi srulyofili da idealuri araferia da bunebrivia, sagadasaxado
kodeqsic ver iqneba srulyofili, magram axlo warsulSi moqmedma sagadasaxado da sabaJo kodeq-
sebma udavod, ZiriTadad, Seasrules saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze
Tavisi amocanebi.
sabazro ekonomikis formirebis sawyisi periodi xasiaTdeboda arastabilurobiT. yoveldRiuri
praqtikidan aSkarad Cans, rom vaWrobaSi arsebuli mravali normatiuli samarTlebrivi aqtis
arsebobam ver SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina qveynisaTvis aucilebeli saxsrebis gadineba, ekonomikurad
araxelsayreli kontraqtebis dadeba, sagadasaxado-sabaJo wesebis darRvevebi da sxva.

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sagadasaxado procesis teqnologiaSi xSiri cvlilebebi ver uzrunvelyofs sagareo vaWrobis

ganviTarebis stabilur pirobebs, rasac qveynis ekonomikisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organoSi axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis ganxilvisas gamoiTqva
mravali mosazreba da SeniSvna ara marto ucxoeli eqspertebisa, aseve, qarTveli mewarme-subi-
eqtebis, importiorebis mier. bevri saqmiani winadadeba gaTvaliswinebul iqna, romelmac kidev
ufro miaaxlova evropuli sagadasaxado-sabaJo kanonmdeblobis models qarTuli sagadasaxado
kanonmdebloba.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi miznad isaxavs qveyanaSi axali saerTaSoriso safinanso insti-
tutebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qveyanaSi investiciebis mozidvas, rac Tavis mxriv,
xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebas, qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas, qvey-
nis ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis xelSewyobas, qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso safinanso centris Camoya-
libebas, aseve, saqarTvelos savaWro-satranzito funqciis amaRlebas. amisaTvis saqarTvelos
samarTlebriv sivrceSi gaCnda iseTi subieqtebi, rogoricaa: a) fiskaluri politika, b) gada-
saxadebi fiskaluri reformis mixedviT, g) saerTaSoriso finansuri kompaniebi, d) Tavisufali
sawyobis sawarmo, e) saerTaSoriso sawarmo.
2011 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsSi gamovyofdiT Semdeg momentebsa da Taviseburebebs, rac
arsebiTia sagadasaxado kodeqsisaTvis: instituciuri midgoma sistemuri saxiT warmodgenil
ZiriTad problemebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis saSualebas iZleva. instituciur problemebs
miekuTvneba: sagadasaxado politika, saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado-sabaJo integracia, sagadasa-
xado organoebi, saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazRvarze saqonlis gadaadgileba, saxelmwifo kont-
roli da saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba, sasaqonlo operaciebi, sagadasaxado davalianebis ga-
daxdevinebis uzrunvelyofa, wminda samarTaldamcavi bloki, saqarTvelos ekonomikur sazR-
varze saqonlis ukanono gadaadgilebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba, informireba da konsultaciis
gaweva, sagadasaxado organoebis Tanamdebobis pirebi da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, sagadasaxado kodeqsi warmodgenilia sagadasaxado organoebisaTvis niSan-
doblivi da maTi saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebis, mimarTulebebisa da funqcio-
nirebis da aseve, sagadasaxado sferoSi organoebis, organizaciebis, iuridiuli da fizikuri
pirebis, `mravalferovani speqtriT.~ am debulebebisa da normebis safuZvels emyareba sagada-
saxado samarTali.
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi realizebulia riskebis marTvis koncefcia, romelic miRebulia
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi. es niSnavs: Semosavlebis
samsaxurma portalSi unda gaakontrolos ara yvelaferi, rac misi gavliT moZraobs, aramed
unda airCios miznebi, romlebic ase Tu ise dakavSirebulia ekonomikis, usafrTxoebis, jan-
mrTelobis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis riskebTan. sagadasaxado kodeqsi, masSi Camoyali-
bebuli debulebebiT, aRiarebs sakuTari principebisa da sagadasaxado procedurebis Sesaxeb
kiotos konvenciaSi Cadebuli msoflio sabaJo organizaciis principebs.
mzad aris aseTi cvlilebebisaTvis saqarTvelos Semosavlebis samsaxuri?
2011 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsi gamoricxavs sagareo vaWrobis monawileTa pasuxisgebaSi mi-
cemas sasamarTlo procedurebis gareSe; adgilze saSualebas iZleva Semosavlebis samsaxurs
daqvemdebarebul portalebSi gadawydes davebi Semosavlebis samsaxursa da saqarTvelos eko-
nomikur teritoriaze saqonlis gadamaadgilebel pirebs Soris; sagareo vaWrobis monawileTa
saCivrebze maTi miRebisTanave yvela axsna-ganmartebebze reaqcias dauyovnebliv iZleva Semo-
savlebis samsaxuris Sesabamisi kompetenturi muSaki.
sagadasaxado kodeqsi _ es aris pirdapiri moqmedebis kanoni. mis sasikeTod unda iTqvas, rom
gamartivda saqonlis gaformebisas gamoyenebuli sasaqonlo operaciebi da man moicva 10 saxe,

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gansxvavebiT wina sabaJo kodeqsisagan, sadac `sabaJo damuSavebis~ terminis qveS moiazreboda,
rogorc TviTon sabaJo reJimebi, aseve, konkretulad `sabaJo damuSavebis operaciaSi~ Sedioda
saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriidan saqonlis reeqsporti, saqonlis ganadgureba sabaJo zedam-
xedvelobis qveS an saqonlis gadacema saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi, erT-
gvar gaugebrobasac ki iwvevda.
dRes moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, saqonlis gaformebisas gamoiyeneba Semdegi sasa-
qonlo operaciebi: a) importi; b) eqsporti; g) reeqsporti (adre is sabaJo damuSavebis ope-
raciad moiazreboda); d) tranziti; e) sawyobi; v) Tavisufali sawyobi; z) Tavisufali zona; T)
droebiTi Semotana; i) Sida gadamuSaveba; k) gare gadamuSaveba.
novacias warmoadgens saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2009 wlis 21 oqtombris # 679 brZa-
nebiT `oqros siaSi~ gawevrianebis pirobebis gamartiveba. araerTi dialogi Sedga finansTa sa-
ministroSi biznesseqtorTan. dialogis farglebSi miRebul iqna konkretuli gadawyvetilebebi,
romlebic importiorebs sagadasaxado procedurebs kidev ufro gaumartivebs da xarjebs
dauzogavs.
Semosavlebis samsaxuri savaWro partniorobis programaSi (`oqros siaSi~) monawilis
statusis pirobebs amartivebs axali, gamartivebuli probebis mixedviT, kerZod:
importis sasaqonlo operaciaSi deklarirebuli saqonlis satarifo Rirebulebis wliuri
maRali maCvenebeli _ 10 mln lari Semcirda 3 mln laramde;
gadaxdili importis gadasaxdelebis wliuri odenobis maRali maCvenebeli 1,8 mln lari
Semcirda 900 000 laramde;
araaqcizur saqonelze sagadasaxado valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis garantia 50 000 evro
Semcirda 10 000 laramde;
kandidatis mimarT dawesebuli moTxovna, rom savaWro TanamSromlobis statusis miniWebamde
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ar hqonoda Cadenili sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevebi, Semcirda
6 Tvemde vadiT;
aRvniSnavT, rom es piroba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu portalis gverdis avliT an misgan
malulad gatanili an gamotanili saqonlis satarifo Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 10 000 lars.
`oqros siis~ (avtorizebuli ekonomikuri operatoris) SemoRebiT Semosavlebis samsaxuri
imedovnebs, rom pirobebis gamartivebis Semdeg, `oqros siaSi~ gawevrianebis survils kidev ufro
meti kompania gamoTqvams da programa ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba importiorebisaTvis, rac kidev
ufro Seuwyobs xels maTi droisa da zogadad, sagadasaxado sistemis saerTaSoriso standar-
tebTan harmonizacias, radgan analogiuri programebi moqmedebs evrokavSiris TiTqmis yvela
qveyanaSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom biznesmenTa garkveuli nawili sifrTxiliT ekideba am programas
da xSir SemTxvevaSi, eWvs gamoTqvamen am institutis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, yvela
novacias sifrTxiliT da xSirad SiSiTac ki udgebian, magram `oqros siis~ amoqmedeba da misi
praqtikaSi danergva migvaniSnebs mis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT mxareebze.
adre moqmedi sabaJo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo `sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gada-
muSaveba~ da `sabaJo teritoriis gareT saqonlis gadamuSaveba,~ romelic gulisxmobda Sesaba-
misad ucxouri saqonlis gadamuSavebas saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze gaSvebuli saqonlis
mimarT gadamuSavebis an kidev saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriis gareT droebiT gatanili
saqarTvelos saqonlis mimarT saqonlis gadamuSavebis erTi an erTze meti operaciis gamoyenebas
da gadamuSavebis produqtis saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze Semotanisas mis Tavisufal mi-
moqcevaSi gaSvebas importis gadasaxdelebis (garda, satarifo mosakreblisa) gadaxdisagan
srulad an nawilobriv gaTavisuflebiT. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi am sam, ukve sasaqonlo operacias
(gansxvavebiT, adre arsebuli sabaJo reJimebisa), eZRvneba mxolod 234-236 muxlebi, Tumca,

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Sinaarsobrivad TiTqmis identuria, anu saxeze gvaqvs aqtiuri (qveynis SigniT) da pasiuri (qveynis
gareT) saqonlis gadamuSaveba. sagadasaxado kodeqsis 234-e muxlis mixedviT definirebulia
Sida gadamuSaveba da gare gadamuSaveba, sadac ZiriTadad, saubaria gadamuSavebis operaciebze,
xolo 235-e muxlSi _ `Sida gadamuSavebaze~, 236-e muxlSi ki, `gare gadamuSavebaze~. sagada-
saxado kodeqsis 234-e muxli zogadia Sida (muxli 235) da gare (muxli 236) gadamuSavebisaTvis.
amdenad, albaT ukeTesi iqneboda 234-e muxls darqmeoda `zogadi debulebebi Sida da gare
gadamuSavebisaTvis~, mxolod muxlebs Sesabamisad, damateboda termini (samive muxlis Sem-
TxvevaSi) `saqonlis~, rameTu gadamuSavebis orive tipi (rogorc Sida, aseve, gare gadamuSaveba)
saqonelze gadamuSavebis operaciebis gamoyenebaa (magaliTad, saqonlis montaJi, awyoba, sxva
saqonelze morgeba, saqonlis warmoeba, saqonlis SekeTeba da sxva).
Tu adre moqmedi sabaJo kodeqsiT `saqonlis Semotanas~ 8 muxli eTmoboda da igi moicavda
125-132-mde muxlebs, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT igi gamartivebulia da mas mxolod erTi muxli
(muxli 237) eZRvneba.
gansxvavebiT wina kodeqsisagan, romelSic saqonlis droebiTi Semotanis sabaJo reJimSi sa-
qonlis moqcevis vada ar aRemateboda 2 wels, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT droebiTi Semotanis
sasaqonlo operaciaSi saqonlis moqcevis vada `ar unda aRematebodes 3 wels~, garda im SemTx-
vevebisa, rodesac Semosavlebis samsaxuri gansxvavebul vadas daadebs. aqac gamovTqvamT Cvens
mosazrebas aRniSnuli muxlis mimarT, rom upriani iqneboda 237-e muxls wamZRvareboda
termini `saqonlis~ da mere rogorc teqstSia.
Tu adre moqmedi sabaJo kodeqsiT (muxli 128) CamoTvlili iyo im saqonelTa nusxa, romlebic
saqonlis droebiTi Semotanis sabaJo reJimis gamoyenebisas importis gadasaxdelebisagan
srulad Tavisufldebodnen, sagadasaxado kodeqsis 237-e muxlis me-2 nawili migvaniSnebs, rom
droebiTi Semotanisas, saqonlis srulad gaTavisuflebis nusxas importis gadasaxdelebisagan
gansazRvravs finansTa ministri.
vfiqrobT, axal sagadasaxado kodeqsSi ukeTesadaa dalagebuli sasaqonlo operaciebi, vidre
adre moqmed sabaJo kodeqsSi iyo mocemuli sabaJo reJimebi. saqonlis importis Semdeg modioda
tranziti da eqsportis sabaJo reJims erT-erTi bolo adgili ekava sabaJo reJimebs Soris. axali
sagadasaxado kodeqsis sasikeTod unda iTqvas, rom eqsporti Tan mosdevs importis sasaqonlo
operacias, rac ufro logikurad migvaCnia. SevniSnavT, rom importi, garda 228-e muxlisa, aseve
ganivTebulia Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado kodeqsis sxva muxlebSic (magaliTad, muxli 162. `im-
porti, importis Tanxa da dro~, importis gadasaxadi, kari VI I I ). migvaCnia, rom 228-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos punqti, sadac aRiniSneboda, rom `finansTa saministros mier
ganisazRvros (instruqciis doneze) `importis sasaqonlo operacia~. igives vityodiT tran-
zitis Sesaxeb.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi, romelmac gaamartiva sagadasaxado procedurebi, unificire-
buli gaxada da kidev ufro dauaxlova igi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis sagadasaxado kanonm-
deblobas. misi saukeTeso magaliTia Tundac is faqti, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsma daaregulira
sasaqonlo operaciebis gamoyenebisas gadasaxdelebisa da sagareo vaWrobis maregulirebeli
iseTi RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa importis gadasaxdelebis gamoyenebis pirobebi da sagareo vaW-
robis maregulirebeli sxva normebi, konkretulad, rogoricaa: `saqarTvelos integrirebuli
tarifi~ (muxli 210), `saqonlis klasifikacia~ (muxli 211), `saqonlis warmoSobis qveynis
gansazRvra~ (muxli 212), `saqonlis satarifo Rirebulebis gansazRvra~ (muxli. 213) da sxva,
romlebsac adre moqmedi sabaJo kanonmdeblobis VI I I  kari eZRvneboda da erTgvar daqsaqsulobas
iwvevda, did dros moiTxovda ori kodeqsis arsebobis pirobebSi arsebuli institutebis damu-
Savebisas.

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 saintereso novaciaa axal sagadasaxado kodeqsSi kari VI I I _ `importis gadasaxadi~, sadac
saubaria gadasaxadis gadamxdelze, dabegvris obieqtze, importis gadasaxadis ganakveTze (mo-
cemulia cxrilis saxiT), gadasaxadis daricxvisa da gadaxdis wesze da importis gadasaxadi-
sagan gaTavisuflebaze. adre moqmed sagadasaxado kodeqsSi ki, es kari warmodgenili iyo sabaJo
gadasaxadiT (kari XI I 1). migvaCnia, rom ramdenadac aRniSnuli gadasaxadis gadamxdeli sasaqonlo
operaciis gamoyenebisas importioria da radgan importiori ixdis yvela saxis gadasaxads, _
droulia da Seesatyviseba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebs, rom dRevandel sagadasaxado kodeqsSi
igi `importis gadasaxadis~ saxeliTa Sevida.
bevr saintereso novacias gvpirdeba axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi, bevri instituti daemata
mas axali definiciiT. magaliTad, `Tavisufali sawyobis sawarmo~ (muxli. 24), romelic Tavi-
sufal sawyobSi saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli saqarTvelos sawarmoa, romelsac gadasaxadi-
sagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT, miniWebuli aqvs Tavisufali sawyobis statusi; `saerTaSoriso
sawarmo~ (muxli. 25), romelic Tavisufali industriuli zonis sawarmoa, romelsac gadasaxa-
disagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT miniWebuli aqvs saerTaSoriso sawarmos statusi; `specialuri
vaWrobis zona (muxli 26), romelic SeiZleba mieniWos pirs, romelic saqarTveloSi vaWrobis
organizebas eweva sakuTari iniciativiT an saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT; sagadasa-
xado kodeqsiT xmarebaSi Semodis axali termini da Sesabamisad, axali instituti (muxli 42) _
`sagadasaxado ombudsmeni~, romelic gadasaxadis gadamxdelis kanoniT dadgenil uflebebs
daicavs da sxva.
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba Tavis TavSi moicavs administraciul, samoqalaqo, sisxlis sa-
marTlis elementebsac. igi garkveulwilad kompleqsuri dargia, romelsac Zalze faqizi midgoma
da regulireba sWirdeba. axali sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba Tavis TavSi sabaJo kanonmdeblobis
bevr aspeqtsac moicavs. Tumca, samwuxarod, sityva `sabaJo~ aRar gamoiyeneba, romelic am ko-
deqsis naklad migvaCnia, rameTu saqarTvelo, romelic uamravi saerTaSoriso sabaJo konvenci-
ebis, Tu regionuli sabaJo xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis monawilea da aRiarebs evrokavSi-
ris sabaJo kodeqss, eswrafvis kiotos konvenciis ratificirebas, romelic sabaJo (xazs vusvamT
_ sabaJo) procedurebis unifikaciisa da gamartivebis dokumentia, _ naCqarevi xom ar iyo ko-
deqsidan sityva `sabaJos~ amoReba?
amasTanave, kargi iqneboda, Tu me-8 muxls `terminTa ganmartebaSi~ kidev bevri iseTi terminis
ganmarteba daemateboda, romelic sxvadasxva muxlebSia ganivTebuli da SeiZleba ekonomisti-
saTvis ufro misaxvedria, magram iuristisaTvis xSirad, Tavsatexi xdeba. ucxo terminTa gan-
martebiT ki, bevri ram sagadasaxado kodeqsSi advili aRsaqmeli gaxdeboda am dargSi momuSave
iuristebisTvisac.
sagadasaxado kodeqsma axleburi xedva mogvca Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi Tu ekonomikuri
institutebisa, romlebic msoflioSi aprobirebuli da danergilia. misi axali redaqciis amoq-
medeba bunebrivia, Tanamedrove da qmediTi samarTlebrivi bazis Camoyalibebas gaxdis SesaZle-
bels, romelic sxva samarTlebriv organoebTan urTierTqmedebaSi uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri institutebis, misi usafrTxoebis realur dacvas.
saqarTvelo damajerebeli, Zlieri nabijebiT, amayad miabijebs evrokavSiris didi ojaxisken,
natosken, samomavlo rwmeniT, qveyanaSi gaCaRebuli Zlieri aRmSeneblobis programiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, swori sagadasaxado politikis amoqmedeba, msoflio savaWro-satranzito sistemaSi
saqarTvelos CarTva kidev erTi sasikeTo svla iqneba mZlavri safinanso institutebis Seqmnisa,
romlebic qveyanaSi xels Seuwyoben ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas, rac Tavis mxriv, qveynis
ekonomikuri amaRlebis myari garanti iqneba. manamde ki, win aris axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis
sasikeTo normebi, romelic bevr kargs, perspeqtiuls hpirdeba saqarTvelos mosaxleobas.

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bunebrivia, samyaroSi arafers da aravis, miT umetes sagadasaxado kodeqssac ver eqneba srul-
yofilebis pretenzia. mravali norma droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvanairad dalagdeba, axlebur, droze
morgebul elfers miiRebs drosa da sivrceSi, pirTa wris mimarT, gamoavlens mraval sasikeTos
da am kuTxiT, SemuSavebuli sasamarTlo praqtikac samomavlod udavod kargi xelSewyoba iqneba,
raTa sagadasaxado kodeqsma normalurad ifunqcioniros da xeli Seuwyos jansaRi biznesis
ganviTarebas, ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis dacvas, investiciebis mozidvas da sxva.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia;

2. saqarTvelos 2011 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsi;
3. evropis gaerTianebis sabaJo kodeqsi, sabWos reglamenti 2913/92;
4. ia xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tb., 2010.

SeniSvnebi:

1
i. xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 4.
2
saqarTvelos konstituciis 93-e muxli p. 5.7 da 94-e muxlis p. 4-5 _
amoqmeddeba 2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis
Sedegad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan. Tumca
SevniSneT, rom sityva `sabaJo gadasaxadebi~ kodeqsSi naxsenebi ar aris,
magram aRniSnuli kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli bevri instituciebi,
romlebic portalis gadakveTis wessa da pirobebs iTvaliswinebs,
swored rom sabaJo instituciebia.
3
i. xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tb. 2010, gv. 4.
4
i. xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tb. 2010, gv. 5.

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CONSTITUTIONAL
BASIS OF THE TAX
LAW ADOPTION OF
THE TAX LEGISLATION
– PROBLEMS AND
SPECIFICITIES
(Movement of Goods at the Economic Border of Georgia)

IA KHARAZI
Associate Professor Tbilisi Aviation University and DAUG

Tax policy of Georgia develops in the direction of harmonizing with

globally acknowledged international legal norms and practice. In this
case, the EEG Customs Code represents a priority as well as the Inter-
national Convention on Simplification and Harmonization of Customs
Procedures (Kyoto Convention, 1973).

New Tax Code aims at creation of international financial institutions in

the country; such institutions will facilitate the process of attracting in-
vestments, which, in its turn, will facilitate growth of economic efficiency,
sustainable development of the country, development of the international
financial centre and increase of the trade and transit function of the coun-
try. For that purpose develop such new subjects like: a) fiscal policy; b)
taxes in accordance with the fiscal reform; c) international financial com-
panies; d) free storage/warehouse enterprise; e) international ventures.

We would point out main features and specificities of the 2011 Tax Code:
institutional approach allows for focusing on systematic problems. Fol-
lowing belong to institutional problems: tax policy, international tax and
customs integration, taxation bodies, movement of goods on economic
borders of the country, state control and state supervision, commodity
operations, ensuring payment of tax liabilities. SAS ESN, legal block,
responsibility for illegal movement of goods on economic borders of the
country, informing and consulting, officials of tax authorities, etc.

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saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 292 34 90

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 299 70 01

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