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(2) ØeeefJeefOekeâ meneÙekeâ
meceejbYe
hejer#ee efveÙeecekeâ ØeeefOekeâejer Éeje DeeÙeesefpele Je<e& 2018 keâer efMe#ekeâ Yeleea hejer#ee
JeCe&veelcekeâ Øeke=âefle keâer mebhevve ngF& Leer~ meceeÛeej metÛeveeDeeW kesâ Devegmeej, Je<e&
2019 keâer hejer#ee Jemlegefve‰ Øeke=âefle keâer nesieer~ hee"dÙe›eâce ceW efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâe
heefjJele&ve hejer#ee nsleg efJe%eefhle peejer nesves kesâ yeeo ner %eele nes mekesâiee, efkebâleg Fme
yeele keâer leer›e ØelÙeeMee nw efkeâ Yee<ee ØeMve-he$e kesâ lenle meYeer leerveeW Yee<eeDeeW -
efnvoer, mebmke=âle SJeb Deb«espeer kesâ ØeMve Meeefceue efkeâS peeSbies~ Fmeer ØelÙeeMee kesâ
DeeOeej hej efMe#ekeâ Yeleea hejer#ee, 2019 nsleg ØeLece Yeeie ceW Yee<ee ØeMve-he$e hej
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer Øemlegle keâer pee jner nw~ Mes<e hee"dÙe›eâce hej Yeer ›eâceMe: DeOÙeeheve
meece«eer ØekeâeefMele keâer peeSieer~
(3) ØeeefJeefOekeâ meneÙekeâ

Deveg›eâceefCekeâe
efnvoer
DeOÙeeÙe he=‰ mebKÙee
1. efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee, efJejece efÛeÖ 3-11
2. Meyo jÛevee, JeekeäÙe jÛevee, DeLe& 12-19
3. Meyo ™he 20-22
4. meceeme 23-29
5. meefvOe 30-40
6. Deueb keâej 41-45
7. Úb o 46-52
8. jme 53-57
9. Jele&veer leLee JeekeäÙeiele DeMegefæÙeeB 58-66
10. Ghemeie& 67-72
11. ØelÙeÙe 73-81
12. heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer 82-91
13. efJ eueesce 92-104
14. DeveskeâeLe&keâ Meyo 105-111
15. Deveskeâ MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ Meyo 112-122
16. cegneJejs SJeb ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeb 123-136
17. efJeMes<Ùe SJeb efJeMes<eCe 137-143
18. Deheef"le ieÅeebMe SJeb heÅeebMe 144-149
mebmke=âle
1. GoenjCe ØeMve 150-156
2. Yee<ee DeefOeiece Øeef›eâÙee 157-158
3. JeCe& efJeÛeej 158-160
4. meb%ee, meJe&veece leLee efuebie 160-162
5. JeÛeve 163-163
6. meefvOe 163-169
7. meceeme 169-175
8. ØelÙeÙe 175-181
9. Ghemeie& leLee JeeÛÙe 181-182
UP C SAT 6 (1) meeceevÙe efnvoer

10. keâejkeâ leLee efJ eYeefòeâ 183-190
11. Oeeleg™ he, uekeâej, keâeue leLee JeÛeve 190-200
12. ØecegK e jÛeveekeâej SJeb jÛeveeSB 201-203
13. DeYÙeeme ØeMve 204-209
Deb«espeer Yee<ee
1. Parts of Speech 210-236
2. Active/Passive 237-241
3. Transformation of Sentence 242-247
4. Direct and Indirect Speech 248-252
5. Punctuation and Speelling 253-257
6. Idioms and Phrases 258-265
7. Vocabulary and Usage 266-274
8. Fill in the Blanks 275-277
9. Common Grammer and Usage Errors 278-280
10. Comprehension Passage 281-287
11. Famous Authors/Poets Dramatists and Their Works 288-288

Yee<ee efnvoer leLee Deb«espeer
efnvoer Yee<ee
JÙeekeâjCe
efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee, efJejece efÛeÖ
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve [e@. njosJ e yeenjer kesâ jepeheeue efnvoer MeyokeâesMe kesâ Devegmeej meJe&ØeLece keâ
Meyo, lelheMÛeele keâd, Fmekesâ yeeo ‘#e’ JeCe& Deelee nw~
1. efkeâme JeCe& keâe GÛÛeejCe-mLeeve keâC"-leeueg nw?
6. keâewve-mee Iees<e JeCe& nw?
(a) n (b) Ú
(a) Ke (b) Ûe
(c) Dees (d) Ss
(c) ce (d) "
Gòej—(d)
Gòej–(c)
keâC" Deewj leeueg ceW peerYe kesâ mheMe& mes yeesues peeves Jeeues JeCe& nQ - S, Ss~
efpeve OJeefveÙeeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW mJej lebe$f eÙeeW ceW kebâheve nes, Iees<e JeCe& keânueeles
2. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes mebÙegòeâ JeCe& keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS– nQ~ nj Jeie& keâe leermeje, ÛeewLee leLee heeBÛeJeeb JÙebpeve Fmekesâ Debleie&le Deelee nw~
(a) ie (b) pe
7. FveceW mes keâewve mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve veneR nw?
(c) #e (d) š
(a) #e (b) $e
Gòej–(c) (c) %e (d) heâ
#e mebÙegòeâ JeCe& nw~ kedâ + <e keâes efceueekeâj #e, (keâ + <e = #e) yeveeÙee ieÙee nw~ Gòej—(d)
3. efnvoer Yee<ee ceW keâewve-meer OJeefveÙeeB nQ, pees otmejer OJeefveÙeeW keâer meneÙelee mes keâd ± <ed · #e
yeesueer Ùee efueKeer peeleer nQ? led ± jd · $e
(a) mJej (b) JÙebpeve ped ± _ed · %e
(c) JeCe& (d) De#ej Med ± jd · ße
Gòej–(b) Ùes mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve nQ, Fvekeâer efieveleer mJelev$e JeCeeX ceW veneR nesleer nw~
heâ – He Jeie& keâe JeCe& nw~
JÙebpeve Jes nesles nQ, efpevekeâe GÛÛeejCe mJejeW keâer meneÙelee mes neslee nw~ ØelÙeskeâ
JÙebpeve kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW `De' keâer OJeefve efÚheer jnleer nw~ 8. efvecveefueefKele ceW š Jeie& keâe meomÙe keâewve veneR nw?
(a) " (b) Ì{
4. ‘Je’ keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve nw – (c) Ce (d) Oe
(a) ovle (b) Dees‰ Gòej–(d)
(c) ovlees‰ (d) keâC"es‰
Gòej—(c) š Jeie& Jeie& kesâ meomÙe nQ–š, ", [, Ì{, Ce~ Oe, le Jeie& keâe meomÙe nw~
9. efJemeie& nw–
oeBle mes, peerYe Deewj Dees"eW kesâ kegâÚ Ùeesie mes yeesuee peeves Jeeuee JeCe& ovlees‰
(a) mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve (b) ceneØeeCe
keânueelee nw~ ‘Je’ Fme Jeie& ceW Meeefceue nw~
(c) DeÙeesieJeen (d) DeuheØeeCe
5. efnvoer MeyokeâesMe ceW ‘‘#e’’ keâe ›eâce efkeâme JeCe& kesâ yeeo Deelee nw? Gòej–(c)
(a) keâ (b) Ú
efJemeie& (:) Deewj DevegmJeej (.) DeÙeesieJeen nQ~ Ùes ve lees mJej nesles nQ Deewj ve
(c) $e (d) %e
JÙebpeve~ Fvekeâer ieCevee mJejeW kesâ meeLe nesleer nw~
Gòej—(a)
ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (3)
10. efJejece keâe DeLe& nw– Yee<ee efJe%eeve keâer Âef° mes ‘T’ kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW peerYe keâe heMÛe Yeeie keâece
(a) jece kesâ efJeÙeesie ceW (b) efJeßeece Ùee Deejece keâjlee nw~ Dele: Ùen heMÛe mJej nw~ ‘T’ kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Dees‰ Je=òecegKeer Ùee
(c) efyeÚgÌ[vee (d) JÙebpeve ieesueekeâej leLee peerYe Thej G"ves kesâ keâejCe mebJe=òe mJej Yeer neslee nw~
Gòej–(b)
16. efnvoer ceW mJeleb$e ¤he mes yeesues peeves Jeeues De#ej keäÙee keânueeles peeles nQ?
efJejece keâe Meeeqyokeâ DeLe& efJeßeece Ùee Deejece keâjvee neslee nw~ Fmes "njeJe Yeer (a) mJej (b) mebÙegòeâ De#ej
keânles nQ~ (c) mJeleb$e OJeefve (d) JÙebpeve
Gòej–(a)
11. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee JÙebpeve heeefM&Jekeâ nw?
(a) Ùe (b) Me efpeve JeCeeX keâe GÛÛeejCe efyevee efJeIve-yeeOee kesâ neslee nw leLee Fvekesâ GÛÛeejCe
(c) ue (d) Pe ceW efkeâmeer JeCe& keâer meneÙelee veneR ueer peeleer, mJej keânueeles nQ~ Ùes meYeer
Gòej—(c) mJeleb$e nesles nQ~
Ùe, Je – Deæ& mJej nQ~ 17. efpeve MeyoeW kesâ Deble ceW `De' Deelee nw, GvnW keäÙee keânles nQ?
ue - heeefM&Jekeâ JÙebpeve (efpemekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW nJee peerYe kesâ heeMJe& (a) DevegmJeej (b) DeÙeesieJeen
DeLee&led yeieue mes efvekeâue peeS) nw~ (c) DeblemLe (d) Dekeâejeble
Pe - leeueJÙe, meIees<e, ceneØeeCe nw~ Gòej–(d)
Me - leeueJÙe, DeIees<e, ceneØeeCe nw~
efpeve MeyoeW kesâ Deble ceW `De' Deelee nw, GvnW Dekeâejeble keânles nQ~ pewmes–
12. `%e' efkeâve JeCeeX kesâ mebÙeesie mes yevee nw? yeeuekeâ~
(a) pe + _e (b) ped + _e
18. efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW `Deb' Deewj `De:' keäÙee nQ?
(c) pe + Oe (d) pe + vÙe
(a) mJej
Gòej–(b)
(b) JÙebpeve
`%e', ped + _e kesâ mebÙeesie mes yevee nw, Fmes mebÙegòeâ JeCe& keânles nQ~ (c) DeÙeesieJ een
(d) mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve
13. DeIees<e JeCe& keâe ÛeÙeve keâjW–
Gòej–(c)
(a) De (b) pe
(c) n (d) me efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW `Deb' Deewj `De:' DeÙeesieJeen nQ~ mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve nQ–#e, $e,
Gòej–(d) %e, ße~
efpeve OJeefveÙeeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW mJejlebef$eÙeeW ceW kebâheve ve nes, DeIees<e JeCe& 19. efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mJej veneR nw?
keânueeles nQ~ nj Jeie& keâe henuee Deewj otmeje JÙebpeve Fme ßesCeer kesâ Debleie&le (a) De (b) G
Deelee nw~ (c) S (d) _e
Gòej–(d)
14. ‘Ss’ kesâ GÛÛeejCe mLeeve keâe veece nw—
(a) leeueJÙe (b) oblÙe _e JÙebpeve nw, Mes<e DevÙe mJej nQ~
(c) keâC"ew‰Ùd e (d) keâC"leeueJÙe 20. hetCe& efJejece efÛeÖ keâes henÛeeefveS–
Gòej—(d) (a) ; (b) ,
‘S’ leLee ‘Ss’ keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve kebâ"leeueJÙe nw~ ‘Dees’, ‘Deew’ keâe GÛÛeejCe (c) ~ (d) !
mLeeve keâC"ew‰dÙe nw~ Ûe Jeie& keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve leeueJÙe Deewj le Jeie& keâe Gòej–(c)
GÛÛeejCe mLeeve oblÙe nw~ hetCe& efJejece efÛeÖ neslee nw–~
15. Yee<ee-efJe%eeve keâer Âef° mes ‘T’ efkeâme Øekeâej mJej nw? 21. nbmeheo efkeâme efJejece keâe Skeâ Deewj veece nw?
(a) heMÛe efJeJe=le (b) De«e mebJe=le (a) Deuhe-efJejece (b) $egefš-efJejece
(c) De«e efJeJe=le (d) heMÛe mebJe=le (c) ueeshe-efJejece (d) hetCe& efJejece
Gòej—(d) Gòej–(b)
$egefš-efJejece keâes nbmeheo Yeer keânles nQ~ peye efueKeves ceW kegâÚ Útš peelee nw, 27. GæjCe efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie keâye efkeâÙee peelee nw?
leye Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ (a) peye efkeâmeer keâe keâLeve pÙeeW-keâe-lÙeeW efueKee peelee nw~
keâue (b) peye efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW GoenjCe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
GoenjCeeLe&–ceesnve ^ yeepeej ieÙee Lee~ (c) peye JeekeäÙe ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nes~
(d) peye JeekeäÙe ceW Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nes~
22. `yeeuekeâ mketâue mes keâye DeeÙee' ceW GefÛele efJejece efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie keâerepf eS– Gòej–(a)
(a) , (b) ?
(c) ; (d) ~ peye efkeâmeer hegmlekeâ mes keâesF& JeekeäÙe Ùee efkeâmeer keâe keâLeve pÙeeW-keâe-lÙeeW GodOe=le
Gòej–(b) keâj efueÙee peelee nw, lees JeneB GæjCe efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
JeekeäÙe ceW ØeMve efkeâÙee pee jne nw~ Dele: Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ 28. Dene----efkeâlevee megboj heg<he efKeuee nw~ efjkeäle mLeeve hej keâewve-mee efÛeÖ
efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ ØeÙeesie keâjvee GefÛele nesiee?
(a) – (b) ,
23. keâewve-meer OJeefve ceneØeeCe veneR nw?
(c) ! (d) ~
(a) Ke (b) Ie
Gòej–(c)
(c) pe (d) Pe
Gòej—(c) peye JeekeäÙe ceW DeeMÛeÙe& Ùee efJemceÙe keâe yeesOe nes, lees JeneB hej efJemceÙeyeesOekeâ
efÛeÖ (!) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ GheÙegò& eâ JeekeäÙe ceW efJemceÙe keâe yeesOe nes
Jes JÙebpeve efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW efvekeâueleer nw, GvnW
jne nw~
ceneØeeCe JÙebpeve keânles nQ~ Fmekesâ Devleie&le JeieeX kesâ efÉleerÙe Deewj ÛelegLe& JeCe&
leLee mecemle T<ce JeCe& (Ke, Ie, Ú, Pe, ", {, Le, Oe, heâ, Ye Deeefo) Deeles 29. efnvoerr JeCe&ceeuee ceW JÙebpeveeW keâer mebKÙee nw-
nQ~ Fmeer Øekeâej Jes JÙebpeve efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme keâer cee$ee efvekeâueleer nw, (a) 32 (b) 34
GvnW DeuheØeeCe JÙebpeve keânles nQ~ Fmekesâ Devleie&le JeieeX kesâ ØeLece, le=leerÙe leLee (c) 33 (d) 36
hebÛece JeCe& (keâ,ie,*, Ûe, pe, _e, š, [, Ce, le, o, ve, he, ye, ce Deeefo) Gòej—(c)
Deeles nQ~ Deble:mLe JÙebpeve (Ùe, j, ue, Je) Yeer DeuheØeeCe JÙebpeve nQ~ Dele: efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW 33 cetue JÙebpeve nQ~ Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ 2 Gefl#ehle JÙebpeve,
mhe° nw efkeâ ‘pe’ ceneØeeCe JÙebpeve veneR yeefukeâ DeuheØeeCe JÙebpeve nw~ 2 DeÙeesieJeen SJeb 4 mebÙegòeâe#ej JÙebpeve nQ~ FmeceW 11 cetue mJejeW keâes efceuee osves
24. hetCe& efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– hej efnvoer ceW kegâue 52 JeCe& nes peeles nQ~
(a) JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejbYe ceW (b) JeekeäÙe kesâ ceOÙe ceW 30. efvecveefueefKele ceW Ghe-efJejece efÛeÖ keâewve-mee nw?
(c) JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) : (b) ,
Gòej–(c) (c) ; (d) –
hetCe& efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gòej–(a)
25. efnvoer JÙeekeâjCe ceW meJee&efOekeâ ¤he mes ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee efJejece efÛeÖ keâewve Ghe-efJejece keâe efÛeÖ : nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie yengOee Meer<e&keâeW kesâ Debleie&le neslee nw~
mee nw? ÙeLee–leguemeeroeme : Skeâ ceneve keâefJe~
(a) Deæ&-efJejece (b) Deuhe-efJejece 31. oes MeyoeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS keâewve-mee efÛeÖ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw?
(c) $egefš-efJejece (d) ueeshe-efveoxMe (a) ? (b) –
Gòej–(b) (c) : (d) ,
efnvoer JÙeekeâjCe ceW meJee&efOekeâ ¤he mes Deuhe efJejece (,) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Gòej–(b)
26. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee JÙebpeve mheMe&-mebIe<eea nw? oes MeyoeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ (–) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(a) pe (b) j 32. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee JÙebpeve mebIe<eea nw?
(c) n (d) <e (a) Pe (b) "
Gòej—(a) (c) n (d) ce
‘pe’ JÙebpeve mheMe&-mebIe<eea nw~ DeeOegevf ekeâ heeefjYeeef<ekeâ MeyoeJeueer ceW mheMe&- Gòej—(c)
mebIe<eea JÙebpeve 5 nQ—Ûe, Ú, pe, Pe, _e (Ûe Jeie&)~ mebIe<eea (T<ce) JÙebpeve Ûeej nQ - Me, <e, me, n ~
33. DeIees<e JeCe& keâewve-mee nw? (c) – (d) :–
(a) De (b) pe Gòej–(a)
(c) n (d) me peye henues Meyo keâe DeLe& Jener neslee nw, pees otmejs Meyo keâe DeLe& neslee nw, lees
Gòej—(d)
JeneB meceevelee metÛekeâ ( = ) efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efjòeâ mLeeve hej
GheÙeg&òeâ JeCeeX ceW ‘me’ DeIees<e JeCe& nw~ veeo keâer Âef° mes efpeve JÙebpeve JeCeeX kesâ = efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~
GÛÛeejCe ceW, mJejlebef$eÙeeB Pebke=âle veneR nesleer nw, Jes DeIees<e JeCe& keânueeles nQ~ 40. ueeshe efveoxMe (--------) keâe ØeÙeesie keâneB efkeâÙee peelee nw?
ØelÙeskeâ Jeie& keâe henuee Je otmeje JeCe& DeIees<e neslee nw- GoenjCe- keâ, Ke, Ûe, (a) peye hetJe& yeele keâer hegve®efòeâ keâjveer nes~
Ú, š, ", le, Le, he, heâ, Me, <e, me~ (b) peye JeekeäÙe ceW efveoxMe efoÙee ieÙee nes~
34. efveoxMekeâ efÛeÖ Ùee jsefKekeâe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– (c) peye JeekeäÙe keâes mebe#f ehle keâjvee nes~
(a) mebkesâle kesâ efueS (b) efJeJejCe kesâ efueS (d) peye JeekeäÙe efJemceÙeyeesOekeâ nes~
(c) ueeshe-efveoxMe kesâ efueS (d) meceevelee metÛekeâ kesâ efueS Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(a) peye hetJe& yeele keâer hegve®efòeâ keâjveer nes, lees Gme yeele keâes DeejbYe kesâ oes-leerve
efveoxMekeâ efÛeÖ Ùee jsefKekeâe keâe ØeÙeesie mebkesâle kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ÙeLee– Meyo efueKekeâj yeerÛe ceW ueeshe efÛeÖ (--------) keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
Meyo kesâ oes Yeso nQ–meeLe&keâ Deewj efvejLe&keâ~ 41. efvecveefueefKele JÙebpeveeW ceW mes keâewve-mee mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve veneR nw?
35. mebe#f ehle ¤he efoKeeves kesâ efueS efkeâme efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw? (a) #e (b) <e
(a) :– (b) . (c) $e (d) ße
(c) ; (d) = Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(b) `<e' mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve veneR nw~ #e, $e, ße, %e mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve nQ~
peye MeyoeW keâe mebe#f ehle ¤he efueKevee neslee nw, lees Meyo keâe henuee De#ej
efueKeves kesâ yeeo meb#esheCe efÛeÖ (.)keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
36. efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW T<ce JÙebpeve keâewve-mes nQ?  efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee
(a) Ûe, Ú, pe, Pe (b) š, ", [, {
JeCe& Ùee De#ej Gme OJeefve keâes keânles nQ, efpemekesâ šgkeâÌ[s veneR nes mekeâles nQ~
(c) le, Le, o, Oe (d) Me, <e, me, n
De#ejeW Ùee JeCeeX kesâ mecetn keâes JeCe&ceeuee keânles nQ~
Gòej—(d)
cetue ™he mes efnvoer ceW 52 JeCe& nesles nbw, efpemeceW 11 mJej (De, Dee, F, F&,
efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW T<ce JÙebpeve nQ- Me, <e, me, n~ G, T, $e+, S, Ss, Dees, Deew) 35 JÙebpeve [ keâ Jeie&- keâ,Ke,ie,Ie,*; Ûe Jeie&-
37. efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW ‘Ú’ mes ‘[’ kesâ "erkeâ yeerÛe ceW keâewve-mee De#ej nw? Ûe,Ú,pe,Pe,_e; š Jeie&- š,",[ (Ì[), { (Ì{), Ce (ÙeneB [Ì leLee Ì{ efÉiegCe
(a) " (b) _e JÙebpeve nQ), le Jeie&- le,Le,o,Oe,ve; he Jeie&- he, heâ, ye, Ye, ce, DeblemLe- Ùe, j,
(c) { (d) Pe ue, Je leLee T<ce- Me, <e, me Deewj n ] leLee 4 mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve [#e (keâd + <e),
Gòej—(b) $e (led + j),%e (ped + _e) leLee ße (Med + j)] nQ~ Fvekesâ Deefleefjòeâ 2 DevÙe Deb
efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW ‘Ú’ mes ‘[’ kesâ "erkeâ yeerÛe ceW ‘_e’ De#ej nw~ leLee De: DevegmJeej SJeb efJemeie& nQ~ keWâõerÙe efnvoer efveosMeeueÙe kesâ Devegmeej, FvnW
mJej JeCe&ceeuee ceW efoKeeÙee peevee GefÛele veneR nw~ Jemlegle: Ùes mJej ve neskeâj
38. efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee ceW Devle:mLe JÙebpeve keâewve-mes nQ? mJej efceefßele JÙebpeve nQ, pees hetJe&Jeleea mJej kesâ meeLe ner GÛÛeeefjle nes mekeâles nQ~
(a) Me <e me n (b) Ùe j ue Je
efJeosMeer Yee<ee mes «enCe keâer ieF& OJeefveÙeeB, efpevnW leue efyevog Ùee vegòeâe Jeeues
(c) #e $e %e ße (d) Ûe Ú pe Pe
JeCe& keânles nQ, meeceevÙele: Dejyeer–heâejmeer mes efueS ieS MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~
Gòej–(b)
Jes nQ- ]De, ]keâ, ]Ke, ]ie, ]pe, ]Heâ (efkeâvleg D] e, ]keâ, ]Ke leLee ]ie keâe Deye keâce ØeÙeesie
efnvoerr JeCe&ceeuee ceW Ùe, j, ue, Je Devle:mLe JÙebpeve nQ~ Me, <e, me, n T<ce neslee nw)~
JÙebpeve nQ~ #e, $e, %e, ße mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve nQ~ ‘Dee’ Ùee Gmekeâer cee$ee keâer metÛekeâ efMejesjsKee hej ueiee Ûebõ efÛeÖ
39. efoJee–efoJeme ceW efjòeâ mLeeve hej GefÛele efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie keâerefpeS– ( @ ) efJeJe=le ‘Dees’ keâe metÛekeâ nw~ kegâÚ Deb«espeer MeyoeW kesâ osJeveeiejerkeâjCe ceW Fme
(a) = (b) . efJeMes<ekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw pewmes : keâe@uespe, Dee@efHeâme Deeefo~
mJej Jes OJeefveÙeeB nQ efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme keâe DeJejesOe veneR neslee cetOe&vÙe : š, ", [, Ì{, <e (cetOee& mes)
DeLee&led nJee efyevee efkeâmeer ®keâeJeš kesâ ceBgn mes efvekeâueleer nw~ Fvekeâe JeieeakeâjCe oblÙe : le, Le, o, Oe, ve (oeBleeW mes)
efvecve Øekeâej mes efkeâÙee peelee nw– JelmÙe& : me, pe, j, ue (oble cetue mes, peneB Thej keâe cemetÌ[e
(i) GÛÛeejCe keâer cee$ee Ùee DeJeefOe kesâ DeeOeej hej-cee$ee Ùee GÛÛeejCe keâer Je oeBle efceueles nQ)
DeJeefOe kesâ DeeOeej hej mJej leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ-ÜmJe mJej, oerIe& mJej Dees<"dÙe : he, heâ, ye, Ye, ce (oesveeW neW"eW mes)
Deewj huegle mJej~ oblees<"dÙe : Je, heâ (efveÛeues neW"eW Deewj Thej kesâ oeBleeW mes)
a. ÜmJe mJej-efpeve mJejeW keâes Skeâ cee$ee ceW GÛÛeeefjle efkeâÙee peelee nw, GvnW veeefm ekeâe : *, _e, Ce, ve, ce (cegKe Deewj veeefmekeâe oesveeW mes
ÜmJe mJej keânles nQ~ ÜmJe mJej nQ-De, F, G, $e+~ ØelÙeskeâ Jeie& keâe Debeflece JeCe&)
($e+ keâe GÛÛeejCe Yeer meeceevÙele: ‘efj’ kesâ ™he ceW nesves ueiee nw, hej efueefhe ØeÙelve kesâ DeeOeej
(ii) hej- OJeefveÙeeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeÙelve leerve Øekeâej kesâ
ceW Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ØeÛeefuele nw~) nesles nQ-
b. oerIe& mJej-efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ cee$ee-keâeue mes DeefOekeâ meceÙe a. MJeeme (ØeeCe) keâer cee$ee kesâ DeeOeej hej
ueielee nw, GvnW oerIe& mJej keânles nQ~ oerIe& mJej nQ-Dee, F&, T, S, Ss, Dees, b. mJejleb$eer ceW MJeeme kesâ kebâheve kesâ DeeOeej hej
Deew, Dee@~ FveceW Dee, F&, T ›eâceMe: De, F, G kesâ oerIe& ™he nQ~ Ss, Deew keâe c. efpe£e DeLeJee DevÙe DeJeÙeJeeW Éeje MJeeme kesâ DeJejesOe kesâ DeeOeej hej
GÛÛeejCe keâYeer ‘DeÙe’ kesâ meceeve neslee nw, pewmes-hewmee, cewue, yewue, yewjeieer, a. MJeeme (ØeeCe) keâer cee$ee kesâ DeeOeej hej JÙebpeveeW kesâ oes Yeso nQ-
Deewj, Deewjle, ceewmece, ceewve Deeefo Deewj keâYeer mebÙegòeâ mJej keâer lejn pewmes-cewÙee DeuheØeeCe- Ùes Jes JÙebpeve nQ efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW JeeÙeg keâer cee$ee keâce nesleer
(ceFÙee), vewÙee (veFÙee), keâewDe (keâGDee), newJee (nGDee) Deeefo~ nw, pewmes- keâ, ie, *, Ûe, pe, _e, š, [, Ce, le, o, ve, he, ye, ce DeLee&led
c. huegle mJej DeLeJee ef$eceeef$ekeâ mJej-efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oerIe& mJej JeieeX kesâ ØeLece, le=leerÙe leLee hebÛece JeCe&~ Fvekesâ Deefleefjòeâ Ì[, Ùe, j, ue, Je
mes Yeer DeefOekeâ meceÙe ueielee nw DeLeJee leerve cee$ee efpelevee meceÙe ueielee Yeer DeuheØeeCe JÙebpeve nQ~
nw, huegle mJej DeLeJee ef$eceeef$ekeâ mJej keânueeles nQ~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie yengOee ceneØeeCe : Jes JÙebpeve nQ efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ
jesves, ieeves, efÛeuueeves DeLeJee otj mes hegkeâejves kesâ efueS neslee nw~ veeškeâ kesâ nesleer nw, pewmes- Ke, Ie, Ú, Pe, ", {, Le, Oe, heâ, Ye DeLee&le JeieeX kesâ
mebJeeoeW ceW Yeer Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw;pewmes-je ÓÓÓce~ efÉleerÙe Deewj ÛelegLe& JÙebpeve~ Fvekesâ Deefleefjòeâ ‘n’ Yeer ceneØeeCe nQ~
(ii) Devegveeefmekeâlee kesâ DeeOeej hej- Devegveeefmekeâlee kesâ DeeOeej hej GÛÛeejCe b. mJejleb$eer ceW MJeeme keâe kebâheve-Fme DeeOeej hej JÙebpeveeW kesâ oes Yeso nQ–
keâer Âef° mes mJejeW kesâ oes ™he nQ-Devegveeefmekeâ Deewj efvejvegveeefmekeâ~ DeIees<e Deewj meIees<e~
a. Devegveeefmekeâ mJej– peye mJej keâe GÛÛeejCe keâjles meceÙe kegâÚ JeeÙeg cegKe DeIees<e-efpeve OJeefveÙeeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW mJejlebef$eÙeeW ceW kebâheve veneR neslee,
mes Deewj kegâÚ veeefmekeâe mes efvekeâueleer nw, leye Jen Devegveeefmekeâ mJej keânueelee pewmes- keâ, Ke, Ûe, Ú, š, ", le, Le, he, heâ (JeieeX kesâ ØeLece Deewj efÉleerÙe
nw~ efueefhe ceW Devegveeefmekeâlee Fbefiele keâjves keâs efueS mJej kesâ Thej Ûebõ efyevog JeCe&)~ Fvekesâ Deefleefjòeâ ]keâ K] e ]heâ Me <e me Yeer DeIees<e JÙebpeve nQ~
ueiee osles nQ, pewmes- nBmevee, ÛeeBo, TBš Deeefo~ peneB JeCe& keâer efMejesjsKee kesâ meIees<e-efpeve OJeefveÙeeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW mJejlebef$eÙeeW ceW kebâheve neslee nw, pewmes-
Thej cee$ee ueieer nesleer nw, JeneB Ûebõ efyevog keâer peien DevegmJeej keâe efÛeÖ ie, Ie, *, pe, Pe, _e, [, {, Ce, o, Oe, ve, ye, Ye, ce (JeieeX kesâ le=leerÙe,
ueieevee ceevÙe nes ieÙee nw, pewmes- ceW, ceQ, ÛeeQkeâvee Deeefo~ ÛelegLe&, hebÛece JeCe&)~ Fvekesâ Deefleefjòeâ j, ue, Je, n Yeer meIees<e JÙebpeve nQ~
b. eqvejvegveeefmekeâ mJej– peye mJej keâe GÛÛeejCe keâjles meceÙe JeeÙeg kesâJeue c. eqpe£e Ùee DevÙe DeJeÙeJeeW Éeje MJeeme keâe DeJejesOe-Fme DeeOeej hej JÙebpeveeW
cegKe mes efvekeâueleer nw, lees Jen efvejvegveeefmekeâ Ùee ceewefKekeâ mJej keânueelee keâes mheMeea, mheMe& mebIe<eea, mebIe<eea, Gefl#ehle leLee DeblemLe JeieeX ceW jKee
nw~ De mes Deew lekeâ meYeer mJej efvejvegveeefmekeâ nQ~ peelee nw~
efpeve OJeefveÙeeW keâe GÛÛeejCe keâjles meceÙe MJeeme cegKe efJeJej kesâ kebâ", leeueg mheMeea-efpeve JÙebpeveeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ GÛÛeejCe DeJeÙeJe otmejs GÛÛeejCe
Deeefo efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe mes yeeefOele neskeâj efvekeâueleer nw, GvnW JÙebpeve keânles DeJeÙeJe keâe mheMe& cee$e keâjlee nw, GvnW mheMeea keânles nQ, pewmes- keâ, Ke,
nQ~ efJeefYevve DeeOeejeW hej JÙebpeveeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe Fme Øekeâej nw : ie, Ie, *, š, ", [, {, Ce, le, Le, o, Oe, ve, he, heâ, ye, Ye, ce~
(i) mLeeve kesâ DeeOeej hej-JÙebpeveeW keâe GÛÛeejCe kebâ", efpe£ecetue, leeueg,cegOee&, mheMe& mebIe<eea-efpeve JÙebpeveeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ GÛÛeejCe DeJeÙeJe otmejs
oble, Jelme& (oble cetue), Dees<", oblees<" Deewj veeefmekeâe mes neslee nw~ Fve GÛÛeejCe DeJeÙeJe keâes Fme Øekeâej mheMe& keâjlee nw efkeâ MJeeme kegâÚ mebIe<e&
GÛÛeejCe mLeeveeW kesâ DeeOeej hej JÙebpeveeW keâes kebâ"dÙe, efpe£ecetueerÙe, leeueJÙe, (jieÌ[) kesâ meeLe efvekeâueleer nw, GvnW mheMe& mebIe<eea keânles nQ, pewmes-Ûe, Ú,
cetOe&vÙe,oblÙe, JelmÙe& (oblecetueerÙe), Dees<"dÙe, oblees<"dÙe Deewj veeefmekeäÙe Fve veew pe, Pe, _e~
JeieeX ceW jKee peelee nw- mebIe<eea-efpeve JÙebpeveeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme jieÌ[ Keekeâj efvekeâueleer nw
kebâ"dÙe : keâ, Ke, ie, Ie, *, n (ieues mes) Deewj jieÌ[ kesâ keâejCe MJeeme ceW kegâÚ T<cee Glhevve nesleer nw~ FmeefueS
efpendJeecetueerÙe : keâ, Ke, ie, (ieues mes LeesÌ[e veerÛes) FvnW T<ce OJeefveÙeeB Yeer keânles nQ~ pewmes-Me, <e, me, n, ]Ke, ]ie, ]pe, ]heâ
leeueJÙe : Ûe, Ú, pe, Pe, _e, Ùe, Me (leeueg mes) mebIe<eea OJeefveÙeeB nQ~
Gefl#ehle-efpeve JÙebpeveeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW efpe£e Thej G"keâj cetOee& keâes peye Skeâ JeekeäÙe keâe mecyevOe otmejs JeekeäÙe mes nes; pewmes— ceQ ceveg<Ùe ceW
mheMe& keâjleer ngF& legjvle veerÛes efiejleer nw, GvnW Gefl#ehle (Thej heWâkesâ ngS) ceeveJelee osKevee Ûeenlee ntB, Gmes osJ elee yeveeves keâer cesjer FÛÚe veneR nw~
keânles nQ,pewmes-Ì[ ,Ì{~ II. Deæ& efJejece (;)— peneB hetCe& efJejece mes kegâÚ keâce Deewj Deuhe efJejece mes
DeblemLe-efpeve JÙebpeveeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme keâe DeJejesOe yengle ner keâce kegâÚ DeefOekeâ ®keâves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nes, JeneB Deæ& efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw;
neslee nw, GvnW DeblemLe keânles nQ~ Ùe, j, ue, Je DeblemLe JÙebpeve nQ~ pewmes—[škeâj heefjßece keâjes; meHeâuelee DeJeMÙe efceuesieer~
meoe melÙe yeesuees; efpememes ueesie legcneje efJeMJeeme keâjW~
 efJejece efÛeÖ
Deæ& efJejece keâe efvecveefueefKele ¤he ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw—
efJejece efÛeÖ; JeekeäÙe ceW heo, JeekeäÙeebMe Deewj Keb[ JeekeäÙe kesâ heejmheefjkeâ mecyevOe (i) peye JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ meceeve DeefOekeâjCe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes—
meteÛf ele keâjves kesâ Deefleefjòeâ Gvekesâ DeLeeX keâes mhe° keâjles nQ~ keâYeer-keâYeer efJejece cenelcee ieeBOeer ves osMe keâes mJeleb$e keâjeves kesâ efueS DemenÙeesie Deevoesueve
efÛeÖ kesâ DeYeeJe ceW JeekeäÙeeW kesâ DeLe& ner mecePe ceW veneR Deeles Deewj keâYeer-keâYeer DeLe& ÛeueeÙee; melÙe Deewj Deefnbmee kesâ Dem$eeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee; osMe kesâ mece#e hetCe&
keâe DeveLe& Yeer nes peelee nw~ Fme keâejCe JeekeäÙeeW ceW efJejece efÛeÖeW keâes GefÛele mLeeveeW mJejepe keâe ue#Ùe jKee~
hej ØeÙegòeâ keâjves keâe DeYÙeeme keâjvee heÌ[lee nw~ (ii) efceefßele leLee mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW efJejesOe Ùee JewhejerlÙe keâe YeeJe Øekeâš keâjves
$egefš jefnle JeekeäÙeeW keâer jÛevee kesâ efueS efJejece efÛeÖeW keâes peevevee Deefle kesâ efueS; pewmes–
DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ ØecegKe efJejece efÛeÖ efvecveefueefKele nQ :— Jen keâ° menlee jne; ueesie Deevebo uesles jns~
efJ ejece efÛeÖ keâe veece mebkesâle efÛeÖ pees ueesie Gmekeâer ØeMebmee keâjles nQ; Jen GvneR keâes cetKe& keânlee nw~
I. hetCe& efJejece (Full Stop) ~ (iii) keâjCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe ceW—peye keâjCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe
II. Deæ&-efJejece (Semi–Colon) ; keâe cegKÙe GheJeekeäÙe mes efvekeâš mecyevOe veneR efoKeeF& oslee, lees JeneB Deæ& efJejece
III. Deuhe-efJejece (Comma) , keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes–
JeeÙeg kesâ oyeeJe mes meeyegve keâe Skeâ yegueyeguee Yeer veneR oyelee; keäÙeeWefkeâ nJee
IV. Ghe-efJejece (Colon) :
keâe yeenjer oyeeJe yegueyegues kesâ Yeerlejer oyeeJe mes keâš peelee nw~
V. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efÛeÖ (Sign of Interrogation) ?
III. Deuhe-efJejece (,) —efnvoer JÙeekeâjCe ceW Deuhe-efJejece meJee&efOekeâ ØeÙegkeäle
VI. Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ (Hyphen) - nesves Jeeuee efJejece efÛeÖ nw~ peneB nce #eCe Yej kesâ efueS ®keâles nQ JeneB nce
VII. GæjCe efÛeÖ (Inverted Commas) ‘—‘ Ùee ‘‘—’’ Deuhe-efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ Deuhe-efJejece keâe DeLe& ner neslee nw, LeesÌ[er osj
VIII. jsefKekeâe Ùee efveoxMekeâ-efÛeÖ (Dash) — kesâ efueS ®keâvee Ùee "njvee~ Deuhe-efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie efvecveefueefKele efmLeefleÙeeW ceW
IX. efJeJejCe efÛeÖ (Colon + Dash) :— neslee nw—
X. $egefšhetjkeâ efÛeÖ (Sign of Loftword) ^ (i) JeekeäÙe ceW peye oes mes DeefOekeâ meceeve heoeW, heoebMeeW DeLeJee JeekeäÙeeW ceW mebÙeespekeâ DeJÙeÙe
XI. meb#eshe metÛekeâ efÛeÖ (Abbreviation) . keâer iegbpe FMe nes leye JeneB Deuhe efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes—
XII. ueeshe-efveoxMe ...... heoeW ceW—meeefveÙee efcepee&, efueSb[j hesme, censMe Yetheefle, meefÛeve leWoguekeâj
XIII. meceevelee metÛekeâ (Equal) = Deewj JeerjWõ menJeeie Yeejle kesâ ueeskeâefØeÙe efKeueeef[Ì ÙeeW ceW mes nQ~ Oeveer-efveOe&ve,
XIV. keâes‰keâ (Bracket) []{ } () Menjer-osneleer, efMeef#ele Deewj DeefMeef#ele meYeer keâes ‘celeeefOekeâej’ keâe nkeâ nw~
XV. efJemceÙemetÛekeâ Ùee mecyeesOekeâ (Sign of Exclamation) ! JeekeäÙeeW ceW—Jen jespe Deelee nw, iebiee mveeve keâjlee nw, heg<he neLe ceW ueskeâj
I. hetCe& efJ ejece (~)- hetCe& efJejece keâe DeLe& nw hetjer lejn mes ®keâvee Ùee "njvee~ hetpee keâjlee nw Deewj Ûeuee peelee nw~
(ii) GheJeekeäÙeeW keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes—pees heefjßeceer nesles nQ, Jener
meeceevÙele: Ùen efkeâmeer keâLeve kesâ hetCe& nesves hej DeØelÙe#e ØeMveeW kesâ Deble ceW leLee
meHeâue nesles nQ~ YeefJe<Ùe ceW pees Yeer nesiee, osKee peeÙesiee~
keâefJelee ceW Úbo kesâ ÛejCe kesâ Deble ceW Deelee nw; pewmes—
(iii) leye, lees Ùen, Jen Deeefo kesâ mLeeve hej; pewmes—
(i) efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ leLee ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW keâes ÚesÌ[keâj ØelÙeskeâ JeekeäÙe kesâ
peye cesje YeeF& DeeÙee, leye ceQ Kee jne Lee~
meceehle nesves hej; pewmes– jece DeÛÚe ueÌ[keâe nw~ Gmes peeves oes~ (iv) mecyeesOeve keâes Mes<e JeekeäÙe mes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes–
(ii) DeØelÙe#e ØeMveeW kesâ Deble ceW; pewmes—legcnW keäÙee yeleeTB efkeâ ceQ keäÙee Ûeenlee ntB~
jece, Deye legce pee mekeâles nes~
(iii) Úbo kesâ Deble ceW; pewmes– osefJeÙeeW Deewj meppeveeW, je°^ Yeefkeäle mes yeÌ{keâj keâesF& Yeefkeäle veneR nw~
jIegkegâue jerelf e meoe Ûeefue DeeF&~ IV. Ghe-efJejece (:)- Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie yengOee Meer<e&keâeW ceW neslee nw;
ØeeCe peeÙe hej JeÛeve ve peeF&~~ pewmes—keâeceeÙeveer : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve
(iv) keâYeer-keâYeer efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle Ùee Jemleg keâe mepeerJe JeCe&ve keâjles meceÙe JeekeäÙeebMeeW V. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efÛeÖ (?)
kesâ Deble ceW hetCe& efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes—ØeMemle ueueeš~ heeveeroej yeÌ[er- (i) peye JeekeäÙe ceW keäÙee, keäÙeeW, Deeefo MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees JeneB
yeÌ[er DeeBKeW~ efmej kesâ yeeue ve DeefOekeâ yeÌ[s, ve DeefOekeâ Úesšs~ ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes—
veesš : hetCe& efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS– legce jespe megyen keâneB peeles nes?
(ii) DeefveMÛeÙe keâer efmLeefle Glhevve nesves hej; pewmes– Deehe MeeÙeo efouueer (xiii) iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe ceW Yeer ‘mee’ peesÌ[keâj Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ ueieeÙee peelee nw;
kesâ jnves Jeeues nQ? pewmes— Úesše-mee-Deeoceer, yeÌ[e-mee-hesš, yeÌ[s-mes-yeÌ[s ueesie Deeefo~
(iii) JÙebiÙeesefkeäle nesves hej; pewmes– DeelebkeâJeeo ner meJe&ßes‰ peve mesJee nw; nw (xiv) peye efkeâmeer heo keâe efJeMes<eCe veneR yevelee, leye Gme heo kesâ meeLe ‘mecyevOeer’
ve? heo peesÌ[keâj oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ ueieeÙee peelee nw; pewmes— efJeÅeeueÙe-
VI. Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ (—) – efnvoer JÙeekeâjCe ceW Deuhe-efJejece kesâ yeeo Ùeespekeâ mecyevOeer yeeleW, Yee<ee-mecyevOeer ÛeÛee&, he=LJeer-mecyevOeer lelJe, meerlee-mecyevOeer Jeelee&~
efÛeÖ meJee&efOekeâ ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeuee efJejece efÛeÖ nw~ Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie (xv) peye oes MeyoeW kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOekeâejkeâ kesâ efÛeÖ—keâe, kesâ Deewj keâer ueghle nebs,
efvecveefueefKele nw— leye oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ ueieeÙee peelee nw~ Ssmes MeyoeW keâes nce mebeOf e Ùee
(i) Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ oes efJehejerle MeyoeW keâes pees[ Ì lee nw; pewmes– Deeiee-heerÚe, TBÛe- meceeme kesâ efveÙeceeW mes DevegMeeefmele veneR keâj mekeâles~ Fvekesâ oesveeW heo mJeleb$e
veerÛe, neefve-ueeYe, peerJeve-cejCe, ÙeMe-DeheÙeMe, DeekeâeMe-heeleeue Deeefo~ nesles nQ; pewmes— meble-cele, ceeveJe-Mejerj, Meyo-Yeso, jeJeCe-JeOe, ueeruee-Yetefce,
efJeÛeej-ëe=bKeuee, ØekeâeMe-mlecYe, ke=â<Ce-ueeruee, jece-veece~
(ii) Ùen oes MeyoeW keâes peesÌ[lee nw Deewj oesveeW keâes efceueekeâj Skeâ mecemle heo
veesš : peneB Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjles nQ—
yeveelee nw, uesekf eâve oesveeW keâe mJeleb$e DeefmlelJe yevee jnlee nw; pewmes—Oece&-DeOece&,
(i) keâce&OeejÙe meceeme mes yeves MeyoeW ceW Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjles
ceelee-efhelee, heehe-hegCÙe~
nQ~ Ùen efvecveefueefKele GoenjCeeW mes mhe° nes peelee nw–
(iii) Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie ÉbÉ meceeme ceW meJee&efOekeâ neslee nw; FmeerefueS
DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ
Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâes meeceeefmekeâ efÛeÖ Yeer keânueeles nQ; pewmes— meeie-heele, nBmeer- [ekeâ-ieeÌ [er [ekeâieeÌ [er efJeÅee-Oeve efJeÅeeOeve
KegMeer, keâheÌ[e-ueòee, Yetle-Øesle, veewkeâj-Ûeekeâj, peerJe-pebleg, oerve-og:Keer~ Oece&- Meeuee Oece&M eeuee jpele-kebâkeâCe jpelekebâkeâCe
(iv) peye oes efJeMes<eCe heoeW keâe meb%ee kesâ DeLe& ceW ØeÙeesie nes JeneB Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâj-h euueJe keâjheuueJe keâceue-veÙeve keâceueveÙeve
ueielee nw; pewmes— uetuee-uebieÌ[e, YetKee-hÙeemee, DebOee-yenje Deeefo~ (ii) DeJÙeÙeerYe Je meceeme ceW Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjles nQ; pewmes–
(v) oes MeyoeW ceW peye Skeâ meeLe&keâ Deewj otmeje efvejLe&keâ nes JeneB Yeer Ùeespekeâ DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ
efÛeÖ ueieeÙee peelee nw; pewmes– heeveer-Jeeveer, ÛeeÙe-JeeÙe, Guše-heguše, hejceelcee- ÙeLee-Meefkeäle ÙeLeeMeefkeäle jele-Yej jeleYej
Jejceelcee Deeefo~ henues -henue henues henue cegBne-cegn cegBn ecegn
(vi) peye oes mebÙegòeâ ef›eâÙeeSB Skeâ meeLe ØeÙegòeâ neW leye oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe Ùeespekeâ (iii) efÉieg meceeme mes yeves meeceeefmekeâ heoeW ceW Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR
efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes— ceejvee-heeršvee, mecePevee-yetPevee, jnvee- keâjles nQ; pewmes–
menvee, meesvee-peeievee~ DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ
(vii) jerefle JeeÛekeâ Deewj heefjceeCe JeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe ceW ØeÙegòeâ oes DeJeÙeJeeW ceW veJe-«en veJe«en Ûeew-ceemee Ûeewceemee
leLee ‘keâ’, ‘ve’, ‘mes’, ‘ner’ Deeefo kesâ yeerÛe Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ ueieeÙee peelee nw; hebÛe-Ješer hebÛeJešer mele-meF& melemeF&
pewmes— kegâÚ-ve-kegâÚ, pÙeeW-keâe-lÙeeW, Deehe-mes-Deehe, Deehe-ner-Deehe, pewmes-lewmes, ef$e-YegJeve ef$eYegJeve mehle-uees keâ meh leuees keâ
ÙeneB-JeneB, LeesÌ[e-yengle Deeefo~ VII. GæjCe efÛeÖ (‘ ’, ‘‘ ’’)
(viii) peneB efÉ®efkeäle DeLee&led GvneR MeyoeW keâe hegve: Deeieceve nes JeneB Ùeespekeâ GæjCe efÛeÖ kesâ oes ¤he nQ—Fkeânje (‘ ’) Deewj oesnje (‘‘ ’’)~
efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes— {guecegue-{guecegue, Ieeš-Ieeš, G"les-G"les, (i) peneB efkeâmeer hegmlekeâ mes keâesF& JeekeäÙe Ùee DeJelejCe pÙeeW-keâe-lÙeeW Gæ=le efkeâÙee
Ûeueles-Ûeueles, Ûehhee-Ûehhee, keâCe-keâCe, Éej-Éej, Iej-Iej, ieeBJe-ieeBJe, Menj- peeS, JeneB oesnjs GæjCe efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw Deewj peneB keâesF& efJeMes<e
Menj Deeefo~ Meyo, heo, JeekeäÙe-Keb[ FlÙeeefo Gæ=le efkeâS peeSb JeneB Fkeânjs GæjCe ueieles
nQ; pewmes-
(ix) peye ef›eâÙee keâer cetue Oeeleg kesâ meeLe ØesjCeeLe&keâ ef›eâÙeeSB DeeSb JeneB Yeer Ùeespekeâ
‘‘mJeleb$elee nceeje pevceefmeæ DeefOekeâej nw~’’
efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes— meerKevee-efmeKeevee, heervee-efheueevee, efiejvee-
‘efvejeuee’ ÚeÙeeJeeo kesâ ›eâebefleoMeea keâefJe Les~
efiejevee, GÌ[vee-GÌ[evee Deeefo~
‘GJe&Meer’ efovekeâj keâer keâeuepeÙeer jÛevee nw~
(x) peye oes ØesjCeeLe&keâ ef›eâÙeeSB Skeâ meeLe DeeSb JeneB Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie (ii) uesKekeâ keâe Gheveece, hegmlekeâ, meceeÛeej - he$e, uesKe keâe Meer<e&keâ FlÙeeefo
neslee nw; pewmes— efpeleevee-efpeleJeevee, Ûeueevee-ÛeueJeevee, keâševee-keâšJeevee, [jevee- GodOe=le keâjles meceÙe Fkeânjs GæjCe efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes-
[jJeevee Deeefo~ ‘owefvekeâ peeiejCe’ Skeâ je°êÙr e owefvekeâ meceeÛeej-he$e nw~
(xi) efJeMes<eCe peye efveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛeer nesb Deewj oes heo Skeâ meeLe ØeÙegòeâ neW ‘keâeceeÙeveer’ Øemeeo keâer Skeâ DecetuÙe ke=âefle nw~
lees oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ ueielee nw; pewmes— ome-yeerme, henuee-otmeje, (iii) mebeOf e, keâneJele leLee cenòJehetCe& keâLeve Deeefo keâes Gæ=le keâjves ceW oesnjs
Skeâ-Skeâ, oes-Ûeej, Skeâ-oes Deeefo~ GæjCe efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes–
(xii) DeefveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛeer efJeMes<eCe ceW peye ‘mee’, ‘mes’ Deeefo peesÌ[s peeSb leye ieerlee keâe JeÛeve nw, ‘‘keâce& keâjes efkeâvleg Heâue keâer FÛÚe ve keâjes~’’ ØesceÛebo
oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe Ùeespekeâ efÛeÖ ueieeS peeles nQ; pewmes— DeefOekeâ-mes-DeefOekeâ, keâce-mes- keâe keâLeve nw, ‘‘peye lekeâ hewjeW leues ieo&ve oyeer nw leye lekeâ Gmes menueevee ner
keâce, yengle-meer-yeeleW, LeesÌ[e-mee-keâece Deeefo~ ßesÙemkeâj nw~’’
VIII. jsefK ekeâe Ùee efveoxM ekeâ-efÛeÖ (—)– Fme efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie mebkesâle kesâ (c) 52 (d) 53
efueS neslee nw; pewmes—Meyo kesâ oes Yeso nesles nQ—meeLe&keâ Deewj efvejLe&keâ~ Gòej–(c)
IX. efJ eJejCe efÛeÖ (:—)— peneB efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâe efJeJejCe efoÙee peeS JeneB efnvoer ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues 52 JeCe& nQ~
Fme efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes—ieÅeKeb[ keâe YeeJeeLe& efvecveefueefKele nw:—
3. F, F&, G, T keäÙee nQ?
X. $egefšhetjkeâ efÛeÖ (^) —Fmes nbmeheo Yeer keâne peelee nw~ peye efueKeves ceW
(a) mJej (b) JÙebpeve
kegâÚ Útš peelee nw, lees Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; ÙeLee– (c) mJej SJeb JÙebpeve oesveeW (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
æesoeve Gòej–(a)
ØesceÛebo keâe ^ «eecÙe peerJeve keâer mepeerJe Peebkeâer Øemlegle keâjlee nw~
XI. meb#eshe metÛekeâ efÛeÖ (.) —MeyoeW keâe mebe#f ehle ¤he efoKeves kesâ efueS
F, F&, G, T mJej nQ~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes—yeer. yeer. meer. (efyeÇešf Me yeÇe@[keâeefmšbie keâe@jheexjsMeve) 4. FveceW mes JÙebpeve keâewve nQ?
meb. (mebJeled) (a) Dee (b) pe
ke=â. he. G. (ke=âheÙee hevvee GueefšS) (c) G (d) S
[e@. ([e@keäšj) Gòej–(b)
XII. ueeshe-efveoxMe (....)– peye hetJe& yeele keâer hegve®efkeäle keâjveer nesleer nw lees ‘pe’ JÙebpeve nw, Mes<e meYeer mJej nQ~
Gme yeele keâes DeejbYe kesâ oes-leerve Meyo efueKekeâj yeerÛe ceW (.....) ‘ueeshe efÛeÖ’ os 5. mJejeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer nw?
efoS peeles nQ~ (a) 9 (b) 10
XIII. meceevelee metÛekeâ (=) – Ùen efJejece efÛeÖ ieefCele ceW DeefOekeâ ØeÙegòeâ (c) 11 (d) 12
neslee nw, efkeâvleg mebe#f ehlelee kesâ Dee«en mes keâYeer-keâYeer meeceevÙe Yee<ee ceW Yeer Gòej–(c)
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ, pewmes—jeef$e=efveMee, efoJeme=efove mJejeW keâer mebKÙee 11 nw~ Jes nQ-De, Dee, F, F&, G, T, $e+, S, Ss, Dees, Deew~
XIV. keâes‰keâ efÛeÖ (), [ ]— keâes‰keâ efÛeÖ ØeeÙe: JeekeäÙe kesâ ceOÙe ceW Deelee
6. JÙebpeveeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer nw?
nw~ keâes‰keâ ceW Ssmeer peevekeâeefjÙeeB jKeer peeleer nQ, pees cegKÙe JeekeäÙe keâe Debie nesles
(a) 30 (b) 32
ngS Yeer Gvemes he=Lekeâ keâer pee mekeâleer nw; pewmes—Megkeäue (DeeÛeeÙe& jeceÛebõ Megkeäue)
(c) 33 (d) 34
keâes meYeer peeveles nQ~
Gòej–(c)
XV. efJ emceÙemetÛekeâ Ùee mebyeesOekeâ (!)—
(i) Ùen efÛeÖ efJemceÙe (DeeMÛeÙe& Deeefo) keâe yeesOe keâjeves Jeeues oes heo yebOeeW JÙebpeveeW keâer mebKÙee 33 nw~ Jes nQ- keâ, Ke, ie, Ie, *, Ûe, Ú, pe, Pe, _e, š,
DeLeJee JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Deble ceW Deelee nw; pewmes—Dene! efkeâlevee megnevee ceewmece nw~ ", [, {, Ce, le, Le, o, Oe, ve, he, heâ, ye, Ye, ce, Ùe, j, ue, Je, Me, <e,
(ii) mecyeesOeve kesâ efueS—
me, n~
MÙeece! Deye legce heÌ{es~ 7. ‘keâd ± <e’ efceuekeâj keäÙee yevesiee?
(iii) peneB Deheves mes ÚesšeW kesâ Øeefle MegYekeâeceveeSB Deewj meodYeeJeveeSB Øekeâš (a) keâd<e (b) #e
keâer peeSb— (c) keâ#e (d) ke=â<e
heg$e efÛejbpeerJeer nes! YeieJeeve legcneje Yeuee keâjs~ Gòej–(b)
(iv) peneB ceve keâer nBmeer-KegMeer JÙeòeâ keâer peeS; ‘keâd ± <e’ efceuekeâj ‘#e’ nesiee~
pewmes—kewâmee efveKeje ¤he nw~ Jeen! legceves keäÙee ¤he heeÙee nw~ 8. ‘Deb’ leLee ‘De:’ efkeâmekesâ Devleie&le Deeles nQ?
(a) mJej (b) JÙebpeve
DeYÙeeme ØeMve (c) DeÙeesieJ een (d) mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve
Gòej–(c)
1. efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee keâes efkeâleves Øekeâej mes efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw?
(a) oes (b) leerve ‘Deb’ leLee ‘De:’ DeÙeesieJeeo nQ~ Ùen OJeefveÙeeB ve lees mJej nQ Deewj ve ner JÙebpeve,
(c) Ûeej (d) heeBÛe
efkeâvleg mJejeW kesâ menejs DeJeMÙe Ûeueleer nQ Deewj DeLe& Jenve keâjleer nQ~ FmeefueS
FvnW ‘DeÙeesieJeen’ keâne peelee nw~
Gòej–(a)
9. ‘led ± j’ kesâ Ùeesie mes yevee mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve nw-
efnvoer JeCe&ceeuee keâes oes Øekeâej mes efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw- mJej leLee (a) le=j (b) lej
JÙebpeve~ (c) $e (d) le&
2. efnvoer ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues JeCe& efkeâleves nQ? Gòej–(c)
(a) 50 (b) 51 ‘led ± j’ kesâ Ùeesie mes yevee JÙebpeve ‘$e’ nw~

10. ‘Ì{’, ‘Ì[’ keäÙee nQ? (c) obie (d) ceeBie
(a) mebÙegòeâ JÙebpeve (b) efÉiegCe JÙebpeve Gòej–(c)
(c) mJej (d) JÙebpeve ‘obie’ Devegveeefmekeâ OJeefve mes yevee Meyo veneR nw~ Ùen DevegmJeej mes yevee nw~
Gòej–(b)
18. Devegveeefmekeâ OJeefve ceW -
‘Ì{’, ‘Ì[’ efÉiegCe JÙebpeve nQ~ (a) cegBn keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
11. JÙebpeve kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ? (b) oeBle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(a) heeBÛe (b) leerve (c) DeeW" keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(c) Ûeej (d) oes (d) veekeâ Deewj cegBn oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Gòej–(b) Gòej–(d)
JÙebpeve kesâ leerve Yeso nQ- mheMe&, Deble:mLe (Deæ&mJej) leLee T<ce JÙebpeve~ Devegveeefmekeâ OJeefve ceW veekeâ Deewj ceggBn oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
12. efkeâme Meyo ceW mebÙegòeâe#ej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw? 19. Devegveeefmekeâ keâe efÛeÖ nw -
(a) Yekeäle (b) Yeiele (a) (b) :
(c) YeieJeeve (d) YeJeve (c) (d) ^
Gòej–(a) Gòej–(c)
‘Yekeäle’ Meyo ceW mebÙegòeâe#ej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ ÙeneB ‘Ye ± keâd ± le’ Devegveeefmekeâ keâe efÛeÖ nw~
efceuekeâj ‘Yekeäle’ ngDee nw~ 20. Jen OJeefve pees cegKe leLee veeefmekeâe oesveeW mes yeenj Deeleer nw, Jen nw -
13. oes meceeve JÙebpeveeW mes yevee mebÙegòeâe#ej nw - (a) DeÙeesieJ een (b) Devegveeefmekeâ
(c) efvejvegveeef mekeâ (d) JÙebpeve
(a) hegmlekeâ (b) ieghle
(c) heòee (d) Jeie& Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(c) Jen OJeefve pees cegKe leLee veeefmekeâe oesveeW mes yeenj Deeleer nw, Jen Devegveeefmekeâ
oes meceeve JÙebpeveeW mes yevee mebÙegòeâe#ej ‘heòee’ nw~ Ùen ‘he ± led ± lee’ De#ejeW keânueeleer nw~
mes efceuekeâj yevee nw~ 21. cee$eeSB efkeâleveer Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ?
(a) 10 (b) 11
14. ‘ßece’ efkeâve mebÙegòeâe#ej mes yevee nw?
(c) 12 (d) 13
(a) med ± j ± ce (b) me ± j ± ce
Gòej–(c)
(c) Med ± j ± ce (d) Me ± j ± ce
Gòej–(c) cee$eeSB 12 Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ- e, ef , er, g , t , = , s, w, es, ew, ,b : ~
‘Med ± j ± ce’ Meyo efceuekeâj ‘ßece’ nesiee~ FmeceW ‘Med ± j’ efceuekeâj ‘ße’ 22. ‘helee’ ceW ‘he’ ceW ‘ef ’ keâer cee$ee ueieeves hej yevesiee-
nes pee jne nw~ (a) heefle (b) efhelee
(c) heleer (d) heerlee
15. mebÙegòeâe#ej mes yevee Meyo nw -
Gòej–(b)
(a) heledj (b) he$e
(c) hele$e (d) helej ‘helee’ ceW ‘he’ ceW ‘ef ’ keâer cee$ee ueieeves hej ‘efhelee’ Meyo yevesiee~
Gòej–(b) 23. ‘leerj’ ceW keâewve-meer cee$ee ueieer nw?
‘he$e’ mebÙegòeâe#ej Meyo nw~ ‘he$e’, ‘he ± led ± j’ De#ejeW mes efceuekeâj (a) ef (b) g
yevee nw~ (c) t (d) er
Gòej–(d)
16. Devegveeefmekeâ OJeefve mes yevee Meyo nw -
(a) he#eer (b) ieb iee
‘leerj’ ceW ‘ er’ keâer cee$ee ueieer nw~
(c) Ûebove (d) ÛeeBo 24. efkeâme cee$ee keâes ueieeves hej ‘mewj’ Meyo yevesiee?
Gòej–(d) (a) es (b) ew
Devegveeefmekeâ OJeefve mes yevee Meyo ÛeeBo nw~ (c) s (d) w
Gòej–(d)
17. efvecveefueefKele ceW Devegveeefmekeâ OJeefve mes yevee Meyo venerb nw-
(a) DeeB Ke (b) ÛeeBo ‘ w’ cee$ee ueieeves hej ‘mewj’ Meyo yevesiee~

Meyo jÛevee, JeekeäÙe jÛevee, DeLe&
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 6. MeyoebMe efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
1. Meyo nesles nQ–
(c) 3 (d) 4
(a) OJeefveÙeeW kesâ cesue mes yeves meeLe&keâ JeCe& mecegoeÙe
Gòej–(b)
(b) mJejeW kesâ cesue
(c) mJej SJeb JÙebpeveeW kesâ cesue MeyoebMe oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ— Ghemeie& Deewj ØelÙeÙe~
(d) efvejLe&keâ Deewj meeLe&keâ MeyoeW kesâ cesue 7. uecyeesoj Meyo efkeâmekeâe ¤he nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) ¤Ì{ Meyo (b) Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo
OJeefveÙeeW kesâ cesue mes yeves meeLe&keâ JeCe& mecegoeÙe Meyo keânueeles nQ~ (c) Ùeesie¤Ì{ Meyo (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Gòej–(c)
2. meeceevÙele: Meyo kesâ efkeâleves Øekeâej nesles nQ?
(a) 2 (b) 3
Jes Meyo pees Ùeewefiekeâ nesles ngS Yeer meeceevÙe DeLe& keâes ÚesÌ[keâj efJeMes<e DeLe&
(c) 4 (d) 5
Øekeâš keâjles nQ, Ùeesie™Ì{ Meyo keânueeles nQ~ uecyeesoj = uecye + Goj,
Gòej–(a) Deheves meeceevÙe DeLe& keâes Øekeâš ve keâjkesâ efJeMes<e DeLe& Øekeâš keâj jne nw,
efpemekeâe DeLe& ieCesMe nw~
meeceevÙele: Meyo kesâ oes Øekeâej nesles nQ–meeLe&keâ Deewj efvejLe&keâ~ efpeve MeyoeW
8. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes Ùeeweif ekeâ Meyo keâer henÛeeve keâjW–
kesâ DeLe& nesles nQ, GvnW meeLe&keâ leLee efpeve MeyoeW kesâ DeLe& veneR nesles nQ, GvnW
(a) Deeieceve (b) peuepe
efvejLe&keâ Meyo keânles nQ~
(c) keâece (d) keâ#eeOÙeehekeâ
3. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes cetue Meyo keâewve-mee nw? Gòej–(d)
(a) DevegkeâjCe (b) Devegieeceer
keâ#eeOÙeehekeâ Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo nw~ keâ#eeOÙeehekeâ (keâ#ee+ DeOÙeehekeâ) keâs Deueie-
(c) keâece-Ûeesj (d) keâeve
Deueie Keb[ keâe meeLe&keâ DeLe& efvekeâue jne nw~
Gòej–(d)
9. JÙeglheefòe keâer Âef„ mes efnvoer Meyo Yeb[ej kesâ efkeâleves Øekeâej nQ?
keâeve cetue Meyo nw~ efpeve MeyoeW kesâ Keb[ meeLe&keâ ve neW, GvnW ™Ì{ keânles nQ~ (a) 2 (b) 3
Ùen cetue Meyo Yeer keânueeles nQ~ Fvekeâe Deueie-Deueie Keb[ keâjves hej ØelÙeskeâ (c) 4 (d) Deveskeâ
keâe meeLe&keâ Keb[ veneR nesiee~ Gòej–(c)
4. Ùeeweif ekeâ Meyo nesles nQ– JÙeglheefòe keâer Âef„ mes efnvoer Meyo Yeb[ej kesâ Ûeej Øekeâej nQ–leodYeJe,
(a) oes mJejeW kesâ cesue (b) oes De#ejeW kesâ cesue lelmece, osMepe leLee efJeosMeer~
(c) oes MeyoeW kesâ cesue (d) efvejLe&keâ MeyoeW kesâ cesue
10. jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej Meyo kesâ ¤he henÛeeefveS–
Gòej–(c)
(a) leodYeJe (b) lelmece
Ssmes Meyo, pees oes MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes yeveles nQ Deewj efpevekesâ Keb[ meeLe&keâ nesles (c) DeveskeâeLeea (d) Ùeewefiekeâ
nQ, Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo keânueeles nQ~ Gòej–(d)
5. MeyoebMe Deewj MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes, pees jÛevee nesleer nw, Jen keânueeleer nw– jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej Meyo kesâ leerve ¤he nesles nQ- ¤Ì{, Ùeewefiekeâ leLee
(a) cetue Meyo (b) Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo Ùeesie™Ì{~
(c) Ghemeie& (d) ØelÙeÙe
11. DeefYeOee keäÙee nw?
Gòej–(b) (a) Meyo-Meefòeâ keâe Øekeâej (b) Ghemeie&
Ùeewefiekeâ MeyoeW keâer jÛevee oes Øekeâej mes nesleer nw–MeyoebMe kesâ MeyoeW kesâ cesue (c) lelmece (d) leodYeJe
mes Deewj MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes~ Gòej–(a)
DeefYeOee Meyo-Meefòeâ keâe Skeâ Øekeâej nw~ Meyo keâer efpeme Meefòeâ mes Gmekesâ 17. ``Úe$e heÌ{les nQ Deewj DeOÙeehekeâ GvnW osKeles nQ~'' Ùen nw–
meeceevÙe ØeÛeefuele DeLe& keâe yeesOe neslee nw, Gmes DeefYeOee keânles nQ~ DeefYeOee mes (a) meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe (b) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe
Øekeâš nesves Jeeues DeLe& keâes JeeÛÙeeLe& Ùee cegKÙeeLe& keânles nQ~ ÙeLee–‘Deeie peue (c) efceefßele JeekeäÙe (d) FÛÚeJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe
jner nw’, JeekeäÙe ceW `Deeie' JeeÛÙeeLe& ceW ØeÙegòeâ nw~ Gòej–(b)
12. JÙeekeâjefCekeâ efJeJesÛeve kesâ DeeOeej hej efnvoer MeyoeW kesâ oes Yeeie nQ– GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe nw~ ÙeneB `Deewj' Meyo mes oes JeekeäÙeeW keâes pees[Ì e
(a) leodYeJe, lelmece (b) meeLe&keâ, efvejLe&keâ ieÙee nw~
(c) efJekeâejer, DeefJekeâejer (d) osMepe, efJeosMeer 18. JeekeäÙe kesâ efkeâleves Debie nesles nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) 2 (b) 3
JÙeekeâjefCekeâ efJeJesÛeve kesâ DeeOeej hej efnvoer MeyoeW kesâ oes Yeeie efJekeâejer leLee (c) 4 (d) 5
DeefJekeâejer nQ~ Gòej–(a)
13. efpeve MeyoeW kesâ ¤he, JeekeäÙe ceW eEueie, JeÛeve Deewj keâejkeâ kesâ Devegmeej yeoue JeekeäÙe kesâ oes Debie nesles nQ–GösMÙe Deewj efJeOesÙe~ efpemekesâ yeejs ceW yeele keâner
peeles nQ, GvnW keânles nQ– peeÙes Gmes ‘GösMÙe’ keânles nQ leLee GösMÙeeW kesâ yeejs ceW pees kegâÚ keâne peeÙes
(a) efJekeâejer Meyo (b) DeefJekeâejer Meyo
Gmes èfJeOesÙe' keânles nQ~
(c) leodYeJe Meyo (d) lelmece Meyo 19. efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve-mee JeekeäÙe efve<esOeJeeÛekeâ nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) nceW meoe melÙe yeesuevee ÛeeefnS~
(b) yeÛÛes ves otOe keäÙeeW veneR efheÙee?
efpeve MeyoeW kesâ ¤he JeekeäÙe ceW eEueie, JeÛeve Deewj keâejkeâ kesâ Devegmeej yeoue
(c) Jeen! efkeâlevee megboj ÂMÙe nw~
peeles nQ, GvnW efJekeâejer Meyo keânles nQ~
(d) Fme yeepeej ceW meeceeve Yeer veneR efceue heelee~
14. Meyo-Meeqòeâ kesâ efkeâleves Øekeâej nesles nQ? Gòej–(d)
(a) 2 (b) 3
peye JeekeäÙe ceW efkeâmeer efJe<eÙe keâe DeYeeJe Ùee DemJeerke=âefle meteÛf ele nes, lees JeneB
(c) 4 (d) 5
efve<esOeJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe neslee nw~ FveceW efve<esOeJeeÛekeâ DeJÙeÙe ef›eâÙee kesâ henues Deeles
Gòej–(b)
nQ~
Meyo-Meeqòeâ kesâ leerve Øekeâej nesles nQ–DeefYeOee, ue#eCee leLee JÙebpevee~
20. efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ JeekeäÙe neslee nw–
15. efvecveefueefKele ceW efÉ®òeâ Meyo keâewve-mee nw? (a) efpemeceW DeeMÛeÙe& keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
(a) ÙeesieeÛeej (b) yeÌ[eF& (b) efpemeceW ØeMve keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
(c) peerJeve-cejCe (d) peien-peien (c) efpemeceW mebosn keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
Gòej–(d) (d) efpemeceW efkeâmeer yeele keâe nesvee Øekeâš neslee nw~
peye Skeâ ner Meyo keâer DeeJe=efòe nesleer nw, lees Jen efÉ®òeâ Ùee hegve®òeâ Gòej–(a)
keânueelee nw~ ÙeLee–Iej-Iej, pebieue-pebieue, peien-peien FlÙeeefo~ efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW DeeMÛeÙe&, efJemceÙe, n<e&, Meeskeâ, Ie=Cee Deeefo keâe yeesOe neslee nw,
Jen ‘efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ JeekeäÙe’ neslee nw~
16. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe keâewve-mee nw?
(a) cegPes efJeMJeeme nw efkeâ Deehe DeJeMÙe DeeSbies~ 21. efJeOeeveeLe&keâ JeekeäÙe efkeâmes keânles nQ?
(b) ueÌ[keâe heÌ{ jne nw~ (a) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Mele& keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
(c) keäÙee Jen peeSiee? (b) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW ØeeLe&vee Ùee GheosMe keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
(d) Deepe Meece keâes jcesMe DeeSiee Deewj megjsMe Yeer DeeSiee~ (c) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW efkeâmeer yeele keâe nesvee Øekeâš neslee nw~
Gòej–(d) (d) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW ØeMve keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
Gòej–(c)
efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW meeOeejCe DeLeJee efceefßele JeekeäÙeeW keâe cesue-mebÙeespekeâ DeJÙeÙe
Éeje neslee nw, Gmes mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe keânles nQ~ Fmes Deewj, SJeb, leLee FlÙeeefo efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW efkeâmeer yeele keâe nesvee Øekeâš neslee nw, Gmes efJeOeeveeLe&keâ JeekeäÙe
Éeje peesÌ[les nQ~ keânles nQ~
22. JeekeäÙe ceW heo›eâce kesâ efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej neslee nw– GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe efceße JeekeäÙe nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Skeâ ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe kesâ meeLe Skeâ
(a) keâlee&, keâce&, ef›eâÙee (b) keâce&, keâlee&, ef›eâÙee Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
(c) ef›eâÙee, keâlee&, keâce& (d) keâce&, ef›eâÙee, keâlee&
28. Megæ JeekeäÙe keâe ÛeÙeve keâjW–
Gòej–(a)
(a) Ùes nceejs heeme jnles nQ Deewj Jes otj~
JeekeäÙe ceW henues keâlee&, efHeâj keâce& Deewj Deble ceW ef›eâÙee jKeles nQ, efpememes DeLe& (b) Jes nceejs heeme jnles nQ Deewj Ùes otj~
mhe„ nesves kesâ meeLe JeekeäÙe DeMegæ Yeer veneR neslee nw~ (c) Jes nceejs heeme jnles nQ Deewj Jen otj~
23. efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve-mee JeekeäÙe Megæ nw? (d) Ùes nceejs heeme jnles nQ Deewj Jen otj~
(a) ueÌ[keâe heÌ{les nQ~ Gòej–(a)
(b) ueÌ[keâer keâe mebieerle megveves ueeÙekeâ nw~
Ùes nceejs heeme jnles nQ Deewj Jes otj~ Ùen JeekeäÙe Megæ nw~
(c) IeesÌ[e oewÌ[lee nw~
(d) legce ncesMee heÌ{lee nw~ 29. keâewve-mee JeekeäÙe mener nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) Skeâ ieerleeW keâer hegmlekeâ uee oes~
IeesÌ[e oewÌ[lee nw~ Ùen JeekeäÙe Megæ nw~ (b) ieerleeW keâer Skeâ hegmlekeâ uee oes~
(c) hegmlekeâ Skeâ ieerleeW keâer uee oes~
24. mejue JeekeäÙe keâes henÛeeefveS–
(d) hegmlekeâ ieerleeW keâer Skeâ uee oes~
(a) MÙeece hegmlekeâ heÌ{ jne nw~
Gòej–(b)
(b) ceesnve yeepeej ieÙee Deewj hegmlekeâ Kejeroer~
(c) [e@keäšj ves keâne efkeâ cejerpe keâes yeÛeevee cegeMq keâue nw~ ieerleeW keâer Skeâ hegmlekeâ uee oes~ Ùen JeekeäÙe mener nw~ ieerleeW keâe DeeMeÙe keâF&
(d) keâeJÙe ceW ceOegjlee Leer Deewj ueesie Gmes yeÌ[s ÛeeJe mes heÌ{les jns~ ieerleeW keâe meb«en Øekeâš keâjlee nw~
Gòej–(a) 30. mener JeekeäÙe keâe ÛeÙeve keâerepf eS–
MÙeece hegmlekeâ heÌ{ jne nw~ Ùen mejue JeekeäÙe nw keäÙeeWekf eâ FmeceW efJeOesÙe Skeâ ner (a) yeboj keâes keâeškeâj Ûeeketâ mes Heâue efKeuee oes~
nw~ (b) Ûeeketâ mes yeboj keâes keâeškeâj Heâue efKeuee oes~
25. mebjÛevee keâer Âef„ mes JeekeäÙeeW kesâ efkeâleves Øekeâej nQ? (c) Ûeeketâ mes Heâue keâeškeâj yeboj keâes efKeuee oes~
(a) 2 (b) 3 (d) Heâue keâeškeâj Ûeeketâ mes yeboj keâes efKeuee oes~
(c) 4 (d) 5 Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(b) efJekeâuhe (c) ceW efvee|o„ JeekeäÙe mener nw, pees ›eâefcekeâ YeeJeeW keâes DeefYeJÙeòeâ
mebjÛevee keâer Âef„ mes JeekeäÙeeW kesâ 3 Øekeâej nQ; Ùes nQ–mejue JeekeäÙe, efceße keâjlee nw, Mes<e ceW Ssmee veneR nw~
JeekeäÙe leLee mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe~
31. ``cegPes kesâJeue ome ®heÙes cee$e efceues'' JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ–
26. ``Deeie keâer uehešW Fleveer lespe LeeR efkeâ GvnW yegPee heevee keâef"ve Lee~'' ceW (a) JeekeäÙe ceW cegPes veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
keâewve-mee JeekeäÙe nw? (b) JeekeäÙe ceW efceues Deble ceW veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
(a) mejue JeekeäÙe (b) efceße JeekeäÙe (c) JeekeäÙe ceW ®heÙes cee$e mes hetJe& veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
(c) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(d) JeekeäÙe ceW kesâJeue veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(d)
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe efceße JeekeäÙe nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Skeâ ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe kesâ meeLe Skeâ
JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nw keäÙeeWekf eâ FmeceW kesâJeue Deewj cee$e oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee
Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
nw, peyeefkeâ oesveeW ceW mes efkeâmeer Skeâ keâe ner ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ Megæ JeekeäÙe
27. ``ceesnve keâes efnvoer heÌ{vee nw, FmeefueS Jen Meem$eer peer kesâ ÙeneB ieÙee nesiee–``cegPes ome ®heÙes cee$e efceues~''
nw~'' efkeâme Øekeâej keâe JeekeäÙe nw?
(a) mebÙegòeâ (b) mejue 32. Megæ JeekeäÙe nw–
(a) DeeJeMÙekeâlee DeeefJe<keâej keâer peveveer nw~
(c) efceße (d) iegCeJeeÛekeâ
Gòej–(c) (b) DeeefJe<keâej keâer peveveer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~

(c) DeeefJe<keâej DeeJeMÙekeâlee keâer peveveer nw~ 38. efvecve ceW keâewve Skeâ efYevve DeLe& Øekeâš keâjlee nw?
(d) peveveer nw DeeefJe<keâej keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee~ (a) ieieve (b) veYe
Gòej–(a) (c) Decyekeâ (d) Decyej
‘‘DeeJeMÙekeâlee DeeefJe<keâej keâer peveveer nw’’ Megæ JeekeäÙe nw keäÙeeWefkeâ ›eâefcekeâ Gòej–(c)
YeeJeeW keâes JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw~ Decyekeâ keâe DeLe& DeeBKe neslee nw, Mes<e DeekeâeMe keâs meceeveeLeea nQ~
33. Megæ JeekeäÙe ÛegefveS– 39. `Jeso' Meyo keâe DeLe& nw–
(a) JesoeW kesâ Ú: Debie ceeves peeles nQ~ (a) %eeve (b) yegefæceòee
(b) JesoeW ceW Ú: Debie ceeves peeles nQ~ (c) kegâMeuelee (d) Meeqkeäle
(c) JesoeW mes Ú: Debie ceeves peeles nQ~ Gòej–(a)
(d) JesoeW hej Ú: Debie ceeves peeles nQ~ ‘Jeso’ keâe DeLe& %eeve neslee nw~ Jeso keâes ‘ßegefle’ Yeer keânles nQ~
Gòej–(a)
40. ‘keâškeâ’ keâe mener DeLe& nw–
‘‘JesoeW kesâ Ú: Debie ceeves peeles nQ’’, Megæ JeekeäÙe nw~ (a) keâešvee (b) keâerš
(c) mesvee (d) mejheš
34. Meyo Deewj DeLe& ceW–
(a) Deštš mecyevOe nesles nQ~ Gòej–(c)
(b) keâesF& mecyevOe veneR nesles nQ~ ‘keâškeâ’ keâe mener DeLe& ‘mesvee’ nw~
(c) oesveeW Deueie-Deueie jnles nQ~
41. ‘Mekeâ’ keâe DeLe& nw–
(d) keâYeer-keâYeer mecyevOe nesles nQ~
(a) ceveespe (b) efheveekeâer
Gòej–(a) (c) Fbõ (d) hebÛeyeeCe
Meyo Deewj DeLe& keâe Deštš mecyevOe neslee nw~ DeLe& kesâ DeYeeJe ceW Yee<ee keâe Gòej–(c)
keâesF& cenòJe veneR nw, hej oesveeW keâer Deheveer-Deheveer cenòee nw~ ‘Mekeâ’ keâe DeLe& ‘Fbõ’ neslee nw~
35. Skeâ Meyo kesâ– 42. keâewve-mee Skeâ DevÙe mes, efYevve DeLe& Øekeâš keâjlee nw?
(a) Skeâ ner DeLe& nes mekeâles nQ~ (a) Fbõ (b) yeboj
(b) oes DeLe& nes mekeâles nQ~ (c) keâheerMe (d) ceke&âš
(c) Deveskeâ DeLe& nes mekeâles nQ~ Gòej–(a)
(d) DeLe& nes ner veneR mekeâles~
Fbõ, DevÙe mes Deueie DeLe& Øekeâš keâjlee nw, Mes<e meceeveeLe&keâ nQ~
Gòej–(c)
43. ‘keâefleheÙe’ keâe DeLe& nw—
Skeâ Meyo kesâ Deveskeâ DeLe& nes mekeâles nQ~
(a) Deveskeâ (b) MeeÙeo
36. ‘Oeje’ keâe DeLe& nw– (c) LeesÌ[e (d) kegâÚ
(a) he=LJeer (b) DeekeâeMe Gòej–(d)
(c) veoer keâe Oeeje (d) OeejCee ‘keâefleheÙe’ keâe DeLe& kegâÚ neslee nw~
Gòej–(a)
44. ‘DeueYÙe’ keâe DeLe& nw–
‘Oeje’ keâe DeLe& ‘he=LJeer’ neslee nw~ (a) efpemes keâYeer Øeehle ner ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
37. ‘oeMejefLe’ keâe DeLe& nw– (b) efpememes ueeYe Øeehle ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
(a) omejLe (b) oMejLe (c) efpemes keâef"veeF& mes Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
(c) oMejLe keâe heg$e (d) ome jLe Ûeueeves Jeeuee (d) efpemes ncesMee Øeehle ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
Gòej–(c) Gòej–(a)
‘oeMejefLe’ keâe leelheÙe& ‘oMejLe keâe heg$e’ mes nw~ ‘DeueYÙe’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw–efpemes keâYeer Øeehle ner ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~

45. ‘Deefpej’ keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw? ‘Ghemeie&’ Jen MeyoebMe nw,pees efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ hetJe& peesÌ[e peelee nw~ ÙeLee–
(a) Deebieve (b) DeekeâeMe efJeveeMe, DevegÛej, Ghekeâej FlÙeeefo~ Fve MeyoeW ceW ›eâceMe: efJe, Deveg leLee Ghe
(c) he=LJeer (d) pees yetÌ{e ve nes Ghemeie& peesÌ[e ieÙee nw~
Gòej–(a) ‘ØelÙeÙe’ Jen MeyoebMe nw, pees efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ Deble ceW peesÌ[e peelee nw–ÙeLee-
‘Deefpej’ keâe DeLe& ‘Deebieve’ neslee nw~ meglee, yeboefjÙee, Kešeme, GYeÙeÛej, ÛelegjeF& FlÙeeefo~ Fve MeyoeW ceW ›eâceMe: Dee,
46. ‘DeeefOe’ keâe DeLe& nw– FÙee, Deeme, Ûej leLee DeeF& ØelÙeÙe pees[Ì s ieS nQ~
(a) Meejerejf keâ heerÌ[e (b) ceeveefmekeâ heerÌ[e MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie mes yeves Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo ÙeLee— IegÌ[-meJeej, efove-jele, heeruee-
(c) DeeOee Yeeie (d) meceÙe heve Deeefo ceW oesveeW Keb[ meeLe&keâ nesles nQ Deewj Fvekesâ Deueie - Deueie DeLe& nesles
Gòej–(b) nbw~
3. Ùeesie™Ì{ Meyo - Ssmes Meyo pees Ùeewefiekeâ lees nesles nwb, hej DeLe& kesâ efJeÛeej
ceeveefmekeâ heerÌ[e keâes ‘DeeefOe’ keânles nQ~ mes Deheves meeceevÙe DeLe& keâes ÚesÌ[keâj otmeje efJeMes<e DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ,
47. ‘GÅele’ keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw? Ùeesie™Ì{ Meyo keânueeles nQ~ ÙeLee-peuepe = peue + pe ceW oesveeW Keb[eW keâe DeLe&
(a) lewÙeej (b) Gob[ Deueie - Deueie nw~ Fmekeâe leelheÙe& nw, peue mes Glhevve~ peue mes Glhevve nesves
(c) GIeejvee (d) uesvee JeeueeW ceW meerhe, IeeWIee leLee IeemeW Yeer nesleer nbw, efkeâvleg peuepe keâe Skeâ efJeMes<e
Gòej–(a) DeLe& keâceue ner efueÙee peelee nw~
‘GÅele’ keâe DeLe& ‘lewÙeej’ neslee nw~ Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ Meyo - jÛevee leerve DevÙe Øekeâej mes Yeer nesleer nw-
1. mebeOf e, 2. meceeme leLee 3. efÉ®efòeâ
48. ‘Mekeâue’ keâe DeLe& nw–
1. mebefOe - meeceevÙe DeLe& ceW mebeOf e keâe leelheÙe& ‘cesue’ mes nw~ FmeceW oes De#ej
(a) mebhetCe& (b) šgkeâÌ[e
efceueves mes leermejs Meyo keâer jÛevee nesleer nw~ mebeOf e efvejLe&keâ De#ejeW keâes efceueekeâj
(c) keâue meefnle (d) Deeke=âefle
Gòej–(b) meeLe&keâ Meyo yeveeleer nw~ mebefOe ceW ØeeÙe: Meyo keâe ™he Úesše nes peelee nw~ ÙeLee-
efJeÅee + DeeueÙe = efJeÅeeueÙe~
‘Mekeâue’ keâe DeLe& ‘šgkeâÌ[e’ neslee nw~ 2. meceeme - keâce-mes-keâce MeyoeW ceW DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ DeLe& Øekeâš keâjvee
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer ‘meceeme’ keâe cegKÙe GösMÙe nw~ ÙeLee- heerleecyej = heerle nw Decyej efpemekeâe DeLee&led
ßeer ke=â<Ce~
 Meyo jÛevee
3. efÉ®efòeâ - efÉ®efòeâ keâe DeLe& nw, ognjevee DeLee&le Skeâ ner Gefòeâ keâes oes yeej
`Meyo' mes leelheÙe& De#ej DeLeJee De#ejeW mes efveefce&le meeLe&keâ SJeb mJeleb$e
GÛÛeeefjle keâjvee~ ÙeLee- heeveer - heeveer, Oeerjs - Oeerjs, peeles -peeles, jece - jece
OJeefve DeLeJee OJeefve-mecetn mes nw~ Meyo Skeâ DeLeJee Deveskeâ De#ejeW kesâ Ùeesie mes
FlÙeeefo~
yeveles nbw~ MeyoeW DeLeJee JeCeeX kesâ Ùeesie mes veÙes Meyo yeveeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keâes ‘Meyo
jÛevee’ keânles nQ~ keâF& JeCeeX keâes efceueeves mes Meyo yevelee nw leLee Meyo kesâ Keb[eW  JeekeäÙe jÛevee
keâes MeyoebMe keânles nbw~ ÙeLee-‘ceesnve’ ceW Meyo kesâ leerve Keb[ nQ - ‘cees’, ‘n’ leLee I. hetCe& JeekeäÙe mes leelheÙe&
‘ve’; Fve Deueie-Deueie MeyoebMeeW keâe keâesF& DeLe& veneR nw~ Fmekesâ efJehejerle kegâÚ JeekeäÙe keâer jÛevee keâF& heoeW kesâ meeLe&keâ Ùeesie mes nesleer nw, otmejs MeyoeW ceW
Ssmes Meyo nQ efpevekesâ oesveeW Keb[ meeLe&keâ nesles nQ~ ÙeLee-efÛeefkeâlmeeueÙe; Fme Meyo nce keân mekeâles nQ efkeâ JeekeäÙe heoeW keâe Jen JÙeJeeqmLele mecetn nw, efpemeceW hetCe&
kesâ oes Keb[ nQ-’efÛeefkeâlmee’ Deewj ‘DeeueÙe’ leLee oesveeW kesâ Deueie-Deueie DeLe& nQ~ DeLe& osves keâer Meefòeâ nes~ ‘ueÌ[keâe yeepeej pee jne nw’, Ùen JeekeäÙe Deheves ceW hetCe&
jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej Meyo leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ- 1. ™Ì{, 2. Ùeewefiekeâ Deewj
Deewj mJeleb$e JÙeekeâjefCekeâ mebjÛevee nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Fmemes hetje DeLe& Ùee DeeMeÙe Øekeâš
3. Ùeesie™Ì{~
1. ™Ì{ Meyo - efpeve MeyoeW kesâ Keb[ meeLe&keâ ve neW, GvnW ™Ì{ Meyo keânles nQ~
nes jne nw~
Ùes otmejs MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes veneR yeveles nQ~ Dele: Fvnbs cetue Meyo Yeer keânles nQ~ II. JeekeäÙe kesâ Debie
ÙeLee-veekeâ,keâeve,heeruee, hej FlÙeeefo~ JeekeäÙe Úesše nes Ùee yeÌ[e Gmekesâ oes ner Debie nesles nQ-GösMÙe Deewj efJeOesÙe~
2. Ùeewe fiekeâ Meyo - Ssmes Meyo, pees oes MeyoeW Ùee MeyoebMeeW kesâ cesue mes yeveles efpemekesâ yeejs ceW yeele keâner peeS, Gmes ‘GösMÙe’ keânles nQ, peyeefkeâ GösMÙeeW kesâ yeejs
nQ Deewj efpevekesâ Keb[ meeLe&keâ nesles nQ, Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo keânueeles nQ~ oes Ùee oes mes ceW pees kegâÚ keâne peeS Gmes ‘efJeOesÙe’ keânles nQ~
DeefOekeâ ™Ì{ MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie mes Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo yeveles nQ~ Fvekeâer jÛevee oes Øekeâej ‘jece ves jeJeCe keâes ceeje’ JeekeäÙe ceW ‘jece’ GösMÙe Deewj ‘jeJeCe keâes ceeje’
mes nesleer nw- MeyoebMe SJeb MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes Deewj MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes~ MeyoebMe oes efJeOesÙe nQ~ GösMÙe kesâ ™he ceW meb%ee, meJe&veece, efJeMes<eCe, ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe, ef›eâÙeeLe&keâ-
Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ- Ghemeie& Deewj ØelÙeÙe~ meb%ee Deewj JeekeäÙeebMe heÇÙegòeâ nes mekeâles nQ~
(i) meb% ee - IeesÌ[e yegefæceeve heMeg nw~ (ii) efÉkeâce&keâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW ieewCe keâce& henues Deewj cegKÙe keâce& heerÚs jKeles nQ;
(ii) meJe& veece - ceQ Gvekeâe $e+Ceer ntB~ pewmes- ceQves (keâlee&) jece keâes (ieewCe keâce&) hegmlekeâ (cegKÙe keâce&) oer (ef›eâÙee)~
(iii) efJeMes< eCe - efJeÉeve meoe hetpee peelee nw~ (iii) efJeMes<eCe, meb%ee kesâ henues Deewj ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe, ØeMveJeeÛekeâ kesâ Deefleefjòeâ
(iv) ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe - Jen lespe oewÌ[lee nw~ ef›eâÙee kesâ henues Deeles nQ; pewmes- yeÌ[s Øeefmeæ (efJeMes<eCe) DeefYeveslee (meb%ee-keâlee&)
(v) ef›eâÙeeLe&keâ meb%ee -heÌ{vee %eeveJeæ&ve keâe meyemes yeÌ[e meeOeve nw~
Deepe ÙeneB (ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe) DeeS ngS nQ (ef›eâÙee)~
(vi) JeekeäÙeebMe - YeeiÙe Yejesmes yew"s jnvee DeeueefmeÙeeW keâe keâece nw~ (iv) efve<esOeJeeÛekeâ DeJÙeÙe ‘ve’, ‘veneR’, ‘cele’ ØeeÙe: ef›eâÙee kesâ hetJe& Deeles nQ; pewmes-
YeeJe JeeÛÙe ceW GösMÙe ØeeÙe: ef›eâÙee ceW ner meefcceefuele jnlee nw~ ‘cegPemes ceQ veneR heÌ{tBiee, legce cele Deevee, peye lekeâ ceQ ve DeeTB, legce leye lekeâ JeneR jnvee~
Ûeuee veneR peelee’, ‘ueÌ[kesâ mes yeesueles veneR yevelee’, Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW ‘Ûeuevee’ Deewj
(v) Mele&yeesOekeâ, mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ (Ùeefo-lees, ÙeÅeefhe-leLeeefhe) ØeeÙe: pees[ Ì ves Jeeues
‘yeesuevee’ GösMÙe ef›eâÙee kesâ ner DeLe& ceW Meeefceue nQ~
JeekeäÙeeW kesâ ØeejbYe ceW Deeles nQ; pewmes- Ùeefo Jen DeeSiee, lees ceQ peeTBiee~ ÙeÅeefhe
III. DeLe& DeLeJee YeeJeÅeesleve keâer Âef° mes JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Øekeâej
Gmeves yengle heefjßece efkeâÙee leLeeefhe Jen meheâue veneR nes mekeâe~
DeLe& DeLeJee YeeJeÅeesleve keâer Âef° mes JeekeäÙe cegKÙele: efvecve Øekeâej kesâ nesles
(vi) efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ Deewj mecyeesOeve ØeeÙe: JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejbYe ceW Deeles nQ; pewmes-
nQ-
(i) efJeOeeveeLe&keâ-Jen JeekeäÙe efpememes efkeâmeer yeele keâe nesvee Øekeâš nes; pewmes-ceveg<Ùe Dejs! Ùen keäÙee ngDee? efce$e legce Deye lekeâ keâneB Les?
(vii) yeue kesâ efueS efnvoer JeekeäÙe ceW heo›eâce yeoue Yeer peelee nw; pewmes-ueÌ[kesâ keâes
efJeJeskeâMeerue ØeeCeer nw~ Yeejle pevemebKÙee keâer Âef° mes efJeMJe ceW otmejs mLeeve hej
nw~ ceQves veneR osKee (keâce& keâe mLeeveeblejCe)~ ceQves yegueeÙee jece keâes Deewj DeeS legce
(ii) efve<esOeJeeÛekeâ-Ssmee JeekeäÙe efpememes efkeâmeer efJe<eÙe keâe DeYeeJe Ùee DemJeerke=âefle (efoMee keâe mLeeveeblejCe)~
meteÛf ele nes; pewmes-Jen Yeespeve veneRb keâjsiee~ Fme efvepe&ve Jeve ceW peeveJej Yeer veneR (V) DeefvJeefle
jnles~ JeekeäÙe ceW efuebie, JeÛeve, heg®<e, keâejkeâ, keâeue Deeefo keâer Âef° mes heoeW keâer
(iii) Dee%eeLe&keâ-Ssmee J eekeäÙe efpememes Dee%ee, ØeeLe&vee Ùee GheosMe keâe DeLe& heejmheefjkeâ mebieefle keâes DeefvJeefle keânles nQ~ keâeuee IeesÌ[e oewÌ[lee nw~ keâeueer Iees[Ì er
me=epf ele nes; pewmes-meoe melÙe yeesuees~ Deepe legce Kesueves cele peevee~ oewÌ[leer nw~ Fve oesveeW JeekeäÙeeW ceW ›eâceMe: ‘IeesÌ[e’ Deewj ‘IeesÌ[er’ heo keâlee& nQ~
(iv) ØeMveeLe&keâ-Jen JeekeäÙe efpememes ØeMve keâe yeesOe neslee nes; pewmes-legceves Ùen Gvekesâ efuebie Deewj JeÛeve kesâ Devegmeej ner ef›eâÙee Deewj efJeMes<eCe ceW efuebie Deewj JeÛeve
hegmlekeâ keäÙeeW veneR heÌ{er? keâer DeefvJeefle nw~
(v) efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ-Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpevemes DeeMÛeÙe&, efJemceÙe, n<e&, Meeskeâ, Ie=Cee DeefvJeefle ceW cegKÙele: keâlee& Deewj keâce& kesâ meeLe ef›eâÙee keâer DeefvJeefle, meb%ee
Deeefo keâe yeesOe neslee nes; pewmes-Jeen! legceves keâceeue keâj efoÙee~ kewâmee megob j ÂMÙe Deewj meJe&veece keâer DeefvJeefle, efJeMes<Ùe Deewj efJeMes<eCe keâer DeefvJeefle hej OÙeeve osvee
nw! neslee nw~
(vi) mebosnmetÛekeâ-efpeme JeekeäÙe mes mebosn Ùee mecYeeJevee Øekeâš nes; pewmes-MeeÙeo
(i) keâlee& Deewj ef›eâÙee keâer DeefvJeefle
Deepe heeveer yejmes~
efuebie kesâ Devegmeej- ueÌ[keâe heÌ{lee nw~ ueÌ[keâer heÌ{leer nw~
(vii) Mele&yeesOekeâ-Jen JeekeäÙe pees efkeâmeer mebkesâle Ùee Mele& keâe yeesOe keâjeS; pewmes-
JeÛeve kesâ Devegmeej- ueÌ[keâe heÌ{lee nw~ ueÌ[kesâ heÌ{les nQ~
Deehe keâer Dee%ee nes lees ceQ JeneB peeGBâ~
heg®<e kesâ Devegmeej- Jen heÌ{lee nw~ legce heÌ{les nes~ ceQ heÌ{lee nBt~
IV. JeekeäÙe ceW heo›eâce
Fve GoenjCeeW mes mhe° nw efkeâ keâlee& kesâ meeLe Ùeefo keâesF& hejmeie& (efJeYeefòeâ
JeekeäÙe ceW heoeW kesâ GefÛele mLeeve keâe efJeÛeej heo›eâce keânueelee nw~ JeekeäÙe
jÛevee keâjles meceÙe Ùen efJeÛeej keâjvee heÌ[lee nw efkeâ heo DeLee&led keâlee&, keâlee& keâe efÛeÖ) ve neW, lees ef›eâÙee, keâlee& kesâ Devegmeej nesleer nw~ Ùeefo keâlee& kesâ meeLe ‘ves’
efJemleej, keâce&, keâce& keâe efJemleej, hetjkeâ (Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW nw), hetjkeâ keâe efJemleej, efJeYeefòeâ veneR nw, lees ef›eâÙee Ûeens efkeâmeer Yeer keâeue ceW nes, keâlee& kesâ Devegmeej
ef›eâÙee, ef›eâÙee keâe efJemleej Deeefo efkeâme ›eâce ceW jKes peeSb~ efnvoer JeekeäÙeeW ceW DeefvJeefle nesieer, pewmes- MÙeece jesšer Keelee nw; ieerlee jesšer Keeleer nw (Jele&ceeve
heo›eâce keâs efveÙece efveefMÛele-mes nQ~ heo keâe ›eâce (mLeeve) yeoueves mes JeekeäÙe keâeue); meesnve Deepe hegmlekeâ heÌ{siee; meerlee hegmlekeâ heÌ{sieer (YeefJe<Ùele keâeue)~
DeMegæ nes peelee nw Deewj DeLe& Yeer mhe° veneR neslee~ efnvoer JeekeäÙeeW ceW heo›eâce kesâ a. Deveskeâ keâlee& peye Skeâ ner efuebie kesâ neW lees ef›eâÙee Gmeer efuebie ceW yengJeÛeve
ØecegKe efveÙece Fme Øekeâej nQ— ceW nesieer; pewmes- jece, jepet Deewj meesvet Iej peeSbies (meye hegefuuebie)~ jeOee, ieerlee
(i) JeekeäÙe ceW henues keâlee&, efheâj keâce& Ùee hetjkeâ Deewj Deble ceW ef›eâÙee jKeles nQ; Deewj heg<hee mketâue peeSbieer (meye m$eerefuebie)~
pewmes- yeeuekeâ (keâlee&) hegmlekeâ (keâce&) heÌ{lee nw (ef›eâÙee)~ jece (keâlee&) efJeÅeeLeea b. Deveskeâ keâlee& peye efYevve-efYevve ef uebie kesâ neW, lees ef›eâÙee yengJeÛeve,
(hetjkeâ) nw (ef›eâÙee)~ hegefuuebie ™he ceW nesieer; pewmes- ßeerjece, ue#ceCe Deewj meerlee Jeve ieS~
c. Ùeefo Deveskeâ keâlee& efYevve-efYevve JeÛeve ceW neW lees ef›eâÙee ØeeÙe: yengJeÛeveeble Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe, ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe hej Deeefßele nesles nQ; pewmes- Gmeves keâne efkeâ
kesâ Devegmeej nesieer; pewmes- Skeâ yekeâjer, oes YesÌ[W, keâF& ieeÙeW Ûej jneR LeeR~ oes ceQ keâue legcnejs Iej DeeTBiee~’ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘Gmeves keâne’ ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe nw
ieeÙeW, Skeâ Yeeuet, Skeâ Ûeerlee Yeeie jns Les~ Deewj ‘ceQ keâue legcnejs Iej DeeTBiee’ Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe nw~ ‘efkeâ’ oesveeW GheJeekeäÙeeW
(ii) keâce& Deewj ef›eâÙee keâer DeefvJeefle keâes pees[Ì ves Jeeuee mebÙeespekeâ nw~ Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe leerve Øekeâej kesâ nes mekeâles nQ–
Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW keâlee& kesâ meeLe ‘ves’ nes lees ef›eâÙee keâce& kesâ efuebie, JeÛeve Deewj meb%ee GheJeekeäÙe, efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe Deewj ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe~
heg®<e kesâ Devegmeej nesieer; pewmes- MÙeece ves hegmlekeâ heÌ{er; jeOee ves he$e efueKee; meb%ee GheJeekeäÙe – ‘jnerce ves keâne efkeâ ceQ megjsMe mes efceuetbiee~’ FmeceW ‘jnerce
meesnve ves hegmlekeWâ heÌ{eR~ ves keâne’ ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe nw, peyeefkeâ ‘ceQ megjsMe mes efceuetib ee’ Deeefßele meb%ee
keâce&JeeÛÙe ceW ef›eâÙee, keâce& kesâ Devegmeej nesleer nw; pewmes- cegPemes hegmlekeâ veneR GheJeekeäÙe nw, keäÙeeWekf eâ Ùen jnerce kesâ Éeje keâner ngF& yeele kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ nw~
heÌ{er peeleer; cegPemes hegmlekeWâ veneRb heÌ{er peeleeR ~ efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe – ‘legce Ssmeer yeele keâj jns nes, pees meyekeâes yegjer
YeeJeJeeÛÙe ceW ef›eâÙee hegefuuebie, SkeâJeÛeve ceW nesleer nw; pewmes-Gme ueÌ[keâer mes ueiesieer~’ FmeceW ‘pees meyekeâes yegjer ueiesieer’ Deeefßele efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe nw~ efpemes,
Ûeuee veneR peelee; Gve ueÌ[efkeâÙeeW mes Ûeuee veneR peelee; ueÌ[keâeW mes Ûeuee veneR efpevemes, peye, peneB Deeefo mes mebÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues GheJeekeäÙe ØeeÙe: efJeMes<eCe
peelee~ GheJeekeäÙe nesles nQ~
(iii) meb%ee Deewj meJe&veece keâer DeefvJeefle
ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe– peye Jen DeeSiee leye ceQ Ûeuee peeTBiee~ FmeceW
meJe&veece keâe efuebie, JeÛeve Deewj heg®<e Gme meb%ee kesâ Devegmeej nesles nQ, ‘leye ceQ Ûeuee peeTBiee’ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe nw~ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe, ØeOeeve
efpemekesâ efueS Gvekeâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw; pewmes- jcesMe ves keâne efkeâ Jen keâue DeJeMÙe GheJeekeäÙe keâer ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw~ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe keâer
DeeSiee~ ßeefcekeâeW ves Iees<eCee keâj oer nw efkeâ Jes keâue keâece hej veneR DeeSbies~
henÛeeve peye, pÙeeWner, peye-leye, peye-keâYeer, peneB-leneB, pewmes-lewmes, pÙeeW-lÙeeW
Deeoj metÛekeâ YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS meJe&veece Deewj ef›eâÙee keâe yengJeÛeve
Deeefo mebÙeespekeâ MeyoeW kesâ Éeje keâer peeleer nw~
ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- efheleepeer ueKeveT ieS nQ, Jes oes efove yeeo DeeSbies~
(iii) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe
(i v) efJ eMes< Ùe Deewj efJeMes<eCe keâer DeefvJeefle
efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe Deewj Skeâ Ùee Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ ØeOeeve
efJeMes<eCe, efJeMes<Ùe kesâ henues nes Ùee heerÚs, meoe efJeMes<Ùe kesâ efuebie, JeÛeve kesâ
GheJeekeäÙe kesâ mecekeâ#e (meceeveeefOekeâjCe) GheJeekeäÙe neW, Gmes mebÙegòeâ GheJeekeäÙe
Devegmeej neslee nw; pewmes- Jen keâeuee ueÌ[keâe nw, Jen ueÌ[keâe keâeuee nw~ megboj,
keânles nQ~ jece DeeÙee Deewj meesnve Ûeuee ieÙee~ ÙeneB hej oesveeW meceeveeefOekeâjCe
mehesâo, ueeue, Ûelegj , Ûeeueekeâ Deeefo Dekeâejeble efJeMes<eCe Deheves efJeMes<Ùe kesâ
GheJeekeäÙe nQ, DeLee&led Skeâ-otmejs hej Deeefßele veneR nQ~
Devegmeej veneR yeoueles nQ, pewmes-mebgoj ueÌ[keâe, megboj ueÌ[keâer, mehesâo IeesÌ[e,
VII. JeekeäÙeeW keâe ™heeblejCe
mehesâo IeesÌ[s, Ûelegj yeeuekeâ, Ûelegj yeeefuekeâeSB Deeefo~
Skeâ Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙe keâes otmejs Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙe ceW heefjJele&ve keâjves keâer
VI. mebjÛevee keâer Âef° mes JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Øekeâej
mebjÛevee keâer Âef° mes JeekeäÙe leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ- Øeef›eâÙee keâes JeekeäÙeeW keâe ™heeblejCe keânles nQ~ ™heeblejCe kesâ DeYÙeeme mes mecyeefvOele
(i) mejue JeekeäÙe (ii) efceße JeekeäÙe ueesieeW keâes leerveeW Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâer jÛevee keâjves keâer o#elee Øeehle nesieer, meeLe
(iii) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe ner Jes Mewueer keâer efJeefJeOelee mes Yeer DeJeiele neWies~ ™heeblejCe kesâ kegâÚ GoenjCe-
(i) mejue JeekeäÙe mejue-YeerÌ[ kesâ keâejCe ÙeneB yew"e veneR peelee~
efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ Ùee Deveskeâ GösMÙe neW efkeâvleg efJeOesÙe Skeâ ner nes, Jen efceße- ÙeneB Fleveer Yeer[Ì nw efkeâ ÙeneB yew"e veneR peelee~
JeekeäÙe mejue Ùee meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe keânueelee nw; pewmes-MÙeece hegmlekeâ heÌ{ jne nw~ mebÙegòeâ- ÙeneB YeerÌ[ nw Deewj ÙeneB yew"e veneR peelee~
FmeceW GösMÙe Skeâ nw ‘ MÙeece’ Deewj efJeOesÙe Yeer Skeâ ner nw-‘hegmlekeâ heÌ{ jne nw~’  DeLe&
(ii) efceße JeekeäÙe Meyo Deewj DeLe& keâe Deštš mecyevOe nw~ DeLe& kesâ DeYeeJe ceW Yee<ee keâe keâesF&
efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe Deewj Skeâ Ùee Deveskeâ Deeefßele cenòJe veneR nw, hejvleg oesveeW keâer Deheveer-Deheveer cenòee nw~ efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes osKeves
GheJeekeäÙe neW, Jen JeekeäÙe efceße JeekeäÙe keânueelee nw~ DeLeJee Gmekeâer OJeefveÙeeW keâes megveves mes ceve-ceefmle<keâ ceW Ùen yeele yew" peeleer nw efkeâ
efceße JeekeäÙe ceW cegKÙe GösMÙe Deewj cegKÙe efJeOesÙe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ Skeâ Ùee Ùen Jemleg Fme ßesCeer DeLeJee Øepeeefle keâer nw~ Fmeer keâes ‘DeLe&yeesOe’ keânles nQ~
Deveskeâ mebÙeespekeâ Meyo nesles nQ~ cegKÙe GösMÙe Deewj cegKÙe efJeOesÙe Ùegòeâ GheJeekeäÙe DeLe&yeesOe kesâ Dee" meeOeve ceeves ieS nbw— 1. JÙeJenej, 2. Deehle JeekeäÙe, 3. Gheceeve,
‘ØeOeeve GheJeekeäÙe’ neslee nw~ Mes<e GheJeekeäÙe ‘Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe’ nesles nQ~ Ùes 4. ØekeâjCe, 5. efJeJe=efòe (JÙeeKÙee), 6. Øeefmeæ heo, 7. JÙeekeâjCe Deewj 8. keâesMe~

peuoer-peuoer Iej ueewš DeeÙee Deewj oes ®heÙes ceW mes Skeâ ®heÙee Ún Deevee ceeB
DeYÙeeme ØeMve
kesâ neLe ceW jKe efoS~’ Ùen mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe nw~
1. ‘Dene! keâue yeÌ[e cepee DeeÙesiee’ efkeâme Øekeâej keâe JeekeäÙe nw?
(a) mebkesâleeLe&keâ (b) ØeMveeLe&keâ 6. ‘Gvekeâe DeeMeerJee&o Lee Ùee cesje peer-lees[Ì heefjßece efkeâ leermejs, ÛeewLes ceW cesjs
(c) efve<esOeeLe&keâ (d) efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ DeÛÚs vecyej DeeÙes Deewj heeBÛeJeW opex ceW lees ceQ heâmš& DeeÙee~’ Ùen keâewve-
Gòej–(d) mee JeekeäÙe nw?
efpeme JeekeäÙe mes efJemceÙe keâe YeeJe Øekeâš nes, JeneB efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ neslee nw~ (a) efceefßele JeekeäÙe (b) meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe
pewmes - Dene! kewâmee megneJevee ceewmece nw~ (c) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe (d) meYeer
Gòej–(a)
2. ‘Jen yewmeeefKeÙeeW mes ner åJeerue ÛesÙej lekeâ hengBÛe GmeceW yew" ieÙeer Deewj yeÌ[er
lešmLelee mes Gmes mJeÙeb Ûeueeleer keâes"er kesâ Yeerlej Ûeueer ieÙeer~’ Ùen keâewve- ‘Gvekeâe DeeMeerJee&o Lee Ùee cesje peer-leesÌ[ heefjßece efkeâ leermejs, ÛeewLes ceW cesjs DeÛÚs
mee JeekeäÙe nw? vecyej DeeÙes Deewj heeBÛeJeW opeX ceW lees ceQ heâmš& DeeÙee~’ Ùen efceefßele JeekeäÙe nw~
(a) mejue JeekeäÙe 7. ‘Fme meeue Fbš jceere[ f Sš heeme efkeâÙee Lee~’ Ùen JeekeäÙe nw--
(b) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe (a) meeOeejCe
(c) efceefßele JeekeäÙe (b) efceefßele
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (c) mebÙegòeâ
Gòej–(b) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe ceW oes JeekeäÙe nQ, oesveeW JeekeäÙe mJeleb$e DeLe& os jns nQ, efkeâvleg Ùes Gòej–(a)
JeekeäÙe ‘Deewj’ mes pegÌ[s ngS nQ~ Ssmes JeekeäÙe keâes mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe keânles nQ~ mebÙegòeâ ‘Fme meeue Fbšjceeref[Sš heeme efkeâÙee Lee~’ Ùen meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe nw~
JeekeäÙe ceW oes Ùee oes mes mes DeefOekeâ mejue JeekeäÙe nesles nQ, pees ‘Deewj’ ‘efkeâvleg’ 8. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe efkeâmes keânles nQ?
Ùee ‘FmeefueS’ mes pegÌ[s jnles nQ~ (a) efpeme ØeMve keâe Gòej efoÙee peelee nw
3. ‘cesjs efhelee DeeÙe& meceepe, jeveer ceb[er kesâ ØeOeeve Les Deewj ceeB ves m$eer efMe#ee (b) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW ØeMve hetÚe peelee nw
kesâ efueS DeeoMe& keâvÙee hee"Meeuee keâer mLeehevee keâer Leer~’ Ùen JeekeäÙe nw- (c) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW DeeMÛeÙe& neslee nw
(a) meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe (b) efceefßele JeekeäÙe (d) efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW mebosn neslee nw
(c) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe (d) meYeer Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(c)
efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW ØeMve hetÚe peelee nw, Jen ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe neslee nw~
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘Deewj’ Meyo Skeâ JeekeäÙe mes
otmejs JeekeäÙe keâes pees[Ì jne nw~ 9. ‘Jen yeesues Ûeueleer keäÙeeW vener nw peer!’ ceW efkeâme Øekeâej keâe JeekeäÙe nw?
(a) efJemceÙeJeeÛekeâ (b) efJeOeeveJeeÛekeâ
4. ‘ceeB mketâueer heÌ{eF& hej peesj osleer Leer~’ Ùen JeekeäÙe nw-
(c) mebosnJ eeÛekeâ (d) ØeMveJeeÛekeâ
(a) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe
(b) efceefßele JeekeäÙe Gòej–(d)
(c) meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe Øemlegle JeekeäÙe ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe nw~
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Gòej–(c) 10. ‘ceesFvee DeÛÚer efkeâvleg efpeöer ueÌ[keâer nw~ Ùen JeekeäÙe nw—
(a) meeOeejCe
‘ceeB mketâueer heÌ{eF& hej peesj osleer Leer~’ Ùen meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe nw~
(b) mebÙegòeâ
5. peuoer-peuoer Iej ueewš DeeÙee Deewj oes ®heÙes ceW mes Skeâ ®heÙee Ún Deevee (c) efceefßele
ceeB kesâ neLe ceW jKe efoS~’ Ùen keâewve-mee JeekeäÙe nw? (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) efceefßele JeekeäÙe
Gòej–(b)
(b) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe
(c) meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe nw~ oes MeyoeW, heoyevOeeW Ùee JeekeäÙeeW keâes pees[Ì ves
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Jeeues Meyo ‘Ùeespekeâ’ keânueeles nQ~ ÙeneB ‘efkeâvleg’ Ùeespekeâ Meyo nw~ FvnW
Gòej–(b) ‘mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ Yeer keânles nQ~
Meyo ™he
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve pees Meyo mebmke=âle kesâ cetue ™he mes eqJeke=âle neskeâj meerOes efnvoer ceW ØeÙeesie nesles
nQ, GvnW leodYeJe Meyo keânles nQ~
1. Keevee-Jeevee ceW keâewve-mee efvejLe&keâ Meyo nw?
7. efpeve MeyoeW keâer Glheefòe kesâ yeejs ceW peevekeâejer veneR nesleer efkeâ Jes keâneB mes
(a) Keevee (b) Jeevee
efueS ieS nbw, GvnW keânles nQ-
(c) oesveeW (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) efJeosMeer (b) osMepe
Gòej–(b)
(c) leodYeJe (d) lelmece
Jeevee efvejLe&keâ Meyo nw~ efpeve MeyoeW keâe DeLe& veneR efvekeâuelee nw, GvnW Gòej–(b)
efvejLe&keâ Meyo keânles nQ~
efpeve MeyoeW keâer Glheefòe kesâ yeejs ceW peevekeâejer veneR nesleer efkeâ Jes keâneB mes efueS
2. meeLe&keâ Meyo keâes henÛeeefveS– ieS nwb, GvnW osMepe Meyo keânles nQ~
(a) Jeervee (b) Jeevee
(c) JeeÙe (d) oevee
8. efvecveefueefKele ceW ‘osMepe’ Meyo keâewve-mee nw?
(a) neLe (b) keâceue
Gòej–(d)
(c) ueesše (d) hewj
oevee meeLe&keâ Meyo nw, DevÙe efvejLe&keâ Meyo nQ efpevekesâ keâesF& DeLe& veneR Gòej–(c)
efvekeâueles nQ~
ueesše, osMepe Meyo nw~
3. Glheefòe keâer Âef„ mes MeyoeW kesâ efkeâleves ¤he nQ? 9. efJeosMeer Yee<ee mes efnvoer Yee<ee ceW meJee&eOf ekeâ Meyo efkeâme Yee<ee mes DeeS?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) legkeâea (b) Dejyeer
(c) 4 (d) 5 (c) Heâejmeer (d) Deb«espeer
Gòej–(c) Gòej–(c)
Glheefòe keâer Âef„ mes MeyoeW kesâ 4 ™he nesles nQ–leodYeJe, lelmece, osMepe leLee efJeosMeer Yee<eeDeeW ceW meJee&efOekeâ Meyo Heâejmeer Yee<ee keâs nbw, pees efnvoer Yee<ee ceW
efJeosMeer~ DeeS~
4. efkeâmeer Yee<ee kesâ cetue Meyo keâes keânles nQ– 10. ‘Deejece’ Meyo efkeâme efJeosMeer Yee<ee mes DeeÙee nw?
(a) leodYeJe (b) lelmece (a) legkeâea (b) Dejyeer
(c) De#ej (d) OJeefve (c) Deb«espeer (d) Heâejmeer
efkeâmeer Yee<ee kesâ cetue Meyo keâes ‘lelmece’ keânles nQ~ Deejece Meyo Heâejmeer Yee<ee keâe nw~
5. lelmece Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâjW– 11. jÛevee kesâ Devegmeej Meyo ¤he kesâ efkeâleves Øekeâej nwb?
(a) Ieesškeâ (b) IeÌ[e (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) Iej (d) Ieer (c) 4 (d) 5
Gòej–(a) Gòej–(b)
Ieesškeâ, lelmece Meyo nw, Fmekeâe leodYeJe Iees[Ì e nesiee~ jÛevee kesâ Devegmeej Meyo ¤he 3 Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–¤Ì{ Meyo, Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo
leLee Ùeesie¤Ì{ Meyo~
6. ‘leodYeJe’ Meyo keânueeles nQ–
(a) pees mebmke=âle mes efJekeâ=le neskeâj efnvoer ceW DeeS 12. ¤Ì{ Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS–
(a) efJeMecYej (b) heeefCe«enCe
(b) pees meerOes mebmke=âle mes efueS ieS nes
(c) Metue (d) uecyeesoj
(c) pees efJeosMeer Yee<ee mes efueS ieS nes
Gòej–(c)
(d) efpevekesâ Glheefòe keâer peevekeâejer ve nes
Gòej–(a) efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW Metue ¤Ì{ Meyo nw~

13. ceneosJ e keâewve-mee Meyo nw? (c) legkeâea (d) Dejyeer
(a) Ùeewefiekeâ (b) Ùeesie™Ì{ Gòej–(b)
(c) ¤Ì{ (d) lelmece keâceerMeve Deb«espeer Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw~
Gòej–(a) 21. keâewve-mee Meyo Deb«espeer Yee<ee mes yevee nw?
ceneosJ e Ùeeweif ekeâ Meyo nw~ Ùen oes MeyoeW cene leLee osJ e mes efceuekeâj yevee nw, (a) keâhleeve (b) ceeuetce
efpevekesâ Deueie-Deueie meeLe&keâ Keb[ nQ~ (c) cegbefmeHeâ (d) FmleerHeâe
Gòej–(a)
14. ‘Decyegpe’ efkeâme Meyo ¤he keâe Øekeâej nw?
keâhleeve (kewâhšsve) Meyo Deb«espeer Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw~
(a) Ùeesie¤Ì{ (b) Ùeewefiekeâ
(c) leodYeJe (d) lelmece 22. ‘Ûeeyeer’ efkeâme Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) Deb«espeer (b) legkeâea
(c) hegle&ieeueer (d) Heâejmeer
Decyegpe Ùeesie™Ì{ Meyo nw~ Decyeg + pe DeLee&led heeveer ceW pevce uesves Jeeuee, Gòej–(c)
Deheves meeceevÙe DeLe& keâes ÚesÌ[keâj efJeMes<e DeLe& Øekeâš keâj jne nw, efpemekeâe Ûeeyeer hegle&ieeueer Meyo nw~
DeLe& keâceue nw~
23. ‘venj’ efkeâme Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw?
15. ‘IegÌ[-oewÌ[’ ceW keâewve-mee Meyo ¤he keâe Øekeâej nw? (a) Dejyeer (b) legkeâea
(a) Ùeewefiekeâ (b) Ùeesie™Ì{ (c) Heâejmeer (d) hegle&ieeueer
(c) ¤Ì{ (d) lelmece Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(a) venj Dejyeer Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw~
IegÌ[-oewÌ[ Ùeeweif ekeâ Meyo nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmekesâ Keb[ meeLe&keâ nQ~ 24. keâewve-mee Meyo lelmece nw?
‘oerJeej’ efkeâme Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw? (a) Deeceü (b) neLeer
16.
(c) Iej (d) kegâDeeB
(a) legkeâea (b) Heâejmeer
Gòej–(a)
(c) Dejyeer (d) Deb«espeer
Gòej–(b) Deeceü lelmece Meyo nw, Fmekeâe leodYeJe Deece neslee nw~
oerJeej Heâejmeer Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw~ DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
17. ‘Fveece’ efkeâme Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw?
(a) Dejyeer (b) Heâejmeer  Meyo ™he
(c) legkeâea (d) hegle&ieeueer OJeefveÙeeW kesâ efceueve mes yeveves Jeeues meeLe&keâ JeCe& mecegoeÙe ‘Meyo’ keânueeles
Gòej–(a) nQ~ Meyo keâYeer mJeÙeb Deewj keâYeer otmejs MeyoeW kesâ meeLe efceuekeâj Dehevee DeLe&
Fveece Dejyeer Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw~ JÙeòeâ keâjles nwb~ meeceevÙele: Meyo oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ- meeLe&keâ Deewj efvejLe&keâ~
18. ‘Deeueheerve’ Meyo nw– meeLe&keâ Meyo Jes nesles nQ, efpevekeâe DeLe& efvekeâuelee nw peyeefkeâ efvejLe&keâ MeyoeW keâe
(a) legkeâea (b) Deb«espeer keâesF& DeLe& veneR efvekeâuelee nw~
(c) hegle&ieeueer (d) Heâejmeer ÙeLee- heeveer-Jeeveer, ÛeeÙe-JeeÙe~ ÙeneB heeveer leLee ÛeeÙe keâe lees meerOee DeLe&
Gòej–(c) efvekeâuelee nw peyeefkeâ Jeeveer SJeb JeeÙe keâe keâesF& DeLe& veneR nw~ Dele: heeveer leLee ÛeeÙe
Deeueheerve hegle&ieeueer Meyo nw~ meeLe&keâ Meyo Deewj Jeeveer leLee JeeÙe efvejLe&keâ Meyo nQ~
19. ‘megjeie’ efkeâme Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw?  Glheefòe kesâ Devegmeej Meyo ™he
(a) hegle&ieeueer (b) legkeâea Glheefòe keâer Âef° mes MeyoeW kesâ Ûeej ™he nQ- 1. lelmece, 2. leodYeJe,
(c) Dejyeer (d) Heâejmeer 3. osMepe Deewj 4. efJeosMeer
Gòej–(b) 1. lelmece - efnvoer ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeeues mebmke=âle Yee<ee kesâ cetue Meyo ‘lelmece’
megjeie legkeâea Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw~ keânueeles nQ~ ‘lelmece’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw - Gmekesâ meceeve DeLee&led pÙeeW keâe lÙeeW~
20. ‘keâceerMeve’ efkeâme Yee<ee keâe Meyo nw? leled, lemÙe = Gmekesâ (DeLee&led mebmke=âle kesâ) mece (meceeve)~ ÙeLee- Deeceü - Deece,
(a) hegle&ieeueer (b) Deb«espeer Ieesškeâ - IeesÌ[e FlÙeeefo~
2. leodYeJe - mebmke=âle Deewj Øeeke=âle mes efJeke=âle neskeâj efnvoer ceW DeeS MeyoeW keâes 5. ‘efkeâmeeve’ keâe lelmece keäÙee nw?
‘leodYeJe’ Meyo keâne peelee nw~ leled + YeJe keâe DeLe& neslee nw - Gmemes (DeLee&led (a) Keseflenj (b) ke=â< ekeâ
mebmke=âle mes) Glhevve~ Ùes Meyo mebmke=âle mes meerOes heefjJeefle&le neskeâj Ùee heeefue, (c) nueOej (d) ke= âmekeâ
Øeeke=âle Deewj DeheYeübMe mes nesles ngS efnvoer ceW DeeS nQ~ Fme Øekeâej leodYeJe Meyo Gòej–(b)
oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ- 1. mebmke=âle mes Deeves Jeeues Deewj 2. mebmke=âle mes heeefue,
‘ke=â<ekeâ’, efkeâmeeve keâe lelmece ™he nw~ Mes<e meYeer efkeâmeeve kesâ lelmece veneR nQ~
Øeeke=âle, DeheYebÇMe nesles ngS efnvoer ceW Deeves Jeeues~ ÙeLee - Deefive keâe Deeie, heg<he
keâe hetâue FlÙeeefo~ 6. ‘ceesj’ keâe lelmece nw-
3. osMepe - Ssmes Meyo efpevekesâ yeejs ceW Ùen %eeve veneR neslee nw efkeâ Jes efkeâme Yee<ee (a) ceÙetj
mes efueS ieS nQ, GvnW osMepe keânles nQ~ Ssmes MeyoeW keâes nce meeceevÙe leewj hej (b) veeruekebâ"
yeesueÛeeue keâer Yee<ee ceW ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ ÙeLee-ueesše, ef[yyee FlÙeeefo~ (c) kes âkeâer
4. efJ eosM eer - Ssmes Meyo pees efJeosMeer Yee<eeDeeW mes pÙeeW-kesâ-lÙeeW Ùee heefjJeefle&le ™he (d) efMeKeC[er
ceW efnvoer ceW ØeÙeesie ceW ueeS peeles nQ, efJeosMeer Meyo keânueeles nQ~ efnvoer ceW cegKÙe Gòej–(a)
™he mes heâejmeer, Dejyeer, legkeâea, Deb«espeer Deeefo Yee<eeDeeW mes Meyo DeeS nQ, FveceW ‘ceÙetj’, ceesj keâe lelmece Meyo nw~ Mes<e ceesj kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
heâejmeer Yee<ee kesâ MeyoeW keâer mebKÙee meJee&efOekeâ nw~ ÙeLee-Deejece, keâyetlej FlÙeeefo~
7. ’yej<ee’ keâe lelmece ™he efvecve cebs mes keäÙee nw?
DeYÙeeme ØeMve (a) Je<ee& (b) yejmee
(c) yeeefjMe (d) yejmeele
1. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee leodYeJe Meyo nw? Gòej–(a)
(a) ceeveg<e (b) pJeueve
(c) Ùeoe (d) Ùe$e ‘yejmee’ keâe lelmece ™he ‘Je<ee&’ nesiee~
Gòej–(a) 8. ‘keâheÌ[e’ keâe lelmece Meyo keäÙee nesiee?
efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW ‘ceeveg<e’ Meyo leodYeJe nw, Fmekeâe lelmece ‘ceveg<Ùe’ neslee (a) keâle&ve (b) keâheeš
nw~ Mes<e meYeer lelmece Meyo nQ~ (c) keâjheš (d) keâhe&š
2. ‘meyeo’ Meyo keâe mener lelmece nesiee- Gòej–(d)

(a) meyo (b) Meyo ‘keâhe&š’, keâheÌ[e keâe lelmece Meyo nw~ ‘keâle&ve’ keâešvee keâe, ‘keâheeš’ efkeâJeeÌ[
(c) Myo (d) myeo keâe lelmece nw~
Gòej–(b)
9. ’mebÛew’ keâe lelmece Meyo nw-
‘Meyo’, meyeo keâe mener lelmece nw~ Mes<e efJekeâuhe ieuele nQ~ (a) meÛ Ûee (b) meÛe
3. ‘Deheenpe’ Meyo keâe lelmece keäÙee nesiee? (c) mebÛ eÙe (d) mebMeÙe
(a) Deheeefnpe (b) Deheeonmle Gòej–(c)
(c) GlheÅeles (d) DeveglLe
Gòej–(b) ’mebÛew’ keâe lelmece ‘mebÛeÙe‘ neslee nw~
‘Deheeonmle’, Deheenpe Meyo keâe lelmece nw~ ‘GlheÅeles’ Ghepevee keâe leLee 10. osMepe Jes Meyo nQ, efpevekeâer-
‘DeveglLe’ Devet"e keâe lelmece nw~ (a) Glheefòe mebmke=âle MeyoeW mes ngF& nw
(b) Glheefòe mebmke=âle Deewj Øeeke=âle mes ngF& nw
4. ‘FleJeej’ keâe lelmece nw-
(c) Glheefòe keâe helee veneR Ûeuelee
(a) SsleJeej (b) DeeefolÙeJeej
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) jefJeJeej (d) DeeefoJeej
Gòej–(b) Gòej–(c)
‘DeeefolÙeJeej’, FleJeej keâe mener lelmece nw~ Mes<e efJekeâuhe ieuele nQ~ osMepe Jes Meyo nQ, efpevekeâer JÙeglheefòe keâe helee veneR Ûeuelee~

meceeme
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 6. efvecve ceW keâewve efÉieg meceeme keâe GoenjCe nw?
(a) heerleecyej (b) ves$enerve
1. èfvee|JeJeeo' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? (c) Ûeewjene (d) ®heÙee-hewmee
(a) keâce&OeejÙe (b) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe Gòej— (c)
(c) lelheg®<e (d) yengyeÇerenf
‘Ûeewjene’ ceW efÉieg meceeme nesiee keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùeefo efkeâmeer heo kesâ henues mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ
Gòej–(b)
efJeMes<eCe nes Deewj mecemle heo mes mecetn keâe yeesOe nes, lees JeneB efÉ ieg
èfvee|JeJeeo' DeLee&led èfyevee efJeJeeo kesâ' ceW DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme nw~ meceeme neslee nw~
2. ‘leguemeerke=âle’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? 7. efvecve ceW efÉieg meceeme keâe GoenjCe keâewve-mee nw?
(a) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (b) lelheg®<e (a) veJejlve (b) uesveosve
(c) Éb É (d) yeng›eerenf (c) veeruekebâ" (d) ÙeLeeMeefòeâ
Gòej— (b) Gòej— (a)
leguemeerke=âle ceW ØeLece Keb[ cee$e efJeMes<eCe nw Deewj Gòejheo ØeOeeve nw~ leguemeer ‘veJejlve’ ceW ØeLece heo mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ leLee Debelf ece heo meb%ee nw, efpemekeâe
Éeje yeveeÙee ieÙee ceW keâejkeâ efÛeÖ ueeshe nesves kesâ ÙeneB le=leerÙee lelheg®<e (keâjCe DeLe& veew jlveeW keâe meceenej nw~ Dele: Ùen efÉieg meceeme nw~
lelheg®<e) meceeme nw~
8. ‘ÙeLeeMeefòeâ’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
3. efvecve ceW mes lelheg®<e meceeme keâes henÛeeefveS— (a) lelheg®<e meceeme (b) ÉbÉ meceeme
(a) jmeesF&Iej (b) ef$eYegJeve
(c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme (d) keâce&OeejÙe meceeme
(c) veJeÙeg J ekeâ (d) meerlee-jece
Gòej— (c)
Gòej—(a)
ÙeLeeMeefòeâ ceW ØeLece Keb[ keâer ØeOeevelee nesves kesâ keâejCe DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme
jmeesF&Iej ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw, efpemes ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e keâne peelee nw~
nw~
jmeesF&Iej DeLee&led jmeesF& kesâ efueS Iej~
9. ‘ceneheg®<e’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
4. ‘heg®<eesòece’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
(a) ÉbÉ meceeme (b) efÉieg meceeme
(a) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (b) ÉbÉ
(c) yeng›eerenf meceeme (d) keâce&OeejÙe meceeme
(c) efÉieg (d) lelheg®<e
Gòej— (d) Gòej— (d)
Ùen lelheg®<e meceeme kesâ mehleceer lelheg®<e (DeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e) kesâ Debleie&le Ùeefo ØeLece Keb[ GheceemetÛekeâ Ùee efJeMes<eCe nes, lees JeneB keâce&OeejÙe meceeme
nw~ efpeme meceeme ceW Debelf ece heo ØeOeeve neslee nw, lelheg®<e meceeme keânueelee neslee nw~
nw~ heg®<eesòece keâe DeefYeØeeÙe nw heg®<eeW ceW Gòece, pees efkeâ DeefOekeâjCe keâejkeâ 10. ‘iegCenerve’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
nesves kesâ keâejCe mehleceer lelheg®<e nw~ (a) keâce&OeejÙe (b) lelheg®<e
5. `Ûe›eâheeefCe', `ÛevõYeeue' leLee `megueesÛevee' ceW ›eâceMe: meceeme nQ– (c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (d) ÉbÉ meceeme
(a) keâce&OeejÙe, ÉbÉ , lelheg®<e (b) meYeer mecØeoeve lelheg®<e Gòej— (b)
(c) meYeer yengyeÇerenf (d) lelheg®<e, keâce&OeejÙe, ÉbÉ iegCenerve keâe meceeme efJe«en nw - ‘iegCe mes nerve’~ FmeceW keâjCe keâejkeâ keâe
Gòej–(c) ØeÙeesie nw, DeLee&led keâjCe lelheg®<e (le=leerÙee lelheg®<e)~ keâjCe lelheg®<e kesâ DevÙe
efpeme meceeme ceW keâesF& heo ØeOeeve veneR neslee leLee oesveeW efceuekeâj Skeâ veÙee GoenjCe nQ - JeeiÙegæ, leguemeerke=âle FlÙeeefo~
DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ, yeng›eerenf meceeme keânueeles nQ~ pewmes– Ûe›eâheeefCe = Ûe›eâ 11. ‘MÙeecemegboj’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
nw efpemekesâ heeefCe ceW DeLee&led efJe<Ceg, ÛevõYeeue = Ûevõ nw efpemekesâ Yeeue hej (a) lelheg®<e (b) keâce&OeejÙe
DeLee&led Mebkeâj, megueesÛevee = megboj nQ ueesÛeve efpemekesâ DeLee&led cesIeveeo keâer (c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (d) ÉbÉ
helveer~ Gòej— (b)
MÙeecemegboj ceW ØeLece heo efJeMes<eCe nw~ efpeme meceeme kesâ efJe«en ceW oesveeW heoeW 17. FveceW mes keâewve-mee yeng›eerefn meceeme nw?
kesâ meeLe Skeâ ner keâlee& keâejkeâ keâer efJeYeefòeâ Deeleer nw, Gmes keâce&OeejÙe meceeme (a) ef$ekeâeue (b) ÙeLeemeceÙe
keâne peelee nw~ (c) Yejhesš (d) veeruekebâ"
12. `DeveheÌ{' heo ceW meceeme nw— Gòej—(d)

(a) ÉbÉ (b) efÉieg veeruekebâ" (DeLee&led-efMeJe) ceW yeng›eerenf meceeme nesiee~ meceeme ceW DeeS heoeW keâes
(c) lelheg ® <e (d) keâce&OeejÙe ÚesÌ[keâj peye efkeâmeer DevÙe heo keâer ØeOeevelee nes, JeneB yeng›eerenf meceeme neslee
Gòej—(c) nw~
lelheg®<e meceeme ceW Debelf ece heo ØeOeeve neslee nw~ Fme meceeme ceW meeOeejCele: efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØelÙeskeâ Meyo kesâ efueS Gmekesâ veerÛes efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW
ØeLece heo efJeMes<eCe leLee efÉleerÙe heo efJeMes<Ùe neslee nw~ DeveheÌ{ ceW `Deve mes GheÙegòeâ meceeme ÚebefšS—
18. jesieheere[ fÌ le
lelheg®<e' nw~ DeYeeJe Ùee efve<esOe kesâ DeLe& ceW MeyoeW kesâ hetJe& `Dee', `De' DeLeJee
(a) keâce&OeejÙe (b) ÉbÉ
`ve' ueieeves mes Deve lelheg®<e meceeme yevelee nw~
(c) yeng ›eer enf (d) lelheg®<e
13. FveceW mes lelheg®<e meceeme efkeâme Meyo ceW nw? Gòej—(d)
(a) YeÙeYeerle (b) Yejhesš
jesieheereÌ[f le = jesie mes heerefÌ[le~ ÙeneB lelheg®<e (keâjCe Ùee le=leerÙee lelheg®<e)
(c) efJeÅeeOeve (d) hebÛeJešer
meceeme nw~ Fme meceeme keâe efÉleerÙe heo ØeOeeve neslee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeLece heo
Gòej- (a) yengOee meb%ee DeLeJee efJeMes<eCe neslee nw~ Fmekesâ efJe«en ceW keâlee& Deewj mecyeesOeve
peneB hej Debelf ece heo keâer ØeOeevelee nesleer nw Deewj meeceevÙeleÙee ØeLece heo keâes ÚesÌ[ Mes<e efJeYeefòeâÙeeB ueieleer nQ~
efJeMes<eCe Deewj otmeje heo efJeMes<Ùe neslee nw, lelheg®<e meceeme keânueelee nw~ 19. Øeefleceeve
ÙeneB hej ‘YeÙeYeerle’ (YeÙe mes Yeerle) Meyo ceW henuee heo efJeMes<eCe leLee otmeje (a) keâce&OeejÙe (b) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe
heo efJeMes<Ùe nw~ (c) yeng›eerenf (d) lelheg®<e
14. ÌeveMÙeece' ceW meceeme nw — Gòej—(b)
(a) lelheg®<e (b) keâce&OeejÙe `Øeefleceeve' ceW DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme nw~ DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe keâe ue#eCe nw—efpemeceW
(c) yengyeÇerenf (d) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe hetJe&heo keâer ØeOeevelee nes Deewj meeceeefmekeâ heo DeJÙeÙe nes peeS~
Gòej—(c) 20. Jeerj heg®<e
yengyeÇerenf meceeme ceW keâesF& Yeer Meyo ØeOeeve veneR neslee~ oesveeW Meyo efceuekeâj (a) yeng›eerenf (b) lelheg®<e
Skeâ veÙee DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ~ ‘IeveMÙeece’ DeLee&led ke=â<Ce~ (c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (d) ÉbÉ
Gòej—(b)
15. peye oes Meyo meceeme yevekeâj leermejs Meyo keâe efJeMes<eCe yeve peeSb, lees
Gmes keäÙee keânles nQ? Jeerj heg®<e ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ Fme meceeme ceW ØeLece heo yengOee meb%ee Ùee
(a) efÉieg (b) ÉbÉ efJeMes<eCe neslee nw~ Fmekesâ efJe«en ceW keâlee& Deewj mecyeesOeve keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Mes<e
(c) yeng›eerenf (d) keâce&OeejÙe efJeYeefòeâÙeeB ueieleer nbw~
Gòej—(c) 21. oMeeveve
(a) efÉieg (b) yeng›eerenf
peye oes Meyo meceeme yevekeâj leermejs Meyo keâe efJeMes<eCe yeve peeS lees JeneB hej
(c) keâce&OeejÙe (d) ÉbÉ
yeng›eerenf meceeme neslee nw~ pewmes-heerleecyej-heeruee nw Decyej efpemekeâe DeLee&led
Gòej—(b)
ke=â<Ce~ ÙeneB heerleecyej ke=â<Ce keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw~
oMeeveve DeLee&led ome cegKe nQ efpemekesâ Jen–‘jeJeCe'~ FmeceW yengyeÇerenf meceeme
16. ‘Deepevce’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? nw~ efpeme meceeme ceW keâesF& heo ØeOeeve ve nes, Deefheleg oesveeW heo efceuekeâj efkeâmeer
(a) lelheg®<e (b) ÉbÉ
meb%ee kesâ efJeMes<eCe neW JeneB yeng›eerenf meceeme neslee nw~ hebÛecegKeer, <e[eveve,
(c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (d) keâce&OeejÙe
Ûeleg<heo Deeefo ceW Yeer yengyeÇerenf meceeme nw~
Gòej—(c)
22. èfveMeeÛej' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
‘Deepevce’ ceW DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme nesiee~ DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme ceW henuee heo (a) yeng›eerenf (b) lelheg®<e
DeJÙeÙe Deewj otmeje heo meb%ee neslee nw~ mecemle heo ceW DeJÙeÙe kesâ DeLe& keâer ner (c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (d) keâce&OeejÙe
ØeOeevelee jnleer nw~ hetje Meyo ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe kesâ DeLe& ceW JÙeJeùle neslee nw~ Gòej—(b)
efpeme meceeme keâe Debelf ece heo ØeOeeve nes, lelheg®<e meceeme neslee nw~ keâlee& 27. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efÉieg meceeme venerb nw—
keâejkeâ Deewj mecyeesOeve keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Mes<e meYeer keâejkeâeW ceW efJeYeefòeâÙeeB ueieekeâj (a) hebÛeeveve (b) veJeJeOet
Fmekeâe meceeme efJe«en neslee nw, pewmes—heefleleheeJeve DeLee&led heefleleeW keâes heefJe$e (c) ef$eJesCeer (d) veJejlve
keâjves Jeeuee~ keâ®CeehetCe&, DeLee&led keâ®Cee mes hetCe&~ mJeie&Jeemeer DeLee&led mJeie& Gòej—(b)
ceW Jeeme keâjves Jeeuee~ Fmeer Øekeâej jeef$e ceW efJeÛejCe keâjves keâe Jeeuee DeLee&led
èfveMeeÛej'~ efpeme meceeme keâe ØeLece heo mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ Deewj Debeflece heo meb%ee nes, Gmes
efÉieg meceeme keânles nQ~ hebÛeeveve, veJeJeOet, ef$eJesCeer Deewj veJejlve ceW cee$e
efveoxMe—veerÛes efoS ieS MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ meceeme keâe veece efJekeâuheeW ceW mes veJeJeOet ceW efÉieg meceeme veneR nw~ veJeJeOet ceW veJe keâe DeLe& veÙeer nw~
Ûegef veS—
23. ‘veerueeslheue’ 28. ueeskeâefØeÙe Meyo ceW meceeme nw—
(a) keâce&OeejÙe (b) efÉieg (a) lelheg®<e (b) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe
(c) lelheg®<e (d) yeng›eerenf (c) keâce&OeejÙe (d) yeng›eerenf
Gòej—(a) Gòej—(a)
keâce&OeejÙe keâe ØeLece heo efJeMes<eCe Deewj otmeje heo efJeMes<Ùe DeLeJee meb%e neslee nw~ ùeeskeâefØeÙe' ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ lelheg®<e meceeme kesâ efJe«en ceW keâlee& Deewj
DeLee&led efJeMes<eCe + efJeMes<Ùe (meb%ee)= keâce&OeejÙe~ pewmes–hejce nw F&MJej pees = mecyeesOeve keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Mes<e efJeYeefòeâÙeeB ueieleer nQ~ ueeskeâefØeÙe (ueeskeâ ceW efØeÙe)
hejcesMJej~ Fmeer Øekeâej veeruee nw Glheue pees = veerueeslheue~ ceW DeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e nw~
24 .`heerleecyej' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? `jepekeâepe' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
29.
(a ) lelheg®<e (b ) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe
(a) efÉieg (b) yeng›eerefn
(c ) yeng›eerefn (d ) efÉieg
(c) ÉbÉ (d) lelheg®<e
Gòej—(c)
Gòej- (d)
heerleecyej ceW yengyeÇerenf meceeme nw~ peye efkeâmeer meceeme ceW ØeÙegòeâ oes heoeW kesâ
`jepekeâepe' ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ jepekeâepe keâe DeLe& jepee keâe keâeÙe& nw~
DeueeJee efkeâmeer leermejs heo keâer ØeOeevelee nesleer nw lees JeneB yeng›eerenf meceeme
neslee nw~ FmeceW meceemeiele heoeW ceW keâesF& Yeer ØeOeevelee veneR nesleer nw~ mecemle 30. `Øeefleefove' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
heo ner efkeâmeer otmejs heo keâe efJeMes<eCe neslee nw~ Fme meceeme kesâ efJe«en ceW (a) efÉieg (b) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe
‘Jeeuee’, ‘efpemekeâe’, ‘efpemekesâ’ Deeefo MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes—heeruee (c) keâce&OeejÙe (d) lelheg®<e
nw Decyej efpemekeâe DeLee&led ßeerke=â<Ce, JeerCee nw heeefCe ceW efpemekesâ DeLee&led Gòej—(b)
mejmJeleer, Ûe›eâ nw heeefCe ceW efpemekesâ DeLee&led efJe<Ceg~
Øeefleefove ceW DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme nw~ Fme meceeme ceW henuee heo DeJÙeÙe Deewj
25. `Ûevõceeweuf e' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? otmeje heo meb%ee neslee nw~ mecemle heo ceW DeJÙeÙe ceW DeLe& keâer ner ØeOeevelee
(a) ÉbÉ (b) yeng›eerenf
jnleer nw~ hetje Meyo ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe kesâ DeLe& ceW JÙeJeùle neslee nw~ pewmes–
(c) keâce&OeejÙe (d) efÉieg
ØelÙeskeâ–efove = Øeefleefove, Meefòeâ kesâ Devegmeej = ÙeLeeMeefòeâ~
Gòej—(b)
`Ûevõceewefue'—Ûevõ nw ceewefue (cemlekeâ) hej efpemekesâ DeLee&led efMeJe, yeng›eerefn DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
meceeme nw~ efpeme meceeme ceW keâesF& heo ØeOeeve ve nes yeequkeâ oesveeW heo efceuekeâj
efkeâmeer meb%ee kesâ efJeMes<eCe neW, JeneB yeng›eerenf meceeme nesle nw~  meceeme
26. `jepeie=n' ceW meceeme nw– oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie keâes meceeme keânles nQ~ meceeme kesâ Éeje
(a) lelheg®<e (b) ÉbÉ efJeYeefòeâ meefnle Meyo mebeOf e kesâ efveÙece hejmhej efceuee efoS peeles nQ, efpememes Skeâ veÙee
(c) efÉieg (d) keâce&OeejÙe Meyo yeve peelee nw~ Fve hejmhej mebueive MeyoeW keâes Deueie-Deueie keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee
Gòej—(a) keâes efJe«en keânles nQ~ keâce-mes-keâce MeyoeW ceW DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ DeLe& keâes Øemlegle keâj
osve meceeme keâe cegKÙe ØeÙeespeve neslee nw; pewmes– heerleecyej : Fmekeâe meceeme efJe«en
jepeie=n ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ Fme meceeme ceW efÉleerÙe heo ØeOeeve neslee nw~
Fmekeâe ØeLece heo ØeeÙe: meb%ee keâe efJeMes<eCe neslee nw~ Fmekesâ efJe«en ceW keâlee& nesiee—Heerle nw pees Decyej DeLeJee heeruee nw Decyej efpemekeâe~meceeme kesâ âej
Deewj mecyeesOeve keâes ÚesÌ[ Mes<e efJeYeefòeâÙeeB ueieleer nQ~ jepeie=n (jepee keâe ie=n) 1. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme— Fme meceeme ceW henuee heo ØeOeeve neslee nw Deewj
ceW mecyevOe lelheg®<e nw~ meeceeefmekeâ heo Ùee meceemle heo DeJÙeÙe neslee nw; pewmes–

GoenjCe efJe«en meceepeesæej — meceepe keâe Gæej
mece#e — Deef#e kesâ meeceves heefleleesæej — heeflele keâe Gæej
ÙeLee®efÛe — ®efÛe kesâ Devegmeej metÙeexoÙe — metÙe& keâe GoÙe
Deepevce — pevce lekeâ ie= nkeâeÙe& — ie=n keâe keâeÙe&
ÙeLeeef JeefOe — efJeefOe kesâ Devegmeej ef$ehegjeefj — ef$ehegj keâe Deefj
efoveevegefove — efove kesâ yeeo efove mehleceer - keâefJ eßes‰ — keâefJeÙeeW ceW ßes‰
efveYe&Ùe — efyevee YeÙe keâe (De e fOek
e â
j Ce lelheg
® <e) vejeOece — vejeW ceW DeOece
ØelÙebie — Deb ie-Debie JeveJeeme — Jeve ceW Jeeme
ØelÙe#e — Deef#e (DeeBKe) kesâ Øeefle (Deeies) heg®<eesòece — heg®<eeW ceW Gòece
hejes#e — Deef#e kesâ hejs Meem$eØeJeerCe — Meem$eeW ceW ØeJeerCe
Deeheeocemlekeâ — heeo mes cemlekeâ lekeâ DeelceefveYe&j — Deelce hej efveYe&j
ØelÙeghekeâej — Ghekeâej kesâ Øeefle Deevevoceive — Deevevo ceW ceive
2. lelheg®<e meceeme— FmeceW henuee heo ieewCe neslee nw Deewj Debelf ece heo ØeOeeve 3. keâce&OeejÙe meceeme— efpeme meceeme kesâ heoeW ceW efJeMes<Ùe-efJeMes<eCe DeLeJee
neslee nw Deewj meeceevÙeleÙee ØeLece heo efJeMes<eCe Deewj otmeje heo efJeMes<Ùe neslee nw~ GhecesÙe-Gheceeve keâe mecyevOe neslee nw, Gmes ‘keâce&OeejÙe meceeme’ keânles nbw~ FmeceW
Fme meceeme kesâ henues Heo ceW efÉleerÙee mes mehleceer keâejkeâ lekeâ keâer efJeYeefòeâ keâe Keeme efJeMes<elee Ùen nesleer nw efkeâ efJeMes<eCe henues neslee nw~
ueeshe neslee nw~ GoenjCe efJe«en
GoenjCe efJe«en veerueecyej — veeruee nw Decyej pees
efÉleerÙee – ieieveÛ egcyeer — ieieve keâes Ûetceves Jeeueer
heerlemeeiej — heerle nw meeiej pees
(keâce& lelheg®<e) ceeKeveÛeesj — ceeKeve keâes Ûegjeves Jeeuee
veer ueeslh eue — veerue nw Glheue pees
ceveesnj — ceve keâes njves Jeeuee
mevceeie& — meled nw ceeie& pees
ie=neiele — ie=n keâes Deeiele
cenelcee — ceneved nw Deelcee pees
mJeie&Øeehle — mJeie& keâes Øeehle
le=leerÙee – ceoMetvÙe — ceo mes MetvÙe hejcesMJej — hejce nw F&MJej pees
(keâjCe lelheg®<e) oC[heere[fÌ le — oC[ mes heerefÌ[le cenekeâeJÙe — ceneved nw keâeJÙe pees
ßecemeeOÙe — ßece mes meeOÙe cenew <eOe — ceneved nw Deew<eOe pees
Øesceefmeòeâ — Øesce mes efmeòeâ 4. ef Éieg m ecee me —ef peme meceeme ceW ØeLece h eo meb KÙeeJ eeÛ eer nesl ee
Meeskeâ«emle — Meeskeâ mes «emle nw Deewj Gmemes mecetn keâe yeesOe nes lee nw, Gmes ‘efÉieg meceeme’ keânles
og:Keele& — og:Ke mes Deele& nQ~
ßecepeerJeer — ßece mes peerves Jeeuee GoenjCe efJe«en
ÛelegLeea - meYeeYeJeve — meYee kesâ efueS YeJeve hebÛehee$e — heeBÛe hee$eeW keâe meceenej
(mecØeoeve lelheg®<e) ieesMeeuee — iees kesâ efueS Meeuee veJejlve — veew jlveeW keâe meceenej
efMe#eeueÙe — efMe#ee kesâ efueS DeeueÙe hebÛejlve — heeBÛe jlveeW keâe mecetn
ceeueieeso ece — ceeue kesâ efueS ieesoece veJe«en — veew «eneW keâe mecetn
ueeskeâefnlekeâejer — ueeskeâ kesâ efueS efnlekeâejer ef$eh eâuee — leerve heâueeW keâe meceenej
osMeYeefòeâ — osMe kesâ efueS Yeefòeâ ef$eYegJeve — leerve YegJeveeW keâe meceenej
osJ eeueÙe — osJ e kesâ efueS DeeueÙe melemeF& — meele meew keâe meceenej
hebÛeceer - ueeskeâes òej — ueeskeâ mes Gòej ef$eÙegieer — leerve ÙegieeW keâe meceenej
(Deheeoeve lelheg®<e) yeuenerve — yeue mes nerve 5. yengJeÇere fn meceeme —yengJeÇerenf meceeme ceW ØeÙegòeâ oesveeW heoeW kesâ DeueeJee efkeâmeer
otjeiele — otj mes Deeiele leermejs heo keâer ØeOeevelee nesleer nw~ FmeceW meceemeiele heoeW ceW efkeâmeer ceW Yeer
Je=#eheeflele — Je=#e mes heeflele ØeOeevelee veneR nesleer nw Deefheleg mecemle heo ner efkeâmeer otmejs heo keâe efJeMes<eCe
HeoYeü° — heo mes Yeü° neslee nw~ FveceW efkeâmeer DevÙe heo keâe DeLe& Øeehle neslee nw~
$e+Ceceg òeâ — $e+Ce mes cegòeâ GoenjCe efJe«en
heoÛÙegle — heo mes ÛÙegle uecyeesoj — uecyee nw Goj efpemekeâe (ieCesMe)
<e‰er - iebieepeue — iebiee keâe peue ÛelegYeg&pe — Ûeej nw YegpeeSb efpemekeâer (efJe<Ceg)
(mecyevOe lelheg®<e) jepeYeJeve — jepee keâe YeJeve ÛevõMesKej — Ûevõ nw efMeKej hej efpemekesâ (efMeJe)
JeerCeeheeefCe — JeerCee nw heeefCe ceW efpemekeâs (mejmJeleer) 2. lelheg®<e meceeme
efieefjOej — efieefj keâes OeejCe efkeâÙee nw efpemeves (ßeerke=â<Ce ) l (keâce& lelheg®<e)
menœee#e — menœe nQ DeeBKeW efpemekeâer (Fvõ) mecemle heo efJe«en
oMecegKe — ome nQ cegKe efpemekesâ (jeJeCe) «eeceiele «eece keâes ieÙee ngDee
peuepe — peue mes Glhevve nw pees (keâceue) ie=neiele ie=n keâes Deeiele
lelheg®<e Deewj yengJeÇerenf meceeme ceW Deblej mJeie&Øeehle mJeie& keâes Øeehle
lelheg®<e meceeme ceW ØeLece heo, efÉleerÙe heo keâe efJeMes<eCe neslee nw, keâ"KeesoJee keâe" keâes Keesoves Jeeuee
peyeefkeâ yengJeÇerenf meceeme ceW ØeLece Deewj efÉleerÙe oesveeW heo efceuekeâj Deheves mes cees#e Øeehle cees#e keâes Øeehle
Deueie efkeâmeer leermejs heo keâe efJeMes<eCe nesles nQ~ ceeKeveÛeesj ceeKeve keâes Ûegjeves Jeeuee
l (keâjCe lelheg®<e)
6. ÉbÉ meceeme—ÉbÉ keâe DeeMeÙe neslee nw peesÌ[e~ Fme meceeme ceW oesveeW heo
ØeOeeve nesles nQ Deewj FmeceW DeJeÙeJe MeyoeW kesâ yeerÛe mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe ‘Deewj’ ØekeâeMeÙegòeâ ØekeâeMe mes Ùegòeâ
DeLeJee ‘Ùee’ keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw~ yeeCeenle yeeCe mes Deenle
GoenjCe efJe«en jsKeebefkeâle jsKee mes Debekf eâle
jeceue#ceCe — jece Deewj ue#ceCe YeeJehetCe& YeeJe mes hetCe&
jeceke=â<Ce — jece Deewj ke=â<Ce nmleefu eefK ele nmle mes efueefKele
efhelejew — ceelee Deewj efhelee ves$enerve ves$e mes nerve
ueJ ekeg âMe — ueJe Deewj kegâMe heooefuele heo mes oefuele
Oecee& Oece& — Oece& Deewj DeOece& jesie heereÌ[f le jesie mes heerefÌ[le
nefjMebkeâj — nefj Deewj Mebkeâj Meeskeâ«emle Meeskeâ mes «emle
Oevegy ee&Ce — Oeveg<e Deewj yeeCe peueefmeòeâ peue mes efmeòeâ
l (mecØeoeve lelheg®<e)
efMeJeheeJe&leer — efMeJe Deewj heeJe&leer
1. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme ÙegæYetefce Ùegæ kesâ efueS Yetefce
mecemle heo efJe«en yeeueece=le yeeuekeâeW kesâ efueS Dece=le
ÙeLeeMeef òeâ Meefòeâ kesâ Devegmeej jenKeÛe& jen kesâ efueS KeÛe&
ÙeLeemecYeJe mecYeeJevee kesâ Devegmeej ieg®oef#eCee ieg® kesâ efueS oef#eCee
Øeefleefove efove-efove nJeve meece«eer nJeve kesâ efueS meece«eer
ØelÙe#e Deef#e kesâ Øeefle veJeJe<eexhenej veJeJe<e& kesâ efueS Ghenej
efveYe&Ùe efyevee YeÙe kesâ efMeJeehe&Ce efMeJe kesâ efueS Dehe&Ce
ÙeLeeLe& DeLe& kesâ Devegmeej meYeeYeJeve meYee kesâ efueS YeJeve
hejes#e Deef#e kesâ hejs uees keâefnlekeâejer ueeskeâ kesâ efueS efnlekeâejer
ÙeLeeMeer IeÇ efpelevee MeerIeÇ nes efJeOeevemeYee efJeOeeve kesâ efueS meYee
ØelÙebie Deb ie-Debie osMeYeefòeâ osMe keâs efueS Yeefòeâ
Yejhesš hesš-Yej ceeueieeso ece ceeue kesâ efueS ieesoece
yesM ece& efyevee Mece& kesâ l (Deheeoeve lelheg®<e)
yeskeâece efyevee keâece keâe Oece&Yeü° Oece& mes Yeü°

Deepevce pevceheÙe&vle osM eefvekeâeuee osMe mes efvekeâeuee ngDee
ØelÙeghekeâej Ghekeâej kesâ Øeefle heoÛÙegle heo mes ÛÙegle
ceveceevee ceve kesâ Devegmeej efJeosM eeiele efJeosMe mes Deeiele
JÙeLe& efyevee DeLe& kesâ pevcejesieer pevce mes jesieer
DeecejCe cejCe lekeâ heLeYeü° heLe mes Yeü°
ÙeeJeppeerJeve peye lekeâ peerJeve nw F&MJejefJecegKe F&MJej mes efJecegKe

uees keâes òej ueeskeâ mes Gòej MJeslehe$e MJesle nw pees he$e
mLeeveÛÙegle mLeeve mes ÛÙegle veeruekeâceue veeruee nw pees keâceue
$e+Ceceg òeâ $e+Ce mes cegòeâ vejeOece DeOece nw pees vej
Øesceefjòeâ Øesce mes efjòeâ hejcesMJej hejce nw pees F&MJej
heehecegòeâ heehe mes cegòeâ cenelcee ceneve nw pees Deelcee
heoÛÙegle heo mes ÛÙegle 4. efÉieg meceeme
l (mecyevOe lelheg®<e)
mecemle heo efJe«en
veJejlve veew jlveeW keâe meceenej (mecetn)
veiejmes" veiej keâe mes"
ef$eueeskeâer leerve ueeskeâeW keâe meceenej
jepeceelee jepee keâer ceelee
De°heoer De° heoeW keâe meceenej
efJ eÅeeueÙe efJeÅee keâe DeeueÙe
meh leMeleer meele meew heoeW keâe meceenej
mveeveie=n mveeve keâe ie=n
ÛelegJ e&Ce& Ûeej JeCeeX keâe meceenej
ÛevõØekeâeMe Ûevõ keâe ØekeâeMe hebÛeJešer heeBÛe Je=#eeW keâe mecetn
peueOeeje peue keâer Oeeje <ešdkeâesCe Ú: keâesCe Jeeuee
ßeceoeve ßece keâe oeve De°ef meefæ Dee" efmeefæÙeeW keâe mecetn
ef$ehegjeefj ef$ehegj keâe Deefj mehleen meele efoveeW keâe mecetn
JeerjkeâvÙee Jeerj keâer keâvÙee 5. yengJeÇere fn meceeme
Øesceesh eemekeâ Øesce keâe Gheemekeâ mecemle heo efJe«en
iebieepeue iebiee keâe peue IeveMÙeece Ieve kesâ meceeve MÙeece (ke=â<Ce)
Ûeefj$e efÛe$eCe Ûeefj$e keâe efÛe$eCe uecyeesoj uecyes Goj Jeeuee (ieCesMe)
«eeceesæej «eece keâe Gæej iepeeveve iepe kesâ meceeve Deeveve Jeeuee (ieCesMe)
l (DeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e) veeruekeâC" veerues keâC" Jeeuee (efMeJe)
peueceive peue ceW ceive peuepe peue ceW Glhevve (keâceue)
vejßes‰ vejeW ceW ßes‰ efoiecyej efoMee ner nw Decyej efpevekeâe (efMeJe)
JeveJeeme Jeve ceW Jeeme efJeMJeeefce$e efJeMJe keâe efce$e ($e+ef<e keâe veece)
Deeheyeerleer Deehe hej yeerleer ef$eves$e leerve ves$eeW Jeeuee nw pees DeLee&led Mebkeâj
MejCeeiele MejCe ceW Deeiele ÛelegYeg&pe Ûeej YegpeeDeeW Jeeuee nw pees DeLee&led efJe<Ceg
DeelceefveYe&j Deelce hej efveYe&j oMeeveve ome cegKe nQ efpemekesâ DeLee&led jeJeCe
6. ÉbÉ meceeme
Deevevoceive Deevevo ceW ceive
mecemle heo efJe«en
heg®<eesòece heg®<eeW ceW Gòece
ceelee-efhelee ceelee Deewj efhelee
ie=n ØeJesMe ie=n ceW ØeJesMe
meerlee-jece meerlee Deewj jece
jCeMetj jCe cebs Metj
jeOee-ke=â<Ce jeOee Deewj ke=â<Ce
#eef$eÙeeOece #eef$eÙeeW ceW DeOece oeue-jesšer oeue Deewj jesšer
3. keâce&OeejÙe meceeme heehe-hegCÙe heehe Deewj hegCÙe
mecemle heo efJe«en keâer Ì[s-cekeâew[Ì s keâerÌ[s Deewj cekeâewÌ[s
heerleecyej heerle nw pees Decyej Ieeme-ketâ Ì[e Ieeme Deewj ketâÌ[e
melmebieefle meppeveeW keâer pees mebieefle YesÌ[-yekeâjer YesÌ[ Deewj yekeâjer
veerueekeâeMe veeruee nw pees DeekeâeMe ueJ e-keg âMe ueJe Deewj kegâMe
cenef<e& ceneve nw pees $e+ef<e TBÛ ee-veerÛee TBÛ ee Deewj veerÛee
Ûejcemeercee Ûejce nw pees meercee Yeuee-yegje Yeuee Deewj yegje
ceneheg®<e ceneve nw pees heg®<e jele-efove jele Deewj efove

DeYÙeeme ØeMve peye oes Meyo efceuekeâj (meceemeÙegòeâ neskeâj) efkeâmeer leermejs Meyo keâe efJeMes<eCe
yeve peeÙeW, lees Gmes yeng›eerenf meceeme keânles nQ~ Fme meceeme ceW DevÙe heo ØeOeeve
1. ‘jepekegâceej’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? neslee nw SJeb efJe«en keâjves hej Jeeuee, Jeeueer Deewj pees, efpeme Deeefo MeyoeW keâe
(a) efÉieg (b) ÉvÉ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(c) lelheg®<e (d) keâce& OeejÙe pewmes- Ûe›eâheeefCe– Ûe›eâ nw neLe ceW efpemekesâ~
Gòej–(c) ÛelegYeg&pe– Ûeej nQ YegpeeÙeW efpemekeâer~
Fmeer Øekeâej- efpelesevf õÙe, ke=âlekeâeÙe&, oòeOeve, efvepe&ve, efJeceue, yeÌ[yeesuee Deeefo
‘jepekegâceej’ ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ Fmekeâe efJe«en ‘jepee keâe kegâceej’ neslee nw~ ceW Yeer yeng›eerenf meceeme nw~
2. ‘megF&-Oeeiee’ ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? 7. yeng›eerefn meceeme keâe GoenjCe keâewve-mee nw?
(a) keâce& OeejÙe (b) ÉvÉ (a) hebÛeJešer (b) keâjesÌ [heefle
(c) yeng›eerefn (d) efÉieg (c) ÛelegYeg&pe (d) ÛejCe keâceue
Gòej–(b) Gòej—(c)
megF&-Oeeiee ceW ÉvÉ meceeme nw~ efpeme meeceeefmekeâ Meyo kesâ oesveeW heo ØeOeeve nesles yeng›eerenf meceeme keâe GoenjCe ÛelegYeg&pe nw~ yeng›eerenf meceeme Jen neslee nw
nQ leLee efJe«en keâjves hej ‘Deewj’, ‘DeLeJee’, ‘Ùee’ ueielee nw, Jen ‘ÉvÉ efpemeceW hetJe& heo Je Gòej heo oesveeW ner ØeOeeve veneR nesles~ oesveeW efceuekeâj
meceeme’ keânueelee nw~ pewmes-YeeF&-yenve, heehe-hegCÙe Deeefo~ leermejs ØeOeeve heo keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjles nQ~ DeLee&led oesveeW efceuekeâj efkeâmeer leermejs
Meyo keâer Deesj mebkesâle keâjles nQ~ pewmes- ÛelegYeg&pe- Ûeej YegpeeSB nQ efpemekeâer
3. jele-efove ceW ØeÙegòeâ meceeme nw--
DeLee&led ‘efJe<Ceg’~
(a) lelheg®<e (b) ÉvÉ
(c) efÉieg (d) keâce& OeejÙe 8. veerÛes efoS ieS MeyoeW ceW mes DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS~
Gòej–(b) (a) heehe-hegCÙe (b) DeepeerJeve
(c) Ieg Ì [ meJeej (d) heerleecyej
jele-efove ceW ÉvÉ meceeme nw~ efpeme meeceeefmekeâ Meyo kesâ oesveeW heo ØeOeeve nesles Gòej—(b)
nQ leLee efJe«en keâjves hej ‘Deewj’ ‘DeLeJee’ Ùee ueielee nw, Jen ÉvÉ meceeme nw~
‘DeepeerJeve’ Meyo keâe DeLe& ‘peerJeve-Yej’ neslee nw~ FmeceW DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme
4. Jeerjheg$e ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? nw~ efpeme meceeme ceW henuee heo DeJÙeÙe SJeb otmeje heo meb%ee nes Deewj
(a) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (b) efÉieg mecemle heo ceW DeJÙeÙe kesâ DeLe& keâer ner ØeOeevelee nes Gmes ‘DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme’
(c) ÉvÉ (d) lelheg®<e keânles nQ~
Gòej–(d) 9. mejemej ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
Jeerjheg$e ceW lelheg®<e meceeme nw, efpeme meceeme ceW hetJe&heo efJeMes<eCe nesves kesâ (a) ÉvÉ (b) efÉieg
keâejCe ieewCe leLee Gòejheo efJeMes<Ùe nesves kesâ keâejCe ØeOeeve neslee nw, JeneB (c) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (d) lelheg®<e
lelheg®<e meceeme neslee nw~ Gòej—(c)
5. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee Meyo yengJeÇ erefn meceeme keâe GoenjCe nw? DeJÙeÙeeW DeLeJee GhemeieeX kesâ meeLe meb%ee heoeW keâe meceeme ‘DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe
(a) ef$eYegpe (b) oMeeveve meceeme’ keânueelee nw~ Fmes ‘het Je&heo-Ø eOeeve meceeme’ Yeer keânles nQ~ Fme
(c) veJeje$e (d) ef$ euees keâ meceeme ceW hetJe&heo DeJÙeÙe neslee nw~ Dele: mech etCe& meeceeefmekeâ heo Yeer
DeJÙeÙe yeve peelee nw~ efn voer ceW DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme mes ef ve<hevve heoeW keâes
Gòej–(b)
leerve JeieeX ceW efJ eYeeefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw—1. mebmke=âle kesâ GhemeieeX, ieefle
oMeeveve keâe DeLe& nw– oMe nQ Deeveve efpemekesâ DeLee&led jeJeCe~ Ùen yengJeÇernf Meyo eW Deewj DeJÙeÙeeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves meeceeef mekeâ heo, 2. Dejyeer-heâejmeer
meceeme keâe GoenjCe nw~ Fme meceeme ceW keâesF& Yeer heo ØeOeeve veneR neslee Deewj kesâ DeJÙeÙeeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves meeceeefmekeâ heo Deewj 3. ef nvoer keâer Deheveer
oesveeW ner heo efceuekeâj Skeâ veÙee DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ~ ef$eYegpe, veJeje$e SJeb Øeef›eâÙee mes efve<hevve meeceeef mekeâ heo~ efnvoer keâer Deheveer Øeef›eâÙee mes efve<hevve
ef$eueeskeâ efÉieg meceeme kesâ GoenjCe nQ~ meeceeefmekeâ MeyoeW kesâ leerve Yeso nQ—
1. hegve®òeâ Meyo—Iej-Iej, heue-heue, jeleeW-jele, SkeâeSkeâ, mejemej,
6. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee ‘Ûe›eâheeefCe’ ceW ØeÙegòeâ meceeme nw? OeÌ[eOeÌ[ Deeefo~
(a) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe (b) lelheg®<e 2. Deheves (leodYeJe) GhemeieeX mes yeves Meyo—Yejhesš, Yejogh enjer, efyevepeeves,
(c) yeng›eerefn (d) keâce& OeejÙe vepeeves Deeefo~
Gòej—(c) 3. mebkeâj Meyo—yesOeÌ[keâ, nj IeÌ[er, Yej yeepeej, heerÌ{er-oj-heer{ Ì er Deeefo~
mebefOe
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve Jeveew<eefOe ceW Je=efæ meefvOe nesieer~ efveÙeceevegmeej peye De DeLeJee Dee kesâ yeeo ‘Dees’
DeLeJee ‘Deew’ DeeS lees oesveeW kesâ mLeeve hej ‘Deew’ nes peelee nw~
efveoxMe : ØeMveiele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ meefvOe nsleg GefÛele efJekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve keâerepf eS~ 6. metÙeexoÙe
1. DelÙeuhe (a) iegCe meefvOe (b) ÙeCed meefvOe
(a) iegCe meefvOe (b) ÙeCed meefvOe (c) oerIe& meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe
(c) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe Gòej – (a)
Gòej – (b) FmeceW iegCe meefvOe nesieer~ efveÙeceevegmeej ÛeBtefkeâ ØeLece Meyo kesâ Deble ceW De nw
DelÙeuhe = Deefle ± Deuhe; ÙeCe meefvOe kesâ Devegmeej ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& F, G, Deewj hegve: otmejs Meyo kesâ Deeefo ceW G nw, lees De±G · Dees nes peeSiee;
$e+ kesâ yeeo Ùeefo keâesF& meJeCe& mJej Deelee nw lees F keâe F& kesâ yeoues Ùed, G ÙeLee–metÙeexoÙe · metÙe& ± GoÙe~
DeLeJee T kesâ yeoues Jed, $e+ kesâ yeoues jd nes peelee nw~ 7. DeeefJe<keâej
2. heeJeve (a) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (b) JÙebpeve meefvOe
(a) ÙeCed meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (c) ÙeCed meefvOe (d) efJemeie& meefvOe
(c) mJej meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe Gòej – (d)
Gòej – (b) Fme ØeMve ceW DeeefJe<keâej kesâ efueS efJemeie& meefvOe nesieer~ efveÙecele: efJemeie& kesâ
henues Ùeefo F Ùee G nes leLee efJemeie& kesâ yeeo keâ, Ke Ùee he, heâ nes lees Fvekesâ
heeJeve (heew±Deve) ceW DeÙeeefo meefvOe nw DeLee&led S, Ss, Dees Deewj Deew kesâ yeeo
henues efJemeie& kesâ yeoues ‘<ed’ nes peelee nw~
peye keâesF& mJej Deelee nw, leye S kesâ mLeeve hej ‘DeÙed’, Dees kesâ mLeeve hej
‘DeJe’, Ss kesâ mLeeve hej ‘DeÙed’ leLee Deew kesâ mLeeve hej ‘DeeJed’ nes peelee nw~ 8. meÛÛeefj$e
(a) JÙebpeve meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe
3. efoiecyej (c) Je= ef æ meef vOe (d) oerIe& meefvOe
(a) Je=efæ meefvOe (b) oerIe& meefvOe Gòej – (a)
(c) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (d) JÙebpeve meefvOe
meÛÛeefj$e ceW JÙebpeve meefvOe nesieer~ efveÙeceevegmeej ‘led’ Ùee ‘od’ kesâ yeeo Ûe
Gòej – (d)
DeLeJee Ú nes, lees led Ùee od kesâ mLeeve hej Ûed nes peelee nw~
ef o iecy ej DeLee& l ed efo keâd ± Decy ej ceW J Ùeb p eve meef v Oe nw ~
9. mehleef<e&
Ùeefo keâ, Ûe, š, le, Ùe kesâ hejs JeieeX keâe le=leerÙe DeLeJee ÛelegLe& Jeie& (ie, Ie, pe, (a) ÙeCed meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe
Pe, *, {, o, Oe, ye, Ye) DeLeJee Ùe, j, ue, Je DeLeJee keâesF& mJej nes lees keâd, (c) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (d) oerIe& meefvOe
Ûed, šd, led, hed kesâ mLeeve hej Gmeer Jeie& keâe leermeje De#ej nes peeSiee~ Gòej – (b)
4. efve<heehe mehleef<e& ceW iegCe meefvOe nesieer~ efveÙecele: Ùeefo ØeLece Meyo kesâ Deble ceW ÜmJe Ùee
(a) ÙeCed meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe oerIe& De nes leLee otmejs Meyo kesâ ØeejbYe ceW $e+ nes lees, De ± $e+ · Dejd nes
(c) JÙebpeve meefvOe (d) efJemeie& meefvOe peelee nw; pewmes–mehleef<e& = mehle ± $e+ef<e~
Gòej – (d) efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW mener meefvOe efJeÛÚso yeleeFS—
efve<heehe ceW efJemeie& meefvOe nw~ efveÙeceevegmeej efJemeie& kesâ henues Ùeefo F Ùee G nes 10. ceveesyeue
Deewj efJemeie& kesâ yeeo keâ, Ke Ùee he, heâ nes lees Fvekesâ henues efJemeie& kesâ yeoues (a) ceve: ± yeue (b) cevees ± yeue
‘<ed’ nes peelee nw; pewmes- efve<heehe · efve:±heehe~ (c) ceved ± yeue (d) ceve ± yeue
Gòej – (a)
5. Jeveew<eefOe
(a) Je=efæ meefvOe (b) oerIe& meefvOe ceveesyeue keâe mener efJe«en ceve: ± yeue nesiee~ efveÙeceevegmeej Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ
(c) ÙeCed meefvOe (d) DeÙeeefo meefvOe henues De nes Deewj JeieeX kesâ ØeLece leLee efÉleerÙe JeCe& keâes Úes[Ì keâj DevÙe keâesF&
Gòej – (a)
JeCe& DeLeJee Ùe, j, ue, Je, n nes lees De Deewj efJemeie& keâe ‘Dees’ nes peelee nw~

11. Jeeipeeue keâefJe + F&MJej = keâJeerMJej~ ÙeneB oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~ oerIe& mJej meefvOe ceW
(a) Jeekeâd ± peeue (b) Jeeied ± peeue meJeCe& mJej efceuekeâj oerIe& nes peeles nQ~
(c) Jeekeâ ± peeue (d) Jee ± keâpeeue
17. mebm eej
Gòej – (a)
(a) mJej meefvOe (b) efJemeie& meefvOe
Jeeipeeue keâe mener efJe«en Jeekeâd ± peeue nesiee~ efveÙeceevegmeej Ùeefo keâ, Ûe, š, (c) JÙebpeve meefvOe (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
le, Ùe kesâ yeeo JeieeX keâe le=leerÙe DeLeJee ÛelegLe& JeCe& nes lees, Fve JeieeX keâe leermeje Gòej—(c)
JeCe& nes peelee nw~
meced + meej = mebmeej~ ÙeneB JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~ efveÙeceevegmeej Ùeefo ced kesâ Deeies
12. leLewJe Deble:mLe (Ùed, jd, ued, Jed) DeLeJee T<ce Med, <ed, med, n DeeS lees DeefveJeeÙe&leÙee
(a) leLee ± FJe (b) leLed ± SJe DevegmJeej nesiee~
(c) leLee ± SJe (d) leLee ± SJe
18. levceÙe
Gòej – (c)
(a) JÙebpeve meefvOe (b) efJemeie& meefvOe
leLewJe keâe mener efJeÛÚso leLee ± SJe nw~ efveÙeceevegmeej peye De DeLeJee Dee kesâ (c) mJej meefvOe (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
yeeo S Ùee Ss DeeS lees oesveeW kesâ mLeeve hej Ss keâer Je=eæ
f nes peeleer nw~ Gòej—(a)
13. iebieesokeâ heo kesâ Deble ceW Ùeefo o nes Deewj Fmekesâ yeeo ve DeLeJee ce DeeS lees od , ved ceW
(a) iebiee ± Gokeâ (b) iebie ± Deesokeâ yeoue peelee nw~ Ùen JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~ pewmes—leod ± ceÙe · levceÙe~
(c) iebiee ± Deesokeâ (d) iebiee ± Tokeâ
19. FlÙeeefo
Gòej – (a)
(a) ÙeCed meefvOe (b) oerIe& meefvOe
iebieesokeâ keâe mener efJe«en iebiee ± Gokeâ nesiee~ iegCe meefvOe kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej (c) efJemeie& meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe
Ùeefo ØeLece Meyo kesâ Deble ceW ÜmJe Ùee oerIe& De nes Deewj otmejs Meyo kesâ Deeefo Gòej—(a)
ceW G nes lees Dee ± G keâe Dees nes peelee nw~
Fefle + Deeefo = FlÙeeefo~ ÙeneB ÙeCe meefvOe nw~ Ùeefo F, F&, G, T Deewj $e+
14. efvecveefueefKele Meyo ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? kesâ yeeo keâesF& efYevve mJej DeeS, lees F, F& keâe `Ùed', `G, T keâe `Jed' Deewj $e+
Deefle + DeeJeMÙekeâ = DelÙeeJeMÙekeâ keâe `jd' nes peelee nw~
(a) oerIe& mJej meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe
(c) ÙeCed mJej meefvOe (d) Je=efæ mJej meefvOe
efveoxMe—efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW mener meefvOe efJeÛÚso keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS—
20. hegvepe&vce
Gòej – (c)
(a) hegve: + pevce (b) hegvejd + pevce
DelÙeeJeMÙekeâ ceW ÙeCed mJej meefvOe nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) mener Gòej nw~ ÙeCed (c) hegve: + Deepevce (d) hegveg + pevce
meefvOe ceW Ùeefo F, F&, G, T Deewj $e+ kesâ yeeo keâesF& efYevve mJej DeeS, lees F- Gòej—(a)
F& keâe `Ùe', G-T keâe `Je' leLee $e+ keâe `jd' nes peelee nw~
hegvepe&vce keâe mener meefvOe efJeÛÚso hegve: + pevce nw~ FmeceW efJemeie& mebeOq e nw~
efveoxMe—efvecveefueefKele ØelÙeskeâ ØeMve ceW efoS ieS MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ meefvOe kesâ
Øekeâej keâe ÛeÙeve Gmekesâ veerÛes efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW mes keâerepf eS— 21. efhele=Ce
(a) efhelejd + DeCe (b) efhelej + $e+Ce
15. ÙeMeesOeje
(c) efhele= + $e+Ce (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) ÙeMees ± Oeje (b) ÙeMe ± Oeje
(c) ÙeMe: ± Oeje (d) ÙeMe: ± DeOeje Gòej—(c)
Gòej – (c) efhele= + $e+Ce = efhele=Ce~ ÙeneB oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~ FmeceW oes meJeCe& mJej
ÙeMeesOeje = ÙeMe: ± Oeje; efJemeie& meefvOe kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ efceuekeâj oerIe& nes peeles nw~
henues De nes Deewj JeCeeX kesâ ØeLece leLee efÉleerÙe JeCe& keâes ÚesÌ[keâj DevÙe keâesF& 22. ÙegefOeef‰j
JeCe& DeLeJee Ùe, j, ue, Je, n nes lees De Deewj efJemeie& keâe Dees nes peelee nw~ (a) ÙegeOf e + eqmLej (b) Ùegæ + Fef‰j
16. keâJeerMJej (c) Ùegæ + FeqmLej (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) oerIe& meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe Gòej—(a)
(c) JÙebpeve meefvOe (d) mJej meefvOe ÙegeOf eef‰j Meyo Skeâ meeceeefmekeâ heo nw, efpemekeâe efJe«en nw Ùegæ ceW efmLej nw
Gòej—(a) pees~
23. `melkeâce&' keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw- DevJes<eCe keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso Deveg ± S<eCe nw, ÙeneB hej G ± S · Jes nes
(a) mele + keâce& (b) meleled + keâce& peelee nw~ Ùen DeÙeeefo meefvOe kesâ Debleie&le Deelee nw~
(c) meled + keâce& (d) mece + keâce&
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele kesâ meefvOe efJeÛÚso keâerepf eS–
Gòej–(c)
29. peieoerMe
melkeâce& keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso meled + keâce& nw~ (a) peieled + F&Me (b) peie + F&Me
24. ‘leheesOeve’ Meyo efpeme meefvOe efveÙece mes yevee nw Gmeer efveÙece mes yevee Fve (c) peieod + F&Me (d) peie + oerMe
MeyoeW ceW mes keâewve mee Meyo venerb nw? Gòej—(a)
(a) ÙeMeesOeve (b) ceveesÙeesie
peieled + F&Me = peieoerMe~ ÙeneB JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~ Ùeefo led kesâ Deeies keâesF&
(c) ieesOeve (d) leheesJeve
mJej, keâ Jeie&, le Jeie& SJeb he Jeie& kesâ le=leerÙe ÛelegLe& JeCe& ie-Ie, o-Oe, ye-Ye,
Gòej- (c)
DeLeJee Ùe, j, Je DeeSb lees led, od ceW heefjJee|lele nes peelee nw~
ÙeMeesOeve, ceveesÙeesie leLee leheesJeve ceW efJemeie& meefvOe nw~ ÙeneB hej De Deewj efJemeie&
keâe Dees nes peelee nw~ ieesOeve Fmekesâ Debleie&le veneR Deelee nw~ 30. jeceeÙeCe
(a) jece: + DeCe (b) jece + DeeÙeCe
25. cenef<e& ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(c) jece + DeÙeCe (d) jecee + Ùeved
(a) oerIe& meefvOe (b) ÙeCe meefvOe
Gòej—(c)
(c) iegCe meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe
Gòej- (c) Ùeefo ØeLece Meyo kesâ Deble ceW ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& De, F, G, $e+ ceW mes keâesF& Skeâ
Ùeefo ØeLece Meyo kesâ Deble ceW ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& T nes Deewj otmejs Meyo ceW JeCe& nes Deewj efÉleerÙe Meyo kesâ Deeefo ceW Gmeer keâe meceeve JeCe& nes, lees oesveeW kesâ
ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& F, G, $e+ ceW mes keâesF& JeCe& nes lees De + F·S, mLeeve hej Skeâ oerIe& nes peelee nw~ pewmes— De ± De · Dee
Dee±G·Dees, De±$e+·Dejd nes peeles nQ~ Ùen iegCe meefvOe keânueelee nw~ Ùen 31 . `GppJeue' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
meefvOe mJej meefvOe kesâ Debleie&le Deeves Jeeuee Skeâ ¤he nw~ cenef<e&·cene±]$ e+ef<e, (a) mJej meefvOe (b) JÙebpeve meefvOe
ÙeneB hej Dee±$e+· Dejd nes ieÙee nw~ (c) efJemeie& meefvOe (d) mJej Deewj JÙebpeve meefvOe
26. `ce=lÙeg + Ghejeble' ceW meefvOe keâjves mes efvee|cele Meyo nesiee– Gòej—(b)
(a) celÙeexhejeble (b) ce=lÙegheÙe&vle GppJeue ceW JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~ JÙebpeve kesâ meeLe mJej DeLeJee JÙebpeve kesâ cesue mes
(c) ce= l Ùees h ejevle (d) ce=lÙethejeble Gme JÙebpeve ceW pees ™heeblejCe neslee nw, Gmes JÙebpeve meefvOe keânles nQ~ pewmes -
Gòej–(d) peieled ± veeLe · peievveeLe ; Gled ± Oeele · GodOeele~ Ùeefo le Jeie& kesâ
ce=lÙeg + Ghejeble = ce=lÙethejeble~ ÙeneB hej G + G = T nes pee jne nw~ Ùen heMÛeele Ûe Jeie& DeeS lees Jen JeCe& Ûe JeieeaÙe nes peelee nw~ pewmes- efJeheod ±
oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~ peeue · efJeheppeeue, Gled ± pJeue · GppJeue~
27. ‘Gheefj-Gòeâ’ kesâ pegÌ[ves mes keâewve-mee Meyo yevesiee? 32. efve: + Deenej mes Meyo yevesiee—
(a) Ghejesòeâ (b) GheÙeg&òeâ (a) efvejeOeej (b) efvejenej
(c) GheÙeexòeâ (d) Ghe®&òeâ
(c) efveOee&j (d) efvenej
Gòej- (b) Gòej—(b)
peye ueIeg Ùee oerIe& F,G,$e+ kesâ Ghejeble keâesF& Demeceeve mJej DeeS lees F,G,$e+
èfve: + Deenej' mes efvejenej' Meyo yevesiee~ FmeceW efJemeie& meefvOe nw~
kesâ mLeeve hej ›eâceMeŠ Ùe,Je,j nes peelee nw, DeLee&led JeneB hej ÙeCe meefvOe nesleer
nw~ Gheefj±Gòeâ efceuekeâj GheÙegò& eâ nes peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ F ± G · Ùeg nes 33. ceve:± YeeJe ·?
peelee nw~ (a) cevYeeJe (b) cevenÙeeJe
(c) cevees YeeJe (d) ceveÙeeJe
28. DevJes<eCe keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
(a) Deve±J es<eCe (b) Devele± Jes<eCe Gòej- (c)
(c) Deveg± S<eCe (d) Deve±S s<eCe ceve:±YeeJe efceuekeâj ceveesYeeJe neslee nw~ Ùen efJemeie& meefvOe nw~ ÙeneB hej De
Gòej- (c) Deewj efJemeie& keâe Dees nes peelee nw~
34. `meg + Deeiele' mes Meyo yevesiee— 40. `MegYeejcYe' ceW keâewve meer meefvOe nw?
(a) megDeeiele (b) mJeeiele (a) oerIe& (b) efJemeie&
(c) meewDeeiele (d) meesDeesiele (c) iegCe (d) Je=efæ
Gòej—(b) Gòej—(a)
meg + Deeiele mes mJeeiele Meyo yevesiee~ FmeceW ÙeCed meefvOe nw~ FmeceW Ùeefo F, F&, MegYeejcYe ceW oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~ Fme meefvOe ceW oes meJeCe& mJej efceuekeâj
G, T Deewj $e+ kesâ yeeo keâesF& efYevve mJej DeeS lees F, F&, keâe Ùe, G, T keâe oerIe& nes peeles nQ~ MegYe + DeejcYe = MegYeejcYe ceW De + Dee efceuekeâj Dee nes
Jed Deewj $e+ keâe jd nes peelee nw~ jne nw~
35. efve:
± efJekeâej =? 41. ògMMeemeve' Meyo keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee—
(a) efveefJ ekeâej (b) efveefJ e&keâej (a) og + Meemeve (b) og:Mee + meve
(c) efveefy ekeâej (d) efvenef Jekeâej (c) og: + Meemeve (d) ogMe + Meemeve
Gòej- (b) Gòej—(c)
efve:±efJekeâej efceuekeâj efveefJe&keâej nesiee~ ÙeneB efJemeie& meefvOe ØeÙegòeâ nw~ og: + Meemeve ceW efJemeie& meefvOe nw~ efJemeie& kesâ meeLe mJej Ùee JÙebpeve kesâ cesue
36. leled + Mebkeâj keâer meefvOe nesieer– mes pees efJekeâej neslee nw, Gmes èfJemeie& meefvOe' keânles nQ~
(a) lelMebkeâj (b) leÛöbkeâj 42. ‘efvemmebosn’ ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(c) le#ebkeâj (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) mJej meefvOe
Gòej–(b) (b) JÙebpeve meefvOe
Ùeefo led, od kesâ yeeo Me nes lees led Ùee od keâe Ûed Deewj Me keâe Ú nes peelee nw~ (c) efJemeie& meefvOe
Ùen JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~ leled + Mebkeâj keâer meefvOe leÛöbkeâj nesieer~ (d) mJej Deewj efJemeie& meefvOe
37. `meÛÛeefj$e' keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nesiee— Gòej—(c)

(a) meod + Ûeefj$e (b) meled + Ûeefj$e efve:mebosn = efvemmebosn; Dele: ÙeneB efJemeie& meefvOe nesieer~ efJemeie& kesâ yeeo Me,
(c) meleÛe + ef j $e (d) meÛÛe + efj$e <e, me Deelee nw lees efJemeie& pÙeeW–keâe–lÙeeW jnlee nw DeLeJee Gmekesâ mLeeve hej
Gòej—(b) Deeies keâe De#ej nes peelee nw~
`meÛÛeefj$e' keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso meled + Ûeefj$e nesiee~ 43. Gvveefle ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nesieer?
(a) mJej meefvOe
38. ‘meppeve’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso keäÙee nw?
(b) JÙebpeve meefvOe
(a) mepe±peve (b) meled ±peve
(c) efJemeie& meefvOe
(c) meppe±ve (d) me±ppeve
Gòej- (b) (d) mJej Deewj efJemeie& meefvOe
Gòej—(b)
meppeve keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso meled ± peve nw~ ÙeneB hej led kesâ mLeeve hej ped nes
peelee nw~ Ùen JÙebpeve meefvOe keâe GoenjCe nw~ ÙeneB JÙebpeve meefvOe nesieer~ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jeie& kesâ ØeLece JeCe& kesâ hejs keâesF&
Devegveeefmekeâ JeCe& nes, lees ØeLece JeCe& kesâ yeoues Gmeer Jeie& keâe Devegveeefmekeâ JeCe&
39. efvecveefueefKele Meyo ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? nes peelee nw~
efJeÅee + DeLeea = efJeÅeeLeea
(a) Je=efæ mJej meefvOe (b) ÙeCed mJej meefvOe
44. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW mes efkeâmeceW efJemeie& meefvOe veneR nw?
(a) efve‰gj (b) efvee|Jekeâej
(c) iegCe mJej meefvOe (d) oerIe& mJej meefvOe
(c) efveleevle (d) efveeqMÛeble
Gòej—(d)
Gòej—(c)
efJeÅeeLeea ceW oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw, oerIe& mJej meefvOe ceW Ùeefo De, Dee, F, F&, G,
‘efveleeble' ceW efJemeie& meefvOe veneR nw peyeefkeâ efve‰gj, efvee|Jekeâej SJeb efveeqMÛeble ceW
T Deewj $e+ kesâ yeeo Jes ner ÜmJe Ùee oerIe& mJej DeeSb, lees oesveeW efceuekeâj
›eâceMe: Dee, F&, T Deewj $e+ nes peeles nQ~ èfJeÅee + DeLeea' ceW Dee Deewj De efJemeie& meefvOe nw~ efJemeie& kesâ meeLe mJej Ùee JÙebpeve kesâ cesue mes pees efJekeâej neslee
efceuekeâj `Dee' nes ieS nQ~ nw, Gmes efJemeie& meefvOe keânles nQ~

DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer F& ± Dee · Ùee osJ eer ± DeeueÙe · osJÙeeueÙe
G ± De · Je Deveg ± DeÙe · DevJeÙe
 meefvOe T ± De · Je JeOet ± DeLe& · JeOJeLe&
oes JeCeeX kesâ cesue mes pees efJekeâej Glhevve neslee nw, Gmes meefvOe keânles nQ~ G ± Dee · Jee Yeeveg ± Deeieceve · YeevJeeieceve
Fme Øekeâej meefvOe kesâ efueS oesveeW JeCeeX keâe efvekeâš nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw~ T ± Dee · Jee JeOet ± Deeieceve · JeOJeeieceve
JeCeeX keâer Fme efvekeâš efmLeefle keâes ‘mebenf lee’ Yeer keâne peelee nw~ $e+ ± De · jd ceele= ± DeLe& · cee$eeLe&
meefvOeÙeeb leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ— $e+ ± Dee · je efhele= ± Dee%ee · efhe$ee%ee
(1) mJej meefvOe, (2) JÙebpeve meefvOe Deewj (3) efJemeie& meefvOe mJej mee F ± G · Ùeg Øeefle ± Ghekeâej · ØelÙeghekeâej
mJej meefvOe kesâ Ú: Ghe Yeso nQ~ F ± T · Ùet Øeefle ± T<e · ØelÙet<e
(i) oerIe& meefvOe—peye ueIeg Ùee oerIe& De, F, G, $e+ kesâ Ghejeble ueIeg Ùee oerIe& F& ± T · Ùet JeeCeer ± Tefce& · JeeCÙetecf e&
meceeve mJej DeeSb, lees oesveeW kesâ mLeeve hej oerIe& mJej nes peelee nw; pewmes— G ± F · efJe Deveg ± F° · DeefvJe°
De ± De · Dee osJ e ± DeefOeheefle · osJeeefOeheefle G ± F& · Jeer Deveg ± F&# eCe · DevJeer#eCe
Oece& ± DeLe& · Oecee&Le& Gâ ± F · efJe JeOet ± F° · JeefOJe°
mJeCe& ± DeJemej · mJeCee&Jemej Gâ ± F& · Jeer JeOet ± F&<Ùee& · JeOJeer<Ùee&
keâece ± Deefj · keâeceeefj (iii) DeÙeeef o meef v Oe—peye S, Ss, Dees, Deew kesâ yeeo keâesF& mJej DeeS, lees S, Ss,
MejCe ± DeLeea · MejCeeLeea Dees, Deew kesâ mLeeve hej ›eâceMe: DeÙed, DeeÙed, DeJed, DeeJed nes peelee nw; pewmes—
De ± Dee · Dee efnce ± DeeueÙe · efnceeueÙe S ± De · DeÙed Mes ± Deve · MeÙeve
iegCe ± DeeueÙe · iegCeeueÙe ves ± Deve · veÙeve
hegmlekeâ ± DeeueÙe · hegmlekeâeueÙe Ss ± De · DeeÙed veww ± Dekeâ · veeÙekeâ
Dee ± De · Dee ÙegJee ± DeJemLee · ÙegJeeJemLee iew ± Dekeâ · ieeÙekeâ
efJeÅee ± DeLeea · efJeÅeeLeea Dees ± De · DeJed Yees ± Deve · YeJeve
Dee ± Dee · Dee cene ± DeeMeÙe · ceneMeÙe hees ± Deve · heJeve
efJeÅee ± DeeueÙe · efJeÅeeueÙe nes ± Deve · nJeve
Deew ± De · DeeJed Heew ± Dekeâ · heeJekeâ
F ± F · F& DeefYe ± F° · DeYeer°
Oeew ± Dekeâ · OeeJekeâ
keâefJe ± Fvõ · keâJeervõ
(iv) Je=efæ meefvOe— peye ueIeg Ùee oerIe& ‘De’ kesâ Ghejeble S, Ss, Dees, Deew DeeS,
F ± F& · F& yegefæ ± F&Me · yegæerMe
lees S Deewj Ss kesâ mLeeve hej ‘Ss’ leLee Dees Deewj Deew keâer peien ‘Deew’ nes peelee
keâefJe ± F&Me · keâJeerMe
nw; pewmes—
efieefj ± F&Me · efiejerMe
De ± S · Ss hejce ± S<eCee · hejcew<eCee
F& ± F · F& ue#ceer ± FÛÚe · ue#ceerÛÚe
Dee ± S · Ss leLee ± SJe · leLewJe
cener ± Fvõ · cenervõ
Dee ± Ss · Ss cene ± SsMJeÙe& · cenwMJeÙe&
F& ± F& · F& cener ± F&Me · cenerMe De ± Ss · Ss Oece& ± SskeäÙe · OecezkeäÙe
peevekeâer ± F&Me · peevekeâerMe De ± Dees · Deew peue ± Deeskeâ · peueewkeâ
G± T· T efmevOeg ± Tefce& · efmevOetefce& De ± Deew · Deew hejce ± Deew<eOe · hejceew<eOe
cebpeg ± T<ee · cebpet<ee peue ± Deew<eefOe · peueew<eefOe
T±G·T JeOet ± GlmeJe · JeOetlmeJe Dee ± Dees · Deew cene ± Deespe · cenewpe
JeOet ± Gefce& · JeOetecf e& Dee ± Deew · Deew cene ± DeewoeÙe& · cenewoeÙe&
$e+ ± $e+ · $e+ efhele= ± $e+Ce · efhele=Ce (V) iegCe meefvOe—peye De Ùee Dee kesâ Ghejeble ueIeg Ùee oerIe& F, G, $e+ DeeS,
(ii) ÙeCe meefvOe—peye ueIeg Ùee oerIe& F, G, $e+ kesâ Ghejeble keâesF& Demeceeve mJej lees oesveeW kesâ mLeeve hej ›eâceMe: S, Dees, Dejd nes peelee nw; pewmes—
DeeS, lees F, G, $e+ kesâ mLeeve hej ›eâceMe: Ùe, j, Je nes peelee nw; pewmes— ceOeg De ± F · S osJ e ± Fvõ · osJesvõ
± Deefj · ceOJeefj, Fefle ± Deeefo · FlÙeeefo~ ce=ie ± Fvõ · ce=iesvõ
F ± De · Ùe Ùeefo ± Deefhe · ÙeÅeefhe Dee ± F · S cene ± Fvõ · censvõ
F& ± De · Ùe veoer ± Dehe&Ce · veÅehe&Ce De ± F& · S vej ± F&Me · vejsMe
F ± Dee · Ùee Deefle ± DeeÛeej · DelÙeeÛeej hejce ± F&MJej · hejcesMJej
Dee ± F& · S cene ± F&MJej · censMJej (i) Ùeefo efJemeie& mes henues Deewj yeeo Yeer ‘De’ nes, lees henues ‘De’ Deewj efJemeie& kesâ
jcee ± F&Me · jcesMe mLeeve hej ‘Dees’ nes peelee nw; pewmes—
De ± G · Dees ueeskeâ ± GheÙeesie · ueeskeâesheÙeesie De: ± De · Dees
hej ± Ghekeâej · hejeshekeâej lespe: ± Deefme · lespeesemf e
Dee ± G · Dees cene ± GlmeJe · ceneslmeJe ÙeMe: ± DeefYeuee<eer · ÙeMeesefYeuee<eer
Dee ± T · Dees iebiee ± Gâefce& · iebieesecf e& (ii) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ yeeo Ûe, Ú Ùee Me nes lees efJemeie& keâe ‘Med’ nes peelee nw;
cene ± Tpe&mJeer · cenespe&mJeer pewm es—
De ± $e+ · Dejd osJ e ± $e+ef<e · osJ eef<e& keâ: ± efÛeled · keâefMÛele og: ± Meemeve · ogMMeemeve
Dee ± $e+ · Dejd jepee ± $e+ef<e · jepeef<e& efve: ± Ûeue · efveMÛeue efve: ± Úue · efveMÚue
(vi) hetJe& ™he meefvOe— peye ‘De’, S Ùee Dees kesâ yeeo DeeS, lees De kesâ mLeeve hej (iii) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ yeeo keâ, Ke, he Ùee heâ nes, lees Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW efJemeie& keâe
hetJe& ™he DeLee&led efÛeÖ Ó nes peelee nw; pewmes— ™he veneR yeouelee nw; pewmes—
ueeskeâes ± DeÙeced · ueeskeâesÓÙeced njs ± DeJe · njsÓJe jpe: ± keâCe · jpe:keâCe heÙe: ± heeve · heÙe:heeve
njs ± De$e · njsÓ $e ØeYees ± DeJele= · ØeYeesÓJele (iv) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ yeeo š, " Ùee <e nes, lees efJemeie& keâe ‘<ed’ nes peelee nw;
JÙebpeve meefvOe - efpeve oes JeCeeX ceW meefvOe nesleer nw, GveceW mes henuee JeCe& pewm es—
Ùeefo JÙebpeve nes Deewj otmeje JeCe& Ùeefo JÙebpeve DeLeJee mJej nes lees pees efJekeâej og: ± š · og° ve: ± š · ve°
nesiee, Gmes JÙebpeve meefvOe keânles nQ~ Fmekesâ ØecegKe efveÙece Fme Øekeâej nQ— (v) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ henues ‘F’ Ùee ‘G’ nes Deewj yeeo ceW keâ, Ke, he Ùee heâ nes lees
(i) Ùeefo mekeâej Ùee le Jeie& kesâs meeLe Mekeâej Ùee Ûe Jeie& DeeS lees mekeâej Deewj le efJemeie& keâe ‘<ed’ nes peelee nw; pewmes—
Jeie& kesâ mLeeve hej ›eâce mes Mekeâej Deewj Ûe Jeie& nes peeles nQ; pewmes— efve: ± keâece · efve<keâece efve: ± keâheš · eqve<keâheš
meled ± ÛeÙeve · meÛÛeÙeve efve: ± heâue · efve<heâue efve: ± heehe · efve<heehe
(ii) o mekeâej Ùee le Jeie& kesâ meeLe <ed Ùee š Jeie& DeeS lees mekeâej Deewj le Jeie&
Ùeef efve: ± hebkeâ · efve<hebkeâ og: ± keâce& · og<keâce&
(vi) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ yeeo le, Le Ùee me nes, lees efJemeie& ‘med’ nes peelee nw; pewmes—
keâer peien ›eâce mes <ekeâej Deewj š Jeie& nes peeles nQ; pewmes—
jecemed ± šerkeâles · jece°erkeâles, ye=nled ± efšefóYe · ye=nefóefóYe ceve: ± leehe · cevemleehe efve: ± mebosn · efvemmevosn
(vii) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ henues ‘De’ Ùee ‘Dee’ kesâ DeueeJee keâesF& DevÙe mJej Deewj
(iii) keâd, Ûed, šd, led leLee hed kesâ heMÛeele Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jeie& keâe leermeje Ùee ÛeewLee
JeCe& DeeS DeLeJee Ùe, j, ue, Je DeLeJee keâesF& mJej DeeS lees keâd, Ûed, šd, led leLee Fmekesâ heMÛeele heeBÛeeW JeieeX kesâ leermejs, ÛeewLes, heeBÛeJeW JeCe& Ùee Ùe, j, ue, Je, n
DeLeJee keâesF& mJej nes, lees efJemeie& keâe ‘j’ nes peelee nw; pewmes—
he kesâ mLeeve hej Deheves ner Jeie& keâe leermeje JeCe& nes peelee nw; pewmes— DeÛe ±
efve: ± iegCe · efveiegC& e efve: ± YeÙe · efveYe&Ùe
Devle = Depevle, Jeekeâd ± peeue = Jeeipeeue~
efve: ± ueshe · efveuexhe efve: ± peue · efvepe&ue
(iv) led -od kesâ yeeo Ùeefo ue jns lees led-od ceW heefjJeefle&le nes peelee nw Deewj ved kesâ
(viii) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ henues keâesF& mJej nes Deewj yeeo ceW ‘j’ nes, lees efJemeie& keâe
heMÛeele ue jns lees ved keâe Devegveeefmekeâ kesâ meeLe ue nes peelee nw; pewmes— Gled ±
ueeshe nes peelee nw Deewj Ùeefo efJemeie& keâe hetJe& mJej ÜmJe nes, lees oerIe& nes peelee
ueeme = Guueeme
nw; pewmes—
(v) JeieeX kesâ Debelf ece JeCeeX keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Ùeefo Mes<e JeCeeX kesâ yeeo n DeeS lees n hetJe&
efve: ± jme · veerjme efve: ± jpe · veerjpe (ix) Ùeefo
JeCe& kesâ Jeie& keâe ÛeewLee JeCe& nes peelee nw Deewj n kesâ hetJe& JeCe& Jeeuee JeCe& Deheves Jeie&
efJemeie& kesâ henues Deewj yeeo ceW ‘De’ nes, lees henues ‘De’ keâe ‘Dees’ nes peelee nw
keâe leermeje JeCe& nes peelee nw; pewmes—Gled ± nle = Gæle, Gled ± nej = Deewj otmejs ‘De’ keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw Deewj ‘De’ kesâ mLeeve hej efÛeÖ ‘Ó’ yevee
Gæej osles nQ; pewmes—
(vi) Ùeefo ÜmJe mJej kesâ heMÛeele Ú nes lees Ú kesâ hetJe& Ûed pegÌ[ peelee nw; pewmes—
ØeLece: ± DeOÙeeÙe · ØeLeceesÓOÙeeÙe
heefj ± Úso = heefjÛÚso ceve: ± Devegmeej · ceveesÓvegmeej
(vii) Ùeefo efkeâmeer heo kesâ Deble ceW ‘ce’ DeeÙee nes Deewj Gmekesâ yeeo keâesF& JÙebpeve (x) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ henues ‘De’ Dee peelee nw Deewj yeeo ceW ‘De’ kesâ Deefleefjòeâ
JeCe& nes, lees Gmekeâer peien DevegmJeej nes peelee nw; pewmes— DevÙe keâesF& mJej Dee peelee nw, lees efJemeie& keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw; pewmes— Dele:
ie=nced ± ieÛÚefle · ie=nbieÛÚefle ± SJe · DeleSJe
og:Keced ± Øeehveesefle · ogKebØeehveesefle (xi) Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ henues ‘De’ Ùee ‘Dee’ nes Deewj yeeo ceW heeBÛeeW JeieeX kesâ leermejs,
nefjced ± yebos · nefjbyebos ÛeewLes Ùee heeBÛeJeW JeCe& DeLeJee Ùe, j, ue, Je, n nes, lees ‘De’ keâe ‘Dees’ nes peelee
(3) efJemeie& meefvOe -efJemeie& meefvOe nw; pewmes—
efJemeie& kesâ meeLe mJej DeLeJee JÙebpeve kesâ efceueeves mes pees efJekeâej Glhevve ceve: ± pe · ceveespe JeÙe: ± Je=æ · JeÙeesJe=æ
neslee nw, Gmes efJemeie& meefvOe keânles nQ~ Fmekesâ ØecegKe efveÙece Fme Øekeâej nQ— ÙeMe: ± oe · ÙeMeesoe
1. mJej meefvOe keâ®Cee ± DeJeleej · keâ®CeeJeleej JeOet ± GlmeJe · JeOetlmeJe
(i ) oerIe& meefvOe leLee ± Deefhe · leLeeefhe Yet ± Gheefj · Yetheefj
De ± De · Dee ÙegJee ± DeJemLee · ÙegJeeJemLee JeOett ± Guueeme · JeOetuueeme
hejce ± DeLe& · hejceeLe& Dee%ee ± Devegmeej · Dee%eevegmeej Yet ± Gòece · Yetòece
keâuhe ± Devle · keâuheevle hejer#ee ± DeLeea · hejer#eeLeea $e+ ± $e+ · $e+
hegmlekeâ ± DeLeea · hegmlekeâeLeea efMe#ee ± DeLeea · efMe#eeLeea
ceele= ± $e+Ceced · ceele=Ceced
Gòece ± Debie · Gòeceebie F ± F · F&
nesle= ± $e+keâej · nesle=keâej
Oeve ± DeLeea · OeveeLeea keâefJe ± Fvõ · keâJeervõ
owlÙe ± Deefj · owlÙeeefj jefJe ± Fvõ · jJeervõ
(i i) ÙeCe meefvOe
osn ± Devle · osnevle efieefj ± Fvõ · efiejervõ F ± De · Ùe
Jeso ± Devle · Jesoevle DeefYe ± F° · DeYeer° Ùeefo ± Deefhe · ÙeÅeefhe
MejCe ± DeLeea · MejCeeLeea keâefJe ± FÛÚe · keâJeerÛÚe DeefOe ± DeÙeve · DeOÙeÙeve
melÙe ± DeLeea · melÙeeLeea F ± F& · F& Deefle ± DeefOekeâ · DelÙeefOekeâ
metÙe& ± Demle · metÙee&mle nefj ± F&Me · njerMe jerefle ± Devegmeej · jerlÙevegmeej
jece ± DeJeleej · jeceeJeleej keâefJe ± F&Me · keâJeerMe F ± Dee · Ùee
efMeJe ± DeÙeve · efMeJeeÙeve efieefj ± F&Me · efiejerMe Fefle ± Deeefo · FlÙeeefo
Devve ± DeYeeJe · DevveeYeeJe keâefhe ± F&Me · keâheerMe Deefle ± DeeÛeej · DelÙeeÛeej
heg<he ± DeJeueer · heg<heeJeueer cegevf e ± F&MJej · cegveerMJej Deefle ± DeeJeMÙekeâ · DelÙeeJeMÙekeâ
Meyo ± DeLe& · MeyoeLe& yegefæ ± F&Me · yegæerMe F ± G · Ùeg
ÛejCe ± Dece=le · ÛejCeece=le jefle ± F&Me · jleerMe Øeefle ± Gòej · ØelÙegòej
mJeCe& ± DeJemej · mJeCee&Jemej F& ± F · F&
Øeefle ± Ghekeâej · ØelÙeghekeâej
De ± Dee · Dee cener ± Fvõ · cenervõ
Gheefj ± Gòeâ · GheÙegò& eâ
efnce ± DeeueÙe · efnceeueÙe ue#ceer ± FÛÚe · ue#ceerÛÚe
Deefle ± Gefòeâ · DelÙegefòeâ
efMeJe ± DeeueÙe · efMeJeeueÙe F& ± F& · F&
hejce ± Deelcee· hejceelcee veoer ± F&Me · veoerMe Deefle ± Gòece · DelÙegòece
jlve ± Deekeâj · jlveekeâj peevekeâer ± F&Me · peevekeâerMe F ± T · Ùet
kegâMe ± Deemeve · kegâMeemeve cener ± F&Me · cenerMe efve ± Tve · vÙetve
hegmlekeâ ± DeeueÙe · hegmlekeâeueÙe jpeveer ± F&Me · jpeveerMe JeeefCe ± Tefce& · JeeCÙetecf e&
osJ e ± DeeueÙe · osJ eeueÙe Yeejleer ± F&MJej · YeejleerMJej F ± S · Ùes
jece ± DeeOeej · jeceeOeej G±G·T Øeefle ± Skeâ · ØelÙeskeâ
jece ± DeeßeÙe · jeceeßeÙe Yeeveg ± GoÙe · YeevetoÙe F ± Deb · Ùeb
Oece& ± Deelcee · Oecee&lcee ueIeg ± Gefòeâ · ueIetefòeâ Deefle ± Deble · DelÙeble
hejce ± Deevevo · hejceevevo keâšg ± Gefòeâ · keâštefòeâ F& ± De · Ùe
efvelÙe ± Deevevo · efvelÙeevevo jIeg ± Gòece · jIetòece veoer ± Dehe&Ce · veÅehe&Ce
hejce ± DeeJeMÙekeâ · hejceeJeMÙekeâ ce=lÙeg ± Ghejeble · ce=lÙethejeble
osJ eer ± DeLe& · osJ ÙeLe&
Yeespeve ± DeeueÙe · YeespeveeueÙe meg ± Gefòeâ · metefòeâ
F& ± Dee · Ùee
Dee ± De · Dee G±T ·T
efJeÅee ± DeLeea · efJeÅeeLeea ueIeg ± Tefce& · ueIetefce& osJ eer ± Deeiece · osJ Ùeeiece
efJeÅee ± DeYÙeeme · efJeÅeeYÙeeme cebpeg ± T<ee · cebpet<ee osJ eer ± DeeueÙe · osJÙeeueÙe
mesJee ± DeLe& · mesJeeLe& efmevOeg ± Tefce& · efmevOetefce& meKeer ± Deeiece · meKÙeeiece
ceeÙee ± DeOeerve · ceeÙeeOeerve T±G·T mejmJeleer ± DeejeOeve · mejmJelÙeejeOeve

F& ± G · Ùeg T ± F · efJe Skeâ ± Ske · SkewâJe
meKeer ± GefÛele · meKÙegefÛele JeOet ± F° · JeefOJe° Skeâ ± SJeâ · Skewâkeâ
osJ eer ± Gefòeâ · osJ Ùegeòf eâ T ± S · Jes efove ± Skeâ · efovewkeâ
F& ± T · Ùet JeOet ± S<eCe · JeOJes<eCe De ± Ss · Ss
veoer ± Tefce& · veÅetefce& T ± Dee · Jee cele ± SskeäÙe · celewkeäÙe
F& ± Ss · Ùew JeOet ± DeeosMe · JeOJeeosMe osJ e ± SsMJeÙe& · osJ ewMJeÙe&
osJ eer ± SsMJeÙe& · osJ ÙewMJeÙe& T ± F& · Jeer Oece& ± SskeäÙe · OecezkeäÙe
F& ± Dees · Ùees JeOet ± F&<Ùee& ·JeOJeer<Ùee& efJeMJe ± SskeäÙe · efJeMJewkeäÙe
osJ eer ± Deespe · osJ Ùeespe T ± Deb · Je veJe ± SsMJeÙe& · veJewMJeÙe&
F& ± Deew · Ùeew JeOet ± Debie · JeOJebie De ± Dees · Deew
osJ eer ± DeewoeÙe& · osJ ÙeewoeÙe& (i ii) DeÙeeefo meefvOe Jeve ± Dees<eefOe · Jeveew<eefOe
F&& ± Deb · Ùeb S ± De · DeÙed G<Ce ± Deesove · G<Ceewove
osJ eer ± Debie · osJÙebie ves ± Deve · veÙeve hejce ± Deespe · hejceewpe
G ± De · Je Mes ± Deve · MeÙeve peue ± Deesme · peueewme
ceveg ± Devlej · cevJevlej Ûes ± Deve · ÛeÙeve De ± Deew · Deew
Deveg ± DeÙe · DevJeÙe Ss ± De · DeeÙed hejce ± Deew<eOe · hejceew<eOe
Deveg ± DeLe& · DevJeLe& iew ± Dekeâ · ieeÙekeâ hejce ± DeewoeÙe& · hejceewoeÙe&
ceOeg ± Deefj · ceOJeefj vew ± Dekeâ · veeÙekeâ Dee ± S · Ss
$e+leg ± Devle · $e+lJevle mew ± Dekeâ · meeÙekeâ
meJe&oe ± SJe · meJe&owJ e
G ± Dee · Jee iew ± Deve · ieeÙeve
meoe ± SJe · meowJe
meg ± Deeiele · mJeeiele Dees ± F& · DeJeer
Skeâoe ± SJe · SkeâowJ e
ceOeg ± DeeueÙe · ceOJeeueÙe iees ± F&Me · ieJeerMe
leLee ± SJe · leLewJe
Deveg ± DeeosMe · DevJeeosMe jes ± F&Me · jJeerMe
G ± F · efJe Dee ± Ss · Ss
Dees ± F · DeefJe
Deveg ± Fle · DeefvJele cene ± SsMJeÙe& · cenwMJeÙe&
hees ± F$e · heefJe$e
Deveg ± F° · DeefvJe° Dee ± Dees · Deew
Dees ± De · DeJe
Oeeleg ± Fkeâ · OeeeflJekeâ cene ± Deespe · cenewpe
hees ± Deve · heJeve
G ± Dees · Jees Dee ± Deew · Deew
ßees ± Deve · ßeJeCe
ceOeg ± Deesove · ceOJeesove cene ± DeewoeÙe& · cenewoeÙe&
iees ± Deve · ieJeve
G ± S · Jes cene ± Deew<eOe · cenew<eOe
Yees ± Deve · YeJeve
Deveg ± S<eCe · DevJes<eCe Deew ± De · DeeJed (v) iegCe meefvOe
G ± Deew · Jeew heew ± Dekeâ · heeJekeâ De ± F · S
ceOeg ± Deew<eOe · ceOJeew<eOe Heew ± Deve · heeJeve osJ e ± Fvõ · osJesvõ
ieg® ± DeewoeÙe& · iegJeezoeÙe& S ± T · Tve megj ± Fvõ · megjsvõ
G ± Deb · Jeb ves ± Tve · vÙetve Ghe ± Fvõ · Ghesvõ
Jeng ± Debie · Je£bie (i v) Je=efæ meefvOe vej ± Fvõ · vejsvõ
T ± De · Je De ± S · Ss Øe ± Fle · Øesle
JeOet ± DeLe& · JeOJeLe& le$e ± SJe · le$ewJe De ± F& · S
megj ± F&Me · megjsMe efokedâ ± iepe · efoiiepe Gled ± Úso · GÛÚso
vej ± F&Me · vejsMe Jeekedâ ± Oeeje · JeeiOeeje meled ± Úe$e · meÛÚe$e
Keie ± F&Me · KeiesMe efokedâ ± Yeüce · efoiYeüce Mejled ± Ûevõ · MejÛÛevõ
osJ e ± F&Me · osJ esMe DeÛed ± Devle · Depevle meled ± efÛeled · meefÛÛele
ieCe ± F&Me · ieCesMe DeÛed ± Deeefo · Depeeefo Gled ± Ûeešve · GÛÛeešve
De ± G · Dees <ešd ± Deeveve · <e[eveve heod ± Úso · heÛÚso
metÙe& ± GoÙe · metÙeexoÙe leled ± FÛÚe · leefoÛÚe meled ± peve · meppeve
peue ± GoÙe · peueesoÙe meled ± DeeÛeej · meoeÛeej Gled ± pJeue · GppJeue
Je=nled ± jLe · Je=nõLe efJeheod ± peeue · efJeheppeeue
Ûevõ ± GoÙe · ÛevõesoÙe
leled ± ™he · leõth e Gled ± [Ùeve · GñÙeve
hej ± Ghekeâej · hejeshekeâej
meled ± DeeMeÙe · meoeMeÙe leled ± ueerve · leuueerve
hejce ± GlmeJe · hejceeslmeJe
meled ± Deevevo · meoevevo Gled ± uebIeve · GuuebIeve
ueeskeâ ± GheÙeesie · ueeskeâesheÙeesie
meled ± GheÙeesie · meogheÙeesie Gled ± ueeme · Guueeme
De ± T · Dees peieled ± F&Me · peieoerMe meled ± Meem$e · meÛÚem$e
peue ± Tefce& · peueesefce& Gled ± DeÙe · GoÙe Gled ± MJeeme · GÛÚJeeme
mecegõ ± Tefce& · mecegõesefce& ke=âled ± Devle · ke=âovle Gled ± efMe° · GefÛÚ°
oerIe& ± Theue · oerIeexheue meled ± JeeCeer · meodJeeCeer leled ± ßeglJee · leÛÚüglJee
De ± $e+ · Dejd peieled ± Deevevo · peieoevevo Gled ± ëe=Kb eue · GÛÚb=Keue
osJ e ± $e+ef<e · osJ eef<e& meghed ± Devle · megyevle cenled ± Meefòeâ · cenÛÚefòeâ
Dee ± F · S Dehed ± pe · Deype Gled ± nej · Gæej
cene ± Fvõ · censvõ Dehed ± efOe · DeefyOe Gled ± nle · Gæle
Dee ± F& · S Sleled ± cegjejer · Slevcegjejer leled ± efnle · leefæle
jcee ± F&Me · jcesMe peieled ± veeLe · peievveeLe Gled ± njCe · GænjCe
cene ± F&MJej · censMJej Jeekedâ ± oòe · Jeeioòe Dee ± Úeove · DeeÛÚeove
cene ± F&Me · censMe Jeekedâ ± oeve · Jeeioeve efJe ± Úso · efJeÛÚso
Dee ± G · Dees YeieJeled ± Yeefòeâ · YeieJeodYeefòeâ Je=#e ± ÚeÙee · Je=#eÛÚeÙee
cene ± GlmeJe · ceneslmeJe <ešd ± oMe&ve · <e[oMe&ve heefj ± Úso · heefjÛÚso
cene ± GheosMe · cenesheosMe Gled ± Ùeesie · GÅeesie Deveg ± Úso · DevegÛÚso
Dee ± T · Dees meled ± JebMe · meoJebMe DeJe ± Úso · DeJeÛÚso
iebiee ± Tefce& · iebieesecf e& Gled ± Ieešve · GodIeešve efkeâced ± Jee · efkebâJee
cene ± Tpe&mJeer · cenespe&mJeer <ešd ± ceeme · <eCceeme meced ± Ùeesie · mebÙeesie
cene ± Tefce& · cenesecf e& Jeekedâ ± cee$e · Jee*dcee$e meced ± Ùece · mebÙece
efÛeled ± ceÙe · efÛevceÙe meced ± ueehe · mebueehe
Dee ± $e+ · Dejd
YeieJeled ± ieerlee · YeieJeodieerlee meced ± meej · mebmeej
cene ± $e+ef<e · cenef<e&
efokedâ ± iepe · efoiiepe meced ± nej · mebnej
mehle ± $e+ef<e · mehleef<e&
Gled ± iece · Godiece meced ± Jeeo · mebJeeo
jepee ± $e+ef<e · jepeef<e&
Jeekedâ ± ceÙe · Jee*dceÙe meced ± MeÙe · mebMeÙe
2. JÙebpeve meefvOe ™Ûed ± ceÙe · ™_ceÙe meced ± Jesie · mebJesie
Jeekedâ ± F&Me · JeeieerMe meled ± ceeie& · mevceeie& meced ± keâuhe · mebkeâuhe
efokeâd ± Decyej · efoiecyej Gled ± veefle · Gvveefle efkeâced ± efÛeled · efkeâeq_Ûeled
efokedâ ± Devlej · efoievlej Gled ± ÛeejCe · GÛÛeejCe meced ± ÛeÙe · mebÛeÙe
Jeekedâ ± peeue · Jeeipeeue cenled ± Ú$e · cenÛÚ$e meced ± heke&â · mebheke&â
meced ± ›eâeefvle · meb›eâeefvle efve: ± keâheš · efve<keâheš efve: ± YeÙe · efveYe&Ùe
meced ± lees<e · mevlees<e efve: ± heâue · efve<heâue efve: ± mebosn · efvemmebosn
meced ± hetCe& · mechetCe& efve: ± heehe · efve<heehe efve: ± ueshe · efveuexhe
meced ± leehe · mebleehe efve: ± hebkeâ · efve<hebkeâ efve: ± Ùeele · efveÙee&le
heced ± Ûece · hebÛece Ûeleg: ± heo · Ûeleg<heo efve: ± nej · efvene&j
Øe ± ceeve · Øeceeve og: ± keâce& · og<keâce& efve: ± SskeäÙe · efvejwkeäÙe
Yet<ed ± Deve · Yet<eCe og: ± Øeke=âefle · og<Øeke=âefle efve: ± SkeâerYeeJe · efvejskeâerYeeJe
efve ± efmeæ · efveef<eæ og: ± keâj · og< keâj efve: ± Iees<e · efveIeex<e
DeefYe ± meskeâ · DeefYe<eskeâ og: ± KeefÛele · og<KeefÛele efve: ± iece · efveie&ce
meg ± mecee · meg<ecee og: ± heâue · og< heâue efve: ± DeeOeej · efvejeOeej
efJe ± mece · efJe<ece ceve: ± pe · ceveespe efve: ± GheeÙe · efve®heeÙe
meg ± meghle · meg<eghle JeÙe: ± Je=æ · JeÙeesJe=æ efve: ± Deew<eOe · efvejew<eOe
efve: ± mesOe · efve<esOe DeOe: ± Ieele · DeOeesIeele efve: ± Deeoj · efvejeoj
3. efJemeie& meefvOe lehe: ± yeue · leheesyeue efve: ± F&n · efvejern
efve: ± Úue · efveMÚue lespe: ± ceÙe · lespeesceÙe efve: ± DeLe&keâ · efvejLe&keâ
keâ : ± efÛeled · keâefMÛele heÙe: ± o · heÙeeso og: ± GheÙeesie · og®heÙeesie
Oeveg: ± šbkeâej · Oeveg°bkeâej hegj: ± efnle · hegjesenf le og: ± oMee · ogo&Mee
efve: ± ÛeÙe · efveMÛeÙe ÙeMe: ± ueeYe · ÙeMeesueeYe og: ± iegCe · ogieg&Ce
efve: ± Ûes° · efve<Ûes° mej: ± Jej · mejesJej og: ± peve · ogp e&ve
lele: ± "keâej · lele‰keâej ÙeMe: ± ieeve · ÙeMeesieeve og: ± YeeiÙe · ogYee&iÙe
efve: ± Ûeue · efveMÛeue ceve: ± yeue · ceveesyeue og: ± Meerue · ogMMeerue
og:± š · og° og: ± yeue · ogye&ue
lece: ± iegCe · leceesiegCe
ceve: ± leehe · cevemleehe og: ± JeÛeve · ogJ e&Ûeve
ceve: ± jepÙe · ceveesjepÙe
efve: ± lespe · efvemlespe
lehe: ± Oeve · leheesOeve og: ± ÙeMe · ogÙe&Me
og: ± lej · ogmlej
DeOe: ± ieefle · DeOeesieefle og: ± ueeYe · oguee&Ye
efve: ± efÚõ · efveefMÚõ
ÙeMe: ± oe · ÙeMeesoe og: ± ue#Ùe · ogue&#Ùe
efve: ± leej · efvemleej
Dele: ± peue · DeOeespeue og: ± ievOe · ogie&vOe
og: ± Meemeve · ogMeemeve Ùee og:Meemeve
ceve: ± jLe · ceveesjLe og: ± Deelcee · ogjelcee
efve: ± Mebkeâ · efveMebkeâ Ùee efve:Mebkeâ
ceve: ± %e · cevees%e og: ± Oe<e& · ogOe&<e&
efve: ± meej · efvemmeej Ùee efve:meej
ceve: ± Ùeesie · ceveesÙeesie og: ± veece · ogvee&ce
efve: ± mebosn · efvemmebosn Ùee efve:mebosn
jpe: ± keâCe · jpe:keâCe ceve: ± Jesie · ceveesJesie Jeefn: ± iele · Jeefnie&le
ceve: ± nj · ceveesnj efve: ± Deeskeâ · efvejeskeâ
heÙe: ± heeve · heÙe:heeve
Devle: ± keâjCe · Devle:keâjCe ÙeMe: ± Oeje · ÙeMeesOeje efve: ± Debkeâ · efvejbkeâ
DeOe: ± heâefuele · DeOe:heâefuele ceve: ± veÙeve · ceveesveÙeve efve: ± Tefce · efve™efce&
Devle: ± hegj · Devle:hegj mej: ± ®n · mejes®n efve: ± jesie · efvejesie
Øeele: ± keâeue · Øeele:keâeue ceve: ± efJekeâej · ceveeseJf ekeâej efve: ± Gòej · efve®òej
DeOe: ± heleve · DeOe:heleve heÙe: ± Oej · heÙeesOej efve: ± jme · veerjme
hegj: ± keâej · hegjmkeâej efve: ± DeeMee · efvejeMee efve: ± jpe · veerjpe
ceve: ± keâecevee · ceveeskeâecevee efve: ± oÙe · efveo&Ùe efve: ± jJe · veerjJe
vece: ± keâej · vecemkeâej efve: ± Pej · efvePe&j og: ± jepe · otjepe
eflej: ± keâej · eflejmkeâej efve: ± pej · efvepe&j Dele: ± SJe · DeleSJe
og: ± Ke · og:Ke efve: ± iegCe · efveiegC& e efve: ± iegCe · efveiegC& e

(c) iegCe meefvOe (d) DeÙeeefo meefvOe
DeYÙeeme ØeMve Gòej–(b)
1. ‘hejceelcee’ ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? efhe$eeke=âefle keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘efhele= + Deeke=âefle’ neslee nw~ ÙeCed meefvOe kesâ
(a) Je=efæ mJej meefvOe (b) oerIe& mJej meefvOe Devegmeej, Ùeefo ÜmJe Ùee oerIe& F, F&, G, T, $e+ kesâ yeeo keâesF& Demeceeve mJej
(c) ÙeCed mJej meefvOe (d) DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe Deelee nw, lees Fvekesâ mLeeve hej ›eâceMe: Ùed, Jed, jd nes peelee nw~
Gòej–(b) 10. ‘ØelÙeeJele&ve’ ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
‘hejceelcee’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘hejce ± Deelcee’ nw~ Ùen oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~ (a) oerIe& mJej meefvOe (b) iegCe mJej meefvOe
(c) ÙeCed mJej meefvOe (d) Je=efæ mJej meefvOe
2. ‘Yeespeveeefo’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
(a) Yeespe ± Deveeefo (b) Yees ± peveeefo
Gòej–(c)
(c) Yeespeve ± Deeefo (d) Yeespevee ± efo ‘ØelÙeeJele&ve’ ceW ÙeCed mJej meefvOe nw~ Fmekeâe meefvOe efJ eÛÚso ‘Øeefle ±
Gòej–(c) DeeJele& ve’ nw~
‘Yeespeveeefo’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘Yeespeveeefo’ ‘Yeespeve ± Deeefo’ neslee nw~ Ùen 11. ‘ßeJeve’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~ (a) ßeJe ± ve (b) ßees ± Jeve
(c) ßees ± Deve (d) ßee ± Jeve
4. ‘iebieesefce&’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
Gòej–(c)
(a) iebiee ± Tefce& (b) iebiee ± Gefce&
(c) iebie ± Tefce& (d) iebiees ± Tefce& ‘ßeJeve’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘ßees ± Deve’ nw~ Ùen DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe nw~
Gòej–(a) 12. ‘heeJekeâ’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
‘iebieesefce&’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘iebiee ± Tefce&’ nw~ Ùen iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ (a) heeJe ± keâ (b) hees ± Dekeâ
(c) heew ± Dekeâ (d) hee ± Jekeâ
5. ‘jepeef<e&’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
Gòej–(c)
(a) jepe ± $e+ef<e (b) jepee ± $e+ef<e
(c) jepeve ± $e+ef<e (d) jepe ± Tef<e& ‘heeJekeâ’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘heew ± Dekeâ’ nw~ Ùen DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe nw~
Gòej–(a) 13. JÙebpeve kesâ cesue mes Glhevve efJekeâej keânueelee nw-
‘jepeef<e&’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘jepe ± $e+ef<e’ neslee nw~ Ùen iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ (a) efJemeie& meefvOe (b) JÙebpeve meefvOe
(c) mJej meefvOe (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
6. ‘JesoesoÙe’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw - Gòej–(b)
(a) Jesoes ± oÙe (b) Jeso ± GoÙe
(c) Jeso ± oÙe (d) Jesoeso ± Ùe JÙebpeve kesâ cesue mes Glhevve efJekeâej JÙebpeve meefvOe keânueelee nw~
Gòej–(b) 14. ‘efoiiepe’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
(a) efoied ± iepe (b) efoie ± iepe
‘JesoesoÙe’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘Jeso ± GoÙe’ nw~ Ùen iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~
(c) efokeâd ± iepe (d) efokeâ ± iepe
7. ‘cenwMJeÙe&’ ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? Gòej–(c)
(a) oerIe& mJej meefvOe (b) ÙeCed mJej meefvOe
(c) iegCe mJej meefvOe (d) Je=efæ mJej meefvOe ‘efoiiepe’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘efokeâd ± iepe’ neslee nw~ Ùen JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~
Gòej–(d) 15. ‘<e[doMe&ve’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso keäÙee nesiee?
(a) <e[d ± oMe&ve (b) <ešd ± oMe&ve
‘cenwMJeÙe&’ ceW Je=efæ mJej meefvOe nw~ Fmekeâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘cene ± SsMJeÙe&’
(c) <e[die ± oMe&ve (d) <e°d ± oMe&ve
neslee nw~
Gòej–(b)
8. ‘hejceew<eOe’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
(a) hej ± ceew<eOe (b) hejce ± Deew<eOe
‘<e[doMe&ve’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘<ešd ± oMe&ve’ neslee nw~ Ùen JÙebpeve meefvOe nw~
(c) hejceew ± <eOe (d) hejceceew<e ± Oe 16. ‘ogj elcee’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw-
Gòej–(b) (a) og ± Deelcee (b) og: ± Deelcee
‘hejceew<eOe’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso ‘hejce ± Deew<eOe’ nw~ Ùen Je=efæ mJej meefvOe nw~ (c) og° ± Deelcee (d) og:Ke ± Deelcee
Gòej–(b)
9. ‘efhe$eeke=âefle’ ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) Je=efæ meefvOe (b) ÙeCed meefvOe ‘ogjelcee’ keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso og: ± Deelcee’ neslee nw~ Ùen efJemeie& meefvOe nw~

Deuebkeâej
4. ‘leerve yesj Keeleer Leer Jes leerve yesj Keeleer nw’ ceW ØeÙegòeâ Deuebkeâej–
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve (a) DevegØeeme (b) Mues<e
 Deuebkeâej (c) Ùecekeâ (d) DevÙeesefòeâ
1. Fve hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nw? Gòej—(c)

Ûee® Ûevõ keâer ÛebÛeue efkeâjCeW, leerve yesj Keeleer Leer Jes leerve yesj Keeleer nw’’ Ùes hebeòf eâÙeeB Yet<eCe Éeje efueefKele nw~
Kesue jner LeeR peue-Leue ceW~ FmeceW Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej nw~ peneB Skeâ ner Meyo Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ yeej DeeÙes Deewj
(a) Ùecekeâ (b) Ghecee nj yeej Gmekesâ DeLe& ceW efYevvelee nes JeneB Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ ÙeneB leerve
(c) DevegØeeme (d) Mues<e yesj kesâ oes DeLe& nes jns nw~ henues keâe leerve heâue leLee otmejs keâe leerve yeej~
Gòej–(c) 5. ‘keâeueer Ieše keâe Ieceb[ Ieše’
GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâ ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nw?
GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej nw~ peneB hej JeCeeX keâer DeeJe=efòe nes,
(a) Ùecekeâ (b) Ghecee
JeneB DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW `Ûe' JeCe& keâer DeeJe=efòe
(c) GlØes#ee (d) ™hekeâ
nw~
Gòej—(a)
2. ‘Jener ceveg<Ùe nw efkeâ pees ceveg<Ùe kesâ efueS cejs’ hebefòeâ ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej
peye keâeJÙe ceW Skeâ Meyo keâe oes yeej ØeÙeesie ngDee nes leLee oesveeW kesâ DeLe&
nw? efYevve-efYevve neW JeneB hej Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ ØeÙegòeâ heÅeebMe ceW ‘Ieše’
(a) DevegØeeme (b) Ùecekeâ
Meyo oes yeej DeeÙee nw leLee ØeLece ‘Ieše’ keâe leelheÙe& ‘yeeoue’ nw SJeb otmejer
(c) Mues<e (d) ®hekeâ
‘Ieše’ keâe DeLe& ‘keâce nes peevee’ nw~ Dele: ÙeneB hej Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej nw~
Gòej—(a)
6. ‘‘meejbie uew meejbie Ûeueer keâF& meejbie keâer Deesš meejbie Peervees heeFkesâ
Ùen heMeg ØeJe=efòe nw efkeâ Deehe Deehe ner Ûejs~ meejbie keâF& ieF& Ûeesš~’’
Jener ceveg<Ùe nw efkeâ pees ‘ceveg<Ùe’ kesâ efueS cejs~~ Gòeâ heÅe ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej efJeÅeceeve nw?
–ceweLf eueerMejCe ieghle (a) GlØes#ee Deuebkeâej (b) Mues<e Deuebkeâej
FmeceW ceveg<Ùe Meyo keâer DeeJe=efòe oes yeej ngÙeer nw oesveeW keâe DeLe& ‘Deeoceer’ nw~ (c) Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej (d) ™hekeâ Deuebkeâej
hej leelheÙe& Ùee DevJeÙe ceW Yeso nw~ henuee ceveg<Ùe keâlee& nw Deewj otmeje Gòej—(c)
mecØeoeve~ peye Skeâ Meyo Ùee JeekeäÙeKeC[ keâer DeeJe=efòe Gmeer DeLe& ceW nes hej
Øemlegle heÅeebMe ceW Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej nw~ peye Skeâ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie oes Ùee oes mes
leelheÙe& Ùee DevJeÙe ceW Yeso nes, lees JeneB ‘ueeševegØeeme’ neslee nw~
DeefOekeâ yeej nes Deewj ØelÙeskeâ keâe DeLe& efYevve-efYevve efvekeâues, lees JeneB Ùecekeâ
3. `pesles legce leejs, lesles veYe ceW ve leejs nQ' Fme keâeJÙe hebefòeâ ceW efoÙes ieÙes Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ Øemlegle heÅe ceW henues meejbie keâe DeLe& oerhekeâ, otmejs meejbie
efJekeâuheeW ceW mener Deuebkeâej keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeÙes~ keâe DeLe& m$eer,r leermejs SJeb ÛeewLes meejbie keâe DeLe& DeeBÛeue SJeb heeBÛeJeW meejbie keâe
(a) Ghecee (b) ¤hekeâ DeLe& nJee nw~
(c) Ùecekeâ (d) Mues<e
7. ‘ÛejCe keâceue yeboew jIegjeF&’ ceW Deuebkeâej–
Gòej—(c) (a) Mues<e (b) Ghecee
`pesles legce leejs, lesles veYe ceW ve leejs nQ' Fme keâeJÙe hebefòeâ ceW Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej (c) ™hekeâ (d) ™hekeâeefleMeÙeesefòeâ
nw~ peye keâeJÙe ceW Skeâ Meyo Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ yeej ØeÙeesie neslee nw Deewj ØelÙeskeâ Gòej—(c)
yeej Gvekeâe DeLe& Øemebieevegmeej efYevve-efYevve nes peelee nw, leye Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej peneB GhecesÙe hej Gheceeve keâe Deejeshe keâjles ngS oesveeW ceW DeYeso yeleeÙee peeÙes,
neslee nw~ Øemlegle hebefòeâ heehe-efJeveeMeveer ceeB iebiee kesâ yeejs ceW keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ JeneB ™hekeâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ Ghecee keâer lejn ™hekeâ ceW GhecesÙe leLee
legceves efpeleves ueesieeW keâes leejs (keâuÙeeCe efkeâÙes nQ) nQ, Gleves DeekeâeMe ceW leejs Gheceeve oesveeW Deueie-Deueie keâns peeles nQ, hej keâefJe oesveeW keâes Deueie-Deueie
veneR nQ~ mhe° nw efkeâ ÙeneB Skeâ `leejs' keâe DeLe& `keâuÙeeCe keâjvee' leLee otmejs keân keâj Yeer DeYeso Ùee Skeâlee yeleelee nw~
`leejs' keâe DeLe& `leejeW' keâer mebKÙee mes nw~ GoenjCe– ÛejCe keâceue yeboew jIegjeF&
8. ‘‘Decyej-heveIeš ceW [gyees jner, leeje-Ieš T<ee-veeiejer~’’ ceW keâewve-mee (c) DeLee&vlejvÙeeme (d) efJeMes< eeseòf eâ
Deuebkeâej nw? Gòej–(c)
(a) ™hekeâ (b) Ghecee peye efkeâmeer meeceevÙe yeele keâe efJeMes<e yeele mes leLee efJeMes<e yeele keâe meeceevÙe
(c) DevegØeeme (d) Mues<e
yeele mes meceLe&ve efkeâÙee peeS, JeneB DeLee&vlejvÙeeme Deuebkeâej neslee nw~
Gòej—(a) GoenjCe—
Øemlegle heÅeebMe ceW ™hekeâ Deuebkeâej nw keäÙeeWekf eâ FmeceW Decyej, leeje Deewj T<ee `pees jnerce Gòece Øeke=âefle keâe keâefj mekeâle kegâmebie~
(pees GhecesÙe nQ) hej ›eâceMe: heveIeš, Ieš Deewj veeiejer (pees Gheceeve nQ) keâe Ûevove efJe<e JÙeehele veneR, uehešs jnle Yegpebie~~'
Deejeshe ngDee nw~ JeeÛekeâ heo veneR DeeÙes nQ Deewj GhecesÙe (Øemlegle) leLee 13. ØelÙe#e kesâ Éeje DeØelÙe#e keâe ÛecelkeâejhetCe& JeCe&ve efkeâme Deuebkeâej keâe
Gheceeve (DeØemlegle) oesveeW keâe meeLe-meeLe JeCe& ve ngDee nw~ ue#eCe nw?
9. ‘heeheer cevegpe Yeer Deepe cegKe mes, jece veece efvekeâeueles’- (a) Devegceeve (b) SkeâeJeueer
Fme keâeJÙe-hebefòeâ ceW Deuebkeâej nw– (c) heefjkeâj (d) keâejCeceeuee
(a) GoenjCe (b) efJejesO eeYeeme Gòej—(a)
(c) Â°evle (d) efJeYeeJevee
ØelÙe#e kesâ Éeje DeØelÙe#e keâe ÛecelkeâejhetCe& JeCe&ve Devegceeve Deuebkeâej keâe
Gòej—(c) ue#eCe nQ~ GoenjCe—
Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW Â°evle Deuebkeâej nw~ peneB oes keâLeveeW ceW efyecye-Øeefleefyecye keâe ‘metKeer ieeBOeer-osn MÙeece nesleer peeleer nw,
YeeJe nes DeLee&led henues Skeâ yeele keânkeâj efheâj Gmemes efceueleer-pegueleer otmejer MJesle-kesâMe efceme jeKe Âef° meyekeâes Deeleer nw~
yeele keâner peeleer nw, JeneB Â°evle Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ Fmemes nw ØelÙe#e iejeryeeW keâer og:Ke-pJeeuee,
Gvekesâ Devoj onkeâ jner nw efJekeâš keâjeuee~~’
10. ‘efKeueer ngF& nJee DeeF& efheâjkeâer meer DeeF&, Ûeue ieF&’-
hebefòeâ ceW Deuebkeâej nw- 14. ‘Glkeâ<e& Skeâ kegâMee«e efJeÅeeLeea nw’ ÙeneB kegâMee«e keâewve-mee efJeMes<eCe nw?
(a) GlØes#ee (b) Ghecee (a) heefjceeCeyeesOekeâ (b) meeJe&veeefcekeâ
(c) DevegØeeme (d) mecYeeJevee (c) meb K ÙeeJeeÛ ekeâ (d) iegC eJeeÛekeâ
Gòej—(b) Gòej—(d)
Øemlegle heÅeebMe jI egJeerj meneÙe kesâ Éeje jefÛele nw, pees Jemeb le kes â Deeieceve ‘kegâMee«e’ iegCe keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw~ Dele: Ùen iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe nw~ pees
hej GodOe=le nw~ Fme heÅeeb Me ceW ‘efheâjkeâer meer’ ØeÙegòeâ ngD ee nw~ Dele: Gh ecee Meyo efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg kesâ oes<e, iegCe, jbie, Deekeâej, mJeYeeJe Ùee efmLeefle
Deuebkeâej nw~ Ghecee Deueb keâej ceW meceeve Oece&, mJeYeeJe, iegCe DeLeJee MeesYee Deeefo keâe yeesOe keâjelee nw, iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe keânueelee nw~
kesâ DeeOeej hej Skeâ Jemleg keâer leguevee o tmejer Jemleg mes keâer peeleer nw~ Øemlegle 15. efvecve hebefòeâ ceW mener Deuebkeâej keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS~
hebe fòeâ ceW Skeâ Jemleg keâer leguevee otmejs Jemleg mes keâer ieF& nw~ heeveer efJeÛe ceerve hÙeemeer~
11. efoJemeeJemeeve keâe meceÙe, ceesenf megevf e megevf e DeeJew nemeer~~
cesIeceÙe Deemeceeve mes Glej jner nw (a) efJeYeeJevee (b) DeefleMeÙeeseòf eâ
Jen mebOÙee-megvojer hejer-meer (c) efJeMes<eesefòeâ (d) Ghecee
Oeerjs, Oeerjs, Oeerjs~ Gòej—(c)
Fve hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nw? GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW ‘efJeMes<eesefòeâ Deuebkeâej’ nw~ peneB keâejCe jnles ngS Yeer
(a) ™hekeâ (b) Ghecee
keâeÙe& veneR neslee, JeneB efJeMes<eesefòeâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw~
(c) Mues<e (d) ceeveJeerkeâjCe
Gòej—(d) 16. òerhe mee ceve peue Ûegkeâe nw'~ Fme hebefòeâ ceW `JeeÛekeâ' Meyo nw—
(a) oerhe (b) mee
Øemlegle hebefòeâ efvejeuee peer kesâ keâeJÙe mes GodOe=le nw~ Fme hebefòeâ ceW ceeveJeerkeâjCe (c) ceve (d) peue Ûegkeâe
Deuebkeâej nw~ ceeveJeerkeâjCe Deuebkeâej kesâ meewvoÙe& mes efvejeuee keâe keâeJÙe mebhevve nw~ Gòej—(b)
12. peye efkeâmeer meeceevÙe yeele keâe efJeMes<e yeele mes leLee efJeMes<e yeele keâe òerhe mee ceve peue Ûegkeâe nw'~ Fme hebefòeâ ceW JeeÛekeâ Meyo `mee' nw~ GhecesÙe
meeceevÙe yeele mes meceLe&ve efkeâÙee peeS, JeneB keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nesiee? Deewj Gheceeve ceW meceevelee Øekeâš keâjves Jeeues MeyoeW keâes JeeÛekeâ Meyo keâne
(a) efJejesO eeYeeme (b) mevosn peelee nw~ pewmes- pÙeeW, mece, mee, meer, leguÙe, veeF&~
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer (Ùe) DevlÙeevegØeeme-Úvo kesâ ÛejCeeW kesâ Deble ceW meceeve JeCeeX kesâ Deeves hej
‘DevlÙeevegØeeme’ Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes-
 Deueb keâej ieg® heo jpe ce=og cebpegue Debpeve~
keâeJÙe ceW Yee<ee keâes MeyoeLe& keâer Âef° mes megmeefppele leLee mebog j yeveeves Jeeues veÙeve DeefceDe Âie oes<e efyeYebpeve~~
ÛecelkeâejhetCe& ceveesjbpekeâ {bie keâes Deuebkeâej keânles nQ~ (Ke) Je›eâeseòf eâ-efkeâmeer keâLeve keâes megveves Jeeuee Ùeefo otmejs DeLe& ceW keâuhevee
‘Deuebkeâjesefle Fefle Deuebkeâej’ DeLee&led pees Deuebke=âle keâjs, megMeesefYele keâjs, keâj ueslee nw DeLeJee Gme keâLeve mes ner Gòej OJeefvele nes peelee nw, lees JeneB
Jen Deuebkeâej nw~ Deuebkeâej keâe Meeefyokeâ DeLe& nw- ‘DeeYet<eCe’~ efpeme Øekeâej ‘Je›eâesefòeâ’ Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes-
megJeCe& Deeefo DeeYet<eCeeW mes Mejerj keâer MeesYee yeÌ{leer nw, Gmeer Øekeâej keâeJÙe efkeâleer ve ieeskegâue kegâueyeOet, keâeefn ve kesâefn efmeKe oerve~
DeuebkeâejeW mes keâeJÙe keâer MeesYee yeÌ{leer nw~ Deuebkeâej kesâ leerve Yeso ceeves peeles nQ— keâewves lepeer ve kegâue ieueer, nw cegjueer megj ueerve~~
1. Meyoeuebkeâej, 2. DeLee&uebkeâej SJeb 3. GYeÙeeuebkeâej~
Je›eâesefòeâ Deuebkeâej oes Øekeâej kesâ nQ-(i) Mues<e Je›eâesefòeâ leLee (ii) keâekegâ
Je›eâes efòeâ~
1. Meyoeuebkeâej- efpeve MeyoeW kesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ keâejCe keâeJÙe ceW Ûecelkeâej
(ie) Ùecekeâ-peneB DeLe& keâer efYevvelee jKeves Jeeues De#ej mecetn efpeveceW mJej
Glhevve neslee nw, JeneB Meyoeuebkeâej neslee nw~
Deewj JÙebpeve oesveeW keâer meceevelee nes, yeej-yeej Deeles nQ, Gmes ‘Ùecekeâ’ Deuebkeâej
Meyoeuebkeâej kesâ efvecveefueefKele Yeso nQ- keânles nQ; pewmes-
(keâ) DevegØeeme, (Ke) Je›eâesefòeâ, (ie) Ùecekeâ SJeb (Ie) Mues<e oerjIe meeBme ve uesng ogKe, megKe meeFË efn ve Yetefue~
(keâ) DevegØeeme-DevegØeeme ‘Deveg’ leLee ‘Øeeme’ MeyoeW mes efceuekeâj yevee nw~ oF&-oF& keäÙeeW keâjleg nw, oF&-oF& meg keâyetefue~~
‘Deveg’ Meyo keâe DeLe& nw-yeej-yeej leLee ‘Øeeme’ Meyo keâe DeLe& nw-JeCe&~ mJejeW ceW ÙeneB ‘oF&-oF&’ keâe efYevve-efYevve DeLeeX ceW oes yeej ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
efJe<ecelee kesâ yeeJepeto peye JÙebpeveeW keâer meceevelee nes, leye ‘DevegØeeme’ Deuebkeâej henues ‘oF&’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw,-‘owJe’ Ùee ‘YeeiÙe’ leLee otmejs ‘oF&’ keâe
neslee nw; pewmes- DeLe& nw ‘efoÙee’~ Dele: ÙeneB Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej nw~
yeekeâjiebpe kesâ yeekeâerhegj ceW yeveJeejer ueeue yeefveÙee Jeeme keâjlee Lee~ (Ie) Mues<e-peneB Skeâ Meyo keâe Skeâ ner yeej ØeÙeesie nes, efkeâvleg Gmekesâ DeLe&
ÙeneB hej ‘ye’, ‘keâ’ leLee ‘j’ JeCe& keâe GÛÛeejCe yeej-yeej nes jne nw~ Deveskeâ neW, JeneB ‘Mues<e’ Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ ‘Mues<e’ keâe Meeefyokeâ DeLe& nw-
Dele: Ùen DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej keâe GoenjCe nw~ efÛehekeâe ngDee DeLee&led peneB Skeâ ner Meyo ceW Deveskeâ DeLe& efÛehekesâ ngS neW; pewmes-
DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej kesâ heeBÛe Yeso nQ- efÛejpeerJees peesjer pegjs keäÙeeW, ve mevesn iebYeerj~
(De) ÚskeâevegØeeme-peneB mJe™he Deewj ›eâce mes Deveskeâ JÙebpeveeW keâer DeeJe=efòe keâes Ieefš Ùes Je=<eYeevegpee, Jes nueOej kesâ yeerj~~
Skeâ yeej nes, JeneB ÚskeâevegØeeme neslee nw; pewmes- ÙeneB ‘Je=<eYeevegpee’ kesâ DeLe& nQ-Je=<eYeeveg keâer heg$eer jeOee, Je=<eYe keâer Devegpee
Gmekeâer ceOegj cegmkeâeve efkeâmekesâ ùoÙe leue ceW veneR yemeer~ ieeÙe~ Fmeer Øekeâej, ‘nueOej’ kesâ DeLe& nQ-yeuejece, nue keâes OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee
ÙeneB ‘ceOegj, cegmkeâeve’ ceW keâer DeeJe=efòe Skeâ ner ›eâce ceW Skeâ ner yeej ngF& nw~ yewue~
2. DeLee&uebkeâej- peneB MeyoeW kesâ DeLe& kesâ keâejCe keâeJÙe ceW meewvoÙe& Deewj
(ye) Je=lÙevegØeeme-peneB Je=efòe kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ JÙebpeve keâer DeeJe=efòe Skeâ Ùee
Ûecelkeâej efoKeeF& heÌ[lee nw, JeneB DeLee&uebkeâej neslee nw~ Gme meewvoÙe& kesâ efueS
Deveskeâ yeej nes, JeneB ke=lÙevegØeeme neslee nw; pewmes-
Skeâ Meyo kesâ yeoues Gmekesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjves mes Yeer Jen
lejefve levetpee leš leceeue le®Jej yeng ÚeÙes~
Ûecelkeâej pÙeeW-keâe-lÙeeW yevee jnlee nw; pewmes-
Pegkesâ ketâue meeW peue-hejmeve efnle ceveng megneÙes~~ Gefole GoÙe efieefj cebÛe hej, jIegJej yeeue helebie~
ÙeneB ‘le’ keâer DeeJe=efòe Deveskeâ yeej ngF& nw~ efJekeâmes meble mejespe cegKe, nj<es ueesÛeve Ye=bie~~
(me) ueeševegØeeme-peye Skeâ Meyo Ùee JeekeäÙe Keb[ keâer DeeJe=efòe Gmeer DeLe& ceW DeLee&uebkeâej kesâ efvecveefueefKele 17 Yeso nQ—
nes, hej leelheÙe& Ùee DevJeÙe ceW Yeso nes, lees JeneB ‘ueeševegØeeme’ Deuebkeâej neslee nw; (i) Ghecee Deuebkeâej-peneB ™he, jbie, iegCe Deeefo efkeâmeer GYeÙeefve‰ Oece& kesâ
pewm es- keâejCe efkeâmeer Jemleg keâer efkeâmeer otmejer ßes‰ DeLeJee DeefOekeâ Øeefmeæ Jemleg mes
lesieyeneogj , neB, Jes ner Les ieg®-heoJeer kesâ hee$e meceLe&, meceevelee efoKeeF& peeleer nw, JeneB Ghecee Deuebkeâej nesle nw~
lesieyeneogj , neB, Jes ner Les ieg®-heoJeer Leer efpevekesâ DeLe&~ Fmekesâ Ûeej Yeso nQ- (Ùe) Gheceeve, (j) GhecesÙe, (ue) JeeÛekeâ leLee (Je)
Fve oesveeW hebefòeâÙeeW ceW Meyo ØeeÙe: Skeâ meceeve nQ Deewj DeLe& Yeer Skeâ meceeve meeOeejCe Oece&~ pewmes—
nQ; Dele: ÙeneB ‘ueeševegØeeme’ Deuebkeâej nw~ meeiej-mee iebYeerj ùoÙe nes,
(o) ßeglÙeevegØeeme-peneB Skeâ ner JÙebpeve veneR, efkeâvleg meceeve GÛÛeejCe Jeeues efiejer-mee GBâÛee nes efpemekeâe ceve~
JÙebpeve yeej-yeej Deeles nQ, Gmes ßeglÙeevegØeeme Deuebkeâej keânles nQ; pewmes- ‘leguemeeroeme’ FmeceW ‘meeiej’ leLee ‘efiejer’ Gheceeve, ‘ceve’ Deewj ‘ùoÙe’ GhecesÙe, ‘mee’
Meyo ceW heeBÛe JÙebpeve nQ Deewj heeBÛeeW meceeve GÛÛeejCe Jeeues nQ~ JeeÛekeâ leLee ‘iebYeerj’ SJeb ‘GBâÛee’ meeOeejCe Oece& nQ~
(Ùe) Gheceeve- efpeme Øeefmeæ Jemleg keâer Ghecee oer peeleer nw, Gmes ‘Gheceeve’ osKeefnb ¤he cene jveOeerje~
keânles nQ~ cevengB yeerj jmeg OejW mejerje~
(j) GhecesÙe-efpemekeâer Ghecee oer peeS DeLee&led efpemekeâe JeCe&ve nes jne nw~ efJeog< evn ØeYeg efJeješceÙe oermee~
(ue) JeeÛekeâ-GhecesÙe Deewj Gheceeve ceW meceevelee Øekeâš keâjves Jeeuee Meyo yeng cegKe keâj heie ueesÛeve meermee~~
pewmes-pÙeeW, mece, mee, meer, leguÙe, veeF&~ pevekeâ peeefle DeJeueeskeâeEn kewâmes~
(Je) meeOeejCe Oece&-efpeme iegCe-ef›eâÙee Deeefo keâer meceevelee peneB efoKeueeF& mepeve meies efØeÙe ueeieefnb pewmes~~
peeleer nw, Gmes ‘meeOeejCe Oece&’ keânles nQ~ Ùen GhecesÙe leLee Gheceeve ceW heeÙee meefnle efJeosn efJeueeskeâeEn jeveer~
peeves Jeeuee hejmhej meceeve iegCe nw~ pewmes- efmemeg mece Øeerefle ve peeÙe yeKeeveer~~
veJeue megvoj MÙeece-Mejerj keâer, ‘GuuesKe Deuebkeâej’ kesâ oes Yeso nQ-‘%eele= Yeso’ SJeb ‘efJe<eÙe Yeso’~
mepeue veerjo-meer keâue keâebelf e Leer~ (vii) efJejesOeeYeeme Deuebkeâej-peneB oes JemlegDeeW ceW JeemleJe ceW efJejesOe ve nes,
FmeceW keâeefvle-GhecesÙ e, veerjo-Gheceeve, keâue-meeOeejCe Oece&, meer-JeeÛekeâ cee$e efJejesOe keâe DeeYeeme nes, JeneB efJejesOeeYeeme Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ mebmke=âle kesâ
Meyo nQ~ DeeÛeeÙeeX ves efJejesOeeYeeme Deuebkeâej keâes efJejesOe Deuebkeâej Yeer keâne nw~ DeeÛeeÙe&
(ii) ™hekeâ-Deuebkeâej-peneB GhecesÙe hej Gheceeve keâe Deejeshe efkeâÙee peeS, cecceš Deewj efJeMJeveeLe ves efpemes ‘efJejesOeeuebkeâej’ veece efoÙee nw, Gmes ner ®ÙÙekeâ
Gme Deuebkeâej keâes ™hekeâ Deuebkeâej keâne peelee nw, Ùeeveer GhecesÙe Deewj Gheceeve Deewj DehheÙe oeref#ele ves efJejesOeeYeeme Deuebkeâej veece mes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee nw~ pewmes-
ceW keâesF& Deblej ve efoKeeF& heÌ[s; pewmes- yewve megvÙeeW peyeleW ceOegj, leyeleW megvele ve yewve~
yeerleer efJeYeeJejer peeie jer~ GheÙeg&òeâ heefòeâÙeeW ceW ‘yewve megvÙeeW Deewj ‘megvele ve yewve’ ceW efJejesOe efoKeeF&
Debyej-heveIeš ceW [gyees jner, leeje-Ieš G<ee veeiejer~ heÌ[lee nw, pees cee$e efJejesOe keâe DeeYeeme nw~ efJejesOeeYeeme Mues<ecegòeâ Yeer neslee nw
ÙeneB Debyej ceW heveIeš, leeje ceW Ieš leLee G<ee ceW veeiejer keâe DeYeso keâLeve Deewj Mues<emeefnle Yeer~
nw~ (viii) Â°eble Deuebkeâej-peneB GhecesÙe Deewj Gheceeve leLee Gvekesâ meeOeejCe
™hekeâ Deuebkeâej kesâ efvecveefueefKele Yeso nesles nQ-meebie™hekeâ, efvejbie ™hekeâ OeceeX ceW efyecye-Øeefleefyecye YeeJe (YeeJe meecÙe) nes, JeneB Â°eble Deuebkeâej neslee nw;
Je hejcheefjle ™hekeâ~ pewm es-
(iii) GlØes#ee Deuebkeâej-peye GhecesÙe ceW (Gheceeve mes efYevvelee peeveles ngS jefnceve DeBmegDee veÙeve {efj, efpeÙe ogKe Øekeâš keâjsF~
Yeer) Gheceeve keâer mebYeeJevee keâer peeleer nw, leye ‘GlØes#ee’ Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes- peeefn efvekeâejes iesn les, keâme ve Yeso keâefn osF~~
meesnle DeesÌ{s heerle-heš mÙeece meueesves ieele~ (ix) efJeYeeJevee Deuebkeâej-FmeceW keâejCe kesâ efyevee keâeÙe& mebhevve nes peelee nw;
cevees veerue ceefve Mewue hej Deelehe hejÙees ØeYeele~~ pewm es-
ÙeneB heerleecyej Dees{Ì s MÙeece ke=â<Ce (GhecesÙe) ceW veerueceefCe heJe&le hej ØeYeelekeâeueerve efyeveg heo Ûeues megves efyeve keâevee~
Oethe (Gheceeve) keâer mebYeeJevee keâer ieF& nw~ efyeveg keâj keâce& keâjs efJeefOe veevee~~
GlØes#ee Deuebkeâej kesâ Yeso nQ— JemletlØes#ee, nsletlØes#ee SJeb heâueeslØes#ee~ (x) Yeüeefvleceeve (Yeüce) Deuebkeâej-peneB meeÂMÙe kesâ keâejCe efkeâmeer Jemleg ceW
(iv) GhecesÙeeshecee Deuebkeâej-peneB ‘GhecesÙe’ Deewj ‘Gheceeve’ keâes hejmhej otmejer Jemleg keâe Yeüce nes peelee nw, JeneB ‘Yeüce’ Ùee ‘Yeüeefvleceeve Deuebkeâej’ neslee
Skeâ-otmejs keâe Gheceeve-GhecesÙe yevee efoÙee peeÙe, JeneB ‘GhecesÙeeshecee’ Deuebkeâej nw~ JeneR Yeüeefvle (Deuebkeâej) ceeveer peeÙesieer pees keâefJe-ØeefleYee Éeje GlLeeefhele
nesiee~ pewmes- nesieer~ ‘meerhe ceW ÛeeBoer’ Ùee ‘jppeg ceW mehe&’ keâer Yeüeefvle Deuebkeâej veneR nw; pewmes-
jece kesâ meceeve MecYeg, MecYeg mece jece nQ~ veekeâ keâe ceesleer DeOej keâer keâebelf e mes,
ÙeneB oes GheceeSB Skeâ meeLe ØeÙegòeâ ngF& nQ, hejbleg oesveeW GheceeDeeW kesâ GhecesÙe yeerpe oeefÌ[ce keâe mecePekeâj Yeüeefvle mes~
Deewj Gheceeve ›eâceMe: Gheceeve Deewj GhecesÙe ceW heefjJeefle&le nes ieÙes nQ~ osKekeâj menmee ngDee Megkeâ ceewve nw~
(v) DeefleMeÙeesefòeâ Deuebkeâej-peneB efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg keâer DelÙeble ØeMebmee meesÛelee nw DevÙe Megkeâ Ùen keâewve nw~~
kesâ efueS yeele Fleveer yeÌ{e-ÛeÌ{ekeâj keâner peeS efkeâ Jen mebYeJe ve nes, DeLee&led peneB GheÙe&gòeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW veekeâ ceW leesles keâe Deewj oble hebefòeâ ceW Deveej kesâ oeves keâe
GhecesÙe kesâ mebyebOe ceW DeefleMeÙe (ueeskeâmeercee keâe Deefle›eâceCe keâjves Jeeueer) Gefòeâ Yeüce ngDee nw, FmeefueS ÙeneB Yeüeefvleceeve Deuebkeâej nw~
nes, JeneB DeefleMeÙeeseòf eâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ (xi) mevosn Deuebkeâej- peneB GhecesÙe Deewj Gheceeve ceW mecelee osKekeâj Ùen
DeefleMeÙeesefòeâ Deuebkeâej kesâ Ú: ceg KÙe Yeso nQ- ™hekeâeefl eMeÙees efòeâ, efveMÛeÙe veneR nes heelee nw efkeâ keâewve GhecesÙe nw Deewj keâewve Gheceeve, DeLee&led
YesokeâeefleMeÙeeseòf eâ, DemebyebOeeefleMeÙeeseòf eâ, mebyebOeeefleMeÙeeseòf eâ, De›eâceeefleMeÙeesefòeâ SJeb mevosn yevee jnlee nw, JeneB ‘mevosn Deuebkeâej’ neslee nw; pewmes-
DelÙevleeefleMeÙeeseòf eâ~ Jeove megOeeefveefOe peeefvekesâ, legJe mebie efheâjdÙees Ûekeâesj~
(vi) GuuesKe Deuebkeâej-peneB Skeâ Jemleg keâe JeCe&ve Deveskeâ Øekeâej mes efkeâÙee Jeove efkeâOeeQ Ùen meerlekeâj, efkeâOeeQ keâceue YeS ceesj~~
peeÙes, JeneB GuuesKe Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes- ÙeneB ØeLece hebefòeâ ceW ‘Yeüce’ Deewj otmejer hebefòeâ ceW ‘mevosn’ Deuebkeâej nw~
(xii) JÙeeflejskeâ Deuebkeâej-peneB GhecesÙe ceW Gheceeve keâer Dehes#ee kegâÚ efJeMes<elee
DeYÙeeme ØeMve
efoKeeÙeer peeÙe, JeneB JÙeeflejskeâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes-
meble ùoÙe veJeveerle meceevee, keâne keâefJeve hew keânle ve peevee~ 1. ‘meÇJeve Éej £w mebÛejs, meeuew mekeâue mejerj’, hebefòeâ ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej
‘JÙeeflejskeâ’ Deuebkeâej kesâ Ûeej Yeso ceeves peeles nQ- nw?
(š) GhecesÙe kesâ Glkeâ<e& Deewj Gheceeve kesâ Dehekeâ<e& keâe keâejCe yeleekeâj~ (a) Mues<e (b) GlØes#ee
(") kesâJeue GhecesÙe kesâ Dehekeâ<e& keâe keâejCe yeleekeâj~ (c) Ùecekeâ (d) DevegØeeme
([) kesâJeue Gheceeve kesâ Dehekeâ<e& keâe keâejCe yeleekeâj Gòej–(d)
(Ì{) GhecesÙe kesâ Glkeâ<e& Je Gheceeve kesâ Dehekeâ<e& keâe keâejCe yeleekeâj~
peneB Skeâ JeCe& keâer DeeJe=efòe yeej-yeej nesleer nw, JeneB DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej neslee
(xiii) Demebieefle Deuebkeâej-peye keâejCe Deewj keâeÙe& Deueie-Deueie mLeeveeW
nw~ GheÙegò& eâ hebefòeâ ceW ‘me’ JeCe& keâer hegvejeJe=efòe nes jner nw~ Dele: ÙeneB DevegØeeme
hej Ieefšle nesles efoKeeF& oW, lees JeneB Demebieefle Deuebkeâej ceevee peelee nw~
Deuebkeâej nw~
Demebieefle keâe DeLe& nw-‘mebieefle keâe DeYeeJe’~ ØeeÙe: keâejCe Deewj keâeÙe& keâer mebieefle
heeÙeer peeleer nw uesekf eâve Fme Deuebkeâej ceW Jen veneR efceuelee; pewmes- 2. ‘Oeteuf e Oetmej yeeoueeW ves Yetecf e keâes Fme YeeBefle Iesje’ ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej
DeeÙes Les nefj Yepeve keâes, Deesšve ueies keâheeme~ nw?
(xiv) Øeleerhe Deuebkeâej-‘Øeleerhe’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw- ‘Guše’ Ùee ‘efJehejerle’~ (a) Ùecekeâ (b) Ghecee
Ùen Ghecee Deuebkeâej kesâ efJehejerle neslee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Fme Deuebkeâej ceW Gheceeve keâes (c) DevegØeeme (d) Mues<e
ueefppele, hejeefpele Ùee nerve efoKeekeâj GhecesÙe keâer ßes‰lee yeleeF& peeleer nw; Gòej–(c)
pewm es- ‘Oetefue Oetmej yeeoueeW ves Yetefce keâes Fme YeeBelf e Iesje’ ceW Oe-Oe Deewj Ye-Ye keâer
efmeÙe cegKe mecelee efkeâefce keâjw Ûevo Jeehegjes jbkeâ~ DeeJe=efòe ngF& nw~ Dele: ÙeneB DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej nw~
meerleepeer kesâ cegKe (GhecesÙe) keâer leguevee Ûevõcee (Gheceeve) mes veneR keâer pee 3. jefnceve heeveer jeefKeS, efyeve heeveer meye metve~
mekeâleer nw~ heeveer ieÙes ve Tyejw, ceesleer ceevegme Ûetve~~
(xv) DeLee&vlejvÙeeme Deuebkeâej-peneB meeceevÙe keâLeve keâe efJeMes<e keâLeve mes GheÙeg&òeâ oesns ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nw?
Ùee efJeMes<e keâLeve keâe meeceevÙe keâLeve mes meceLe&ve efkeâÙee peeS, JeneB DeLee&vlejvÙeeme (a) DevegØeeme (b) Ùecekeâ
Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes- (c) Mues<e (d) GlØes#ee
pees jnerce Gòece Øeke=âefle keâe keâefj mekeâle kegâmebie~ Gòej–(c)
Ûevove efJe<e JÙeehele veneR uehešs jnle Yegpebie~~
efoÙes ieÙes oesns ceW Mues<e Deuebkeâej nw~ peneB Skeâ ner Meyo kesâ keâF& DeLe& nesles nQ,
(xvi) ceeveJeerkeâjCe Deuebkeâej-peneB peÌ[ heoeLe& keâs Øeeke=âeflekeâ GheeoeveeW keâes
JeneB Mues<e Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ ÙeneB heeveer kesâ leerve DeLe& nQ- keâeefvle, mJeeefYeceeve
ceeveJeerÙe ™he efoÙee peeS, JeneB ceeveJeerkeâjCe Deuebkeâej neslee nw~ pewmes-
Deewj peue~
efoJemeeJemeeve keâe meceÙe cesIeceÙe Deemeceeve mes Glej jner nw Jen mebOÙee
megvojer hejer~ 4. ‘Fme Oeje keâe Fme Oeje hej ner Oeje jn peeÙesiee~’ ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej
GheÙeg&ò eâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW Øeeke=âeflekeâ GheeoeveeW keâes ceeveJeerÙe ef›eâÙee-keâueehe keâjles nw?
efoKeeÙee nw~ (a) Mues<e (b) Ùecekeâ
(xvii) DevÙeesefòeâ Deuebkeâej- DevÙeesefòeâ keâe DeLe& nw-‘DevÙe kesâ Øeefle keâner ieF& (c) DevegØeeme (d) Ghecee
Gefòeâ’, peneB efkeâmeer DevÙe ceeOÙece mes efkeâmeer keâes yeele keâner peeleer nw~ JeneB Gòej–(b)
DevÙeesefòeâ Deuebkeâej neslee nw; pewmes- Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej nQ~ ÙeneB hej ØeLece oes Oeje keâe DeLe& he=LJeer nw
mJeejLe megke=âle ve ßece ye=Lee, osefKe efJenbie efJeÛeeefj~ leLee Debelf ece Oeje keâe DeLe& ‘jKeves’ mes nw~
yeepe, hejeS heeefve heefj, let heÛÚerveg ve ceeefj~~ 5. ‘keâeueer Ieše keâe IeceC[ Ieše’~ Fme hebefòeâ ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nw?
FmeceW jepee peÙe efmebn keâes ‘yee]pe’ kesâ ceeOÙece mes yeele keâner pee jner nw~ (a) Ùecekeâ (b) DeefleMeÙeesefòeâ
3. GYeÙeeuebkeâej-peneB efYevve DeLe& Jeeues Deewj efYevve Deekeâej Jeeues heoeW keâes
(c) ™hekeâ (d) Ghecee
menmee megvekeâj hegve®efòeâ keâe DeeYeeme nes, efkeâvleg efJeÛeej keâjves hej hegve®efòeâ ve Gòej–(a)
nes, JeneB ‘hegve®efòeâ-JeoeYeeme’ Ùee ’GYeÙeeuebkeâej’ neslee nw; pewmes-
meceÙe pee jne Deewj keâeue nw Dee jne~ GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâ ceW Ùecekeâ Deuebkeâej nw~ ÙeneB hej Skeâ Ieše keâe DeLe& ‘keâeues
meÛecegÛe Guše YeeJe YegJeve ceW Úe jne~~ yeeoue’ mes, peyeefkeâ otmejs Ieše keâe DeLe& ‘keâce nesves’ mes nw~

Úvo
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 12 cee$eeDeeW keâer Ùeefle mes 26 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ Devle ceW ueIeg Deewj ieg® jnles
nQ~ Fmekeâe mebkesâle met$e nw—`jlve jefJe Ùeefle Devle ueie nes leye yevesiee
1. Úvo mes mecyeefvOele ieCeeW keâer mener mebKÙee nw- ieereflekeâe~' DeLee&led ieereflekeâe Úvo ceW 14 leLee 12 hej Ùeefle nesleer nw leLee Devle
(a) Ú: (b) meele ceW ›eâceMe: ueIeg leLee ieg® JeCe& jnles nQ~ ÙeneB hej jlve keâe DeLe& 14 leLee
(c) Dee" (d) ome jefJe keâe DeLe& 12 nw~
Gòej—(c) 6. efvecve hebefòeâ ceW Úvo nw -
Úvo mes mecyeefvOele ieCeeW keâer mener mebKÙee Dee" (8) nw~ leerve JeCeeX keâes peeefve ieewefj Devegketâue, efmeÙe-efnÙe nj<eg ve peeF keâefn~
efceueekeâj Skeâ ieCe yevelee nw~ cebpegue cebieue cetue, Jeece Debie heâjkeâve ueies~~
(a) meesj"e (b) keâefJeòe
2. Úvo heÌ{les meceÙe Deeves Jeeues efJejece keâes keäÙee keânles nQ?
(c) ÚhheÙe (d) meJewÙee
(a) ieefle (b) Ùeefle
Gòej—(a)
(c) legkeâ (d) ieCe
Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW meesj"e Úvo nw~ Ùen oesns keâe "erkeâ Guše neslee nw DeLee&led
Gòej—(b)
oesns kesâ efÉleerÙe ÛejCe keâes ØeLece Deewj ØeLece ÛejCe keâes efÉleerÙe keâj osves leLee
Úvo heÌ{les meceÙe Deeves Jeeues efJejece keâes ‘Ùeefle’ keânles nQ~ ÚvoMeem$e ceW le=leerÙe ÛejCe keâes ÛelegLe& leLee ÛelegLe& ÛejCe keâes le=leerÙe keâj osves mes yeve peelee
‘Ùeefle’ keâe DeLe& efJejece Ùee efJeßeece nw~ meeceevÙele: ØelÙeskeâ Úvo kesâ Ûeej nw~ Fme Úvo kesâ efJe<ece ÛejCeeW ceW 11-11 cee$eeSB Deewj mece ÛejCeeW ceW 13-
ÛejCe Ùee heeo nesles nQ Deewj ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe kesâ Deble ceW Ùeefle nesleer nw~ keâYeer- 13 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~
keâYeer Skeâ-Skeâ heeo ceW Deveskeâ ÙeefleÙeeB Yeer nesleer nQ~ Ó ~ Ó~ ~~ Ó ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Ó ~~ ~
3. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee Úvo-Øekeâej veneR nw? pewmes - peeef ve ieewefj Devegketâue, efmeÙe-ef nÙe nj<eg ve peeF keâefn~
(a) Â°evle (b) ÛeewheeF&
Ó~~ Ó~~ Ó~ Ó~ Ó~ ~~~~ ~Ó
(c) oesne (d) meesj"e
cebpegue cebieue cetu e, Jeece Debi e heâjkeâve ueies~~
Gòej—(a) (ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe ÛejCe ceW 11 cee$eeSB leLee efÉleerÙe SJeb ÛelegLe& ÛejCe ceW 13
cee$eeSB)
Â°evle Úvo veneR yeefukeâ Deuebkeâej keâe Øekeâej nw~ Mes<e Úvo kesâ Øekeâej nQ~
7. efvecve hebefòeâ ceW Úvo nw-
4. efpeme Úvo ceW Ûeej ÛejCe Deewj ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 16 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ, yengefj efyeÛee® keâervn ceveceeneR~
Jen keânueelee nw- meerÙe yeove meceefnce keâj veeneR~~
(a) oesne (b) meesj"e (a) Øeleerhe (b) JÙeeflejskeâ
(c) jes u ee (d) ÛeewheeF& (c) Demebieefle (d) GuuesKe
Gòej—(d) Gòej—(a)
efpeme Úvo ceW Ûeej ÛejCe Deewj ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 16 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ, Gmes yengefj efyeÛee® keâervn ceveceeneR~ meerÙe yeove meceefncekeâj veeneR~
ÛeewheeF& keâne peelee nw~ GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâ ceW ØeleerHe Deuebkeâej nw~ Jen Deuebkeâej efpemeceW meeceevÙe Ghecee
mes efJehejerle Øekeâej kesâ JeCe&ve Éeje Øeefmeæ GhecesÙe keâes Gheceeve efmeæ keâjkesâ
5. efkeâme Úvo ceW 26 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ leLee 14-12 hej Ùeefle nesleer nw? Ûecelkeâej hetCe& {bie mes GhecesÙe Ùee Gheceeve keâer Glke=â<šlee efoKeeF& peeleer nw,
(a) Jeerj (b) meesj"e Øeleerhe Deuebkeâej keânueelee nw~
(c) ieerelf ekeâe (d) ÚhheÙe
8. efvecve hebefòeâ ceW Úvo nw -
Gòej–(c)
jeOee kesâ yej yewve megevf e, Ûeerveer Ûeefkeâle megceeÙe ~
26 cee$eeDeeW mes pees Úvo yevelee nw, Gmes ieereflekeâe Úvo keâne peelee nw~ oeKe ogKeer, efcemejer cegjer, megOee jner mekegâÛeeÙe ~~
ieereflekeâe ¤heceeuee Jeie& keâe ceeef$ekeâ Úvo keâne peelee nw~ Fmekeâer Ùeefle 14-12 (a) ÚskeâevegØeeme (b) JÙeeflejskeâ
cee$eeDeeW hej nesleer nw~ [e@. ieesefJevo ef$eiegCeeÙele ves Deheveer hegmlekeâ `Meem$eerÙe (c) ™hekeâeefleMeÙeesefòeâ (d) efveoMe&ve
meceer#ee kesâ efmeæeble' ceW efueKee nw `Ùen ceeef$ekeâ meceÚvo nw~ FmeceW 14 Deewj Gòej—(a)
GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâ ceW ÚskeâevegØeeme nw~ peneB Skeâ De#ej keâer Ùee Deveskeâ De#ejeW keâer ÚvoMeem$e keâe meJe&ØeLece efve™heCe efhebieueeÛeeÙe& ves efkeâÙee Lee~ Dele: Fmes
DeeJe=efòe kesâJeue Skeâ yeej nes, Ûeens Jen Deeefo ceW Ûeens Devle ceW, JeneB ‘efhebieueMeem$e’ Yeer keânles nQ~ Úvo keâer ØeLece ÛeÛee& $e+iJeso ceW ngF& nw~sâ Debie
ÚskeâevegØeeme neslee nw~ Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW ‘yej yewve’ ceW ‘ye’, ‘Ûeerveer Ûeefkeâle’ ceW 1. JeCe&—JeCe& DeLee&led De#ej Jen cetue OJeefve nw, efpemekesâ Keb[ ve nes mekeWâ~
‘Ûe’, ‘oeKe ogKeer’ ceW ‘o’, efcemejer cegjer’ ceW ’ce’ leLee ‘megOee Deewj mekegâÛeeÙe’ ÚvoMeem$e ceW ‘JeCe&’ Dekesâuee mJej Yeer nes mekeâlee nw Deewj Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ
ceW ‘me’ keâer DeeJe=efòe nes jner nw~ JÙebpeveeW meefnle mJej Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~ JeCe& kesâ oes Øekeâej nQ—ÜmJe Ùee ueIeg
9. kegâC[efueÙeeB Úvo efkeâve oes ÚvoeW mes efceuekeâj yevelee nw? leLee oerIe& Ùee ieg®~
(a) meesj"e Deewj jesuee (b) oesne Deewj jesuee 2. cee$ee—efkeâmeer mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ueieves Jeeues meceÙe keâer DeJeefOe keâes
(c) oesne Deewj ÛeewheeF& (d) oesne Deewj meesj"e cee$ee keâne peelee nw~ ‘keâue’, ‘keâuee’, cevlee’ Deewj ‘cevle’ cee$ee kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛekeâ
Gòej–(b) Meyo nQ~ ‘Fmekesâ Yeer oes Øekeâej nQ—ÜmJe Ùee ueIeg leLee oerIe& Ùee ieg®~
(keâ) ueIeg cee$ee—ueIeg keâe DeLe& LeesÌ[e, keâce DeLeJee Deuhe neslee nw~ efpeve
kegâC[efueÙeeB Úvo oesne Deewj jesuee ÚvoeW mes efceuekeâj yevelee nw~ FmeceW Ú:
JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW keâce meceÙe ueies leLee pees Oeerjs mes yeesues peeSB, Jes ueIeg Ùee
ÛejCe Deewj 24 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ DeefOekeâlej pees Meyo Deeefo ceW Deelee nw, Jener
ÜmJe JeCe& keânueeles nQ~ Skeâ ceeef$ekeâ mJej ueIeg nesles nQ~ ueIeg keâe mebkesâle efÛeÖ
Fmekesâ Deble ceW ueielee nw~
(~) nw~ Fmekeâer cee$ee 1 ceeveer peeleer nw~
10. efkeâme Úvo keâe ØeLece Je Deefvlece Meyo Skeâ-mee neslee nw? (Ke) oerIe& cee$ee—oerIe& keâe DeLe& ‘uecyeer DeJeefOe Jeeuee’ neslee nw~ efpeve
(a) oesne (b) meesj"e JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ÜmJe keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ meceÙe ueies, Jes oerIe& JeCe& keâns
(c) keg âC[efueÙeeB (d) jes uee peeles nQ~ Fmekeâe mebkesâle efÛeÖ (Ó) (efpevnW DeJe«en efÛeÖ Yeer keânles nQ) nw~ Fmekeâer
Gòej—(c) cee$ee 2 ceeveer peeleer nw~
kegâC[efueÙeeB ceeef$ekeâ efJe<ece mebÙegòeâ Úvo nw~ Fmekesâ Ú: ÛejCe nesles nQ~ oesne 3. Ùeefle—Úvo keâes heÌ{les meceÙe "njeJe keâes Ùeefle keânles nQ~ Fmeer keâes
Deewj jesuee ÚvoeW keâes efceueeves mes Ùen Úvo yevelee nw~ Fme Úvo kesâ ØeLece ‘efJejece’ Ùee efJeßeece Yeer keâne peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efueS kegâÚ efveefMÛele efÛeÖ nQ;
ÛejCe keâer jÛevee oesns kesâ ØeLece Deewj efÉleerÙe ÛejCe keâes efceueekeâj nesleer nw~ pewmes—(,), (~), (~~), (?), (!) Deeefo~
4. ieefle—Úvo, efJeMes<e ™he mes ceeef$ekeâ Úvo ceW Skeâ efJeefMe° keâeJÙe
efheâj, oesns kesâ le=leerÙe Deewj ÛelegLe& ÛejCe keâes efceueeves mes Fmekeâe efÉleerÙe ÛejCe
yevelee nw~ jesues kesâ ÛejCe ›eâceMe: Fmekesâ le=leerÙe, ÛelegLe&, hebÛece Deewj <e‰ ØeJeen DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, efpememes Gmes heÌ{ les meceÙe keâneR Yeer efkeâmeer lejn mes
ÛejCe yeveles nQ~ oesns keâe ÛeewLee ÛejCe jesues kesâ ØeLece ÛejCe ceW ognjeÙee peelee ®keâeJeš ve ueies DeLee&led Gmekeâer DeyeeOe ueÙeelcekeâlee nes~ Ùener Úvo keâer ieefle nw~
nw Deewj oesns keâes ØeejcYe keâe Meyo jesues kesâ Devle ceW Deelee nw~ 5. ÛejCe Ùee heo—ØelÙeskeâ Úvo ceW keâce-mes-keâce Ûeej ÛejCe nesles nQ~
GoenjCe - ØelÙeskeâ hebefòeâ DeLee&led Úvo kesâ Skeâ-ÛeewLeeF& Yeeie keâes ÛejCe Ùee heo keânles nQ~
6. legkeâ—Úvo ceW heoeble kesâ De#ejeW kesâ hejmhej meceevelee keâes legkeâ keânles
oewuele heeÙe ve keâerefpeS, meheves ceW DeefYeceeve,
ÛebÛeue peue efove Ûeeefj keâes, "eBT ve jnle efveoeve~~ nQ~ pewmes-keâepet-Deepett, ceeneR-veeneR, ceesje-leesje Deeefo~ ÙeneB Ùen mhe° nw efkeâ
"eBT ve jnle efveoeve, efpeÙele peie ceW peme ueerpew, Ùeefo Thej keâer hebefòeâ kesâ Devle ceW pees JeCe& Dee jne nw Jener veerÛes keâer hebefòeâ kesâ
ceer"s JeÛeve megveeÙe, efJeveÙe meyener keâer keâerpew~ Devle ceW JeCe& Dee jne nw~ keâYeer-keâYeer Ssmes Úvo Yeer Øemlegle efkeâS peeles nQ,
keân efieefjOej keâefJejeÙe, Dejs Ùen meye Iej leewuele, efpevekeâe Debelf ece JeCe& cesue ve Keelee nes~ Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW legkeâ keâes oes YeeieeW ceW
heengve efveefme efove Ûeeefj, jnle meye ner kesâ oewuele~~ yeebše pee mekeâlee nw—legkeâeble Deewj Delegkeâeble~ efpeme hebefòeâ kesâ Debelf ece JeCe& Thej
leLee veerÛes kesâ cesue Keeles neW, Jes legkeâeble leLee efpeme hebefòeâ kesâ Debelf ece JeCe& Thej
leLee veerÛes kesâ cesue ve Keeles neW, Jes Delegkeâeble keânueeles nQ~
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer 7. ieCe—leerve JeCeeX keâes efceueekeâj Skeâ ‘ieCe’ yevelee nw~ ieCeeW keâer kegâue
 Úvo mebKÙee Dee" ceeveer ieF& nw~ Fmes Deemeeveer mes Ùeeo keâjves keâe Øeefmeæ met$e nw—
efkeâmeer Yeer jÛevee keâer Úvoesyeælee ner Gmes iesÙe yeveeleer nw~ Úvo Meyo keâe eEheieue kesâ ÚvoMeem$e keâe henuee met$e—Ùeceeleejepe-Yeevemeueiee:~ Fme met$e ceW
Meeefyokeâ leewj hej oes DeLe& efvekeâuelee nw—‘DeeÛÚeefole keâjves Jeeuee’ Deewj ØeLece Dee" ieCeeW kesâ veece Dee ieÙes nQ~ Debelf ece oes JeCe& ‘ue’ Deewj ‘ie’ ÚvoMeem$e
‘Deevevo osves Jeeuee’~ ueÙe Deewj leeue Jeeueer jÛevee FmeefueS Úvo keâner peeleer ceW ‘oMee#ej’ keânueeles nQ~ efpeme ieCe keâe mJe™he peevevee nes, Gme ieCe kesâ
nw, keäÙeeWekf eâ Jen JÙeefòeâ kesâ ceve keâes Deevevo kesâ DeeJesieeW mes lejbie Glhevve keâj osleer DeeÅe#ej Deewj Gmemes Deeies oes De#ejeW keâes Fme met$e mes ues uesvee neslee nw~ pewmes
nw~ ‘Je=òe’, Úvo keâe otmeje veece nw efpemekeâe DeLe& nw— øeYeeJeMeeueer jÛevee~ ‘leieCe’ keâe mJe™he peevevee nes lees Fme met$e keâe ‘lee’ Deewj Gmemes Deeies kesâ oes
Úvo keâes ‘Je=òe’ keâns peeves keâe celeueye Ùener nw efkeâ Ùen megveves JeeueeW keâes efyevee De#ej ‘je pe’ · ‘leejepe’ (ÓÓ~) ueskeâj ‘leieCe’ keâe ueIeg-ieg® peevee pee
DeLe& mecePes ner Deheves ueÙe leeue mes ØeYeeefJele keâj ueslee nw~ mekeâlee nw efkeâ ‘leieCe’ ceW ieg® + ieg® + ueIeg, Fme ›eâce ceW leerve JeCe& nesles nQ~

ieCe kesâ Øekeâej 3. efJe<eceeblÙe—efpeme Úvo kesâ ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe ÛejCe kesâ legkeâ efceueles neW,
ieCe keâe veece met$e mebkesâle mebkesâle efÛeÖ GoenjCe efJe<eceeblÙe Úvo keânueeles nQ~ Fmekesâ Devleie&le meesj"e Deelee nw~
ÙeieCe Ùeceelee ~ÓÓ heveecee, efJeOeelee,meneje 4. efJe<eceeblÙe-meceeblÙe—Jen Úvo efpemekesâ ØeLece Deewj le=leerÙe leLee efÉleerÙe Deewj
ceieCe ceeleeje ÓÓÓ oeoepeer, oerJeevee, peeceelee ÛelegLe& ÛejCeeW kesâ legkeâ hejmhej efceueles neW, efJe<eceeblÙe-meceeblÙe Úvo keânueeles nQ~
leieCe leejepe ÓÓ~ yeepeej, DeeIeele 5. mece-efJe<eceeblÙe—Jen Úvo efpemekesâ ØeLece Deewj efÉleerÙe leLee le=leerÙe
jieCe jepeYee Ó~Ó peeievee, jecepeer Deewj ÛelegLe& ÛejCeeW kesâ legkeâ efceueles neW, mece-efJe<eceeblÙe keânueeles nQ~ ÛeewheeF&
peieCe peYeeve ~Ó~ meceeve, efMekeâej Fmekesâ Devleie&le Deelee nw~
YeieCe Yeeveme Ó~~ meeJeve, oeJele JeCeeX SJeb cee$eeDeeW keâer mebKÙee keâes Âef°iele jKeles ngS ÚvoeW keâes ‘meeOeejCe’
SJeb ‘ob[keâ’ oes JeieeX ceW efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ JeeefCe&keâ ÚvoeW ceW 26 JeCeeX
veieCe vemeue ~~~ vejkeâ, oceve
lekeâ kesâ ÚvoeW keâes ‘meeOeejCe’ Deewj Fmemes DeefOekeâ JeCe& Jeeues Úvo ‘ob[keâ’ keâns
meieCe meueiee ~~Ó meuecee, ienvee
peeles nQ~ efnvoer keâe megheefjefÛele Úvo ‘Ievee#ejer (keâefJeòe) Deewj Gmekeâer ‘™he’
Dee" ieCeeW ceW Ûeej ieCe-ÙeieCe, ceieCe, YeieCe, veieCe MegYe leLee leieCe, leLee ‘osJ e’ Deeefo peeefleÙeeB ‘ob[keâ’ ceW Deeleer nQ, keäÙeeWekf eâ ‘Ievee#ejer’ ceW 31 JeCe&
jieCe, peieCe, meieCe keâes DeMegYe ieCe ceevee peelee nw~ efkeâmeer heÅe kesâ ØeLece (16JeW Deewj 15JeW JeCe& hej Ùeefle Deewj Devle ceW ueIeg-ieg®), ‘™heIevee#ejer’ ceW 32
ÛejCe kesâ DeejbYe ceW Fve DeMegYe ieCeeW keâes jKevee DeÛÚe veneR ceevee peelee, efkeâvleg JeCe& (16JeW-16JeW JeCe& Ùee ØelÙeskeâ Dee"JeW JeCe& hej Ùeefle)~ osJ e keâefJe Éeje ØeÙegòeâ
osJ eJeeÛekeâ Meyo nesves keâer efmLeefle ceW Ùes ieCe jKes pee mekeâles nQ~Úvo kesâ Yeso ‘osJ eIevee#ejer ‘ceW 33 JeCe& (8,8,8,9JeW hej Ùeefle Deewj Debelf ece oesveeW JeCe& ueIeg)
JeCe& Deewj cee$ee keâer Âef° mes Úvo kesâ oes Yeso ceeves peeles nQ— nesles nQ~ ceeef$ekeâ ÚvoeW ceW 32 cee$ee lekeâ kesâ Úvo ‘meeOeejCe’ leLee Fmemes
1. JeeefCe&keâ Úvo, 2. ceeef$ekeâ Úvo~ DeefOekeâ cee$ee kesâ Úvo ‘ob[keâ’ kesâ ™he ceW peeves peeles nQ~
1. JeeefCe&keâ Úvo—efpeve ÚvoeW keâer henÛeeve nsleg JeCeeX kesâ ›eâce keâe efJeÛeej l mececeeef$ ekeâ
keâj Gmeer DeeOeej hej JeCeeX keâer ieCevee keâer peeleer nw Deewj JeCeeX keâer mebKÙee ›eâce 1. ÛeewheeF&—FmeceW Ûeej ÛejCe nesles nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 16-16 cee$eeSB
leLee mLeeve FlÙeeefo efveefMÛele jnles nQ, JeeefCe&keâ Úvo keânueeles nQ~ Fme ßesCeer ceW nesleer nQ~ ÛejCe kesâ Devle ceW peieCe (~Ó~) Deewj leieCe (ÓÓ~) keâe Deevee efve<esOe nw~
nefjieereflekeâe, FvõJe»ee, GhesvõJe»ee leLee meJewÙee FlÙeeefo Deeles nQ~ JeeefCe&keâ Úvo legkeâ henues ÛejCe keâer otmejs mes Deewj leermejs keâer ÛeewLes mes efceueleer nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ
kesâ leerve Øekeâej nesles nQ—mece, Deæ&mece leLee efJe<ece~ ÛejCe kesâ Devle ceW Ùeefle nesleer nw~ GoenjCe—
(keâ) meceJeeefCe&keâ Úvo—Jes Úvo efpemeceW JeCeeX Ùee cee$eeDeeW keâer mebKÙee osKele Ye=iegheefle yes<eg keâjeuee~ G"s mekeâue YeÙe efyekeâue YegDeeuee~~
ÛeejeW ÛejCeeW ceW meceeve nesleer nw, meceJeeefCe&keâ Úvo keânueeles nQ~ Ó ~~ ~ ~~ ~Ó ~ ~Ó Ó ~ Ó ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~Ó Ó
(Ke) Deæ&meceJeeefCe&keâ Úvo—Jes Úvo efpemeceW henues leLee leermejs SJeb efheleg mecesle keâefn-keâefn efvepe veecee~ ueies keâjve meye oC[ Øeveecee~~
otmejs leLee ÛeewLes ÛejCeeW ceW JeCeeX Ùee cee$eeDeeW keâer mebKÙee meceeve nesleer nw, ~ ~ ~ Ó~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó Ó ~ Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó Ó
Deæ&meceJeeefCe&keâ Úvo keânueeles nQ~ (ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 16 cee$eeSB)
(ie) efJe<ece JeeefCe&keâ Úvo—Jes Úvo efpemeceW ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW JeCeeX keâer 2. jesuee—FmeceW Ûeej ÛejCe nesles nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 11 Deewj 13
mebKÙee efJe<ece nes, efJe<ece JeeefCe&keâ Úvo keânueeles nQ~ cee$eeDeeW kesâ efJejece kesâ meeLe 24 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ Devle ceW ueIeg-ieg® nesles nQ~
2. ceeef$ekeâ Úvo—efpeve ÚvoeW keâer henÛeeve nsleg cee$eeDeeW kesâ DeeOeej hej kegâÚ efJeÉeve Devle ceW kesâJeue ieg® ner ceeveles nQ, efkeâvleg Ùen DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR nw~
efJeÛeej efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj cee$eeDeeW keâer mebKÙee SJeb meceevelee osKeer peeleer nw, GoenjCe—
Jes ceeef$ekeâ Úvo nesles nQ~ Fme ßesCeer ceW oesne, meesj"e, ÛeewheeF&& FlÙeeefo Deeles nQ~ pees peieefnle hej ØeeCe, efveÚeJej nw keâj heelee~
ceeef$ekeâ Úvo kesâ leerve Yeso nQ— Ó ~~ ~ ~~ ~ Ó~ ~ Ó ~~ Ó ~~ Ó Ó
(keâ) mececeeef$ekeâ Úvo—Jes Úvo efpemeceW ÛeejeW ÛejCeeW ceW cee$eeDeeW keâer efpemekeâe leve nw efkeâmeer, ueeskeâefnle ceW ueie heelee~~
mebKÙee meceeve nes, mececeeef$ekeâ Úvo keânueeles nQ~ ~~ Ó ~ ~Ó ~ Ó Ó ~ ~~ Ó ~ ~Ó Ó
(Ke) Deæ&ceeef$ekeâ Úvo—Jes Úvo efpemeceW henues leLee leermejs SJeb otmejs (ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 11 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB)
leLee ÛeewLes ÛejCe ceW cee$eeSB meceeve neW, Deæ&ceeef$ekeâ Úvo keânueelee nw~ 3. nefjieerelf ekeâe—Ùen mececeeef$ekeâ Úvo nw~ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 16-12 kesâ
(ie) efJe<ececeeef$ekeâ Úvo—Jes Úvo efpemeceW meYeer ÛejCeeW ceW cee$eeDeeW keâer efJejece kesâ meeLe 28 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ leLee Devle ceW ueIeg-ieg® keâe ØeÙeesie DeefOekeâ
mebKÙee efYevve-efYevve nes, efJe<ececeeef$ekeâ Úvo keânueelee nw~ ØeÛeefuele nw~ GoenjCe—
legkeâeble keâeJÙe kesâ DeeOeej hej—legkeâeble keâeJÙe kesâ DeeOeej hej efnvoer ceW Úvo ØeYeg ieeso efpemekeâer Jen ÙeMeesceefle, os jns nefj ceeve nQ~
heeBÛe Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ— ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó ~Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ Ó
1. meJee&lÙe—efpeme Úvo kesâ ÛeejeW ÛejCeeW kesâ legkeâ efceueles neW, Gmes meJee&lÙe ieesheeue yew"s DeeOegevf ekeâ jLe, hej meefnle mecceeve nQ~~
Úvo keânles nQ~ meJewÙee leLee keâefJeòe Fmekesâ Devleie&le Deeles nQ~ Ó Ó~ Ó ÓÓ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ Ó Ó~ Ó
2. meceeblÙe—efpeme Úvo kesâ efÉleerÙe leLee ÛelegLe& ÛejCe kesâ legkeâ efceueles neW, cegjueer DeOej Oej MÙeece megvoj, peye ueieeles leeve nQ~
Gmes meceeblÙe Úvo keâne peelee nw~ oesne Fmekeâe GoenjCe nw~ ~ ~Ó ~~ ~ ~~ Ó~ Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Ó Ó Ó~ Ó
megvekeâj ceOegj Oegve YeeJevee ceW, yen jns jmeKeeve nQ~ GoenjCe—1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó ~ Ó Ó ~ ~ ~Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ Ó ns MejCeoeefÙeveer osefJe ! let, keâjleer meyekeâe $eeCe nw~
(ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 16 SJeb 12 cee$eeSB) Ó~~~Ó~Ó Ó~ Ó ~~Ó ~~Ó Ó~Ó
4. ieereflekeâe—FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 26 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ 14-12 let ceele=Yetecf e, mevleeve nceW, let peveveer, let ØeeCe nw~~
cee$eeDeeW keâer Ùeefle nesleer nw Deewj Devle ceW ueIeg-ieg® (~ Ó) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Ó Ó~ Ó~ ~Ó ~ ~ ÓÓ ~ ~Ó Ó Ó~ Ó
GoenjCe— (ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe ÛejCe ceW 15 cee$eeSB leLee efÉleerÙe SJeb ÛelegLe& ÛejCe ceW
ns ØeYees Deevebooelee, %eeve ncekeâes oerepf eS~ 13 cee$eeSB)
Ó~ÓÓÓ~ÓÓ Ó~~~Ó Ó~Ó GoenjCe—2
MeerIeÇ meejs ogieg&CeeW keâes, otj ncemes keâerefpeS~~ efvece&ue ceefle ceve ceW meoe, G"lee Ùen Godieej nw~
Ó~ ÓÓ~ÓÓ Ó Ó~~~ÓÓ~Ó ~ Ó~ ~ ~ ~~ Ó ~ Ó ~ ~Ó ~~ Ó Ó~ Ó
(ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 14 SJeb 12 cee$eeSB) megieefle mJeie& DeheJeie& keâe, ieg®-Øemeeo ner Éej nw~~
l Deæ&ceeef$ekeâ ~ ~~ ~Ó~~~Ó Ó ~ ~~ Ó~ Ó Ó~ Ó
1. oesne— Ùen ceeef$ekeâ Deæ&mece Úvo kesâ Devleie&le Deelee nw~ FmeceW (ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 13 cee$eeSB)
efJe<ece ÛejCeeW (henues leLee leermejs) ceW 13 cee$eeSB leLee mece ÛejCeeW (otmejs leLee l efJ e<ececeeef$ekeâ
ÛeewLes) ceW 11 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ efJe<ece ÛejCeeW kesâ ØeejcYe ceW peieCe keâe ueeshe neslee 1. ÚhheÙe—Ùen Skeâ mebÙegòeâ Úvo nw~ Fme Úvo kesâ 6 ÛejCe nesles nQ
nw~ Ùeefle ÛejCe kesâ Devle ceW nesleer nw~ mece ÛejCeeW kesâ Devle ceW ueIeg nesvee ÛeeefnS~ efpeveceW ØeLece Ûeej ÛejCe jesuee leLee Devle kesâ oes ÛejCe Guueeuee kesâ nesles nQ~
GoenjCe— jesuee kesâ ØeLece SJeb efÉleerÙe ÛejCeeW ceW ›eâceMe: 11 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ,
jefnceve heeveer jeefKeS, efyeve heeveer meye metve~ efpevekeâe Ùeesie 24 nesslee nw~ Fmeer Øekeâej Guueeuee ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe leLee efÉleerÙe
~~~~ÓÓ Ó~Ó ~~ ÓÓ~~Ó~ SJeb ÛelegLe& ÛejCeeW ceW ›eâceMe: 15 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ, efpevekeâe Ùeesie 28
neslee nw~ GoenjCe—
heeveer ieS ve Tyejs, ceesleer ceeveg<e Ûetve~~
peneB mJelev$e efJeÛeej, ve yeoueW ceve ceW cegKe ces,b
Ó Ó ~Ó ~ Ó ~ Ó Ó Ó Ó ~ ~ Ó~
~ Ó ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó~ ~~ ~ Ó~ ~Ó ~~ Ó
(ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 13 SJeb 11 cee$eeSB)
peneB ve yeeOekeâ yeveW, meyeue efveyeueeW kesâ megKe ceW~
2. meesj"e—Ùen oesne keâe "erkeâ Guše neslee nw DeLee&led oesns kesâ henues
~Ó ~ Ó ~~ ~ Ó~ ~ ~ ~ ~Ó Ó ~~ Ó
ÛejCe keâes otmejs leLee otmejs ÛejCe keâes henues Deewj leermejs ÛejCe keâes ÛeewLes leLee
meyekeâes peneB meceeve, efvepeesvveefle keâe DeJemej nes,
ÛeewLes ÛejCe keâes leermeje keâj osves mes yeve peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efJe<ece ÛejCeeW (henues
~ ~ Ó ~Ó ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó
leLee leermejs) ceW 11 cee$eeSB leLee mece ÛejCeeW (otmejs leLee ÛeewLes) ceW 13 cee$eeSB MeeefvleoeefÙeveer efveMee, n<e&metÛekeâ Jeemej nes~~
nesleer nQ~ legkeâ henues Deewj leermejs ÛejCeeW ceW nesleer nw~ GoenjCe— Ó ~ Ó ~ Ó ~ Ó ~ Ó Ó~ ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó
Dekeâue Delegue DeefJekeâej, Depe Deveeefo DeefJeiele DeueKe~ (ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 11 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB)
~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ meye YeeBelf e megMeeefmele nes peneB, mecelee kesâ megKekeâj efveÙece~
Deceue DeleerJe Goej, yeboeQ efMeJe-heo-Ùegie keâceue~~ ~ ~ Ó ~ ~Ó ~~ Ó ~ Ó ~ ~Ó Ó ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ ÓÓ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ yeme Gmeer mJeeMeeefmele osMe ceW, peeieW ns peieoerMe nce~~
(ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 11 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB) ~~~Ó ~ Ó~~ Ó~Ó ÓÓÓ~~Ó~~~
3. yejJew—Fme Úvo ceW ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe ÛejCe ceW 12 leLee efÉleerÙe SJeb (ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 15 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB)
ÛelegLe& ÛejCe ceW 7 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ mece ÛejCeeW kesâ Devle ceW peieCe Ùee leieCe 2. kegâC[efueÙeeB— Ùen Skeâ mebÙegòeâ Úvo nw~ Fmekesâ Yeer ÚhheÙe keâer lejn
Deelee nw~ leguemeeroeme keâer ‘yejJew jeceeÙeCe’ leLee jnerce jefÛele ‘yejJew-veeefÙekeâe 6 ÛejCe nesles nQ~ oesne Deewj jesuee ÚvoeW keâes efceueeves mes Ùen Úvo yevelee nw~
Yeso’ Fme Úvo keâer ØecegKe ke=âefleÙeeB nQ~ GoenjCe— Fme Úvo ceW ØeLece oes hebefòeâÙeeB oesne keâer SJeb Debelf ece Ûeej hebefòeâÙeeB jesuee keâer
DeJeefOe efMeuee keâe Gme hej, Lee ieg® Yeej~ nesleer nQ~ oesns keâe Debelf ece ÛejCe DeLee&led ÛeewLee ÛejCe jesues kesâ ØeLece ÛejCe ceW
~ ~~ ~Ó Ó ~ ~ ~~ Ó~ ~ Ó ~ ognjeÙee peelee nw leLee oesns kesâ ØeejcYe keâe Meyo jesues kesâ Devle ceW Deelee nw~
efleue-efleue keâeš jner Leer, Âie peue Oeej~~ ØelÙeskeâ hebefòeâ ceW 24-24 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ GoenjCe—
~~ ~~ Ó~ ~Ó Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó ~ oewuele heeÙe ve keâerefpeS, meheves ceW DeefYeceeve ~
(ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 12 SJeb 7 cee$eeSB) Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ ~ Ó ~ Ó ~~ Ó Ó ~ ~ Ó ~
4. Guueeuee—Fme Úvo ceW ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe ÛejCe ceW 15 leLee efÉleerÙe ÛebÛeue peue efove Ûeeefj keâes, "eBG ve jnle efveoeve~~
SJeb ÛelegLe& ÛejCe ceW 13 cee$eeSB nesleer nQ~ keâefJe Yeeveg kesâ Devegmeej Fmekeâe Skeâ Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó~ Ó Ó ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ó ~
Yeso ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW 13 cee$eeDeeW Jeeuee Yeer nw~ legkeâ mece ÛejCe ceW nesleer nw~ (ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 13 SJeb 11 cee$eeSB)
"eBG ve jnle efveoeve, efpeÙele peie ceW peme ueerpew, 6. YegpebieØeÙeele— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW Ûeej ÙeieCe
Ó~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Ó ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~Ó ~~ Ó Ó meefnle kegâue 12 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe-
ceer"s yeÛeve megveeÙe, efJeveÙe meyener keâer keâerpew~ yevee uees peneB ner JeneR mJeie& nesiee,
Ó Ó~ ~~ ~ Ó~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Ó Ó Ó Ó mJeÙebYe=le LeesÌ[e keâneR mJeie& nesiee~
keân efieefjOej keâefJejeÙe, Dejs Ùen meye Iej leewuele, KeueeW keâes keâneR Yeer veneR mJeie& nesiee,
~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~Ó ~ ~ Ó ~~ ~ ~ ~~ Ó~ ~ YeueeW kesâ efueÙes lees Ùener mJeie& nesiee~~
heengve efveefme efove Ûeeefj, jnle meye ner kesâ oewuele~~ 7. Meeefueveer— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ceieCe, leieCe,
Ó ~~ ~~ ~~ Ó~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ Ó Ó Ó~ ~ leieCe leLee oes ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 11 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe-
(ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ›eâceMe: 11 SJeb 13 cee$eeSB) keäÙee-keäÙee nesiee meeLe ceW keäÙee yeleeTB?
l meceJeeefCe&keâ nw ner keäÙee, ne Deepe pees ceQ peleeTB?
1. ceeefueveer— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW veieCe, veieCe, lees Yeer legueer, hegefmlekeâe Deewj JeerCee,
ceieCe, ÙeieCe, ÙeieCe, kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 15 JeCe& nesles nQ leLee 7-8 JeCeeX hej Ùeefle ÛeewLeer ceQ ntB, heeBÛeJeeR let ØeJeerCee~
nesleer nw~ GoenjCe- 8. mJeeielee— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW jieCe, veieCe,
efØeÙe heefle Jen cesje ØeeCe hÙeeje keâneB nw? YeieCe leLee oes ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 11 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe-
og:Ke - peueefveefOe - [tyeer keâe meneje keâneB nw? pees keâYeer megKeo Lee Jen Deepe,
ueKe cegKe efpemekeâe ceQ Dee ueeQ peer ®keâer ntB, nes jne ogKeo mee Jen meepe
Jen ùoÙe nceeje vewve-leeje keâneB nw? nes ieÙee efJejn mes ceve Ssmee
2. õgleefJeueefcyele— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW veieCe, YeieCe, oiOe nw efJekeâue Yeer leve Jewmee~
YeieCe, jieCe kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 12 JeCe& nesles nQ~ 9. GhesvõJe»ee— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW peieCe, leieCe,
GoenjCe - peieCe leLee oes ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 11 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe-
efoJeme keâe DeJemeeve meceerhe Lee, yeÌ[e Úesše kegâÚ keâece keâerpew,
ieieve Lee kegâÚ ueesefnle nes Ûeuee~ hejvleg hetJee& hej meesÛe ueerpew~
le®efMeKee hej Leer DeJe jepeleer efyevee efJeÛeejs Ùeefo keâece nesiee,
keâceefueveer - kegâue - JeuueYe keâer ØeYee~~ keâYeer ve DeÛÚe heefjCeece nesiee~~
3. cevoe›eâevlee— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ceieCe, YeieCe, 10. FvõJe»ee— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW oes leieCe SJeb
veieCe, leieCe, leieCe Deewj oes ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW 17 JeCe& nesles nQ leLee 10-7 JeCeeX Skeâ peieCe kesâ meeLe oes ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 11 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe-
hej Ùeefle nesleer nw~ GoenjCe - ceQ pees veÙee «evLe efJeueeskeâlee ntB,
hÙeejs lesje ieceve megve kesâ otmejs jes jns nQ; Yeelee cegPes Dees veJe efce$e mee nw~
ceQ jesleer nBt, mekeâue yeÇpe nw Jeeefj ueelee ÂieeW ceW~ osKetB Gmes ceQ efvele meej yeeuee,
meesÛees yesše, Gme peveveer keâer keäÙee oMee Deepe nesieer, ceevees efceuee efce$e cegPes hegjevee~~
lesjs pewmee mejue efpemekeâe Skeâ ner ueeÌ[uee nw~ 11 .Ghepeeefle— Ùen JeeefCe&keâ Úvo GhesvõJe»ee leLee FvõJe»ee keâe efceßeCe
4. Jemevleefleuekeâe— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ Ø elÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW leieCe, nw~ peneB GhesvõJe»ee ceW ØeLece JeCe& ueIeg neslee nw, JeneR FvõJe»ee ceW ØeLece JeCe&
YeieCe, peieCe, peieCe leLee oes ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 14 JeCe& nesles nQ~ ieg® neslee nw~ Dele: GhesvõJe»ee SJeb FvõJe»ee ceW kesâJeue ØeLece JeCe& ceW Yeso nw~
GoenjCe - GoenjCe—
yeeleW yeÌ[er mejme Les keânles efyenejer, pees Øeeefhle nes hetâue leLee heâueesb keâer,
Úesšs yeÌ[s mekeâue keâe efnle Ûeenles Les~ ceOetkeâ efÛeblee ve keâjes oueeW keâer~
DelÙevle hÙeej mebie Les efceueles meyeeW mes nes ueeYe hegje hej neefve Lees[Ì er,
Jes Les meneÙekeâ yeÌ[s og:Ke kesâ efoveeW kesâ~~ ngDee keâjs lees Ùen Yeer efveieesÌ[er~~
5. Yegpebieer— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW leerve ceieCe leLee 12. JebMemLe— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW peieCe, leieCe,
Skeâ ueIeg SJeb Skeâ ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 11 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe- peieCe, jieCe kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 12 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe -
meKeer melÙe ceQ Iegueer pee jner? efoveevle Lee, Les efoveveeLe [tyeles
efceuetB ÛeeBoveer ceW yegje keäÙee Ùener? meOesveg Deeles ie=n iJeeue yeeue Les~
veneR Ûeenles efkeâvleg Jes ÛeeBoveer, efoieble ceW iees jpe Leer mecegelf Lelee,
leheesceive nQ Deepe cesjs Oeveer~ efJe<eeCe veevee yepeles meJesCeg Les~~
13. leesškeâ— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW Ûeej meieCe kesâ ›eâce (iv) ogefce&ue meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW 8 meieCe neslee nw~ GoenjCe—
ceW kegâue 12 JeCe& nesles nQ~ GoenjCe- efyekeâšer Ye=kegâšer yeÌ[jer DeBeKf eÙeeB Deveceesue keâheesueefve keâer ÚefJe nw~
efvepe ieewjJe keâe efvele %eeve jns~ veesš— ieesmJeeceer leguemeeroeme peer ves henuee heo ‘ceefoje’ leLee otmeje heo
nce Yeer kegâÚ nQ, Ùen OÙeeve jns~ ‘ogefce&ue’ jÛekeâj Skeâ ner meJewÙes ceW efceße ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee nw~ GheÙegò& eâ GoenjCe
meye peeÙe DeYeer, hej ceeve jns~ (ceefoje SJeb ogefce&ue) Gvekeâer jÛevee mes ner GodOe=le nw~
cejCeesòej iebgefpele ieeve jns~ (v) megcegeKf e meJewÙee— ceefoje kesâ Deeefo ceW Skeâ ueIeg JeCe& peesÌ[ves Deewj 11-
14. efMeKeefjCeer— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ÙeieCe, ceieCe, 12 JeCeeX heo Ùeefle mes Ùee meele peieCe Deewj ueIeg-ieg® mes megcegeKf e meJewÙee keâer
veieCe, meieCe, YeieCe kesâ meeLe Skeâ ueIeg leLee Skeâ ieg® kesâ ›eâce ceW 17 JeCe& jÛevee nesleer nw~ GoenjCe -
nesles nQ~ Ùeefle 6 leLee 11 hej nesleer nw~ GoenjCe - meKeerve meeW osle Gjenvees efvelÙe mees efÛeòe mebkeâesÛe meves ueefnS~
Devet"er DeeYee mes, mejme meg<ecee mes megjme mes, (vi) efkeâjerš meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW kesâJeue 8 YeieCe neslee nw leLee 12-
yevee pees osleer Leer, yeng iegCeceÙeer Yet efJeefheve keâes~ 12 JeCeeX keâer Ùeefle nesleer nw~ GoenjCe -
efvejeues hetâueeW keâer, efJeefJeOe oueJeeueer Deveghecee, peevekeâer peerJeve keâes peve £w peefj peeG mees peern pees peeBÛele Deewjefn~
peÌ[er yetšer veevee, yeng heâueJeleer Leer efJeuemeleer~~ (vii) iebieesokeâ meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW 8 jieCe neslee nw~ GoenjCe-
15. m$eiOeje—Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ceieCe, jieCe,
jece jepeevekesâ jepe DeeÙes ÙeneB, Oeece lesjs ceneYeeie peeies Deyew~
YeieCe, veieCe, ÙeieCe, ÙeieCe, ÙeieCe, kesâ meeLe 21 JeCe& nesles nQ~ Ùeefle 7, 7, 7
(viii) cegkeälenje meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW ceòeieÙevo kesâ Deeefo-Devle ceW
hej nesleer nw~ Ùen ÙelÙeelcekeâ yeÌ[e Deewj megiesÙe Je=òe nw~ GoenjCe-
Skeâ-Skeâ ueIeg JeCe& peesÌ[ves hej Ùee Dee" peieCe nesves hej jÛevee nesleer nw~
veevee hetâueeW heâueeW kesâ Deveghece peie keâer Jeeefškeâe nw efJeefÛe$ee,
GoenjCe—
Yetues nQ mewkeâÌ[eW ner ceOeghe, Megkeâ leLee keâesefkeâuee ieeveMeeruee~
efovee ome peeryeve peerJeve jer, ceefjyew heefÛe nesF peghew ceefjyew ve~
keâewS Yeer nQ Ievesjs hej-Oeve njves ceW meoe De«eieeceer,
(ix) Jeece meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW meele peieCe SJeb Skeâ ÙeieCe neslee nQ Ùee
keâesF& nw Skeâ ceeueer megefOe Fve meyekeâer pees meoe ues jne nw~~
16. Meeot&ueefJe›eâere[ f le— Fme JeeefCe&keâ Úvo kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW ceieCe, ceòeieÙevo meJewÙee kesâ Deeefo ceW ueIeg peesÌ[ osves mes Jeece meJewÙee keâe nesvee ceevee
meieCe, peieCe, meieCe, leieCe kesâ ›eâce ceW kegâue 19 JeCeeX keâe ÙelÙeelcekeâ neslee nw~ peelee nw~ GoenjCe -
Ùeefle 12 leLee 7 JeCeeX hej neslee nw~ GoenjCe - veyew veJe «eerJe Lekesâ ieefle kesâMeJe yeeuekeâ les mebie ner mebie Kesueer~
(x) DejefJevo meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW, Dee" meieCe Deewj Skeâ ueIeg meefnle
keâeues kegâeflmele keâerš keâe kegâmegce ceW, keâesF& veneR keâece Lee,
keâeBšs mes keâceveerÙelee keâceue ceW, keäÙee nw ve keâesF& keâceer~ 25 JeCe& nesles nQ~ Ùeefle 12-13 JeCeeX hej nesleer nw~ GoenjCe—
oC[eW ceW keâye F&Ke kesâ efJeheguelee nw, «eefvLeÙeeW keâer Yeueer, kegâÚ Deewj veneR Ùegie ueesÛeveeW ceW, Øeefleefyeefcyele nw Devegjeie Decebo~
ne ogo xJe! ØeieuYeles? mehešglee, letves keâne efkeâ veneR~~ (xi) ceeefveveer meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW meele peieCe Deewj ueIeg- ieg® neslee
17. meJewÙee— Fme JeeefCe&keâ meceJe=òe Úvo ceW 22 mes ueskeâj 26 lekeâ JeCe& nw~ GoenjCe -
nesles nQ~ Fmekesâ keâF& Yeso nQ~ kegâÚ Yeso Fme Øekeâej nQ- Øehegâefuuele oeme Jemevle efkeâ heâewpe efmeueercegKe Yeerj osKeeJeefle nw~
(i) ceòeieÙevo meJewÙee— Fmekesâ ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe ceW meele YeieCe Deewj Devle ceW (xii) ceneYegpebieØeÙeele meJewÙee— Ùen meJewÙee YegpebieØeÙeele keâe ogiegvee neslee
oes ieg® JeCe& nesles nQ~ ÛeejeW ÛejCeeW ceW legkeâevle neslee nw~ GoenjCe - nw~ GoenjCe—
Ùee uekegâšer De® keâeceefjÙee hej jepe eflentBhegj keâes leefpe [ejeQ, jns yewef" keâejer Ieše osefKe vÙeejer, efyenejer efyenejer efyenejer jjw pet~
Dee"ntB efmeefæ veJeeQ efveefOe keâes megKe vevo keâer ieeÙe ÛejeÙe efyemeejeQ~ (xiii) megKeer meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW Dee" meieCe Deewj ueIeg - ieg® leLee
jmeKeeefve keâyeeQ Fve DeeBeKf eve leW yeÇpe kesâ yeve yeeie leÌ[eie efvenejeQ, 36 JeCe& nesles nQ~ Ùeefle 12-14 JeCeeX hej neslee nw~ GoenjCe-
keâesefšve Jes keâue Oeewle kesâ Oeece keâjerue kesâ kegbâpeve Thej yeejeQ~~ kegâÚ kesâ Deheceeve kesâ meeLe efheleecen efJeMJeefJeveeMekeâ Ùegæ keâes leesefueS~
GheÙe&gòeâ heo ceW ‘keâes’ Deewj ‘kesâ’ keâes YeieCe kesâ efJeÛeej mes ÜmJe heÌ{vee 18. cevenjCe Ùee keâefJeòe- Ùen JeeefCe&keâ meceJe=òe Úvo nw~ FmeceW 31 JeCe&
ÛeeefnS~ YeieCe kesâ veeles Ùen ieCeelcekeâ keâe JeeefCe&keâ Je=òe nw, efkeâvleg Ssmes ÜmJe nessles nQ~ 16-15 Ùee 8-8-8-7 JeCeeX hej Ùeefle nesleer nw Deewj Debelf ece JeCe& ieg®
heÌ{ves keâer efnvoer keâer Øeke=âefle kesâ keâejCe DeLee&led ueIeg keâes ieg® SJeb ieg® keâes ueIeg neslee nw~ legkeâ ÛeejeW ÛejCeeW ceW neslee nw~
heÌ{ves kesâ keâejCe Fmes kegâÚ efJeÉeve ‘cegòeâkeâ JeeefCe&keâ’ Yeer keânles nQ~ GoenjCe -
(ii) megvojer meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW 8 meieCe leLee Skeâ ieg® neslee nw~ Deeles pees ÙeneB nQ ye»e Yetefce keâer Úše keâes osKe,
GoenjCe - veskeâ ve DeIeeles nesles ceeso-ceo Yeeles nQ~
jmeKeeefve keâyeeQ Fve DeeBeKf eve leW yeÇpe kesâ yeve yeeie leÌ[eie efvenejeQ~ efpeme Deesj peeles Gme Deesj ceve YeeÙes ÂMÙe,
(iii) ceefoje meJewÙee— Fme meJewÙee ceW 7 YeieCe leLee Skeâ ieg® neslee nw~ ueesÛeve uegYeeles Deewj efÛeòe keâes Ûegjeles nQ~~
GoenjCe - veesš— Meem$e kesâ efJeÛeej mes Ùen Úvo ‘JeeefCe&keâ Úvo’ veneR, ‘JeeefCe&keâ
"eÌ{s nQ veew õgce [ej iens Oeveg keâeBOes Oejs keâj meeÙekeâ uew~ meceJe=òe’ nw, keäÙeeWekf eâ cee$e JeCeeX keâer ieCevee veneR, yeefukeâ ieCeeW keâer JÙeJemLee kesâ
keâejCe cee$eeDeeW keâe efveefMÛele ›eâce Yeer neslee nw~ Fme Úvo keâe ØeejcYe kesâMeJe ves
efkeâÙee Lee~ Yeeveg ves heeBÛe meieCe kesâ Fme Úvo keâe veece ‘cevenjCe’ jKee Deewj
DeYÙeeme ØeMve
kesâMeJe ves veieCe, meieCe Deewj leerve jieCe kesâ Fme Úvo keâes ‘keâefJeòe’ keâne~ Fme 1. cee$ee Deewj JeCe& ›eâce kesâ DeeOeej hej Úvo kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
Øekeâej, ØelÙeskeâ ÛejCe 15 JeCe& heeBÛe ieCeeW keâer JÙeJemLee ceW nesves kesâ keâejCe Ùen (a) oes (b) heebÛe
‘JeeefCe&keâ meceJe=òe’ keânueelee nw~ (c) leerve (d) Ûeej
19.Ievee#ejer— Ievee#ejer keâes ‘keâefJeòe’ Ùee ‘cevenjCe’ Yeer keâne peelee nw~ Gòej—(a)
Ievee#ejer ceW 31 JeCeeX keâe Skeâ ÛejCe neslee nw Deewj 16-15 JeCeeX hej ØeOeeve Ùeefle cee$ee Deewj JeCe&›eâce kesâ DeeOeej hej ÚboeW kesâ oes cegKÙe Yeso nesles nQ- (keâ) ceeef$ekeâ
leLee mecemle ÛejCe ceW 8, 8, 8, 7 JeCeeX hej meeOeejCe Ùeefle nesleer nw~ Debelf ece JeCe& Úvo (Ke) JeefCe&keâ Úvo~
ieg® Deewj ÛeejeW ÛejCeeW ceW meceeve legkeâ DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ [e@. JeemegosJevebove Øemeeo
2. ÛeewheeF& efkeâme Øekeâej keâe Úvo nw?
keâefJeòe, cevenjCe leLee Ievee#ejer keâes Deueie-Deueie ceeveles nQ~ Gvekesâ Devegmeej
cevenjCe ieCeelcekeâ ceeef$ekeâ nw, peyeefkeâ Ievee#ejer ‘cegòeâkeâ JeeefCe&keâ ob[keâ’ nw (a) mececeeef$ekeâ (b) ceeef$ekeâ
DeLee&led cevenjCe ieCeeW keâer JÙeJemLee mes yevelee nw, peyeefkeâ Ievee#ejer De#ejeW keâer (c) DeOe&ceeef$ekeâ (d) yengceeef$ekeâ
efveefMÛele mebKÙee mes~ Gòej—(a)
l DeeOege fvekeâ Úvo ÛeewheeF& Skeâ mececeeef$ekeâ Úvo nw~
Jele&ceeve ceW cegKÙeOeeje keâer keâefJelee keâe ™he ueieYeie ieÅeceÙe nes Ûegkeâe nw~
3. oesne kesâ henues Deewj ÛeewLes ÛejCe ceW efkeâleveer cee$eeSb nesleer nw?
Úvoyeæ keâefJeleeSB Skeâ meercee lekeâ meerefcele neskeâj jn ieF& nQ~ metÙe&keâeble ef$ehee"er
(a) lesjn-iÙeejn (b) iÙeejn-lesjn
‘efvejeuee’ ves Úvocegòeâ keâeJÙe Ùegie keâe ØeejcYe efkeâÙee~ efpemekesâ Ûeueles kegâÚ
(c) meesuen (d) Ûeewy eerme
DeeOegevf ekeâ ÚvoeW keâe ØeÙeesie ØeejcYe ngDee~ heÅe nesles ngS Yeer Ùes ieÅe kesâ DeefOekeâ
Gòej–(a)
efvekeâš nw~ DeeOegevf ekeâ ÚvoeW keâes leerve JeieeX ceW yeebše pee mekeâlee nw-
1. iesÙe Úvo - heejbheefjkeâ ÚvoeW mes Deueie DeeOegevf ekeâ nessles ngS Yeer Fvekeâe oesne kesâ henues-leermejs ÛejCe ceW lesjn-lesjn Deewj otmejs-ÛeewLes ÛejCeeW ceW iÙeejn-
cetue hegjevee ner nw~ Fve ÚvoeW ceW Yeer cee$eeDeeW leLee JeCeeX keâer meceevelee kesâ meeLe iÙeejn cee$eeSb nesleer nQ~ mece ÛejCeeW kesâ Deble ceW ›eâceMe: ieg®-ueIeg Deeves
ieefle SJeb ueÙe keâe OÙeeve jKee peelee nw~ GoenjCe- DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Ùeefle ÛejCe kesâ Devle ceW nesleer nw efJe<ece ÛejCeeW kesâ Deeefo ceW peieCe
Jej os, JeerCeeJeeefoveer Jej os! veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ pewmes
efØeÙe mJeleb$e jJe Dece=le - ceb$e veJe ßeer ieg® Ûejve mejespe jpe, efvepe ceve cegkegâj megOeej~
Yeejle ceW Yej os~
yejveew jIegJej efJeceue peme, pees oeÙekeâ heâue Ûeej~~
2. keWâÛegDee Ùee jyeÌ[ Úvo— Ùen Úvo keWâÛegS Ùee jyeÌ[ keâer YeeBelf e keâefJe
4. oesne efkeâme Øekeâej keâe Úvo nw?
keâer FÛÚevegmeej IešeÙee Ùee yeÌ{eÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ FmeefueS FvnW keWâÛegDee Ùee
jyeÌ[ Úvo Yeer keâne peelee nw~ FveceW ØeeÛeerve ÚvoeW keâe DevegkeâjCe keâneR Yeer veneR (a) mece ceeef$ekeâ (b) Deæ&mece ceeef$ekeâ
(c) efJemece ceeef$ekeâ (d) keâesF& veneR
efoKeeF& oslee~ cee$eeDeeW Ùee JeCeeX mes cegòeâ Ùes Úvo ‘Gvcegòeâ Úvo’ keânueeles nQ~
FmeceW ueÙe Deewj mJej hej efJeMes<e OÙeeve efoÙee peelee nw~ GoenjCe - Gòej–(b)
efoJemeeJemeeve keâe meceÙe, oesne Deæ&mece ceeef$ekeâ Úvo nw~
cesIeceÙe Deemeceeve mes Glej jner nw 5. jesuee efkeâme Øekeâej keâe Úvo nw?
Jen mebOÙee - megbojer hejer - meer (a) mece ceeef$ekeâ (b) Deæ& ceeef$ekeâ
Oeerjs -Oeerjs, Oeerjs~ (c) efJemece ceeef$ekeâ (d) yeng ceeef$ekeâ
3. ieÅe keâeJÙe DeLeJee DekeâefJelee- Ùen veF& keâefJelee Deeboesueve keâer osve nw~
Gòej–(a)
FmeceW ve lees cee$ee Ùee JeCeeX keâer mebKÙee efkeâmeer efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej efveOee&ejf le keâer
peeleer nw Deewj ve ner Úvoesyeælee keâe keâesF& ceeveob[ mJeerkeâej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ jesuee Skeâ mececeeef$ekeâ Úvo nw~
GoenjCe - 6. meJewÙee efkeâme Øekeâej keâe Úvo nw?
heeJe Yej otOe efyeieÌ[ves hej (a) mece ceeef$ekeâ (b) Deæ& ceeef$ekeâ
keâF& efove heâše jnlee nw ceve, (c) JeefC e&keâ (d) meceJeefCe&keâ
keâceerpe hej vevneR KejesÛe Gòej–(d)
osn kesâ IeeJe mes pÙeeoe
osleer nw og:Ke~ meJewÙee meceJeefCe&keâ Úvo nw~

jme
pegieghmee, JeerYelme jme keâe mLeeF& YeeJe nw~ keâ®Ce jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe Meeskeâ,
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve jewõ jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe ›eâesOe leLee DeodYegle jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe efJemceÙe
1. efkeâme jme keâes jmejepe keâne peelee nw? neslee nw~
(a) Jeerj jme (b) nemÙe jme 6. efvecveefueefKele hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee jme nw?
(c) ëe=bieej jme (d) Meeble jme `Skeâ Deesj De]peiejeEn ueefKe,
Gòej—(c) Skeâ Deesj ce=iejeÙe~
ëe=bieej jme keâes jmejepe keâne peelee nw~ Fmes ‘DeeÅejme’ Ùee ‘Deeefojme’ Yeer efJekeâue yešesner yeerÛe ner,
keâne peelee nw~ ceeflejece ves ëe=bieej jme keâes ‘jmejepe’ keâer meb%ee oer nw, hejÙeeW cetjÚe KeeÙe~~'
Fmekeâe mLeeÙeerYeeJe ‘jefle’ nw~ (a) YeÙeevekeâ (b) keâ®Ce
(c) Meeble (d) Yeef òeâ
2. efkeâme YeeJe keâer heefjhekeäJe DeJemLee keâes jme keâne peelee nw? Gòej–(a)
(a) Deveg YeeJe (b) efJeYeeJe
(c) mebÛeejer YeeJe (d) mLeeÙeerYeeJe
GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW YeÙeevekeâ jme nw~ efkeâmeer YeÙeevekeâ ÂMÙe keâes osKeves mes
Gòej–(d) Glhevve YeÙe keâer heefjhekeäJeeJemLee keâes YeÙeevekeâ jme keânles nQ~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer
YeeJe YeÙe nw~
mLeeÙeerYeeJe keâer heefjhekeäJe DeJemLee keâes ‘jme’ keâne peelee nw~ ceeveJe ùoÙe ceW
7. ceve js leve keâeieo keâe hegleuee~
kegâÚ YeeJe mLeeÙeer ¤he mes efJeÅeceeve jnles nQ, efpevnW ‘mLeeÙeerYeeJe’ keânles nQ~
ueeiew yetoB efyeveefme peeS efÚve ceW,
jmeeW keâes Gefole Deewj Göerhle keâjves Jeeueer meece«eer ‘efJeYeeJe’ keânueeleer nw~ pees
iejye keâjs keäÙee Flevee~~
YeeJe ceve ceW Deuhekeâeue lekeâ mebÛejCe keâj Ûeues peeles nQ, GvnW mebÛeejerYeeJe
Fve hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee jme nw?
keânles nQ~ ceveesiele YeeJe keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves Jeeueer Meejerejf keâ, ceeveefmekeâ Ûes„eSB
(a) Yeefòeâ jme (b) ëe=bieej jme
DevegYeeJe keânueeleer nQ~ (c) keâ®Ce jme (d) Meeble jme
3. Dece<e& keäÙee nw? Gòej—(d)
(a) Skeâ keâeJÙe oes<e (b) Skeâ mebÛeejer YeeJe
GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW Meeble jme nw~ Meeble jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe Mece/
(c) Skeâ keâeJÙe iegCe (d) Skeâ Deuebkeâej
efveJexo Ùee Jeerlejeie/JewjeiÙe nw~ Øemlegle hebefòeâ keâyeerjoeme keâer nw~
Gòej—(b)
‘Dece<e&’ Skeâ mebÛeejer YeeJe nw~ JÙeefYeÛeejer Ùee mebÛeejer YeeJe ‘mLeeÙeer YeeJeeW’ kesâ 8. ‘efJemceÙe’ mLeeÙeer YeeJe efkeâme jme ceW neslee nw?
(a) nemÙe (b) Meeble
meneÙekeâ nQ, pees Devegketâue heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW Iešles-yeÌ{les nQ~ mebÛeejer YeeJeeW keâer
(c) DeodYego (d) JeerY elme
mebKÙee 33 nw~
Gòej—(c)
4. pees YeeJe ceve ceW kesâJeue Deuhekeâeue lekeâ mebÛejCe keâjkesâ Ûeues peeles nQ~ GvnW Ûeefkeâle keâj osves Jeeues ÂMÙeeW Ùee ØemebieeW kesâ efÛe$eCe mes DeodYego jme keâer me=ef°
keâne peelee nw- nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe efJemceÙe Ùee DeeMÛeÙe& nw~ Ûeefkeâle keâj osves Jeeues
(a) mebÛeejer YeeJe (b) Deveg YeeJe JÙeefòeâ Ùee ÂMÙe Deeuecyeve Deewj Gvekeâer Ûes°eSb Ùee JeCe&ve Göerheve nesles nQ~
(c) mLeeÙeerYeeJe (d) efJeYeeJe DeeBKeW hewâuevee, Ûeerlkeâej keâjvee DevegYeeJe~ Glmegkeâlee, mce=elf e n<e& Deeefo mebÛeejer
Gòej—(a) YeeJe nQ~
pees YeeJ e ceve ceW Deuhekeâeue lekeâ meb ÛejCe keâjkesâ Û eues peeles nQ~ GvnW GoenjCe-
mebÛ eejer YeeJe keâne peelee nw~ ot mejs Mey oeW ceW , mebÛeejer YeeJe DeeßeÙe kesâ ceve nefj ves Yeer<eCe ngbkeâej efkeâÙee
ceW, G"ves Jeeues DeefmLej YeeJe nQ ~ Fvekeâer mebKÙee 33 ceeveer ieÙeer nw~ Dehevee mJe™he efJemleej efkeâÙee~
[ieceie-[ieceie efoiiepe [esues
5. pegieghmee keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe efkeâme jme mes mecyeefvOele nw?
YeieJeeve kegâefhele neskeâj yeesues
(a) keâ®Ce jme (b) jewõ jme
pebpeerj yeÌ{ekeâj meeOe cegPes~
(c) JeerYelme jme (d) DeodYegle jme
neB-neB ogÙeexOeve ! yeeBOe cegPes~
Gòej—(c)
mhe°erkeâjCe- ogÙeexOeve Meeefvleotle yevekeâj DeeÙes ßeerke=â<Ce keâes yeeBOevee Ûeenlee nw DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
leye ßeer ke=â<Ce Dehevee efJeješ ™he Øekeâš keâj osles nQ, efpememes meejer meYee
DeeMÛeÙe&Ûeefkeâle nes peeleer nw~  jme
9. ‘jewõ’ jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe keäÙee nw? jme keâe leelheÙe& ‘efveÛeesÌ[’ nw~ ßeJÙe keâeJÙe kesâ he"ve DeLeJee ßeJeCe SJeb ÂMÙe
(a) Glmeen (b) efJemceÙe
keâeJÙe kesâ oMe&ve leLee ßeJeCe ceW pees Deueewefkeâkeâ Deevevo Øeehle neslee nw, Jener keâeJÙe
(c) ›eâes O e (d) YeÙe ceW ‘jme’ keânueelee nw~ ‘jme’ keâeJÙe keâer Deelcee nw~ ‘jmeelcekeâced JeekeäÙeced
Gòej—(c) keâeJÙeced’ DeLee&led jmeÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe ner keâeJÙe nw~ jme keâe ØeÙeesie meej lelJe kesâ DeLe&
ceW Ûejkeâ, megßegle keâer ke=âefleÙeeW ceW efceuelee nw~ jme keâe DeLe& efJeefYevve meboYeebx ceW
jewõ jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe ‘›eâesOe’ nw~ efJemceÙe DeodYegle jme keâe, Glmeen Jeerj
ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~ jmeew Jew me: DeLee&led Jen hejceelcee ner jme ™he Deevevo nw~
jme keâe, YeÙe YeÙeevekeâ jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe nw~
‘kegâceejmecYeJeced’ ceW heeveer, lejue Deewj õJe kesâ DeLe& ceW ‘jme’ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie
10. ‘pegieghmee’ efkeâme jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe nw? ngDee nw~ ‘cevegmce=efle’ ceefoje kesâ efueS jme Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjleer nw~ JewsMesef<ekeâ
(a) JeerY elme (b) jewõ oMe&ve ceW 24 iegCeeW ceW Skeâ iegCe keâe veece ‘jme’ nw (Ún jme nQ-keâšg, Decue,
(c) DeodYegle (d) YeÙeevekeâ ceOegj, ueJeCe, efleòeâ Deewj keâ<eeÙe)~ cenekeâefJe keâeefueoeme mJeeo, ®efÛe Deewj
Gòej—(a) FÛÚe kesâ DeLe& ceW ‘jme’ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ Øesce keâer DevegYetelf e kesâ efueS
‘pegieghmee/ Ie=Cee’ JeerYelme jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe nw~ jewõ jme keâe ›eâesOe, ‘kegâceejmebYeJeced’ ceW ‘jme’ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ heeje keâes ’jmesMJej’ DeLeJee
DeodYegle jme keâe efJemceÙe/DeeMÛeÙe& Deewj YeÙeevekeâ jme keâe YeÙe mLeeÙeer YeeJe ‘jmejepe’ keâne peelee nw~
nw~ veešŸeMeem$e ceW Yejle cegevf e ves ‘jme’ keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjles ngS keâne nw-
11. keâ®Ce jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe keäÙee nw? efJeYeeJeevegYeeJeJÙeefYeÛeeefjmebÙeesieeodj me efve<heefòe:’ DeLee&led efJeYeeJe, DevegYeeJe, JÙeefYeÛeejer
(a) jefle (b) nemÙe YeeJe kesâ mebÙeesie mes jme keâer efve<heefòe nesleer nw~ DeeÛeeÙe& efJeMJeveeLe ves ‘meeefnlÙe
(c) Glmeen (d) Meeskeâ ohe&Ce’ ceW ‘JeekeäÙeb jmeelcekebâ keâeJÙeced’ met$eJeekeäÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee~ jme keâes
Gòej—(d) meeefnlÙe keâer Deelcee ceeveves Jeeues Jes henues mebmke=âle DeeÛeeÙe& Les~ megØeefmeæ meeefnlÙe
ohe&Ce ceW keâne ieÙee nw- ùoÙe keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe peye efJeYeeJe, DevegYeeJe Deewj mebÛe jer
keâ®Ce jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe ‘Mees keâ’ neslee nw~ ‘jefle’, ëe=bieej jme keâe,
YeeJe keâe mebÙeesie Øeehle keâj ueslee nw lees jme ™he ceW efve<hevve nes peelee nw~ jereflekeâeue
‘nemÙe’, nemÙe jme keâe, ‘Glmeen’, Jeerj jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe nw~
kesâ ØecegKe keâefJe osJe ves jme keâer heefjYee<ee Fve MeyoeW ceW keâer nw-
12. DeBeKf eÙeeB nefj ojmeve keâer YetKeer~ pees efJeYeeJe DevegYeeJe De®, efJeYeÛeeefjCeg keâefj nesF&~
kewâmes jnW ™he jme jeBÛeer, S yeefleÙeeB megevf e ™KeeR~ efLeefle keâer hetjve Jeemevee, megkeâefJe keânle jme nesF&~~
GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee jme nw? jme kesâ DeJeÙeJe Ùee Debie—jme kesâ Ûeej Debie nQ-mLeeÙeer YeeJe, efJeYeeJe,
(a) Jeerj jme DevegYeeJe leLee mebÛeejer YeeJe~ mebÛeejer YeeJe keâes ‘JÙeefYeÛeejer YeeJe’ Yeer keâne peelee
(b) efJeÙeesie ëe=bieej jme nw~
(c) Meevle jme mLeeÙeer YeeJe—meùoÙe kesâ Debl e:keâjCe ceW pees ceveeseJf ekeâej Ùee Jeemevee
(d) mebÙeesie ëe=bieej jme mebmkeâej ™he ceW meoe efJeÅeceeve jnles nQ leLee efpevnW keâesF& Yeer efJejesOeer Ùee
Gòej—(b) DeefJejesOeer oyee veneR mekeâlee, GvnW mLeeÙeer YeeJe keânles nQ~ Ùes ceeveJe ceve ceW yeerpe
Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW ‘efJeÙeesie ëe=bieej jme’ keâe DeJeyeesOe neslee nw~ ‘metjmeeiej’ mes ™he ceW, efÛejkeâeue lekeâ DeÛebÛeue neskeâj efveJeeme keâjles nQ~ mLeeÙeer YeeJe keâe
ie=nerle Ùen heÅeebMe nw, efpemecesW ieesehf eÙeeW keâe efJejn JeefCe&le nw~ leelheÙe& nw- ØeOeeve YeeJe~ ØeOeeve YeeJe Jener nes mekeâlee nw pees jme keâer DeJemLee lekeâ
13. Meevle jme keâe mLeeÙeerYeeJe nw- hengBÛelee nw~
(a) iueeef ve (b) efveJexo
keâeJÙe Ùee veeškeâ ceW Skeâ mLeeÙeer YeeJe ØeejbYe mes Deble lekeâ neslee nw~ mLeeÙeer
(c) jefle (d) ëe=bieej
YeeJeeW keâer mebKÙee 9 ceeveer ieF& nw~ mLeeÙeer YeeJe ner jme keâe DeeOeej nw~ Skeâ jme
Gòej—(b) kesâ cetue ceW Skeâ mLeeÙeer YeeJe jnlee nw~ DeleSJe jmeeW keâer mebKÙee Yeer 9 nw, efpevnW
‘veJejme’ keâne peelee nw~ cetuele: veJejme ner ceeves peeles nQ~ yeeo ceW kegâÚ efJeÉeveeW
Meevle jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe efveJexo nw~ ëe=bieej jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe jefle nw~ ves 2 Deewj YeeJeeW JeelmeuÙe Deewj YeieJeod efJe<eÙekeâ jefle keâes mLeeÙeer YeeJe keâer
ceevÙelee oer nw~ Fme Øekeâej mLeeÙeer YeeJeeW keâer mebKÙee 11 lekeâ hengBÛe peeleer nw~ Ùes mebÛeejer Ùee JÙeefYeÛ eejer YeeJe-ceve ceW meb ÛejCe keâjves J eeues (Deeves-peeves
nQ-jefle, neme, Meeskeâ, Glmeen, ›eâesOe, YeÙe, pegieghmee, efJemceÙe, efveJexo, JeelmeuÙe Jeeues) YeeJ eeW keâes mebÛeejer Ùee JÙeefYeÛeejer YeeJe keânles nQ~ mebÛeejer YeeJeeW keâer
Deewj F&MJej efJe<eÙekeâ Øesce~ kegâ ue mebKÙee 33 ceeveer ieF& nw~ Jes Fme Øekeâej nQ—
efJeYeeJe-mLeeÙeer YeeJeeW kesâ Gody eesOekeâ keâejCe keâes efJeYeeJe keânles nQ~ Ùes mLeeÙeer
mebÛeejer YeeJe Ùee JÙeefYeÛeejer YeeJe
YeeJeeW keâe efJeYeeJeve keâjkesâ GvnW DeemJeeo ÙeesiÙe yeveeles nQ~ Ùes jme keâer Glheefòe ceW n<e& mce= efle Glmegkeâlee G«elee Dece<e&
DeeOeejYetle ceeves peeles nQ~ efJeYeeJe kesâ oes Yeso nQ-Deeuebyeve efJeYeeJe leLee Göerheve (DemenveMeeruelee)
efJeYeeJe~ efÛeblee JÙeeefOe (jesie) Mebkeâe efveJexo Ûeheuelee
Deeuebyeve efJeYeeJe-YeeJeeW keâe Godiece efpeme cegKÙe YeeJe Ùee Jemleg kesâ keâejCe ieJe& cejCe efJe<eeo DeeuemÙe Oe=e fle
nes, Jen keâeJÙe keâe Deeuebyeve efJeYeeJe keânueelee nw; pewmes-veeÙekeâ-veeefÙekeâe~ Deeuebyeve peÌ[lee ceo $eeme (YeÙe Gvceeo efveõe
efJeYeeJe kesâ oes he#e nesles nQ-DeeßeÙeeuebyeve leLee efJe<eÙeeuebyeve~ Ùee JÙee«elee)
efyeyeesOe ßece DemetÙee ›eer[Ì e (ueppee) DeJeefnlLee
efpemekesâ ceve ceW YeeJe peies Jen DeeßeÙeeuebyeve leLee efpemekesâ Øeefle Ùee efpemekesâ
(ÛewlevÙe DeeJesie iueeef ve (YeeJe keâe
keâejCe ceve ceW YeeJe peies Jen efJe<eÙeeuebyeve keânueelee nw~ pewmes-Ùeefo jece kesâ ceve ueeYe) efÚheevee)
ceW meerlee kesâ Øeefle jefle keâe YeeJe peielee nw lees jece DeeßeÙe neWies leLee meerlee ceesn oervelee ceefle mJehve Dehemceej
efJe<eÙe~ (cetÚe&) efJeleke&â
Göerheve efJeYeeJe-efpeve JemlegDeeW Ùee heefjefmLeefleÙeeW keâes osKekeâj mLeeÙeer YeeJe
Yejlecegevf e ves keâeJÙe kesâ DeeJeMÙekeâ lelJe kesâ ™he ceW jme keâer Øeefle‰e keâjles
Göerhle nesves ueielee nw, Göerheve efJeYeeJe keânueelee nw~ pewmes-Ûeeboveer, keâesefkeâue
ngS ëe=bieej, nemÙe, jewõ, keâ®Ce, Jeerj, DeodYegle, JeerYelme leLee YeÙeevekeâ veece mes
ketâpeve, Skeâeble mLeue, jceCeer keâ GÅeeve, veeÙekeâ Ùee veeefÙekeâe keâer Meejerefjkeâ Gmekesâ Dee" YesoeW keâe mhe° GuuesKe efkeâÙee nw leLee efJeÉeveeW keâe ceevevee nw efkeâ
Ûes°eSb Deeefo~ GvneWves ‘Meeble’ veecekeâ veJeW jme keâes Yeer mJeerke=âefle Øeoeve keâer Leer~ FvneR veew jmeeW
DevegYeeJe-ceveesiele YeeJe keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves Jeeueer DeeßeÙe keâer Ûes°eSb DevegYeeJe keâes ‘veJejme’ keâer meb%ee Øeoeve keâer ieF&~ GvneWves Dee" jmeeW kesâ osJ elee ›eâceMe:
keânueeleer nQ~ Ùes Ûes°eSb YeeJe-peeie=elf e kesâ Ghejeble DeeßeÙe ceW Glhevve nesleer nQ, efJe<Ceg, ØeceLe, ®õ, Ùecejepe, Fbõ, yeÇÿee, cenekeâeue leLee keâeueosJe keâes ceevee nw~
FmeefueS FvnW DevegYeeJe keânles nQ DeLee&led pees YeeJeeW keâe Devegieceve keâjs, Jen Meeble jme kesâ osJ elee veejeÙeCe Deewj Gmekeâe JeCe& kegâb oso g yeleeÙee peelee nw~ ØeLece
DevegYeeJe keânueelee nw~ DevegYeeJe kesâ oes Yeso nQ-FefÛÚle Deewj DeefveefÛÚle~ Dee" jmeeW kesâ ›eâceMe: MÙeece, efmele, jòeâ, keâheesle, ieewj, heerle, veerue leLee ke=â<Ce
Deeuebyeve SJeb Göerheve kesâ ceeOÙece mes Deheves-Deheves keâejCeeW Éeje Glhevve, JeCe& ceeves ieS nQ~ Yejle ves ØeLece Dee" jmeeW ceW ëe=bieej, jewõ, Jeerj leLee JeerYelme
keâes ØeOeeve ceevekeâj Mes<e jmeeW keâes Gvekeâer Devegke=âefle yeleeÙee nw~ ëe=bieej jme kesâ
YeeJeeW keâes yeenj ØekeâeefMele keâjves Jeeueer meeceevÙe ueeskeâ ceW pees keâeÙe& Ûes°eSb nesleer
JÙeehekeâ oeÙejs ceW JeelmeuÙe SJeb Yeefòeâ keâes ceevee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fme DeeOeej hej
nQ, Jes ner keâeJÙe veeškeâ Deeefo ceW efveyeæ DevegYeeJe keânueeleer nQ~ pewmes-efJejue- jmeeW keâer mebKÙee 9 ceevevee pÙeeoe GheÙegòeâ nw~
JÙeekegâue veeÙekeâ Éeje efmemeefkeâÙeeb Yejvee, efceueve kesâ YeeJeeW ceW Deßeg, mJeso, DeeÛeeÙe& jeceÛebõ Megkeäue ves jmeeW keâes megKeelcekeâ leLee og:Keelcekeâ DevegYetelf e
jesceebÛe, Devegjeie meefnle osKevee, ›eâesOe peeieÇle nesves hej Mem$e mebÛeeueve, keâ"esj Jeeuee ceevee nw~ Gvekeâe keânvee nw efkeâ nceW DevegYetefle lees JeefCe&le YeeJe keâer ner nesl eer
JeeCeer, DeeBKeeW keâe ueeue nes peevee Deeefo~ FefÛÚle DevegYeeJe keâes meeOeejCe nw Deewj YeeJe megK eelcekeâ, og:Keelcekeâ Deeefo Øekeâej kesâ nQ, DeleSJe jme Yeer
DevegYeeJe Yeer keâne peelee nw~ Fvekesâ Ûeej Yeso nQ-Deebefiekeâ, JeeefÛekeâ, DeeneÙe& leLee oesv eeW Øekeâej keâe nesiee~ otmejer Deesj jmeeW keâes Deevevo ØeoeÙekeâ ceeveves kesâ
meeeflJekeâ~ DeeßeÙe keâer Mejerj mebyebOeer Ûes°eSb Deebefiekeâ Ùee keâeefÙekeâ DevegYeeJe nw~ efnceeÙeleer meùoÙeeW keâes ner Fmekeâe ØeceeCe ceeveles nQ Deewj leke&â keâe meneje
uesl es nQ ef keâ ogKeoeÙeer J emleg Yeer Ùeef o efØeÙe nw, lees Jen nceW megKeoeÙeer ner Øeleerle
jefle YeeJe kesâ pee«ele nesves hej Yet-efJe#eshe, keâše#e Deeefo ØeÙelvehetJe&keâ efkeâS ieS
nesleer nw~
JeeiJÙeeheej JeeefÛekeâ DevegYeeJe nw~ Deejesehf ele Ùee ke=âef$ece Jes<e-jÛevee DeeneÙe& DevegYeeJe ØeeÙe: jmeeW kesâ efJeefYevve veeceeW keâer DeewheeefOekeâ Ùee DeewheÛeeefjkeâ meòee ceevekeâj
nw, hejbleg mLeeÙeer YeeJe kesâ peeieÇle nesves hej mJeeYeeefJekeâ, Deke=âef$ece, DeÙelvepe, heejceeefLe&keâ ™he ceW jme keâes Skeâ ner ceeveves keâer OeejCee ØeÛeefuele jner nw~ Fme
DebieefJekeâej keâes meeeflJekeâ DevegYeeJe keânles nQ, Fmekesâ efueS DeeßeÙe keâes keâesF& yee¢e DeeOeej hej efJeÉeveeW ceW celeYeso nQ~ efJeefYevve efJeÉeve Deheves-Deheves leke&â kesâ DeeOeej
Ûes°e veneR keâjveer heÌ[leer nw, FmeefueS Ùes DeÙelvepe keâns peeles nQ~ Ùes mJele: hej Skeâ jme keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjles ngS Mes<e keâes Gmemes Glhevve ceeveles nQ~ Yeespe ves
ØeeogYetl& e nesles nQ Deewj FvnW jeskeâe veneR pee mekeâlee~ ëe=ib eej jme keâes ner Skeâcee$e jme ceevekeâj Gmekeâer meJe&LewJe efYevve JÙeeKÙee keâer nw~
meeeflJekeâ DevegYeeJe DeLee&led DeefveefÛÚle kesâ Yeso 8 nQ-mlebYe, mJeso, jesce bÛe, efJeMJeveeLe kesâ Devegmeej, veejeÙeCe hebef[le Ûecelkeâejer DeodYegle keâes ner Skeâcee$e
mJej-Yebie, keâche (JesheLeg), JewJeCÙe& (jbienervelee), Deßeg leLee ØeueÙe~ jme ceeveles nQ keäÙeeWekf eâ Ûecelkeâej ner jme™he neslee nw~ YeJeYetelf e ves keâ®Ce keâes ner

Skeâcee$e jme ceevekeâj Gmeer mes meyekeâer Glheefòe yeleeF& nw, peyeefkeâ Yejle Meeble (keâ) ÙegæJeerj-peneB hej Ùegæ mLeue ceW efkeâmeer Jeerj keâer Jeerjlee keâe JeCe&ve
jme keâes Skeâcee$e jme ceeveles nQ~ ‘DeefivehegjeCe’ ceW ëe=bieej jme keâes ner Skeâcee$e neslee nw, JeneB ÙegæJeerj jme neslee nw; pewmes-
jme yeleekeâj DevÙe meyekeâes Gmekeâe Yeso yeleeÙee ieÙee nw~ kesâMeJeoeme ëe=bieej jme jeCee keâj ves mej keâeš keâeš, os efoÙes keâheeue keâheeueer keâes~
keâes jmeveeÙekeâ Deewj osJe keâefJe meye jmeeW keâe cetue ceeveles nQ~ ‘jmejepe’ meb%ee keâe MeesefCele keâer ceefoje efheuee efheuee, keâj efoÙee leg° jCe keâeueer keâes~~
ëe=bieej kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie ceeflejece Éeje ner efkeâÙee ieÙee efceuelee nw~ Ùeefo GheÙegò& eâ (Ke) oeveJeerj-peneB efkeâmeer kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer keâes oevemJe™he (ØelÙe#e DeLeJee
efJeÉeveeW kesâ efJeÛeejeW keâes «ee¢e efkeâÙee peeÙe, lees ‘ëe=bieej jme’ keâes ‘jmejepe’ ceevee DeØelÙe#e ™he mes) kegâÚ Øeoeve efkeâÙee peelee nw, JeneB oeveJeerj jme keâe JeCe&ve
pee mekeâlee nw~ neslee nw; pewmes-
jme kesâ Øekeâej cet"er leermejer Yejle ner, ®kegâefceefve hekeâjer yeeBn~
Ssmeer legcnQ keâne YeF&, mecheefòe keâer DeveÛeen~~
1. ëe=ib eej jme- peneB hej veeÙekeâ leLee veeefÙekeâe kesâ meewvoÙe& leLee Øesce
keândÙees ®kegâefceveer keâeve ceQ, Ùen Oeew keâewve efceueehe~
mebyebOeer JeCe&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw, JeneB ëe=bieej jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe
keâjle megoeefceefn DeehemeeW, nesle megoecee Deehe~~
jefle/Øesce nw~ ëe=bieej jme kesâ oes Yeso nQ-(i) mebÙeesie ëe=bieej leLee (ii) efJeÙeesie ëe=bieej
(ie) Oece&Jeerj- peneB efkeâmeer kesâ Éeje Deheves Oece& efveYeeves hej Jeerjlee keâe
DeLeJee efJeØeuebYe ëe=bieej~
JeCe&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw, JeneB Oece&Jeerj jme neslee nw; pewmes-
(i) mebÙeesie ëe=ib eej- peneB hej veeÙekeâ leLee veeefÙekeâe keâe efceueve neslee nw
leerÙe efmejesceefve meerÙe lepeer, pesenE heeJekeâ keâer keâueg<eeF& oner nw~
Deewj mebÙeesieeJemLee keâe JeCe&ve neslee nw, JeneB mebÙeesie ëe=bieej neslee nw; pewmes- Oece& OegjvOej yevOeg lepÙeeW, hegj ueesieefve keâer efyeefOe yeesue keâner nw~
yelejme ueeueÛe ueeue keâer, cegjueer Oejer uegkeâeÙe~ keâerme, efvemeeÛej keâer keâjveer ve megveer, ve efJeueeskeâer,ve eÛf eòe jner nw~
meeQn keâjs, YeeQnefve nBmew, owve keânw, veefš peeÙe~~ jece meoe mejveeiele keâer DeveKeeQner, Devewmeer megYeeÙeB mener nw~
(ii) efJeÙeesie ëe=ib eej- peneB hej veeÙekeâ leLee veeefÙekeâe keâe efJeÙeesie neslee nw (o) oÙeeJeerj- peneB efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ kesâ oÙee keâe JeCe&ve neslee nw, JeneB
Deewj efJeÙeesieeJemLee keâe JeCe&ve neslee nw, JeneB efJeÙeesie ëe=bieej DeLeJee efJeØeuebYe oÙeeJeerj jme neslee nw; pewmes-
ëe=bieej neslee nw; pewmes- ieerOejepe megevf e DeejleJeeveer, jIegkegâue efleuekeâ veeefj heefnÛeeveer~
efveefmeefove yejmele veÙeve nceejs, DeOece efvemeeÛej ueervnW peeF&, efpeefce ceuesÛÚ yeme keâefheuee ieeF&~
meoe jnefle heeJeme $e+leg nce hew, meerles! hegef$e keâjefme peefve veemee, keâefj neQ peelegOeeve keâj veemee~
peye les mÙeece efmeOeejs~ OeeJee ›eâesOeJeble Keie kewâmes, Útšs heefJe heJe&le ceBn pewmes~
2. nemÙe jme-peneB hej JeeCeer, JesMe, efJeke=âefle, Deekeâej, Ûes°e Deeefo keâe 5. jewõ jme-peye efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ kesâ Éeje ›eâesOe ceW efkeâS ieS Deheceeve Deeefo
JeCe&ve neslee nw, JeneB nemÙe jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe neme neslee nw; kesâ efpeme YeeJe keâer heefjhekeäJelee nesleer nw, JeneB jewõ jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer
pewm es- YeeJe ›eâesOe nw; pewmes-
lebyetje ues cebÛe hej yew"s Øesce Øeleehe, ßeerke=â<Ce kesâ megve JeÛeve Depeg&ve #eesYe ceW peueves ueies~
meepe efceues hebõn efceveš Iebše Yej Deeueehe~ meye Meerue Dehevee Yetue keâj keâjleue Ùegieue ceueves ueies~
mebmeej osKes Deye nceejs Me$eg jCe ceW ce=le heÌ[s~
Iebše Yej Deeueehe, jeie ceW ceeje ieeslee,
keâjles ngS Ùen Iees<eCee Jes nes ieS G" keâj KeÌ[s~~
Oeerjs-Oeerjs efKemekeâ Ûegkesâ Les meejs ßeeslee~
6. YeÙeevekeâ jme-peye efkeâmeer YeÙeevekeâ ÂMÙe keâes osKekeâj YeÙe Glhevve neslee
3. keâ®Ce jme- peye efkeâmeer efØeÙe JÙeefòeâ mes ncesMee kesâ efueS efJeueieeJe nes
nw, lees JeneB YeÙeevekeâ jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe YeÙe nw; pewmes-
DeLeJee cejCe nes, lees Gmemes Glhevve YeeJe ceW keâ®Ce jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe
GOej iejpeleer efmebOeg uenefjÙeeB kegâefšue keâeue kesâ peeueeW meer~
mLeeÙeer YeeJe Meeskeâ neslee nw; pewmes- Ûeueer Dee jner hesâve Gieueleer heâve hewâueeÙes JÙeeueeW-meer~~
meeskeâ efyekeâue meye jesJeefnb jeveer,™heg meerueg yeueg lespeg yeKeeveer~ 7. JeerYelme jme- JeerYelme jme keâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe pegieghmee/Ie=Cee nw~ peye
keâjeEn efJeueehe Deveskeâ Øekeâeje, heefjefnb Yetefce leue yeejeEn yeeje~~ pegieghmee veecekeâ mLeeÙeer YeeJe, efJeYeeJe Deeefo YeeJeeW keâer heefjhekeäJelee nesleer nw, leye
4. Jeerj jme- peneB Jeerjlee keâe JeCe&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw, JeneB Jeerj jme neslee Ùen jme Glhevve neslee nw; pewmes-
nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe Glmeen nw~ Jeerj jme kesâ Ûeej Yeso nesles nQ-(keâ) ÙegæJeerj efmej hej yew"dÙees keâeie DeeBKe oesG Keele efvekeâejle~
(Ke) oeveJeerj (ie) Oece&Jeerj (Ie) oÙeeJeerj~ KeeRÛele peerYeeEn mÙeej Deefleefn Deevebo Gj Oeejle~~
ieerOe peebeIf e keâes Keesefo-Keeseof kewâ ceeBme Gheejle~ DeYÙeeme ØeMve
mJeeve Deebiegefjve keâeefš-keâeefš kewâ Keele efJeoejle~~
8. DeodYegle jme- peye efkeâmeer keâeJÙe ceW DeeMÛeÙe&pevekeâ JeCe&ve Glhevve neslee 1. mLeeÙeer YeeJe efkeâleveer nQ?
nw, JeneB DeodYegle jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe efJemceÙe/DeeMÛeÙe& neslee nw; (a) heeBÛe (b) Ûeej
pewm es- (c) veew (d) leerve
Gòej—(c)
DeefKeue YegJeve Ûej-DeÛej meye, nefj cegKe ceW ueefKe ceeleg~
Ûeefkeâle YeF& ieodieo JeÛeve, efJekeâefmele Âie heguekeâeleg~~ mLeeÙeer YeeJe cegKÙele: veew ceeves ieÙes nQ—jefle, neme, Meeskeâ, ›eâesOe, Glmeen,
YeÙe, pegieghmee, efJemceÙe Deewj efveJexo~
9. Meeble jme-peye hejceelcee kesâ JeemleefJekeâ ™he keâe %eeve nes peelee nw Deewj
JewjeiÙe keâer YeeJevee Glhevve nesleer nw efpememes ùoÙe keâes Meebefle efceueleer nw, lees JeneB 2. efnboer JÙeekeâjCe kesâ ëe=bieej jme kesâ mLeeÙeer YeeJe keâes mhe<š keâjW~
(a) jefle (b) efveJexo
hej Meeble jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe Mece/efveJexo (JewjeiÙe/Jeerlejeie) nw;
(c) nemÙe (d) Glmeen
pewm es-
Gòej—(a)
ceve js leve keâeieo keâe hegleuee~
jme Deewj Gvekesâ mLeeÙeer YeeJe efvecveefueefKele nQ—
ueeiew yetob efyeveefme peeÙe efÚve ceW, iejye keâjw keäÙee Flevee~~
10. JeelmeuÙe jme-peye Úesšs yeÛÛeeW kesâ yeeue-megueYe ef›eâÙee-keâueeheeW keâe 1. ëe=bieej jefle 7. JeerYelme pegieghmee
JeCe&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees JeneB JeelmeuÙe jme neslee nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe 2. nemÙe neme 8. DeodYegle efJemceÙe
JeelmeuÙe nw; pewmes- 3. keâ®Cee Meeskeâ 9. Meeble efveJexo
efkeâuekeâle keâevn Iegš®Jeve DeeJele~ 4. jewõ ›eâesOe 10 .JeelmeuÙe mevleeve efJe<eÙekeâ jefle
ceefveceÙe keâvekeâ vebo kesâ Deebieve efyecye hekeâefjJes OeeJele~~ 5. Jeerj Glmeen 11 .Yeefòeâ jme YeieJeod efJe<eÙekeâ jefle
veesš-kegâÚ efJeÉeveeW ves JeelmeuÙe jme ceW oes Yeso efkeâS nQ, Jes nQ—mebÙeesie 6. YeÙeevekeâ YeÙe
JeelmeuÙe jme leLee efJeÙeesie JeelmeuÙe jme~ nce ÙeneB oesveeW keâe mebe#f ehle JeCe&ve 3. efJeYeeJe efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ?
Øemlegle keâj jnW nQ~ (a) heeBÛe (b) Ûeej
(keâ) mebÙeesie JeelmeuÙe jme-Ùen jme leye Glhevve neslee nw peye yeÛÛee (c) leerve (d) oes
Deheveer ceelee-efhelee keâer GheefmLeefle ceW jnkeâj efJeefYevve ef›eâÙee-keâueeheeW keâes Øemlegle Gòej—(d)
keâjlee nw~ pewmes- pees JÙeefòeâ, Jemleg, heefjeqmLeefleÙeeb Deeefo mLeeveeW keâes peeie=efle Ùee Göerehf le keâjles nQ,
Jej oble keâer hebieefle kegâb okeâueer DeOejeOej heuueJe Keesueve keâer~ GvnW efJeYeeJe keânles nQ~ efJeYeeJe oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ—(1) Deeuecyeve Deewj (2)
Göerheve~
r
Ûeheuee Ûecekesâ Ieve yeerÛe peiew, ÚefJe ceeself eve ceeue Deceesueve keâer~~
IeBgIejeefj uešQ ueškeQâ cegKe Thej, kegâb [ue ueesue keâheesueve keâer~ 4. ëe=ib eej jme kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nesles nw?
efveJeÚeJej ØeeCe keâjs leguemeer, yeefue peeGBâ ueuee Fve yeesueve keâer~~ (a) oes (b) heeBÛe
(c) leerve (d) Ûeej
(Ke) efJeÙeesie JeelmeuÙe jme-Ùen jme leye Glhevve neslee nw, peye yeÛÛee
Gòej—(a)
Deheves ceelee-efhelee mes Deueie nes peelee nw Deewj Gmekesâ keâejCe ceelee-efhelee keâer
oMee keâe JeCe&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- meùoÙe kesâ efÛeòe ceW jefle veecekeâ mLeeÙeer YeeJe keâe peye efJeYeeJe, DevegYeeJe Deewj
mebÛeejerYeeJe mes mebÙeesie neslee nw leye Jen ëe=bieej jme keâe ¤he OeejCe keâj ueslee nw~
mebosMe osJ ekeâer meeW keâefnS~ Fmekesâ oes Yeso nesles nQ—mebÙeesie Deewj efJeÙeesie~
neQ lees OeeÙe eflenejs megle keâer, ke=âhee keâjle ner jefnÙees~~
5. efvecve hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee jme nw?
legkeâ leew šsJe peeefveefleefn nw new leG, ceesenf keâefn DeeJew~
‘‘ceQ veerj Yejer og:Ke keâer yeoueer~’’
Øeele G"le cesjs ueeue, ueÌ[wleefn ceeKeve jesšer YeeJew~~ (a) nemÙe (b) jewõ
11. Yeefòeâ jme- Ùen jme leye Glhevve neslee nw, peye F&MJej kesâ meeefveOÙe ceW (c) keâ®Ce (d) Meeble
Gvekesâ iegCeieeve kesâ efueS Deesle-Øeesle nes peeves keâer efmLeefle kesâ keâejCe Glhevve nesleer Gòej—(c)
nw~ Fmekeâe mLeeÙeer YeeJe ‘YeieJeod efJe<eÙekeâ jefle Devegjeie’ nw; pewmes- efkeâmeer efØeÙe JÙeefòeâ kesâ efÛej efJejn DeLeJee FefÛÚle Jemleg keâer DeØeeefhle mes Glhevve
jece peheg, jece peheg, jece peheg yeeJejs~ nesves Jeeuee Meeskeâ Deeefo YeeJe kesâ meefcceßeCe keâes keâ®Ce jme keânles nQ~ Dele: Fme
Ieesj YeJe veerj-efveefOe, veece efvepe veeJe js~~ hebefòeâ ceW keâ®Ce jme nw~

Jele&veer leLee JeekeäÙeiele DeMegefæÙeeb
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 7. (a) F<ee& (b) F&<Ùee&
(c) F&Mee (d) F&MÙee&
efveoxMe–efvecveefueefKele ceW Ûeej Meyo efoS ieS nQ~ FveceW Megæ Jele&veer keâe ÛeÙeve Gòej–(b)
keâerefp eS–
1. (a) le®ÚeÙee (b) le®ÛÚeÙee
‘F&<Ùee&' Jele&veer kesâ Âef°keâesCe mes Megæ Meyo nw~
(c) le®ÚeÙee (d) le®meeÙee 8. (a) kegâcegoveer (b) kegâcegogveer
Gòej–(b) (c) kegâcegeof veer (d) kegâceogveer
Gòeâ ÛeejeW MeyoeW kesâ mecetn mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ `le®ÛÚeÙee' Megæ Jele&veer Gòej–(c)
Jeeuee Meyo nw, Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) mener Gòej nw~ Jele&veer kesâ Âef°keâesCe mes Megæ Meyo `kegâcegeof veer' nw~
2. (a) hegvej&Ûevee (b) hegve: jÛevee 9. (a) <e‰ (b) <e‰ced
(c) hegvee jÛevee (d) hegvejjÛevee (c) <e„ced (d) <e„
hegvej&Ûevee, hegve:jÛevee, hegvee jÛevee Deewj hegvejjÛevee kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes mhe„ ` <e‰ced' Jele&veer keâer Âef° mes Megæ Meyo nw~
neslee nw efkeâ `hegvej&Ûevee' ner Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw, Dele: efJekeâuhe (a)
10. keâewve-mee Meyo Megæ efueKee ieÙee nw?
mener Gòej nw~
(a) DeeefleefLe (b) DeleerLeer
3. (a) Ùeesieerjepe (b) ÙeesieerjepÙe (c) DeleerefLe (d) DeefleefLe
(c) Ùeesefiejepe (d) Ùeesieerjepee
Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(c)
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ `DeefleefLe' ner Megæ Meyo
GheÙeg&òeâ mecetn ceW `Ùeesefiejepe' ner mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw, Dele: efJekeâuhe
nw~
(c) mener Gòej nw~
efveoxMe–efvecveefueefKele Ûeej efJekeâuheeW ceW Jele&veer kesâ Âef°keâesCe mes Megæ ¤he keâer
4. (a) ceve:keâecevee (b) cevemkeâecevee
(c) cevekeäkeâecevee (d) ceveeskeâecevee henÛeeve keâerepf eS–
11. (a) yeerceejer (b) efJeceejer
Gòej–(a)
(c) efJeceeefj (d) yeerceeefj
ceve:keâecevee' ceW Megæ Jele&veer nw~ Mes<e ieuele nQ~
Gòej–(a)
5. Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes keâewve-mee Meyo Megæ nw?
GheÙeg&òeâ efJekeâuheeW ceW Jele&veer kesâ Âef°keâesCe mes Megæ Meyo `yeerceejer' nw, pees Skeâ
(a) ØeueÙeckeâj (b) ØeuÙebkeâj
heâejmeer Meyo nw~
(c) ØeueÙebkeâj (d) hejuÙekeâj
Gòej–(c) 12. (a) ØeoMe&efve (b) ØeÂMeveer
(c) ØeoMe&veer (d) he=oMe&efve
Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes Megæ Meyo `ØeueÙebkeâj' nw~ Mes<e leerveeW Meyo Jele&veer keâer
Âef„ mes ieuele nQ~ Gòej–(c)
efveoxMe–efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW mener Jele&veer keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS– efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `ØeoMe&veer' nw~
6. (a) Ú: (b) Ún 13. (a) he=Lekeâ (b) ØeLekeâ
(c) Únd (d) Úw (c) heLe&keâ (d) ØeLLekeâ
Gòej–(a) Gòej–(a)
GheÙegò& eâ efJekeâuheeW ceW `Ú:' DevÙe leerve W efJekeâuheeW ceW meJee&efOekeâ Megæ nw~ GheÙeg&keäle MeyoeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `he=Lekeâ' nw~

14. (a) DeceÇle (b) Decele& efveoxMe–veerÛes efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙeeW ceW jsKeebefkeâle MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer kesâ efueS Ûeej-Ûeej
(c) Deceefjle (d) Dece=le efJekeâuhe efoÙes ieÙes nQ~ FveceW mes Skeâ efJekeâuhe ceW Meyo keâer Jele&veer Megæ nw~ Gme
Gòej–(d) efJekeâuhe keâes ÛegefveS~
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `Dece=le' nw~ Mes<e efJekeâuheeW keâer 22. mJeeceerpeer DevleOee&ve DeJemLee ceW nQ~
Jele&veer ieuele nw~ (a) Devle&OÙeeve (b) DevleOee&ve
15. (a) mJeemLÙe (b) mJeemLe (c) Devle&Oeeve (d) DevlejOÙeeve
(c) megJeemLe (d) mJeemeLe Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(a)
DeYeer„ Meyo keâer Megæ Jele&veer `DevleOee&ve' nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) mener Gòej
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `mJeemLÙe' nw~ Mes<e meYeer Meyo
nw~
Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes ieuele nQ~
23. GÅeesieerkeâjCe ves mecemÙeeDeesb keâes Yeer pevce efoÙee nw~
16. (a) ÙegeOf eef‰j (b) Ùegæef‰j
(c) ÙegOeef‰j (d) ÙegeOf e‰j (a) Deew ÅeesieerkeâjCe (b) DeewOÙees ieerkeâjCe
Gòej–(a) (c) Dees ÅeesieerkeâjCe (d) GÅeesieerkeâjCe
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `ÙegeOf eef‰j' nw~ Mes<e MeyoeW keâer Gòej–(d)
Jele&veer ieuele nw~ Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `GÅeesieerkeâjCe' nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) mener Gòej nw~
17. (a) ëe=bieej (b) eEmeieej 24. obieeW kesâ keâejCe keâ#eeSB lelkeâeefuekeâ ØeYeeJe mes yevo keâj oer ieFË~
(c) ßebieej (d) ße=bieej (a) leelkeâeefuekeâ (b) lelekeâeefuekeâ
Gòej–(a)
(c) leelekeâeefuekeâ (d) leelkeâeueerve
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `ëe=bieej' nw~ Mes<e MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer Gòej–(a)
ieuele nw~
efoÙes ieÙes Meyo keâer Megæ Jele&veer `leelkeâeefuekeâ' nw, Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) mener
18. (a) GheÙe&keäle (b) GheÙeg&keäle
Gòej nw~
(c) Ghe®keäle (d) Ghejeskeäle
Gòej–(b) 25. ÛeejeW Deesj GpepJeue Ûeeboveer hewâueer Leer~
Øemlegle efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `GheÙeg&keäle' nw~ (a) GpJeue (b) GppJeue
(c) GppeJeue (d) GpepJeue
19. (a) efYekeäKeejer (b) efyeKeejer
(c) efYekeâejer (d) efYeKeejer Gòej-- (b)
Gòej–(d) `GppJeue' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
èfYeKeejer' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ 26. nceW efveÙeceeW keâe GuebuIeve veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
20. Megæ Meyo keäÙee nw? (a) GuuebIeve (b) GuebuIeve
(a) keâJeefÙe$eer (b) keâefJeÙe$eer (c) GuebIeve (d) TuuebIeve
(c) keâefJeefÙe$eer (d) keâJeF$eer Gòej-- (a)
Gòej-- (a)
`GuuebIeve' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
Jele&veer keâer Âef°keâesCe mes keâJeefÙe$eer Megæ Meyo nw~
21. Megæ Jele&veer ÚebefšS—
27. nce peevleefv$ekeâ heæefle ceW efJeMJeeme keâjles nQ~
(a) Devegie=nerle (b) Deveg«enerle (a) peeveleebef$ekeâ (b) peveleebef$ekeâ
(c) Devetie=enf le (d) Deveg«enefle (c) peveleeb$eerkeâ (d) pevelebe$f ekeâ

Gòej–(a) Gòej-- (b)
Devegie=nerle Megæ Jele&veer nw, Mes<e ieuele nQ~ `peveleebef$ekeâ' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~

28. Fme hegmlekeâ kesâ Devle ceW oes heefjefMe‰ efoÙes ieÙes nQ~ 35. eqvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâmekeâer Jele&veer Megæ nw?
(a) heefjefMe‰ (b) heefjefMe<eš (a) ØeeLÙe& (b) ÛeCe&
(c) heefjefMe° (d) ØeefMe° (c) Deveg«enerle (d) hetpÙeveerÙe
Gòej-- (c) Gòej-- (a)
`heefjefMe°' ceW Megæ Jele&veer nw~ GheÙeg&òeâ ceW `ØeeLÙe&' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ Mes<e DeMegæ nQ~
29. Deehekesâ oMe&ve keâj ceQ mJeÙeb keâes ke=âlÙeke=âlÙe DevegYeJe keâjlee nBt~ 36. efvecve ceW mener Jele&veer nw–
(a) ke=âlÙeke=âlÙe (b) ke=âlÙe›eâlÙe (a) DevleÙee#ejer (b) Devlee#ejer
(c) ke=âlke=âlÙe (d) ke=âleke=âlÙe
(c) DeblÙee#ejer (d) DevelÙee#ejer
Gòej-- (d)
Gòej-- (c)
`ke=âlke=âlÙe' mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
`Debl Ùee#ejer' Meyo ceW mener Jele&veer nw~ Deble kes â De#ej mes keâesF& keâefJelee hee",
30. Ùeefo Deehe efJeÉsMehetCe& DeheâJeenW hewâueeles nQ lees Deehekesâ meeLeer Yeer Ùener ieer le Meg™ keâjves kesâ keâejCe Fmes Debl Ùee#ejer keânles nQ~
keâjves ueieWies~
37. keâewve-mee Meyo Megæ efueKee ngDee nw?
(a) efJeæs<ehetCe& (b) efJeÉsMehetCe&
(a) ceeqv$eceb[ue (b) ceef$eceC[ue
(c) JeerÉsMehetCe& (d) efJeÉs< ehetCe&
(c) ceb$eer ceb[ue (d) ceB$eer ceb[ue
Gòej-- (d)
Gòej–(a)
èfJeÉs<ehetCe&' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW `ceeqv$eceb[ue' Meyo Megæ efueKee ngDee nw~ ceef$eceC[ue,
31. DeeFS heÌ{-efueKekeâj mJeÙeb keâes ueeYeevJeerle keâjW~
ceb$eerceB[ue leLee ceB$eerceb[ue Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes DeMegæ nQ~
(a) ueeYeeefvJele (b) ueeYeeefveefJele
(c) ueeYeefvJele (d) ueeYeeveefJele 38. Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes keâewve-mee Meyo Megæ nw?
Gòej-- (a) (a) mebvÙeemeer (b) mebÙeemeer
(c) mevÙeemeer (d) mecedv Ùeemeer
ùeeYeeefvJele' Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
Gòej–(a)
32. keâevehegj Skeâ cenòJehetCe& JÙeeJemeeFkeâ keWâoÇ nw~
(a) JÙeeJemeeÙekeâ (b) JÙeJemeeFkeâ efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙeeW ceW Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes Megæ Meyo `mebvÙeemeer' nw~ Mes<e leerveeW
(c) JÙeeJemeeFkeâ (d) JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ Meyo Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes ieuele nQ~
Gòej-- (d) 39. keâewve-mee Meyo Megæ efueKee ngDee nw?
`JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ' ceW Megæ Jele&veer nw~ (a) veerjesie (b) efvejesie&
(c) efve&jesie (d) efvejexie
33. keâewve-meer Jele&veer Megæ venerb nw?
(a) ßeb=ieej (b) DeeMeerJee&o Gòej–(a)
(c) Deevevo (d) hetpeveerÙe Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes mener Meyo `veerjesie' nw~ DevÙe meYeer Jele&veer keâer Âef„ mes
Gòej-- (a) ieuele nQ~
ßeb=ieej keâer Jele&veer Megæ veneR nw~ Fmekeâe Megæ ™he `ëe=bieej' nw~ efveoxMe–efvecveefueefKele ceW mener Jele&veer ÚeBefšS–
34. Megæ Meyo keäÙee nw? 40. (a) DeeMeerjJeeo (b) DeeefMeJee&o
(a) mecehetCe& (b) mebhetCe& (c) DeeMeeaJeeo (d) DeeMeerJee&o
(c) mehetCe& (d) mechet&Ce Gòej–(d)
Gòej-- (b) mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo DeeMeerJee&o nw~ DevÙe efJekeâuheeW ceW efoÙes ieÙes MeyoeW keâer
`mebhetCe&' Megæ Meyo nw~ Jele&veer ieuele nw~

41. (a) mebm›eâefle (b) mebmke=âefle 49. (a) centjle (b) cegntle&
(c) mebmkeâe|le (d) mebmkeâefjle (b) cegngle& (d) cegngjLe
Gòej–(b) Gòej – (b)
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `mebmke=âefle' nw~ cegntle& Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
42. (a) efpepeereJf e<ee (b) peerpeerJe<ee 50. (a) Gße=bKeue (b) GÚbKeue
(c) pepeerJe<ee (d) efpeefpeJeer<ee (c) GæbKeue (d) GÛÚ=bKeue
Gòej–(a) Gòej – (d)
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo èfpepeereJf e<ee' nw~ DevÙe Meyo GÛÚ=bKeue Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
ieuele nQ~ 51. (a) JeMee& $e+leg (b) Je<ee& jerleg
(c) Je<ee& efjleg (d) Je<ee& $e+leg
43. (a) SMJeÙe& (b) SmJeÙe&
Gòej – (d)
(c) S<JeÙe& (d) SsMJeÙe&
Gòej–(d) Je<ee& $e+leg Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `SsMJeÙe&' nw, Dele: Gòej (d) mener nw~ 52. (a) ØeppeJeefuele (b) ØeppeJeefuele
(c) ØeppJeefuele (d) Øepe&Jeefuele
44. (a) Deengle (b) Deengelf e Gòej – (c)
(c) Deengleer (d) Deentelf e
ØeppJeefuele Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
Gòej–(b)
53. (a) efueheer (b) ueerefhe
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo `Deengelf e' nw~
(c) ueerheer (d) efueefhe
efveoxMe : efvecve ØeMveeW ceW efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW mener Jele&veer Jeeues Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve Gòej – (d)
keâere fpeS~ efueefhe Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
45. (a) hegpÙeveerÙe (b) hetpeefveÙe
54. (a) cen<eea (b) ceneef<e&
(c) hetpeveerÙe (d) hetpÙeveerÙe
(c) cenef<e& (d) cenefme&
Gòej – (c) Gòej – (c)
hetpeveerÙe Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ cenef<e& Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
46. (a) Øeer#ee (b) heefj#ee cewLeereuf e Dees<eefOe
55. (a) (b)
(c) efhejer#ee (d) hejer#ee (c) Deew<eefOe (d) JeOeg
Gòej – (d) Gòej – (c)
hejer#ee Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ Deew<eefOe Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
47. (a) jefÛeÙelee (b) jÛeÙelee 56. (a) YeeieerjLeer (b) hejueesefkeâkeâ
(c) jÛeefÙelee (d) efjÛeÙelee (c) DeeMeeaJeeo (d) meeOet
Gòej – (c) Gòej – (a)
jÛeefÙelee Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ YeeieerjLeer Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
48. (a) meeefneqlÙekeâ (b) meeefnlÙeerkeâ 57. (a) mebmkeâjCe (b) Deekeâ<eCe&
(c) meneeq lÙekeâ (d) meeefn lÙekeâ (c) meche&Ce (d) Jevemeheefle
Gòej – (a) Gòej – (a)
meeefneflÙekeâ Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ mebmkeâjCe Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~

58. (a) Devle&iele (b) DeefleDeeJeMÙekeâ (c) efkeâmcele (d) keâÚhe
(c) ef›eâÙeevJeÙeve (d) Deeflejbefpele Gòej–(a)
Gòej – (d) keâere|leceeve Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
Deeflejbefpele Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ 67. (a) pee«ele (b) peeie=le
59. (a) Gie&vee (b) efJeMegæ (c) peeef«ele (d) pee«eefle
(c) Deeflekeâce&Ce (d) DeehejeOe
Gòej–(b)
Gòej – (b) peeie=le Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
efJeMegæ Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ 68. (a) mLeeefÙelJe (b) mLeeÙeerlJe
(c) mLeeF&lJe (d) mLeeFlJe
60. (a) ceene|<e (b) ØeeLeceerkeâlee
Gòej–(a)
(c) o<e&ve (d) Meejerejf keâ
Gòej – (d) mLeeefÙelJe Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
Meejerejf keâ Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ efveoxMe–efvecve ØeMveeW ceW jsKeebekf eâle Meyo keâe Megæ ¤he ÛegefveS–
69. yeÛÛeeW keâes Deeies heÌ{ves kesâ efueS JeefpeHeâe efoÙee peelee nw–
61. (a) mJe<e& (b) oiæ
(a) JepeerHeâe (b) Jepeer]Heâe
(c) peÙevleer (d) jerleer (c) Jeef]peHeâe (d) Jeefpe]Heâe~
Gòej – (c)
Gòej–(b)
peÙevleer Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ jsKeebefkeâle Meyo keâe Megæ ™he ‘Je]peerheâe’ nesiee~
62. (a) Ghemebnej (b) DevegÙeeefÙe 70. yegÌ{ehee oesye&uÙe keâe metÛekeâ nw–
(c) keâef"veeF&ÙeeB (d) yeÇeÿeCes (a) oewjyeuÙe (b) oewye&uÙe
Gòej – (a) (c) oewJeuÙe (d) oewjJeuÙe
Ghemebnej Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ Gòej–(b)
63. (a) efYe<ce (b) De#ewefnCeer jsKeebefkeâle Meyo keâe Megæ ™he ‘oewye&uÙe’ nesiee~
(c) mesveeOÙee#e (d) Øeefle%ee
Gòej – (d)
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
Øeefle%ee Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~  Jele&veer leLee JeekeäÙeiele DeMegefæÙeeb
osJeveeiejer efueefhe DevÙe ef ueef heÙeeW keâer leguevee ceW meJee&efO ekeâ Jew %eeefvekeâ
64. (a) Øehegâuue (b) Jeeefheme
efueefh e mJ eerkeâej keâer ieF& nw~ peneB FmeceW meYeer OJeefveÙeeW keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves keâer
(c) mevÙeemeer (d) õmšJÙe
#ecelee nw , JeneR otmejer lejH eâ Skeâ OJeefve keâer DeefY eJÙeeqkeäle nsleg Skeâ ner
Gòej – (a)
ef ueef heef ÛeÖ nw~ efkeâvleg De%eeveleeJeMe ueesie keâefleh eÙe efueefhe SJeb GÛÛeejCe
Øehegâuue Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ mecyevOeer $egefš ÙeeB keâj yew" les nQ efp ememes Jele&v eer keâer DeMegefæÙeeB nes peeleer nQ~
65. (a) efJehevve (b) ÙeLes‰ Jele&veer mecyevOeer DeMegeæ f ÙeeB JeekeäÙe keâes oes<ehetCe& yevee osleer nQ~ meeceevÙe yeesueÛeeue
(c) efyemce=le (d) ieefj° keâer Yee<ee Deewj uesKeve ceW Deeceleewj hej heeF& peeves Jeeueer Jele&veeriele DeMegefæÙeeW keâe
Gòej–(a) efJeJejCe hejer#eesheÙeesieer Âef° mes Deeies Øemlegle efkeâÙee pee jne nw~
Jele&veer mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeB Deveskeâ Øekeâej mes nes mekeâleer nQ; pewmes—
efJehevve Megæ Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~ mJej SJeb cee$ee mecyevOeer—ceeuegce (Megæ-ceeuetce), heefj#ee (Megæ-hejer#ee)
66. (a) keâere|leceeve (b) keâerjeÙee Deeefo~

JÙebpeve mecyevOeer—yeÌ[F& (Megæ-yeÌ{F&), ÙeesOee (Megæ-Ùeesæe) Deeefo~ Yet<eCe, jeceeÙeCe, ßeJeCe, efJe<Ceg, G<Ce Deeefo~ efkeâvleg OÙeeleJÙe nw efkeâ Fvemes
Ghemeie& mecyevOeer—efvejpeve (Megæ-efvepe&ve), DeveÛesle (Megæ-DeÛesle) Deeefo~ keâesF& efYevve JeCe& DeeS lees ‘Ce’ keâe ‘ve’ nes peelee nw; pewm es – jÛevee,
meceeme mecyevOeer—Denesjeef$e (Megæ-Denesje$e), De°Je›eâ (Megæ-De°eJe›eâ) ØeeLe&vee, cetÛÚ&vee, DeÛe&vee FlÙeeefo~
Deeefo~  `Ú' Deewj `#e' mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeB
ØelÙeÙe mecyevOeer—OewÙe&lee (Megæ-OewÙe&), DeeOeerve (Megæ-DeOeerve) Deeefo~ peneB ‘#e’ Skeâ mebÙegkeäle JÙebpeve nw JeneR ‘Ú’ Skeâ mJeleb$e JÙebpeve~ ‘#e’, kedâ
meefvOe mecyevOeer—Ghejesò eâ (Megæ-GheÙeg&òeâ), DelÙeesefkeäle (Megæ-DelÙege fkeäle) Deewj ‘<e’ kesâ cesue mes yevee nw~ Ùen JÙebpeve mebmke=âle SJeb efnvoer kesâ lelmece MeyoeW
Deeefo~ ceW meJee&efOekeâ ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw; pewmes - meceer#ee, hejer#ee, efMe#ee, oer#ee, #eef$eÙe,
DeJÙeÙe mecyevOeer—cesjs keâes (Megæ-cegPes), DevegJeeefole (Megæ- Devegeof le) Deeefo~ efvejer#ekeâ, DeOeer#ekeâ Deeefo~
efuebie mecyevOeer—IeesÌ[e mes IeeseÌ[f ve (Megæ-Iees[Ì er)~  ‘Me’, ‘<e’ Deewj ‘me’ mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeB
JeÛeve mecyevOeer—heeBÛe yenve (heeBÛe yenveW)~ Jemlegle: Me, <e Deewj me leerveeW he=Lekeâ De#ej nQ Deewj Fvekeâe GÛÛeejCe Yeer
keâejkeâ mecyevOeer—cespe ceW (Megæ-cespe hej)~ he=Lekeâ ner nw~ Gvekesâ GÛÛeejCe mecyevOeer oes<e kesâ heefjCeecemJe¤he ner Jele&veer
‘ye’ Deewj ‘Je’ keâer DeMegefæÙeeB mecyevOeer DeMegeæ f ÙeeB ØeeÙe: osKeves keâes efceueleer nQ~ DeleSJe GÛÛeejCe ceW efJeMes<e
ye Deewj Je kesâ ØeÙeesie mecyevOeer efnvoer ceW yengleeÙele DeMegefæÙeeB Âef„iele nesleer meeJeOeeveer yejlevee DeYeer„ nw~ Sleod mecyeefvOele efvecve yeeleeW hej meeJeOeeveer
nQ~ Fmekeâe cenòJehetCe& keâejCe nw- MeyoeW keâe DeMegæ GÛÛeejCe~ peneB lekeâ oesveeW Dehesef#ele nw–
MeyoeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe keâe ØeMve nw- ‘ye’ kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW neW" peg[Ì peeles nQ, JeneR (i) ‘<e’ JÙebpeve keâs ØeÙeesie kesâJeue mebmke=âle mes DeeS lelmece MeyoeW ceW ner efceueles
‘Je’ kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW veerÛes keâe neW" Thej Jeeues oeBleeW kesâ Deieues Yeeie kesâ efvekeâš nQ; pewmes – ke=â<ekeâ, Yee<ee, meblees<e, cet<ekeâ, heerÙet<e, heg®<e, Megßeg<ee Deeefo~
hengBÛe peelee nw Deewj meeLe ner meeLe oesveeW neW"eW keâe Deekeâej ieesuee nes peelee nw, (ii) mebeOf e keâjves ceW keâ, Ke, š, ", he Deewj Heâ kesâ henues Deeiele efJemeie& (:)
efkeâvleg Jes Deeheme ceW efceueles veneR nQ~ meJe&oe `<e’ nes peelee nw~
"s" efnvoer ceW `ye’ Jeeues MeyoeW keâer DeefOekeâlee nw, peyeefkeâ mebmke=âle ceW Fmekesâ (iii) Ùeefo ef keâmeer Meyo ceW ‘me’ nes Deewj Gmekesâ henues ‘De’ Ùee ‘Dee’ kesâ Deef leefjòeâ
"erkeâ efJehejerle `Je’ Jeeues MeyoeW keâer DeefOekeâlee nw~ ÙeÅeefhe Ùen meJe&efJeefole nw efkeâ keâesF& DevÙe mJej nes lees ‘me’ kesâ mLeeve hej ‘<e’ nes p eelee nw~
efnvoer ves mebmke=âle mes yengleeÙele Meyo «enCe efkeâS nQ~ mebmke=âle kesâ `ye’ GÛÛeejCe (iv) š Jeie& kesâ henues kesâJeue ‘<e’ keâe ner ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes - <ees[me,
Jeeues keâefleheÙe ØecegKe Meyo nQ- yeye&j, yeefue, yeÇeÿeCe, yegYeg#ee, yeng, yevOeg~ <e[eveve, keâ„, ve„~
 `Ce' Deewj `ve' mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeB (v) $e+ kesâ Ghejeble ØeeÙe: ‘<e’ ner Deelee nw; pewmes - $e+ef<e, ke=âef<e, Je=ef„, le=<ee~
Jemlegle: ‘Ce’ keâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe: mebmke=âle MeyoeW ceW ner neslee nw Deewj efpeve (vi) peneB hej Me Deewj me Skeâ meeLe Deeles nQ, JeneB hej ‘Me’ henues ØeÙegòeâ neslee
lelmece MeyoeW ceW ‘Ce’ neslee nw, Gvekesâ leodYeJe ceW ‘Ce’ kesâ mLeeve hej ‘ve’ ØeÙegòeâ nw; pewmes - Meemekeâ, Meemeve, ØeMebmee Deeefo~
nes peelee nw; GoenjCeeLe&— keâCe-keâve, HeâCe-Heâve, efJe<Ceg-efJemeveg, jCe-jve~ (vii) efpeme Meyo ceW ‘Me’ Deewj ‘<e’ Skeâ meeLe Deeles nQ, JeneB ‘Me’ kesâ Ghejeble
KeÌ[er yeesueer ceW Yeer ‘Ce’ Deewj ‘ve’ keâe ØeÙeesie mebmke=âle efveÙeceeW kesâ Devegmeej ‘<e’ Deelee nw; pewmes - Mees<eCe, efJeMes<e, Mes<e Deeefo~
ner neslee nw, efkeâvleg hebpeeyeer SJeb jepemLeeveer Yee<ee ceW ‘Ce’ keâe ner GÛÛeejCe (viii)Ghemeie& kesâ ¤he ceW efve:, efJe Deeefo Deeves hej cetue Meyo keâe ‘me’ henues
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmee ner yevee jnlee nw; pewmes – efvemmebosn, efve:mebMeÙe, efJemleej, efJemle=le
`Ce' Deewj ‘ve’ efJeMes<e OÙeeleJÙe leLÙe Deeefo~
(i) mebmke=âle Yee<ee keâer efpeve OeelegDeesb ceW ‘Ce’ neslee nw Gvemes yeves MeyoeW ceW (ix) keâoeefÛele ‘med"’ kesâ mLeeve hej ‘me’ efueKekeâj Deewj keâYeer Meyo kesâ ØeejbYe
Yeer ‘Ce’ ner jnlee nw; GoenjCe kesâ efueS – #eCe, Je®Ce, efvehegCe, ceW ‘med’ kesâ meeLe efkeâmeer De#ej keâe Yeso nesves hej DeMegeæ f ÙeeB nesleer nQ; pewmes-
iegCe, ieCe Deeefo~ mveeve (Megæ)-Demveeve (DeMegæ), hejmhej (Megæ)-hejmehej (DeMegæ), m$eer
(ii) keâefleheÙe lelmece MeyoeW ceW ØeeÙe: ‘Ce’ ner neslee nw; pewmes— keâesCe, (Megæ)-Fm$eer (DeMegæ) Deeefo~
iegCe, ieefCekeâe, ceefCe, ceeefCekeäÙe, yeeCe, JeeCeer, JeefCekeâ, JeerCee, JesCeg, (x) mebmke=âle MeyoeW ceW ‘Ûe’, ‘Ú’ kesâ henues ‘Med’ nes peelee nw; pewmes –
ueJeCe, #eCe FlÙeeefo~ efveMÚue, efveMÛeue~

(iii) Ùeefo efkeâmeer Skeâ ner heo ceW $e+, jd Deewj <ed kesâ Ghejeble ved nes lees ved kesâ (xi) keâefleheÙe MeyoeW kesâ ¤he Jewkeâequhekeâ ngDee keâjles nQ, pees oesveeW ner Megæ nesles
mLeeve hej ‘Ce’ nes p eelee nw Ûeens Fvekesâ yeerÛe keâesF& mJej Ûed, Jed, nd, keâ nQ; pewmes – keâewMeuÙee - keâewmeuÙee, JeefMe‰-Jeefme‰, kesâMejer-kesâmejer, keâMee-
Jeie&, he Jeie& keâe JeCe& Ùee DevegmJeej DeeÙee nes; GoenjCeeLe& - $e+Ce, ke=â<Ce, keâ<ee Deeefo~
Deeies Jele&veer mecyevOeer DeMegeæ
f ÙeeW hej efJemle=le peevekeâejer kesâ efueS DeMegæ kewâueeMe - kewâueeme keâvnsÙee - keâvnwÙee
keâeueeroeme - keâeefueoeme keâòe&JÙeheeueve - keâòe&JÙe-heeueve
SJeb Megæ Mey oeW keâer metÛeer oer pee jner nw efpemekeâe OÙeevehetJe&keâ DeOÙeÙeve F&<ee& - F&<Ùee& FMJej - F&MJej
hejer#eeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ efueS ueeYekeâejer nesiee~ GheeMevee - Gheemevee GæjÌ[ - GæjCe
ieeefÙekeâer - ieeÙekeâer ie=nerCeer - ie=ef nCeer
efJeefMe° hejer#ee meece«eer ieewJeeW - ieeÙeeW ieeOeer - ieeBOeer
DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ ie®Ce - ie®Ì[ iejer‰ - ieefj‰
DevOee - DebOee Dejheve - Dehe&Ce ieesheefveÙe - ieesheveerÙe «eernmLe - ie=nmLe
DeveefYeiÙe - DeveefYe%e Devlee#ejer - DevlÙee#ejer ieceeaÙeeW - ieefce&ÙeeW ieeJe - ieeBJe
Denej - Deenej DeeefmJekeâej - DemJeerkeâej efÛenve - efÛeÖ ÛevÛeue - ÛebÛ eue
Dehejevn - DehejeÖ DeefYemeskeâ - DeefYe<eskeâ Ú$eer - #eef $eÙe Úcee - #ecee
Deveg«enerle - Devegie=nerle DeeOeerve - DeOeerve ÚgOee - #egOee Úsce - #esce
DevegJeeefole - Devetefole Devleke&âLee - Devle:keâLee pÙeeslmevee - pÙeeslmvee peceelee - peeceelee
peeef« eefle - peeie=efle peelÙeeefYeceeve - peelÙeefYeceeve
Deke=âeflece - Deke=âef$ece DeveeefOekeâej - DeveefOekeâej
peiele peveveer - peieppeveveer peieOee$eer - peieodOee$eer
DepeeveJeeng - DeepeevegJeeng DeeleerLesÙe - DeefleLesÙe
leueeJe - leeueeye lÙepÙe - lÙeepÙe
DevleOÙee&ve - DevleOee&ve Deekebâ#ee - Deekeâeb#ee
le®ÚeÙee - le®ÛÚeÙee lelkeâeefuekeâ - leelkeâeefuekeâ
DevegMejCe - Deveg mejCe DeeMeeaJeeo - DeeMeerJee&o
le=keâeue - ef$ek eâeue leeueemeer - leueeMeer
DeceeJeMÙee - DeceeJemÙee Dehevngefle - Dehendvegelf e
ef$eietÌ[ - ef$eieg Ce efleueebpeueer - efleueebpeefue
Demegæ - DeMegæ Deešdšeefuekeâe - Dešdšeefuekeâe
oeefjõlee - oefjõlee oeble - oeBle
DeOÙeve - DeOÙeÙeve Deeo& - Deeõ&
oerJeejeef$e - efoJeeje$e otjelceeieCe - ogjelceieCe
DeeefOekeäÙelee - DeeefOekeäÙe DeJeMÙekeâerÙe - DeeJeMÙekeâ
osMe-efvekeâeuee - osMeefvekeâeuee oÙeeue - oÙeeueg
De#eeove - DeeÛÚeove Deeuneo - Deendueeo
ogjeJemLee - ogjJemLee õmšJÙe - õ°JÙe
DeewiegCe - DeJeiegCe Deewleej - DeJeleej
Â<Ùe - ÂMÙe Éejerkeâe - Éejkeâe
DeOÙeelcekeâ - DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ DeeefpeJekeâe - DeepeereJf ekeâe
oesme - oes<e efõie - Âie
DeefoleerÙe - DeefÉleerÙe Deefceme - Deeefce<e Oevegme - Oeveg<e efOeceeved - Oeerceeved
DejeOevee - DeejeOevee Deemee - DeeMee efveuekebâ" - veeruekebâ" veerJeejCe - efv eJeejCe
DeemeeÌ{ - Dee<eeÌ{ DeMcemeeve - MceMeeve veerjJeeCe - efv eJee&Ce efvemÛesmš - efveMÛes°
Gëe=b Keue - GÛÚ=b Keue GpJeue - GppJeue veejeÙeÌ[ - veejeÙeCe veyeeye - veJeeye
Gueb Ieve - Guueb Ieve Gleheele - Glheele efve:hejeOe - efvejhejeOe efveo&Ùeer - efveo&Ùe
Gvveleer - Gvveefle Gefvceefuele - Gvceerefuele efvejmelee - veerjmelee efve<keâhešer - efve<keâheš
GjerÌ[ - G$e+Ce Tceeauee - Gefce&uee vejepe - veejepe efve<Úue - efveMÚue
Gefoive - GefÉive Ghej - Thej veeefj - veejer efvejesiÙe - efvejesie
GosMÙe - GösMÙe Gheue#e - Gheue#Ùe heleerle - heeflele heg<heJeefue - heg<heeJeueer
SskeäÙelee - SskeäÙe Sskeâovle - Skeâovle ØesÙeefme - ØesÙemeer ØeoMeeaveer - ØeoMe&veer
SMJeÙe& - SsMJeÙe& Ssleerneefmekeâ - Ssefleneefmekeâ Øeleer%ee - Øeefle%ee ØelÙeÚ - ØelÙe#e
DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ
ke=âbMeeefieveer - ke=âMeebieer kegâJej - kegâb Dej ØeMevve - Øemevve ØeeMeeo - Øeemeeo
keâewefMeuÙee - keâewMeuÙee keâes ceueebefi eveer - keâesceueebieer hegj<keâej - hegjmkeâej heesMekeâ - hees<ekeâ
ke=âlÙeke=âlÙe - ke=âleke=âlÙe keâeÙe&keâce& - keâeÙe&›eâce heodceerveer - heodefceveer heefjÚso - heefjÛÚso
ke=âleIveer - ke=âleIve keâjesCe - keâjesÌ[ hegmhe - heg<he heefjveece - heefj Ceece
kesâefvõÙekeâjCe - kesâvõerÙekeâjCe efkeâÙeejer - keäÙeejer he=° - he=‰ heejÌ[ - heejCe
ef›eâhee - ke=âhee kegâvpe - kebgâpe heÙeheeve - heÙe:heeve efhelee Yeefòeâ - efhele=Yeefòeâ
efkeâefle& - keâerefle& keâjÙe - ›eâÙe hewe$f ekeâ - hewle=keâ hejerÛÚe - hejer#ee
ke=âhÙee - ke=âheÙee keâefJeÙe$eer - keâJeef Ùe$eer hegpee - hetpee heew®me - heew®<e
heefjmeo - heefj<eo hejsce - Øesce meefc e#ee - meceer#ee megßeg<ee - Megßet<ee
hegef uebie - hegefubueie efheMeeefÛeveer - efheMeeÛeer mecYeJelen - mecYeJele: mLeeF& - mLeeÙeer
Øeeosefmekeâ - ØeeosefMekeâ hejcees<eefOe - hejceew<eefOe mener<Ceg - meefn<Ceg mecJeeo - mebJeeo
Øeehleer - Øeeefhle ØeceeefCekeâ - ØeeceeefCekeâ meewvoÙe&lee - megvojlee meJeejvee - mebJeejvee
Øeveece - ØeCeece ØeepJeefuele - ØepJeefuele meceü epÙe - meeceüepÙe meewpevÙelee - meewp evÙe
ØeefleÚeÙee - ØeefleÛÚeÙee Øemebmee - ØeMebmee meeJe&peveerkeâ - meeJe&peefvekeâ melele - meleled
mJeeuecyeve - mJeeJeuecyeve meenereflÙekeâ - meeefneflÙekeâ
ye=#e - Je=#e Jeerjepeceeve - efJejepeceeve
mJeÙebcyej - mJeÙebJej mepe&ve - me=peve
Jeeuceerkeâer - Jeeuceerefkeâ efJejn erCeer - efJeje fnCeer
Jeenveer - Jeeef nveer yeÇcne - yeÇÿee mJej cee$ee mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeb
efyeješ - efJeješd JeerefOe - efJeefOe
JÙeeefhele - JÙeehle yenguÙelee - yenguelee
ÙegefOe‰j ÙegefOeef‰j efJej nCeer efJeje fnCeer
efJ eMuesm eCe - efJeMues<eCe efyeÇpe - yeÇpe
Éeefjkeâe Éejkeâe keâefJeefÙe$eer keâJeef Ùe$eer
yeefnmkeâej - yeefn<keâej efJe<esme - efJeMes<e
efvejhejeOeer efvejhejeOe leoevlej leovevlej
YeefmceYetle - YemceerYetle YeJe-meeiej - YeJemeeiej
ØeceeefCekeâ ØeeceeefCekeâ ye=pe yeÇpe
Yeb[ej - YeC[ej YeüeleeieCe - Yeüele=ieCe
efJeefMe‰ efJeefMe° efve<keâhešer efve<keâheš
cenelce - cenelcÙe efceülÙeg_peÙe - ce=lÙeg_peÙe
GOJe& TOJe& «enerle ie=nerle
ceevÙeveerÙe - ceeveveerÙe ceveesiÙe - cevees%e
efØeLee ØeLee Â°e õ°e
cesvenle - cesnvele cev$eer ceb[ue - ceefv$eceb[ue
peeie=le pee«ele me=°e œe°e
cešd šer - efcešdšer ceneÙeiÙe - ceneÙe%e
Devegefole Devetefole megßeg<ee Megßet<ee
ÙeodÙeefhe - ÙeÅeefhe ÙeesOee - Ùeesæe
hewe$f ekeâ hewle=keâ efJ e#e Je=#e
Ùeme - ÙeMe ÙeeJele peerJeve - ÙeeJeppeerJeve
Ss<eCee S<eCee Skeâeefvlekeâ Sskeâeefvlekeâ
ÙeesieerJej - ÙeesefieJej ÙeMeueeYe - ÙeMees ueeYe
DevlÙe#ejer DevlÙee#ejer hejueewefkeâkeâ heejueewefkeâkeâ
jepeveweflekeâ - jepeveereflekeâ jepeeieCe - jepeieCe
ceeueve ceeefueve Deefn uÙee DenuÙee
jerleg - $e+leg jepe$e+ef<e - jepeef<e&
efvejmelee veerjmelee meb«eefnle meb«enerle
efj Ce - $e+Ce jepeve - jepeved
efveo&Ùeer efveo&Ùe Devegie=n Deveg«en
efJeÉeve - efJeÉeved efJej nCeer - efJeje fnCeer efvejehejeOe efvejhejeOe DeveeefOeke=âle DeveefOeke=âle
efJeMJeYej - efJeMJecYej efJemece=le - efJemce=le YeieerjLeer YeeieerjLeer mLeeÙeerlJe mLeeefÙelJe
Jeerosn - efJeosn efJekeâeMe - efJekeâeme DeepeerJekeâe DeepeereJf ekeâe kegâceoveer kegâcegefoveer
efJeMece - efJe<ece Jes<e - JesMe
efMejesheerÌ[e - efMej:heerÌ[e MeMeer - MeefMe meefvOe mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeb
Meleeefyo - Meleeyoer MeevleceÙe - MeeefvleceÙe DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ
meehleenerkeâ - meehleeefnkeâ mevÙeeme - mebvÙeeme heefjÚso heefjÛÚso efJeÅeg òeuelee efJeÅegluelee
meewKÙelee - meew KÙe meewvoÙee&vegYetefle - meewvoÙee&vegYetefle leledceÙe levceÙe hejcees<eefOe hejceew<eefOe
mJeemLe - mJeemLÙe meecÙelee - meecÙe <ešd$e+leg <e[d$e+leg le®ÚeÙee le®ÛÚeÙee
mevcegKe - meccegKe meb«eefnle - mebie=nerle efhele=Ce efhele=$e+Ce ceveeskeâecevee ceve:keâecevee
DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ ÙeMeueeYe ÙeMees ueeYe jerlÙeevegmeej jerlÙevegmeej
meJe&mÙe - meJe&mJe nefleyegæ - nleyegeæ f Gefoive GefÉive DeOeieefle DeOeesieefle
nmleÚshe - nmle#eshe efnjCÙekeâMÙeheg - efnjCÙekeâefMeheg efJeÅegleÛeeuekeâ efJeÅegÛÛeeuekeâ jepe$e+ef<e jepeef<e&
$e+<eerkesâme - $e+ef<ekesâMe mJe#e - mJeÛÚ veosMe veoerMe efoiepeeue efoipeeue
mevÛeej - mebÛeej efmLeleer - efmLeefle ogjeJemLee ogjJemLee melJebMe meodJebMe
menm$e - menœe meleer iegCe - melJeiegCe hegvejeefYeveÙe hegvejefYeveÙe ceveeskeâ° ceve:keâ°

FeflehetJe& Fle:hetJe& DevlejØeevleerÙe Devle:ØeevleerÙe JÙe_peve mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeb
efvejeshece efve®hece De#eese fnCeer De#eewe fnCeer
yee*ieceÙe Jee*d ceÙe celeskeäÙe celewkeäÙe DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ
heg<heJeueer heg<heeJeueer melieefle meodieefle ØeJe=leveerÙe ØeJele&veerÙe hešeÛÚshe heše#eshe
Ghejesòeâ GheÙeg&òeâ DelÙeesefòeâ DelÙegefòeâ meewvoÙe&lJe meewvoÙe& heejbiekeâ heejbiele
DeenJeeve Dee£eve cenelce ceenelcÙe
ceve%e cevees%e peieleveeLe peievveeLe
Deeuneo Deeåueeo mcemeeve MceMeeve
efvejheeÙe efve®heeÙe cevenj ceveesnj
DemeecÙelee DemeecÙe efyemce=le efJemce=le
efve<Úue efveMÚue efve<leej efvemleej
Gßeb= Keue GÛÚ=b Keue ÙeLes‰ ÙeLes°
og<lej ogmlej Jeefnjbie yeefnjbie mepe&ve me=peve
nueble mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeb ieefj° ieefj‰ DevleOÙee&ve DevleOee&ve
DeMegæ Megæ DeMegæ Megæ DeYÙeeme ØeMve

Dekeâmceele Dekeâmceeled JeefCekeâ JeefCekeâd
YeefJe<Ùele YeefJe<Ùeled ngleYegkeâ ngleYegkeâd 1. hegpÙeveerÙe keâer mener Jele&veer keäÙee nw?
ÂMÙeceeve o=MÙeceeved ßeerÙegle ßeerÙegled (a) hetpÙeveerÙe (b) hetpeveerÙe
ÛÙegle ÛÙegled ØelÙegle ØelÙegled (c) hetpeefveÙe (d) hetpÙeefveÙe
Gòej–(b)
meceeme mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeb
‘hetpeveerÙe’ mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo nw~
2. heefj#ee keâer mener Jele&veer keäÙee nw?
efoJeejeef$e efoJeeje$e ogjelceeieCe ogjelceieCe
(a) heefj#ee (b) hejer#ee
meeveefvole meevevo ieg Ceeri eCe ieg efCeieCe
(c) heeefj#ee (d) heejer#ee
YeüeleeieCe Yeüele=ieCe ÙeesieerJej ÙeesefieJej
Gòej–(b)
meleesieCe melJeieCe ØeeCeerJe=vo ØeeefCeJe=vo
ke=âleIveeW ke=âleIve ceb$eerJej cebef $eJej heefj#ee keâer mener Jele&veer nw ‘hejer#ee’~
JeòeâeieCe Jeòe= âieCe meueefppele meueppe 3. meeefnlÙeerkeâ keâer mener Jele&veer keäÙee nw?
Denefve&efMe Deefnefve&Me meMebefkeâle meMebkeâ (a) meeefn lÙekeâ (b) meeefneflÙekeâ
Deelceeheg®<e Deelceheg®<e MeevleceÙe MeeefvleceÙe (c) meeefneflÙekeâ (d) meeefn lÙekeâ
Ghemeie& Deewj ØelÙeÙe mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeb Gòej–(b)
meeefnlÙeerkeâ keâe mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo ‘meeefneqlÙekeâ’ nw~
ieesefhele ieghle Ûe®leeF& Ûee®lee 4. centjle keâer mener Jele&veer keäÙee nw?
DeYeue DeveYeue efJeõthelee efJe™helee (a) centjle (b) cegntjle
ÉwJeeef<e&keâ efÉJeeef<e&keâ ØeHegâefuuele ØeHegâuue (c) cegn tle& (d) cent le&
DeewiegCe DeJeiegCe %eeveceeve %eeveJeeve Gòej–(c)
Deewleej DeJeleej DeefOeowefJekeâ DeeefOeowefJekeâ centjle keâer mener Jele&veer Jeeuee Meyo ‘cegntle&’ nw~
DeivesÙe DeeivesÙe DeveJeeefmekeâ DeveeJeeefmekeâ
5. Deew<eefOe keâer mener Jele&veer keäÙee nw?
DeOe&MeemekeâerÙe Deæ&MeemekeâerÙe Deveg<eebefiekeâ Deeveg<ebefiekeâ
(a) Deew< eefOe (b) Deew< eefOe
ueJOeØeefleef‰ ueyOeØeefle‰ ØeefleefveefOekeâ ØeeefleefveefOekeâ
(c) Dees<eeefOe (d) Deew<eeefOe
Yegpebefieveer Yegpebieer ke=âMeeBefieveer ke=âMeebieer
Gòej–(a)
ØesÙeefme ØesÙemeer megueesÛeveer meg ueesÛevee
keâes ceueebefi eveer keâesceueebieer Ûeelekeâveer Ûeelekeâer ‘Dees<eefOe’ Meyo Jele&veer keâer Âef<š mes mener nw~

Ghemeie&
(c) yeenj Deeme-heeme
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve Gòej—(b)
(d)
1. Ghemeie& keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw-

`heje' Ghemeie& keâe DeLe& nw- otj, Guše, keâce mes~ `yeefn:' Ghemeie& keâe DeLe&
(a) Meyo kesâ Deeefo ceW
`yeenj' neslee nw peyeefkeâ `Deblej' Ghemeie& keâe DeLe& `Yeerlej' neslee nw~
(b) Meyo kesâ ceOÙe ceW
(c) Meyo kesâ Devle ceW 5. ‘yeefnceg&Keer’ Meyo ceW keâewve-mee Ghemeie& nw?
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) yeefn (b) yeefnjd
Gòej—(a) (c) yeefnj (d) yeef nme
Gòej—(b)
Ghemeie& · Ghe (meceerhe) ± meie& (me=ef° keâjvee) keâe DeLe& nw- efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ
meceerhe Deekeâj veÙee Meyo yeveevee~ pees MeyoebMe MeyoeW kesâ Deeefo ceW pegÌ[keâj ‘yeefnceg&Keer’ Meyo ceW yeefnjd Ghemeie& nw~ Fmekeâe Ghemeie& mes yeves DevÙe Meyo nQ-
Gvekesâ DeLe& ceW kegâÚ efJeMes<elee ueeles nQ, Jes Ghemeie& keânueeles nQ~ ‘nej’ Meyo yeefnie&ceve, yeefnpe&iele~
keâe DeLe& nw- hejepeÙe~ hejvleg Fmeer Meyo kesâ Deeies ‘Øe’ MeyoebMe pees[Ì ves mes
yevesiee ‘Øenej’ (Øe±nej) efpemekeâe DeLe& nw- Ûeesš keâjvee~ DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
2. FveceW mes keäÙee `Ghemeie&' veneR nw?
 Ghemeie&
(a) De (b) efÛej
(c) Øeefle (d) Fkeâe DeLe& SJeb heefjYee<ee - Ghemeie& Gme De#ej Ùee De#ej mecetn keâes keânles nQ,
Gòej–(d) pees efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ henues pegÌ[keâj Gmekesâ DeLe& ceW heefjJele&ve keâj osles nQ; pewmes
`Fkeâe' Ghemeie& veneR, yeefukeâ ØelÙeÙe nw~ De, efÛej, Øeefle Ghemeie& nQ~ keâce& kesâ henues ‘meg’ Ghemeie& ueieves mes Meyo megkeâce& yeve peelee nw~
Ghemeie& ‘Ghe’ leLee ‘meie&’ (Ghe + meie&) oes MeyoeW mes efceuekeâj yevee nw~
3. efkeâme Meyo ceW Ghemeie& veneR nw?
(a) DeheJeeo (b) hejepeÙe
‘Ghe’ keâe DeLe& ‘meceerhe’ efvekeâš Ùee heeme ceW nw~ ‘meie&’ keâe DeLe& nw- ‘me=e„ f ’
(c) ØeYe eJe (d) DeesÌ {vee keâjvee~ Ghemeie& keâe DeLe& nw- heeme ceW yew"keâj otmeje veÙee DeLe&Jeeuee Meyo
Gòej—(d) yeveevee~ GhemeieeX keâe mJeleb$e DeefmlelJe ve nesles ngS Yeer Jes DevÙe MeyoeW kesâ meeLe
DeheJeeo ceW ‘Dehe’, hejepeÙe ceW ‘heje’, ØeYeeJe ceW ‘Øe’ Ghemeie& nw peyeefkeâ DeesÌ{vee efceuekeâj Gvekesâ Skeâ efJeMes<e DeLe& keâe yeesOe keâjeles nQ~
ceW keâesF& Ghemeie& veneR nw~ efnvoer ceW pees Ghemeie& efceueles nQ, Jes mebmke=âle, efnvoer Deewj Got& Yee<ee kesâ
4. `heje' Ghemeie& keâe DeLe& nw- nQ~ Fve Yee<eeDeeW mes Øeehle GhemeieeX keâer mebKÙee Fme lejn efveefMÛele keâer ieÙeer nw-
(a) Yeerlej (b) Guše mebmke=âle Ghemeie& : 19, efnvoer Ghemeie& : 10, Got& Ghemeie& : 12
mŒmebmke=âle Ùee lelmece Ghemeie&

Ghemeie& DeLe& Meyo ¤he
Deefle DeefOekeâ, hejs DelÙeeÛeej (Deefle + Dee + Ûeej), Deefleef#eØe, DelÙegefòeâ (Deefle + Gefkeäle), Deefleefjòeâ, DelÙeeOegefvekeâ (Deefle
+ DeeOegevf ekeâ), DeefleJÙeeefhle (Deefle + efJe + Deeefhle), Deef lemeej, DeefleJe=ef<š, DelÙevle, Deefle›eâceCe,
DeefleceeveJe, Deleerle (Deefle + Fle), DeleerJe (Deefle + FJe)
DeefOe Thej, DeefOekeâ, mLeeve ceW ßes<" DeOeerve (DeefOe + Fve), DeOeer#eCe (DeefOe + F&#eCe), DeOÙe#e (DeefOe + De#e), DeOÙeeosMe (DeefOe + Dee + osMe) ,
DeefOemetÛevee, DeOÙeelce (DeefOe + Deelce), DeOÙeeÙe (DeefOe + DeeÙe), DeOÙeÙeve (DeefOe + DeÙeve), DeefOe<"elee
(DeefOe + mLeelee), DeefOe<"eve (DeefOe + mLeeve), DeefOeceeme, DeOÙeehekeâ (DeefOe + Dee + hekeâ), DeefOelÙekeâe
(DeefOe + lÙekeâe), DeefOekeâes<e, DeefOeueeYeebMe, DeefOeceevelee, DeOÙeLe&vee, DeefOeJeòeâe, DeefOeJeemeer, DeOeer#ekeâ,
DeefOejepe, DeefOeheefle, DeefOeefveÙece, DeefOeiece, DeefOeveeÙekeâ, DeefOeMee<eer~
Deveg heerÚs, meceeve, meÂMe, Úesše, ØelÙeskeâ, DevJes<eCe (Deveg + S<eCe), DevegÛÚso (Deveg + Úso), Deveg%e fhle
heMÛeeled yeejbyeej, meeLe (ueeFmeWme), Devegpe (Deveg + pe), Deveg¤he, DevegØeeme, Deveghetjkeâ, Devegevf ecee&Ce, Deveg«enerle, Devegj#eCe,
Deveg%ee (Devegceefle), DevegYeJe, Devegjeie, DevegMebmee, DevegkeâjCe, DevegÙeeÙeer, Devegleehe, DevegJeeo, Deveteof le
(Deveg + God + Fle), DevegMeemeve, Devegceeve, Deveg›eâce, Devegleehe~
Dehe yegje, efJehejerle, DeheJeeo DeheMeyo, DeheYeübMe, DeheJele&ve, DeheÙeMe, Dehekeâerefle&, Dehe¤he (yeoMekeäue),
DeheJÙeÙe, DehenjCe, DehejeOe, DeheefceßeCe, Dehes#ee, DeheueeÙeve, DehelÙeeie, Dehebie/Deheebie (Dehe + Debie)
[veesš - Dehe + Debie meefvOe kesâ oes ™he nQ :
Deheebie (DeebKe keâer keâesj),
Dehebie (efkeâmeer Debie mes jefnle)
Dehebie DeheJeeo nw keäÙeeWekf eâ FmeceW oerIe& ‘Dee’ veneR yevee nw~],
DeheMeJÙe, DeheIeve, DeheÛeÙe, DeheeßeÙe~
Deefhe Yeer Deefheleg, DeefheOeeve ({keäkeâve), Deefheefnle ({keâe ngDee)~
DeefYe Deesj, heeme, meeceves, efJeMes<e DeYÙeeiele (DeefYe + Dee + iele), DeefYe<eskeâ (DeefYe + <eskeâ), DeYÙegoÙe (DeefYe + God + DeÙe), DeefYe%e
(DeefYe + %e), DeYeer<š (DeefYe + F°), DeYÙeLeea (DeefYe + DeLeea), DeefYevÙeeme (DeefYe + efve + Deeme),
DeefYeOee (DeefYe + Oee, OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee—DeefYeØeeÙe Meyo keâe JeeÛÙeeLe&), DeYeerehf mele (DeefYe + F&efhmele),
DeYÙeglLeeve, (DeefYe + God + mLeeve), DeefYeveslee, DeefYemejCe, DeefYeieceve, DeYÙee›eâceCe, DeefYekeâjCe,
DeefYeØeeÙe, DeefYecegKe, DeefYeYee<eCe, DeefYemeej, DeefYeMbemee, DeefYeMeehe, DeefYeJeeove, DeefYeveÙe, DeefYeYeeJekeâ~
DeJe veerÛee, yegje, nerve (GheÙegòeâ Yeer) DeJe%ee (DeJe + %ee), DeJeeefhle (DeJe + Deeefhle), DeJeiegb"ve (IetBIeš), DeJeefÚvve (DeJe + efÚvve = Deueie
efkeâÙee ngDee), DeJejesn, DeJeueeskeâve, DeJeuesn, DeJeevlej (DeJe + Devlej), DeJeOeeve, DeJemeeve, DeJeÛesleve,
DeJeleerCe&, DeJeefOe, DeJeceevevee, DeJemeeo~
Dee lekeâ, FOej, mes, mecesle, Guše DeeosMe, (Dee + Úeove), Deemevve (Dee + mevve = efvekeâš), DeekeâeMe (Dee + keâeMe = Ûecekeâvee), DeejeOevee,
Deevevo DeeÛÚeove DeeÛeceve, Deeßece, Deeheefòe, Deepeeveg (Dee + peeveg = IegšveeW lekeâ), Deelehe, Dee%ee, DeecegKe, Dee#eshe,
DeepeerefJekeâe, DeekeâC", Deeheele, DeeÙeesie, Deemeòeâ, Deelebkeâ, DeeYeej, Deeuecyeve, Deeieej, DeeÛejCe~
God Thej, ßes<" (mebmke=âle kesâ cetue Gvveefle (God + veefle), GodI eešve (God + Ieešve), GÛÚdJ eeme
«evLeeW efve®keäle Deeefo ceW God Ghemeie& (God + MJeeme), Glke=â° (God + ke=â°), Glkeâ<e& (God + keâ<e&),
nw Gled veneR; Gled lees God keâe GuuebIeve (God + uebIeve), Guueeme (God + ueeme), Glhevve
meeqvOe ¤he nw) (God + hevve), Gody eesOeve (God + yeesOeve), Gvces<e (God + ces<e), GppeefÙeveer (God + peefÙeveer), GoÙe
(God + DeÙe), GppJeue (God + pJeue), GÅece (God + Ùece), GodOe=le (God + nle), GòeerCe& (God +
leerCe&), Glegbie (God + legbie = TBÛ ee), GlLeeve (God + mLeeve), Godo erhle (God + oerhle), Göb[ (God +
ob[), Gòesefpele (God + lesepf ele), Gòeehe (God + leehe), GodYesove (God + Yesove), GlLeeheve (God +
Leeheve), GodOejCe (God + njCe)~
Ghe heeme, meneÙekeâ, Úesše GheefveJesMe (Ghe + efve + JesMe = je<š^), Gheceeve, GheYeso, GhevÙeeme (Ghe + efve + Deeme), Gheefve<eo
(Ghe + efve + meod), GheeÙegkeäle (Ghe + Dee + Ùegkeäle), GheeefOe (Ghe + DeeefOe), Gheebie (Ghe + Debie =
Debie keâe Yeeie), GheeOÙe#e (Ghe + DeefOe + De#e), Ghecee (Ghe + cee = leguevee keâjvee)~
ogjd keâef"ve, yegje, efJehejerle ogjefYemebefOe (ogjd + DeefYe + meced + efOe), og¤n (ogj + Tn), ogjeMee (ogjd + DeeMee), ogeYf e&#e, ogie&ce,
ogp e&ve, ogiegC& e, ogy ege& fæ, ogÙeexOeve (ogjd + ÙeesOeve = efpememes Ùegæ keâjvee keâef"ve nes), ogueËIÙe (ogjd +
uebIÙe), ogJee&mee (ogjd + Jeemee = yegjer lejn heesMeekeâ henves ngS Skeâ $e+ef<e keâe veece), ogo eËle (ogjd +
oeble), ogOe&<e& (ogjd + Oe<e& = efpemes JeMe ceW keâjvee keâef"ve nes), ogJ Ùe&Jenej (ogjd + efJe + DeJe + nej),
ogjble (ogjd + Deble), ogjepe (ogjd + jepe)~
ogMed,og<ed,ogmed keâef"ve, yegje, efJehejerle (i) ogMed - ogMÛeefj$e (ogMed + Ûeefj$e), ogMMeemeve (ogMed + Meemeve), ogMMeerue (ogMed + Meerue), ogeEMÛelee
*mebmke=âle kesâ cetue (ogMed + efÛeblee)~
JÙeekeâjefCekeâ SJeb (ii) og< ed - og< keâce& (og<ed + keâce&), og< ØeehÙe (og<ed + Øe + DehÙe), og< ØeÙeesie (og<ed + Øe + Ùeesie),
DevÙe «evLeeW (efveIebšg, og< keâj (og<ed + keâj), og< Øenej (og<ed + Øe efve®òeâ Deeefo) ceW + nej), og< heefjCeece (og<ed + heefj + veece),
ogjd SJeb ogmed Ghemeie& og< ke=âlÙe (og<ed + ke=âlÙe)~
ceeves ieÙes nQ ve efkeâ og:~ (iii) ogmed - ogmlej (ogmed + lej), ogmmeeOÙe (ogmed + meeOÙe), ogmmeenme (+ meenme), ogmmen,
ogmmJehve~
ef ve yeÌ[e, efJeMes<e, efve<esOeelcekeâ efveiet{Ì , efve<"e (efve + mLee), efvejesOe (efve + jesOe = jeskeâvee), efve<esOe (efve + mesOe), efveÙece (efve + Ùece),
efvekeâeÙe (mebie"ve), efveefKeue (mebhetCe&), efveefOe (efve + efOe = Yeb[ej), vÙeeme (efve + Deeme), vÙeeÙe (efve +
DeeÙe), vÙemle (efve + Demle), efveefnle~
efvejd yeÌ[e, efJeMes<e, efve<esOeelcekeâ efveefJe&jesOe (efvejd + efJe + jesOe), efvejbpeve (efvejd + Debpeve= efyevee keâeefueKe Ùee oes<e keâe), efvejefYeuee<e (efvejd
+ DeefYe + uee<e), efvejeheo (efvejd + Dee + heo = efyevee mebkeâš kesâ), efvejern (efvejd + F&n = FÛÚe),
efve¤hece (efvejd + Ghe + ce), efveefve&ces<e (efvejd + efve + ces<e = DeeBKe keâe ve Pehekeâvee), efvejefYeceeveer (efvejd
+ DeefYe + ceeveer), efvejeoj (efvejd + Dee + oj), efvejeefce<e (efvejd + Dee + efce<e = ceeBme), efvejvegveeefmekeâ
(efvejd + Deveg + veeefmekeâ), efvejefleMeÙe (efvejd + Deefle + MeÙe, efpememes yeÌ{keâj otmeje ve nes), efvejeßeÙe
(efvejd + Dee + ßeÙe), efve®lmeen (efvejd + God + meen), efvecee&Ce (efvejd + ceeve), efvejekeâjCe (efvejd + Dee
+ keâjCe), efvejJeuecye (efvejd + DeJe + uecye), efvejer#ekeâ (efvejd + F&#ekeâ)~
efvemed yeÌ[e, efJeMes<e (i) efveMed DeIees<e leeueJÙe JÙebpeve (Ûe, Ú, Me) mes henues efveMed, efveMJeeme (efvemed + MJeeme), efveefMÛele
(efvemed + efÛele), efveefMÛeble (efvemed + eEÛele), efveMÛeÙe (efvemed + ÛeÙe) efveMÚue, efveMÛeue, efveMMegukeâ~
(ii) efve<ed : keâ, he, heâ mes henues efve<ed - efve<keâece (efvemed+ keâece), efve<heâue (efvemed + heâue), efve<ØeYe (efvemed
+ Øe + Ye = Ûecekeâ), efve<heefòe (efvemed + heefòe = Glheefòe), efve<kebâškeâ (efvemed + kebâškeâ), efve<keâemeve (efvemed
+ keâemeve = yeenj keâjvee)~
(iii) efvemed : DeIees<e oblÙe OJeefveÙeeW (le, me) mes henues efvemed — efvemlespe (efvemed + lespe), efvemmeerce,
efvemmeej, efvemmebosn (efvemed + meced + osn), efvemmJeeLe&, efvemmebkeâesÛe (efvemed + mece + keâesÛe) efvemleejCe~
* Iees<e OJeefveÙeeW mes henues efvejd DeIees<e leeueJÙe JÙebpeve (Ûe, Me) mes henues efveMed; keâ, he, heâ mes henues efve<ed
leLee oblÙe DeIees<e JÙebpeveeW (le, me) mes henues efvemed keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
heefj ÛeejeW Deesj, heeme heefjJele&ve, heefjhetCe&, heefjceeCe (heefj + ceeve), heefjßece, heefjlees<e, heefjCeÙe (heefj + veÙe), heÙee&Jemeeve (heefj
+ DeJe + meeve), heefjceepe&ve, heÙee&hle (heefj + Deehle), heefj<keâej (heefj + keâej), heefj<ke=âle (heefj + ke=âle),
hejer#ee (heefj + FÛÚe), heÙee&JejCe (heefj + Dee + JejCe), heÙe&šve (heefj + Dešve), heÙe&Jes#eCe (heefj + DeJe
+ F&#eCe), heefj«en (mebÛeÙe), heefjefOe (Je=òe keâes Iesjves Jeeueer jsKee), heefjefMe<š, heÙe&t<eCe (heefj + T<eCe =
Gheemevee, pewefveÙeeW keâe Skeâ heJe&)~
Øe Deeies, DeefOekeâ, efJeefMe<š ØeejyOe (Øe + Dee + jyOe, hetJe& pevce kesâ keâce&), Øe›eâce, Øeheew$e, ØeCeerle (Øe + veerle), ØeCeÙeve (Øe + veÙeve),
Øeyegæ, ØeßeÙe, Øeyeue, ØeeÛeeÙe& (Øe + Dee + ÛeeÙe&), ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Øe + DeefOe + Dee + hekeâ), Øes<ekeâ (Øe +
F&<ekeâ), ØehebÛe, ØeppJeue (Øe + God + pJeue), ØeCeefle (Øe + veefle DeLee&le Yespee ngDee), ØeÙeeme (Øe + Ùeeme
= Ùelve), ØeMeceve (OJemle keâjvee), ØemeJe (Øe + meJe), ØemleeJevee (Øe + mleeJevee = DeejcYe), Øemlegle (Øe
+ mlegle = lewÙeej), Øenmeve (Øe + nmeve), Øeehle (Øe + Deehle), Øes<eCe (Øe + F&<eCe), ØeKej (Øe + Kej
= lespe), ØeÛÚvve (Øe + Úvve), ØeJeerCe (Øe + Jeerve = JeerCee), ØeYeg (Øe + Yeg = Glhevve nesvee), ØekeâerCe&
(hegâškeâj), ØeÙeesie, ØemLeeve, ØeueÙe~
Øeefle efJehejerle, ØelÙeskeâ Deesj Øeleer#ee (Øeefle + FÛÚe), ØeefleOJeefve, Øeefle¤he, Øeefle#eCe, Øeefle%ee, ØeefleIeele / ØeleerIeele (Øeefle + Ieele),
ØelÙeeIeele (Øeefle + Dee + Ieele), ØeefleJeeo, Øeefleef›eâÙee, ØeeflemheOee&, ØeefleyebOe, ØelÙeskeâ (Øeefle + Skeâ),
ØelÙegòej (Øeefle + God + lej), ØelÙe#e (Øeefle + De#e), ØelÙeeMeer (Øeefle + DeeMeer), Øeeflekeâej/Øeleerkeâej (Øeefle
+ keâej), ØeefleefveÙegefòeâ (Øeefle + efve + Ùegeòf eâ), ØeefleYee (Øeefle + Yee = Ûecekeâ), Øeeflecee (Øeefle + cee = ¤he
yeveevee), Øeefle<esOe (Øeefle + <esOe = jeskeâ), Øeefle<"e (Øeefle + mLee), Øeefleef…le (Øeefle + efmLele), ØelÙeghekeâej
(Øeefle + Ghe + keâej = YeueeF& kesâ yeoues YeueeF&), ØelÙehe&Ce (Øeefle + Dehe&Ce = efkeâmeer Jemleg kesâ yeoues kegâÚ
ueewševee) , ØelÙehekeâej (Øeefle + Dehe + keâej), ØelÙeeJele&ve (Øeefle + Dee + Jele&ve = Jeeheme Deevee),
ØelÙeglhevve (Øeefle + God + hevve = pees "erkeâ meceÙe hej Øemlegle nes peeÙe)~
efJe efJeMes<e, efYevve, DeYeeJe efJeKÙeele, efJeoerCe&, efJe›eâce, efJeheÙe&Ùe (efJe + heefj + DeÙe), efJehueJe, efJeYeüce, efJeOJebme, JÙemle (efJe + Demle),
JÙeekegâue (efJe + Dee + kegâue), JÙeefòeâ (efJe + Deefòeâ), efJeke=âle, JÙemeve (efJe + Demeve), JÙeJemeeÙe (efJe + DeJe
+ meeÙe), JÙeekeâjCe (efJe + Dee + keâjCe), JÙebpeve (efJe + Debpeve), JÙeÙe (efJe + DeÙe), Jeer#ee (efJe + F&#ee),
efJekeâerCe& (efJe + keâerCe& = hewâuee ngDee), efJevÙeeme (efJe + efve + Deeme), efJe®æ (efJe + ®odOe = Øeefleketâue),
efJeßegle (efJe + ßegle = yengle megvee ngDee), JÙeeflejskeâ (efJe + Deefle + jskeâ = DeYeeJe Yeso), efJele=<Cee (efJe +
le=<Cee), efJeoiOe (efJe + oiOe)~
meced DeÛÚer lejn, Megæ, hetCe&le: meeLe meblees<e (meced + lees<e), mebÛeej (meced + Ûeej), mebvÙeeme (meced + efve + Deeme), mece«e (mece + De«e),
mecehe&Ce (meced + Dehe&Ce), meceer#ee (meced + F&#ee), mebØes<eCe (meced + Øe + F&<eCe), mebJe=efæ, mebÙeb$e (meced
+ Ùeb$e), meb#esheCe (meced + #esheCe), meb%ee (meced + %ee), mebosn (meced + osn), mebmke=âefle (meced + ke=âefle),
mebmlegefle, meboiOe (meced + oiOe = peuee ngDee), mebosnemheo (meced + osnemheo)~
meg DeÛÚe, mejue, efJeMeo megkeâce&, megceeie&, megDeJemej (meg + DeJe + mej), megheeÛÙe, megevf eMÛeÙe (meg + efvemed + ÛeÙe), megjefle (heefle-
helveer keâe ienje Øesce), meg<eghle (meg + meghle), megJÙeJeefmLele (meg + efJe + DeJe + efmLele), megeJf eKÙeele (meg
+ efJe + KÙeele), megÂÌ{, mJeiele (meg + De + iele), megheefjefÛele (meg + heefj + efÛele), mJeÛÚ (meg +
DeÛÚ), mJeefmle (meg + Deefmle), mJeuhe (meg + Deuhe), mJeÙeb (meg + DeÙeb)~
veesš : kegâÚ DeJÙeÙe pees Ghemeie& keâer lejn ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ—
lelmece (mebmke=âle) ceW kegâÚ DeJÙeÙe Meyo Ssmes nQ pees Meyo kesâ ØeejcYe ceW pegÌ[keâj DeLe& yeoue osles nQ Ssmes MeyoeW keâes ‘ieefle’ Meyo keâne peelee nw~ kegâÚ ØecegKe Meyo
efvecveefueefKele nQ—
Debl ejd Yeerlej, ceOÙe Deble:hegj (Deblejd + hegj), Deble:keâjCe (Deblejd + keâjCe), DebleÙee&ceer (Deblejd + Ùeeceer), Debleie&le, Deblece&ve,
DebleoxMeerÙe, Deblecet&le&, Deblejelcee, DebleIee&le, Deble%ee&ve, Debleefj#e / Deblejer#e (Deblejd + F&#e), DebleOee&ve,
Debleje&<šêrÙe (je„^ kesâ Devoj), Debleo&Mee (Deblejd + oMee), Deblemmeefueuee (Deblejd + meefueuee= veoer),
Debleefve&efnle (Deblejd + efve + efnle), DebleÙee&ceer, DebleÂ&ef<š~
De veneR, DeYeeJe mebmke=â= le ceW Ùeefo Meyo JÙebpeve mes Meg¤ neslee nw, lees Gmekeâe vekeâejelcekeâ DeLe& osves kesâ efueS De Ghemeie&
ueieeÙee peelee nw~ pewmes-YeeJe, DeYeeJe~ mJejeW mes Meg¤ nesves Jeeues MeyoeW mes henues Deved Ghemeie& ueieeÙee
peelee nw~ pewmes - Deeefo-Deveeefo (Deved + Deeefo), DeheefjefÛele (De + heefj + efÛele), DecelÙe&, DeefmLej,
De#ecÙe, Depej (De + pej = Je=æ), DeÂ<š, De%eeve, DeiecÙe, DeocÙe, Deieo, DeLeen, DeueYÙe,
Deueewefkeâkeâ, DeJÙeÙe (De + efJe + DeÙe), DeJewleefvekeâ~
Deved DeYeeJe, jefnle Deveskeâ, DeveefOekeâej (Deved + DeefOe + keâej), DeefveÛÚe, DeveeÙeeme (Deved + Dee + Ùeeme), DeveeJeMÙekeâ
(Deved + Dee + JeMÙekeâ), Devebie (Deved + Debie = keâeceosJe), DevevÙe (Deved + DevÙe = Skeâefve<"),
Deveeheefòe (Deved + Dee + heefòe), Devehesef#ele (Deved + Dehe + F&ef#ele), DeveYÙemle (Deved + DeefYe + Demle),
DeveefmlelJe (Deved + DeefmlelJe)~
DeOe: veer Ûes DeOeesieefle (DeOe: + ieefle), DeOeesheleve, DeOeesYeeie, DeOeescegKe, DeOeesJem$e, DeOeesiele, DeOeesnmlee#ejkeâlee&~
Deb lej kesâ yeerÛe Deblejje<šêrÙe (je„êW kesâ yeerÛe), DeblejjepÙeerÙe, DeblejpeeleerÙe (Deblej + peeleerÙe)~
Decee heeme DeceelÙe, DeceeJemÙee [(Decee + JemÙee), (heeme-heeme metÙe& Deewj Ûevõcee) yemeles nQ Jen jeef$e]~
Deueced mepee ngDee Deuebkeâej (Deueced + keâej), Deuebke=âle, Deuebke=âefle, DeuebkeâjCe~
DeeefJe: Øekeâš ¤he ceW DeeefJe<keâej (DeeefJe: + keâej), DeeefJe<ke=âle (DeeefJe: + ke=âle), DeeefJeYee&Je (DeeefJe: + YeeJe), DeeefJeYet&le~
keâe veerÛe, yegje keâeheg®<e, keâelej (DeOeerj), keâeheLe (kegâceeie&), keâepeue~
kegâ yegje kegâheg$e, kegâkeâce&, keâg¤he, kegâleke&â, kegâhee$e, kegâheâue, kegâceefle, kegâÂef<š, kegâjbie~
efÛej osj keâe, DeefOekeâ, oerIe& efÛejmLeeÙeer, efÛejbpeerJe, efÛejheefjefÛele (efÛej + heefj + efÛele), efÛejØeleeref#ele (efÛej + Øeefle + F&ef#ele),
efÛejeÙeg (efÛej + DeeÙeg), efÛejÙeewJeve, efÛejbpeerJeer (efÛejced + peerJeer)~
eflej: legÛÚ eflejmkeâej (eflej: + keâej), eflejesOeeve (eflej: + Oeeve), eflejesenf le~
ve DeYeeJe vehegbmekeâ, veeefmlekeâ (ve + Deeefmlekeâ), veie (ve + ie = ieceve- heneÌ[), veself e (ve + Fefle)~
hej otmejs keâe/kesâ hejeshekeâej (hej + Ghe + keâej), hejeOeerve (hej + DeefOe + Fve)~
heje otj, Gušs, keâce mes hejepeÙe (heje + peÙe), hejekeâe…e, hejeYeJe, hejeceMe&, hejeJele&ve (Jeehemeer), hejemle (heje + Demle),
hejeefJeodÙee~
hegvejd efheâj hegvejefhe (hegvejd + Deefhe), hegve®æej (hegvejd + God + nej), hegvepe&vce (hegvejd + pevce), hegvejeJe=efòe (hegvejd
+ Dee + Je=efòe), hegve®ppeereJf ele (hegvejd + God + peereJf ele), hegve®lLeeve (hegvejd + God + mLeeve),
hegvejeieceve (hegvejd + Dee + ieceve), hegveefve&cee&Ce (hegvejd + efvejd + ceeve), hegvecet&uÙeebkeâve (hegvejd +
cetuÙeebkeâve), hegveYee&Je (hegvejd + YeeJe), hegveefJe&Ûeej (hegvejd + efJe+ Ûeej)~
hegj: meeceves , Deeies hegjMÛejCe (hegj: + ÛejCe= DeejbefYekeâ keâeÙe&), hegjMÛeÙee&, hegjesefnle (hegj: + efnle), hegjmmej (hegj: + mej
= De«eCeer), hegjesOee (hegj : + Oee = hetJe&Jeleea keâes OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee)~
hetJe& henuee hetJe&efveefMÛele, hetJee&odOe& (hetJe& + DeodOe&), hetJe&he#e~
hegje ØeeÛeerve hegjeJe=òe, hegjeleòJe, hegjeJeMes<e (hegje + DeJe + Mes<e), hegjeJelebMe (hegje + DeJe + lebMe), hegjeCe (hegje + ve)~
Øeekedâ henues keâe ØeekeäkeâLeve (keâLeve - cetue hegmlekeâ mes henues), Øeekeäkeâueve, Øeeiewefl eneefmekeâ (Øeekeâd + Ssefleneefmekeâ),
ØeeiJewefokeâ (Øeekeâd + Jewefokeâ)~
yeng yengle yengcetuÙe, yengJeÛeve, yengcele~
yeefn: yeenj yeefn<ke=âle, yeefno&dJebodJ e (yeefn: + oddJ ebodJe), yeefn%ee&ve, yeefnvee&o, yeefnceg&Keer, yeefnjbie (yeefn : + jbie)~
me meeLe meesoenjCe (me + God + Dee + njCe), memJej, mehelveerkeâ, meeoj (me + Dee + oj), meekeâej (me +
Dee + keâej), mee<šebie (me + Dee<šebie), meesuueeme (me + God + ueeme), meeslmeen (me + God + meen)~
meled DeÛ Úe meodYeeJevee (meled + YeeJevee), melkeâej, meodieefle, meodOece&, meoeÛeej (meled + Dee + Ûeej)~
men meeLe menÙee$eer, menkeâceea, meneÙekeâ (men + DeeÙekeâ), menOeefce&Ceer, menesoj (men + Goj), menevegYetefle
(men + Deveg + Yetefle), menefÛebleve, menpe (men + pe = pevce uesvee)~
mee#eeled meeceves mee#eelkeâej, mee#eeodOece&~
meced meeLe, DelÙevle, meceeve meceeoj (meced + Dee + oj), meceeOeeve (meced + Dee + Oeeve), meceejcYe (meced + Dee + jcYe),
meceeefJe<š (meced + Dee + efJe„), meceeKÙee (meced + Dee + KÙee = ÙeMe)~
mJe Dehevee mJeOece&, mJeÛeeefuele, mJeeOeerve (mJe + DeefOe + Fve), mJemLe~
leodYeJe Ghemeie&
Meyo efvecee&Ce ceW Yee<ee ves keâF& meesheeveeW keâes heej efkeâÙee nw~ heeefue, Øeeke=âle, DeheYeübMe kesâ yeeo efnvoer ves mebmke=âle kesâ GhemeieeX ceW heefjJele&ve keâjkesâ leodYeJe GhemeieeX keâe
efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee nw, pees efvecveefueefKele nQ-
De veneR DeLeen, Dekeâepe, Deyesj, Dešue, Depeeve, DeÚtlee~
Deve efyevee Deveyeve, DeveyetPe, DeveheÌ{, Devenesveer, DeveKeeÙee, Deveefievele~
DeOe DeeOee DeOekeâÛeje, DeOevebiee, DeOehekeâe, DeOeieuee, DeOemeerpee~
G TBÛ ee (God) GÛekeäkeâe (G + Ûekeäkeâe), GKeeÌ[vee, Gleejvee, GueeBIevee, GÚuevee~
Gve Skeâ keâce Gvveerme (Gve + yeerme), Gveleerme (Gve + leerme), GveÛeeme (Gve + heÛeeme),
Gvenòej (Gve + meòej), Gvveemeer (Gve + Demmeer)~
Deew (meb. DeJe) yegje, veerÛes DeewiegCe, Deewleej, DeewIeÌ[ (heâkeäkeâÌ[), DeewIeš~
keâ, kegâ yegje, keâef"ve keâ"esj, kegâšsJe, kegâ{bie, keâhetle~
og (meb. kesâ ogjd) keâce, Kejeye ogkeâeue, ogy euee~
ef ve (meb., efvej keâe leodYeJe ¤he) efvenlLee, efve"uuee, efvekeâccee, efveheš~
me, meg DeÛ Úe megpeeve, megIeÌ[, meg[ewue, mehetle~
efyeve (meb. efyevee) efve<esOe Ùee DeYeeJe efyeveyÙeene, efyevepeeÙee, efyeveyegueeÙee,efyeveKeeÙee, efyevemeesÛee~
Yej hetje Ùee Yeje ngDee Yejmekeâ, Yejkeâce, YejheeF&, Yejhesš, Yejceej~
Ûeew Ûeej
(Ûeej mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe ÛeewheÌ[, Ûeewlejheâe, Ûeewjmlee, Ûeewkeâesj, Ûeewceemee, Ûeewjbieer~
mes yevee ngDee Ghemeie& nw; Ûeew
mJeleb$e ¤he mes ØeÙegòeâ veneR
neslee leLee Ghemeie& kesâ ¤he ceW
ner keâece ceW efueÙee peelee nw)
ef le leerve eflejbiee, efleceener, efleiegvee, eflekeâesvee~
og oes ogueòeer, ogcegBne, ogYeeef<eÙee, ogjbiee, ogYeeBle, ogOee¤, ogceš~
hej otmeje hejmegKe, hejheeslee, hejkeâejpe, hejoeoer, hejefnle~
[efnvoer ceW hej (otmejs kesâ
DeLe& ceW) mJeleb$e ¤he mes
ØeÙegkeäle neskeâj Ghemeie& kesâ
¤he ceW ner neslee nw]
me meefnle meyesje, meefnle, mensueer, meÛesle, mepeie~ Dejyeer-heâejmeer kesâ Ghemeie&
efnvoer keâe Dejyeer-heâejmeer Yee<eeDeeW mes uecyee mecheke&â jnves keâe keâejCe efnvoer ceW ve kesâJeue Fve Yee<eeDeeW kesâ Meyo Dee ieÙes nQ yeefukeâ, Gvekesâ kegâÚ Ghemeie& Yeer Dee ieÙes
nQ pees Dejyeer, heâejmeer kesâ MeyoeW kesâ meeLe Yeer ueiekeâj DeLe&-heefjJele&ve keâer Yetecf ekeâe efveYeeles nQ—
Deue efveefMÛ ele Deueyeòee, DeueefJeoe, Deuenoe, Deuecemle~
Ss ve "erkeâ SsveFveeÙele (meÛÛeer ke=âhee), SsveJeòeâ, SsveDeeoceer~
keâce vÙetvenervelee yeesOekeâ keâceyeKle, keâceGceü, keâce-Dekeäue, keâceefmeve~
Keg Me DeÛ Úe KegMevegcee, KegMeefcepeepe, KegMeefkeâmcele, KegMeefoue, KegMeyet~
iewj jefnle, efYevve iewj-peJeeyeer, iewj-neefpej, iewj-keâevetveer, iewj-cegceefkeâve~
heâer ØelÙeskeâ heâer Deeoceer, heâer cewoeve~
ye meeLe, efueS, hej yeKetyeer, yekeâewue, yecegeMf keâue, yeomle (neLe mes), yeMelex, yenwefmeÙele (veeles)~
yeo yegje, hej yeoefcepeepe, yeopeele, yeonJeeme, yeovemeerye, yeokeâej, yeohewâueer, yeoveece, yeonpeceer~
yej Thej, hej, yeenj yejoeMle, yejKeemle, yejJekeäle, yejkeâjej, yejyeeo~
yee Devegmeej, meeLe ceW yeepeeJelee, yeekeâeÙeoe, yeeFppele, yeecegueenpee (efuenepe kesâ meeLe), yeeDeoye~
efyeued mes, meeLe, efueS, Éeje efyeueFjeoe, efyeuecegkeälee (Fkeâšd"e), efyeukegâue, efyeuheâpe& (heâpe& keâerepf eS)~
efyeuee efyevee efyeueeMele&, efyeueekeâevetve, efyeueeJepen, efyeueeMekeâ~
yes DeYeeJe, jefnle yesFppele, yesDekeäue, yesefnmeeye, yesOeÌ[keâ, yesJeheâe, yesKeewheâ, yesyegefveÙeeo, yesoo&, yesueeie, yespeeve, yesFceeve~
uee efyevee ueehelee, ueeJeeefjme, ueeefpece, ueeFueepe, ueehejJeen~
oj ceW ojefceÙeeve, ojnkeâerkeâle, ojKJeemle, ojyeej, ojkeâej~
vee efyevee veeKegMe, veehemevo, veecegceefkeâve, veecegjeo, veeyeeefueie, veeGcceero, veeoeve, veeÛeerpe~
mej DeÛ Úe mejhebÛe, mejkeâej, mejoej, mejveecee~
nce meceeve nceoo&, nceoce, nceJeleve, ncepeesueer, ncejen~
nj ØelÙeskeâ njjespe, njlejheâ, njkeâesF&, njSkeâ, njyeej~
(c) meÛÛeeF& (d) F&ceeveoejer
DeYÙeeme ØeMve
Gòej–(b)
1. ‘Deelcemebmkeâej’ Meyo ceW keâewve-mee Ghemeie& ueiee nw? ‘efJeMes<e’ Meyo ceW ‘efJe’ Ghemeie& keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw, Mes<e Meyo ØelÙeÙe keâer
(a) Deelce (b) Dee meneÙelee mes yeves nQ~
(c) led ce (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
5. heefjßece ceW keâewve-mee Ghemeie& ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) he (b) heefj
‘Deelcemebmkeâej’ Meyo ceW ‘mebmkeâej’ kesâ hetJe& ‘Deelce’ Meyo pegÌ[e ngDee nw~ (c) hejd (d) ßece
2. ‘megotj ’ ceW keâewve-mee Ghemeie& nw? Gòej–(b)
(a) mece (b) me heefjßece ceW ‘heefj’ Ghemeie& keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ Mes<e efJekeâuhe mener veneR nQ~
(c) meg (d) G 6. ’ØeefleMeesOe’ Meyo ceW keâewve-mee Ghemeie& ueiee nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) Øe (b) Deefle
(c) Øeefle (d) MeesOe
‘megotj’ ceW ‘meg’ Ghemeie& nw~ Fmekeâe DeLe& neslee nw-- pees yengle otj nes~
Gòej–(c)
3. ’yesKeewheâ’ Meyo ceW keâewve-mee Ghemeie& pegÌ[e nw?
’ØeefleMeesOe’ Meyo ceW ‘Øeefle’ Ghemeie& keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
(a) Keew heâ (b) yesKe
(c) yes (d) heâ 7. efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ hetJe& ceW pegÌ[ves Jeeues MeyoebMe keâes keânles nQ--
Gòej–(c) (a) Ghemeie& (b) ØelÙeÙe
(c) JeekeäÙe (d) efJeueesce
‘yesKeewheâ’ Meyo ceW ‘yes’ Ghemeie& pegÌ[e ngDee nw~
Gòej–(a)
4. eqvecve ceW mes efkeâme Meyo ceW ‘Ghemeie&’ keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw?
efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ hetJe& ceW pegÌ[ves Jeeues MeyoebMe keâes ‘Ghemeie&’ keânles nQ~
(a) Ûecekeâer uee (b) efJeMes<e

ØelÙeÙe
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 5. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee ‘uegšsje’ Meyo ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) Sje (b) je
1. ‘efce"eme’ Meyo ceW efkeâme ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie nw?
(c) Dee (d) Fje
(a) ceer"e (b) "eme
Gòej—(a)
(c) Deeme (d) hÙeeme
Gòej—(c) keâcesje, efÛelesje, heLesje, uegšsje Deeefo ceW Sje ØelÙeÙe ueiee ngDee nw~ Ùen
‘efce"eme’ Meyo ceW ‘Deeme’ ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie nw~ ‘Deeme’ ØelÙeÙe FÛÚeJeeÛekeâ, keâle=&JeeÛekeâ meb%ee yeveeves Jeeuee ke=âled ØelÙeÙe nw~
YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee keâe ØelÙeÙe nw~ pewmes- Úheeme, efueKeeme Deeefo~ ØelÙeÙe Gme 6. megecf e$ee ceW ØelÙeÙe nesiee—
Yeeef<ekeâ FkeâeF& keâes keânles nQ, efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie mJeleb$e ™he mes ve nes Deewj efpemes (a) Dee (b) De
efkeâmeer DevÙe Yeeef<ekeâ FkeâeF& kesâ Devle ceW peesÌ[keâj Meyo jÛevee keâer peeÙe~ (c) F$ee (d) $ee
pewm es- Gòej—(a)
megvoj ± lee · megvojlee~ ÙeneB ‘lee’ ØelÙeÙe nw~ ‘megecf e$ee’ ceW ‘De’ ØelÙeÙe ueiekeâj ‘meewefce$e’ Meyo yevelee nw ve efkeâ ‘megefce$ee’
2. ‘DeebefMekeâ’ Meyo ceW ØelÙeÙe keäÙee nw? ceW ‘De’ heÇlÙeÙe ueiee nw~ Jes ØelÙeÙe pees meb%ee, meJe&veece SJeb efJeMes<eCe kesâ meeLe
(a) De (b) keâ
pegÌ[keâj Gvekesâ m$eerefuebie keâe yeesOe keâjeles nQ, GvnW m$eeryeesOekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe
(c) Fkeâ (d) efMekeâ keâne peelee nw~ pewmes-meglee, Úe$ee, Devegpee Deeefo ceW ‘Dee’ ØelÙeÙe ueiee nw~
Gmeer Øekeâej ‘megecf e$ee’ (megefce$e ± Dee) ceW Yeer ‘Dee’ ØelÙeÙe ueiee nw~
Gòej—(c)
7. ‘efJeÛeej’ ceW ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves mes yevee Meyo–
‘DeebefMekeâ’ Meyo ceW ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe nw~ Fkeâ ØelÙeÙe mes yeves DevÙe Meyo nQ-
(a) JesÛeeefjkeâ (b) efJeÛeeefjkeâ
ueewefkeâkeâ (ueeskeâ ± Fkeâ), Ûeeefjef$ekeâ (Ûeefj$e ± Fkeâ), Yeewelf ekeâ (Yetle ±
(c) efJeÛeewejf keâ (d) JewÛeeefjkeâ
Fkeâ) Deeefo~
Gòej—(d)
3. ‘keâneJele’ Meyo ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙe nw-
‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe efJeMes<e%e Ùee hebef[le keâe DeLe& JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw~ pewmes- Deuebkeâej mes
(a) neJele (b) Jele
Deeuebkeâeefjkeâ, leke&â mes leeefke&âkeâ, vÙeeÙe mes vewÙeeefÙekeâ, efJe%eeve mes Jew%eeefvekeâ,
(c) keân (d) DeeJele
Jeso mes Jewefokeâ, efJeÛeej mes JewÛeeefjkeâ Deeefo~ Ùes Meyo cetue Meyo ceW Deeefo mJej
Gòej—(d) keâer Je=eæ
f mes yeveles nQ~
‘keâneJele’ Meyo ceW ‘DeeJele’ ØelÙeÙe pees[Ì e ieÙee nw~ keâneJele Meyo keâe mebefOe
efJeÛÚso keân ± DeeJele · keâneJele nesiee~ DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
4. efvecveefueef Kele heo ceW keâewve-mee heo ‘Jew Ùee’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves mes y evee  ØelÙeÙe
nw? ØelÙeÙe Gme De#ej Ùee De#ej-mecetn keâes keânles nQ, pees Meyo jÛevee kesâ
(a) jJewÙee (b) [šwÙee efveefceòe Meyo kesâ heerÚs ueieekeâj Gmekesâ DeLe& ceW heefjJele&ve keâj osles nQ; pewmes
(c) KeJewÙee (d) yeÛewÙee ‘yetÌ{e’ Meyo ceW ‘hee’ ØelÙeÙe ueieekeâj ‘yegÌ{ehee’ Meyo yeve peelee nw~
Gòej—(c) efpeme Øekeâej Ghemeie& DeefJekeâejer nesles nQ, Gmeer Øekeâej ØelÙeÙe Yeer
DeefJekeâejer MeyoebMe nesles nQ~ Jemlegle: pees De#ej Ùee MeyoebMe MeyoeW kesâ Deble ceW
‘JewÙee’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves mes yeves Meyo nQ—KeJewÙee, ieJewÙee FlÙeeefo~ SsÙee ØelÙeÙe mes
ØeÙegòeâ neskeâj Gvekeâe DeLe& heefjJeefle&le keâj osles nQ, Jes ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ~
yeveves Jeeues Meyo nQ—jKewÙee, yeÛewÙee, [šwÙee~
cetuele: ØelÙeÙe oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ : ( 1) ke=âled ØelÙeÙe Deewj ( 2) lee ßeg (ßees) ßees lee
leefæle ØelÙeÙe~ JeÛed Jekeälee
1. ke=âled ØelÙeÙe— ke=âled ØelÙeÙe kesâ efvecveefue fKele Yeso nesles nQ— (i) keâle=&JeeÛekeâ ke=âled OÙee OÙeelee
ØelÙeÙe, (ii) keâce&JeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe, (iii) keâjCeJeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe, (iv) $ee $eelee
YeeJeJeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe, (v) ef›eâÙeeyeesOekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe, (vi) efJeMes<eCe yeveeves Jeeues nj KeC[ KeC[nj
ke=âled ØelÙeÙe~ heer heernj
2.leeqæle ØelÙeÙe— leeqæle ØelÙeÙe meb%ee, meJe&veece Deewj efJeMes<eCe MeyoeW kesâ Devle
Jeeuee heÌ{ (ves) heÌ{ves Jeeuee
nB me nBmeves Jeeuee
ceW peÌg[keâj leefæleeble MeyoeW keâer jÛevee keâjles nQ; pewmes—Deheâerce (meb%ee Meyo) ceW
ef ueKe efueKeves Jeeuee
Ûeer ØelÙeÙe ueieves hej DeheâerceÛeer~ leefæle ØelÙeÙe Ú: Øekeâej kesâ nQ : keâle=J& eeÛekeâ,
(ii) keâce&
J eeÛekeâ ke= â led ØelÙeÙe— Ss mes ØelÙeÙe, pees keâce& keâe DeLe& Øekeâš keâjves Jeeues
YeeJeJeeÛekeâ, iegCeJeeÛekeâ, DehelÙeJeeÛekeâ (mebleeveJeeÛekeâ), GveleeJeeÛekeâ (ueIegleemetÛekeâ) MeyoeW keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ, keâce&JeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ; pewmes—
Deewj m$eerJeeÛekeâ~ ØelÙeÙe Oeeleg ke=âoble
(i) keâle=&JeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe— Jes ke=âled ØelÙeÙe, pees Oeeleg kesâ Devle ceW ueiekeâj
Deewv ee efI eve efIeveewvee
keâlee&JeeÛekeâ (ef›eâÙee keâes keâjves Jeeuee) Meyo keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ, keâle=J& eeÛekeâ ke=âled Kes ue efKeueew vee
ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ; pewmes— efyeÚ efyeÚewvee
Dekeâ peele peelekeâ vee oe oevee
heew (heeJe) heeJekeâ heengB heeng Bvee
ef ueKe uesKekeâ veer Dees{Ì DeesÌ{ veer
iew ieeÙekeâ met bIe metbI eveer
OeeJe (Oeew) OeeJ ekeâ Ûeue Ûeueveer
(iii) keâjCeJeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe— ef›eâÙee kesâ keâjCe (meeOeve) keâe efvecee&Ce keâjves
ke=â (keâej) keâejkeâ
Jeeues ke=âled ØelÙeÙe keâjCeJeeÛekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ; pewmes—
DekeäkeâÌ[ yetPe yegP ekeäkeâÌ[ ØelÙeÙe Oeeleg ke=âoble
Yet ue YeguekeäkeâÌ[
heer efheÙekeäkeâÌ[ Deve yebOe yebOeve
cebLe cebL eve
DeeT efoKe efoKeeT
KegjÛe KegjÛeve
efškeâ efškeâeT Dee "sue "suee
Kee KeeT ces ue ces uee
Deekeâ Ûeeue Ûeeueekeâ F& jsle jsleer
lewj lewj ekeâ ieeiej ieiejer
Deeketâ ueÌ[ ueÌ [eketâ T yeepeej yeepee¤
heÌ{ heÌ{eketâ PeeÌ[ PeeÌ[Ò
Deekeâe OeÌ[ OeÌ[ekeâe veer Dees{Ì DeesÌ{ veer
YeÌ[ YeÌ[ekeâe ues Ke ues Keveer
DeeÌ [er Kes ue efKeueeÌ [er keâlej keâlejveer
keây eeÌ[ keâyeeÌ[er Úue Úueveer
F& nB me nBm eer OeeQ keâ OeeQkeâveer
yeesue yees ueer (iv) YeeJeJeeÛekeâ ke=â led Ø elÙeÙe— OeelegD eeW mes YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb %eeDeeW keâe
Sje uetš uegšsje ef vecee&Ce keâjves Jeeues ke= âled ØelÙeÙe Fme Ø ekeâej nQ —
meeBhe mehesje ØelÙeÙe Oeeleg ke=âoble
SsÙ ee Kes (vee) efKeJewÙee De Gyeeue (vee) Gyeeue
jKe jKew Ùee ÛeerKe (vee) ÛeerKe
iee (vee) ieJewÙee Ûeue (vee) Ûeeue

Dekeâ G" T"keâ (v) ef›eâÙeeyeesOekeâ ke=âled ØelÙeÙe : ef›eâÙee keâe Åeesleve keâjves Jeeues Meyo efvecee&lee
keâme keâmekeâ ef›eâÙeeyeesOekeâ keâled ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ; pewmes—
heâeš heâeškeâ heÌ{ heÌ{lee ngDee
Dele Ûeen Ûeenle Ûeue (Ûeuelee) Ûeuelee ngDee
ef ueKe ef ueKele keâj keâjlee ngDee~
heÌ{ heÌ{le FvneR MeyoeW mes ØesjCeeLe&keâ Meyo pewmes-megveelee ngDee, Ûeueelee ngDee, heÌ{elee ngDee
Deve GuePe GuePeve Deeefo yeveeÙes peeles nQ~ Yetlekeâeefuekeâ ØelÙeÙe ueieekeâj Yeer ÙeLee— efueKee ngDee he$e,
Iegš Iegšve
KeeÙee ngDee heâue, peuee ngDee keâeiepe Deeefo ke=âoble yeveles nQ~
SW" SW"ve
(vi) efJeMes<eCe yeveeves Jeeues ke=âled ØelÙeÙe
DeeT efyekeâ efyekeâeT
efškeâ efškeâeT ØelÙeÙe Oeeleg ke=âoble
Ûeue ÛeueeT Deveer Ùe keâj keâjCeerÙe
Deb le efYeÌ[ efYeÌ [ble DeefYevebove DeefYevebo veerÙe
jš jšble he" he"veerÙe
DeeF& ef ueKe efueKeeF& Fle ÙeeÛe Ùeeef Ûele
keâeš keâšeF& keâLe keâef Lele
heerš efhešeF& eEÛelee eEÛeeflele
Dee Peš keâ Peškeâe %e efJeMes<e efJeMes< e%e
peesÌ[ peesÌ[e cece& cece&%e
PeieÌ[ PeieÌ[e
veer efle veerelf e%e
Deehe efceue efceueehe
2.leeqæle ØelÙeÙe
Deeve ueo ueo eve
(i) keâle=&JeeÛekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe— FvnW meb%ee, meJe&veece, efJeMes<eCe Meyo kesâ Devle
efceue efceueeve
GÌ[ GÌ[ eve ceW ueieekeâj keâlee&JeeÛekeâ Meyo keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ; pewmes—
DeeJe/DeeJee efKebÛe efKeb ÛeeJe ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble
efÚÌ [keâ efÚÌ[keâeJe Deej keân keânej
leve leveeJe keg âcn kegâ cnej
heÚlee heÚleeJee Ûeece Ûeceej
DeeJeš Lekeâ LekeâeJeš uees ne ueg nej
efoKe efoKeeJeš FÙee ogKe ogefKeÙee
®keâ ®keâeJeš ceg Ke ceg efKeÙee
mep ee mepeeJeš F& Yeso Yesoer
Deenš Ieyeje (vee) Ieyejenš
les ue lesu eer
iegj-iegj iegje&nš
GJee keâe" keâ" gDee
efyeue-efyeue efyeueef yeueenš
F& Oecekeâ Oecekeâer ceÚ ceÚg Dee
yeesue yees ueer Tše keâeuee keâuetše
Deewleer efheâj efheâjewleer Sje ueeKe ueKesje
keâeš keâšewleer Ieeme Iemesje
leer Ieš Iešleer Ûeer ceMeeue ceMeeueÛ eer
Oej Oejleer Deheâerce Deheâer ceÛeer
veer ÚBš ÚBš veer Kepeevee KepeevÛeer
Yej Yejveer oeve/oeveer ceÛÚj ceÛÚjoeveer
G" G"veer heeve heeveoeve
oej ef nmmee efnmmesoej Fce jòeâ jefòeâce
ceeue ceeueoej De«e Deef«ece
Jeeuee heâue heâueJ eeuee heMÛe heefMÛece
otOe otOeJeeuee
Fcee ieg® ieef jcee
ieeÌ [er ieeÌ [erJeeuee
Jeeve ieeÌ [er ieeÌ[erJeeve ueeue ueeef uecee
ieg Ce iegCeJeeve nefjle njereflecee
keâesÛe keâesÛ eJeeve hetCe& hetefCe&cee
Oeve OeveJeeve DeCeg DeefCecee
neje heeveer heefveneje F& iece& ieceea
uekeâÌ[ uekeâÌ[neje
mehesâo mehesâoer
ÛetÌ[er ÛetefÌ [neje
ceefve ceefveneje Ûeesj Ûeesjer
nej efmejpevee efmejpevenej meo& meoea
heeuevee heeuevenej Deewleer keâe" keâ"ewleer
(ii) YeeJeJeeÛekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe— meb%ee, meJe&veece, efJeMes<eCe MeyoeW kesâ Devle ceW yeehe yeheewleer
pegÌ[keâj YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee keâe efvecee&Ce keâjves Jeeuee ØelÙeÙe YeeJeJeeÛekeâ leefæle Dekeâ efJe<eÙe efJe<eÙekeâ
ØelÙeÙe nesle nw; pewmes—
Devlej ceOÙe ceOÙeevlej efÛeefkeâlmee efÛ eefkeâlmekeâ
meceeve meceeveevlej Yeespe Yeesp ekeâ
¤he ¤heevlej ueÛe ueÛekeâ
Dee meje&heâ meje& heâe keâej efOekeâd efOekeäkeâej
DeeJee efoKee efoKeeJee šve šbkeâej
Úue ÚueeJee
Peve Pebkeâej
ÛeÌ{e ÛeÌ{eJee
DeeF& {er" ef{"eF& ieer ceoe&ve ceoe&v eieer
pegoe pegoeF& efpeboe efpeboieer
TBÛ ee TBÛeeF& Skeâyeej Skeâyeejieer
DeÛ Úe DeÛÚeF& Dele meb ie mebi ele
Deehee ceesše ceesšehee jbie jbiele
yetÌ{e yeg{Ì ehee
lee efJeJeMe efJeJeMelee
Deeve uecyee uecyeeve
ÛeewÌ[e ÛeewÌ [eve DeeJeMÙekeâ DeeJeMÙekeâlee
DeeÙele šerkeâe šerkeâeÙele megboj megbojlee
ueeskeâ ueeskeâeÙele leer pÙeeoe pÙeeoleer
yengle yengleeÙele Ûeue Ûeueleer
Deeme ceer"e efce"eme {ue {ueleer
Keóe Keš eme
YeÌ[ YeÌ[ eme lJe yebOeg yebOeglJe
Deenš ef leueefceue efleueefceueenš JÙeeq keäle JÙeeqkeälelJe
keâÌ[ÏDee keâÌ[Ï Deenš ves lee vesle=lJe
Fkeâer Ùeb$e Ùeeb ef$ekeâer heve yeeBPe yeeBPeheve
mebKÙee meebeKf Ùekeâer heeieue heeieueheve
Yetle Yeew eflekeâer Yees uee Yeesueeheve

(iii) (De) mebyebOeJeeÛekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe— meb%ee, meJe&veece SJeb efJeMes<eCe MeyoeW heMeg heeMeefJekeâ
kesâ meeLe ueieves Jeeues Jes leefæle ØelÙeÙe pees mebyebOeJeeÛekeâ MeyoeW keâer jÛevee keâjles keâ®Cee keâe®efCekeâ
nQ; pewmes- DeOÙeelce DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ
ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble DebÛ eue DeebÛeefuekeâ
Deveg JebMe DeevegJeebefMekeâ
Deeue veeveer veefveneue
ÙeodÛÚe ÙeeÂefÛÚkeâ
memegj memegjeue Deveg <ebie Deeveg<ebefiekeâ
Sje ÛeeÛee ÛeÛesje meJe&$e meeJe&ef$ekeâ
hetâheâe hegâhesâje DeeDee DeejbYe DeejbefYekeâ
ceewm ee ceewmesje Yee<ee Yeeef <ekeâ
pee Yeleer (Yeüele=pe) Yeleerpee keâeÙee keâeefÙekeâ
Yeeve (Yeefieveerpe) Yeevepee FSs efJekeâuhe Jewkeâefuhekeâ
(ye) iegCeJeeÛekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe— efmeæevle mewæ eefvlekeâ
ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble efveefceòe vewe fceefò ekeâ
Dee "b[ "b[e FbefõÙe SWefõkeâ
Úle Úelee efmLeefle mLeweflekeâ
F&Ss peerJe pewefJekeâ
hÙeeme hÙeemee veer efle vew eflekeâ
Fve keâ" keâef"ve SSs Jeso Jewefokeâ
ceue ceefueve Skeâ Ssefkeâkeâ
Deeueg F&<Ùee& F&<Ùee&ueg osJe owefJekeâ
oÙee oÙeeueg GDeew yegefæ yeewe fækeâ
Deevee npe& npee&vee Gheefve<eo Deewheefv e<eefokeâ
Ûekeä keâj Ûekeâjevee GÅeesie DeewÅees efiekeâ
jepehetle jepehetleevee TDeew Yetefce Yeewefcekeâ
leve hetje hegjeleve cet ue ceeweuf ekeâ
Jeble YeieJeeve YeieJeble Yetieesue Yeewiees efuekeâ
oÙee oÙeeJeble DeesDeew ueeskeâ ueewefkeâkeâ
yeue yeueJeble Ùeesie Ùeeweif ekeâ
$e+Deejd ie=n mLe ieen&efmLekeâ
Ssue oeble oblewue
ùoÙe neefo &keâ
Keheje Kehejwue
Fle keâuebkeâ keâuebe fkeâle
cetBÚ ceBt Úwue hees<e heesef<ele
FÙeue oeÌ{er oefÌ{Ùeue kebâ škeâ kebâšefkeâle
meÌ [e meefÌ[Ùeue Fue ketâš kegâefšue
cej ceefj Ùeue jesce jesefceue
Sue veekeâ vekesâ ue hebkeâ hebef keâue
het âue hegâuesue F<" mJeeo mJeeefo„
ieeBJeÌ[e ieeBJeÌ[sue Jej Jeefj…
veesš : ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe ueieves hej Meyo kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ mJej ceW Fme Øekeâej heefjJele&ve F<Ceg Ûeue Ûeefu e<Ceg
nesles nQ— DeDee; F, F&, SSs; G, T, DeesDeew; $e+Deejd~ men meefn<Ceg
Fkeâ : ØeYeeJe ØeYeefJe<Ceg
ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble F& efnbo efnboer
De Dee cece& ceeefce& keâ iegu eeye iegueeyeer
heefjßece heeefjßeefcekeâ n" n"er
F&ve/F& Ce kegâ ue keg âueerve Jeer lesp emed lespemJeer
Meewkeâ Meewkeâerve Tpe&med Tpe&mJeer
ØeeÛeer ØeeÛeerve ces Oee cesOeeJeer
F&u ee helLej heLejeruee Me: Mele MeleMe:
n" n"er uee ›eâce ›eâceMe:
penj penjeruee keâesešf keâesefšMe:
Meeueer ØeefleYee ØeefleYeeMeeueer
heeveer heveeruee
ieewjJe ieew jJeMeeueer
F& Ùe Yeejle YeejleerÙe
mee Úesše Úesše-mee
je„^ je„^ erÙe ogy euee ogy euee-mee
mLeeve mLeeveerÙe nje oes ognje
Gkeâ efYe#eg efYe#egkeâ leerve eflenje
keâece keâeceg keâ Skeâ Fkeânje
FÛÚe FÛÚgkeâ (iv) DehelÙeJeeÛekeâ (mebleeveJeeÛekeâ) leefæle ØelÙeÙe—DehelÙeJeeÛekeâ ØelÙeÙe De,
T ieBJeej ieBJ ee¤ F, SÙe, DeÙeve, DeeÙeve kesâ Ùeesie mes efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej mes Meyo yeveles nQ Deewj
yeepeej yeepee¤ Ùes ØelÙeÙe Yeer Meyo kesâ ØeLece mJej ceW Fkeâ ØelÙeÙe keâer lejn ner Fme Øekeâej
hesš hesšt heefjJele&ve keâj osles nQ— DeDee; F, F&, SSs; G, T, DeesDeew~
Ssu ee keâme keâmewu ee ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble
efJe<e efJe<ewuee De :
ceešer cešwuee De Dee hebÛ eeue heebÛ eeue
keâerÙe veeefYe veeefYekeâerÙe oveg oeveJe
jepe jepekeâerÙe jIeg jeIeJe
lej Je=nled Je=nòej ceveg ceeveJe
ÂÌ{ ÂÌ{lej DeeDee heeb[g heeb[Je
keâef"ve keâef"velej F ce®le cee®efle
leve veJe vetl eve yeeuceer keâ yeeuceerefkeâ
DeOegv ee DeOegveeleve oMejLe oeMejefLe
Øeekedâ Øeekeäleve SÙe Debpeefve DeebpevesÙe
lece leer›e leer›elece ieb iee ieebiesÙe (Yeer<ce)
Meer IeÇ MeerIeÇl ece kegbâ leer keâeQlesÙe (Depeg&ve)
Je=ef<Ce (ÙeeoJe) Jee<CexÙe (ke=â<Ce)
leJÙe %ee %eeleJÙe
Deef$e Dee$esÙe
oej peceerve peceeRoej
Ghecee GhecesÙe
Ûecekeâ Ûecekeâoej
DeÙeve veeje veejeÙeCe
mecePe mecePeoej jece jeceeÙeCe
ceeve cete fle& cete fle&ceeve DeeÙeve JeelmÙe JeelmÙeeÙeve
Mees Yee Mees YeeÙeceeve oeb[dÙe oeb[dÙeeÙeve
hetJe&keâ efJeefOe efJeefOehetJe&keâ ceewod ieuÙe ceew odieuÙeeÙeve
ÂÌ{lee ÂÌ{ leehetJe&keâ (DeDee)
ceÙe Devve DevveceÙe Ùe meÂ Me meeÂMÙe
ceve: ceveesceÙe Deefo efle Deeef olÙe
peue peueceÙe mJemLe mJeemLÙe
Jeled efJeefOe efJeefOeJele meeefvveefOe meeefvveOÙe
heg$e heg$eJele oefjõ oeefjõÙe
JeeB ome omeJeeB Jelmeue JeelmeuÙe
heeBÛe heeBÛeJeeB ØeeÛeer ØeeÛÙe

FSs efMeefL eue Mew efLeuÙe keâe/keâer Úer ue Úer uekeâe
efoefle owlÙe šhe šhekeâe/keâer
efJeefYevve JewefYevÙe Keš Keškeâe
efvekeâš vewkeâšdÙe Deeše heâj& heâje&še
efpeve pewve mevve mevveeše
efJe<Ceg Jew<CeJe Yevve Yevveeše
efmebOeg meQO eJe jer Úelee Úlejer
F&Ss Oeerj OewÙe& yeeBme yeeBmegjer
iebYeerj ieebYeerÙe& Ì[e/ Ì[er ceg Ke cegK eÌ[e
F&MJej SsMJeÙe& hebKe hebKegÌ[er
oerve owvÙe Deeble DebleÌ[er
$e+jd Je=O ekeâ JeeOe& keäÙe mee DeÛ Úe DeÛ Úe-mee
he=Lekeâ heeLe& keäÙe Keeueer Keeueer-mee
he=Lee heeLe& (vi) m$eeryeesOekeâ leeqæle ØelÙeÙe— Jes ØelÙeÙe pees m$eer keâe yeesOe keâjeles nQ,
ce=og ceeo&J e m$eeryeesOekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe keâns peeles nQ~
SSs Ûesl eve Ûewl evÙe ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble
Skeâ SskeäÙe Dee meg le meg lee
GDeew Glmegkeâ Deewlmegkeä Ùe efMe<Ùe efMe<Ùee
megboj meeQ oÙe& efØeÙe efØeÙee
kegâ ceej keâewceeÙe& DeeFve hebef[le hebef[leeFve
MegeÛf e (heefJe$e) MeewÛe "ekegâj "kegâjeFve
meg …g meew<"Je Deeveer Fbõ FbõeCeer
ogefn$e oewefn$e osJej osJ ejeveer
TDeew Metj Meew Ùe& veew keâj veew keâjeveer
(v) GveleeJeeÛekeâ leeqæle ØelÙeÙe— Jes leefæle ØelÙeÙe, pees ueIeglee-metÛekeâ MeyoeW Fkeâe DeOÙeehekeâ DeOÙeeefhekeâe
keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ, GveleeJeeÛekeâ leefæle ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ; pewmes— uesKekeâ uesefKekeâe
ØelÙeÙe cetue Meyo leefæleeble Fve heÌ[ esme heÌ[es efmeve
ceeefuekeâ ceeueefkeâve
GDee ceve cevegD ee
yeeIe yeeefIeve
yeeyet yeyegDee
Fveer Yegpebie Yegpebefieveer
FÙee ef[yyee ef[ef yeÙee
Ùe#e Ùeef#eCeer
uee"er ueef "Ùee
mejespe mejesefpeveer
ueesše uegefš Ùee
FÙee yeboj yeboefjÙee
Fkeâe uelee ueeflekeâe
kegâ òee keg âefleÙee
he$e heef$ ekeâe efÛeÌ[e efÛeef Ì[Ùee
keâueer keâefuekeâe F& yesše yesšer
F& šeskeâje šeskeâjer nef jCe nefj Ceer
nLeewÌ[e nLeew Ì[er
keâekeâe keâekeâer
Dees uee yeele yeleesuee
heâheâ heâheâesuee IeeÌ s[e Iees Ì[er
ceeBPe ceB Pees uee Dees F& yenve yenveesF&
meeBhe meB hees uee veveo veveoesF&

veer veš vešveer ØelÙeÙe cetueMeyo leefæleeble
Mesj Mesj veer Deeven (Deevee) jespe jespeevee
heefle helveerDevÙe cenlJehetC cesn vele ces nveleevee
ØelÙeÙe cetueMeyo leefæleeble pegce& pegcee&vee
vesj meebiee meebieevesj FÙele Fbmeeve FbmeeefveÙele
DeeYee DeeYeevesj keâeefy eue keâeefyeefueÙele
peesye peesyevesj Keeme KeeefmeÙele
Demeueer Demeef ueÙele
Deejer keâes"e keâes"ejer
Fmleeve Deheâieeve Deh eâieeefvemleeve
uees ne ueesnejer
keâyeÇ keâefyeÇmleeve
GDee ies¤ ies® Dee veKeue veKeefuemleeve (ce®odÙeeve)
keâeuee keâuegD ee F& Me hewoe hewoeFMe
DeeÌ [er Deeies DeieeÌ[ er hewcee hewceeFMe
heerÚs efheÚeÌ[er F& efnvog mleeve efnvogm leeveer
le: efJeMes<e efJeMes<ele: hejsMeeve hejsMeeveer
Deb le Debl ele: Fbmeeve Fbmeeveer
meeceevÙe meeceevÙele: Fceece Fceeceer
keâej mJeCe& mJeCe& keâej F& ve Meewkeâ Meewkeâerve
vecekeâ vecekeâerve
meeefnlÙe meeefnlÙekeâej jbie jbieerve
efÛeled keâ: keâefMÛeled F&v ee Dece Deceerv ee
keâoe keâoeefÛeled keâce keâceer vee
ef le Yeüeble Yeüebefle Keevee cegmeeefheâj cegmeeefheâjKeevee
KÙeele KÙeeefle kewâo kewâoKeevee
keâej keâejKeevee
efmLele efmLeefle iegMeue ieg MeueKeevee
Deemheo efJeJeeo efJeJeeoemheo leeshe leesheKeevee
Ie= Cee Ie=Ceemheo Ûeer Deheâerce Deheâer ceÛeer
mebosn mebosnemheo vekeâue vekeâueÛeer
le pe™j pe™jle
Ûej GYeÙe GYeÙeÛej
jnce jncele
peue peueÛej efnheâepe efnheâepele
%e yeng yeng%e meueece meueecele
meJe& meJe&%e oeve jesMeve jesMeveoeve
ceve: cevees %e keâoj keâojoeve
Keeve Keeveoeve
pe De«e De«epe
oej ogkeâeve ogkeâeveoej
Jeeefj Jeeefjpe Ûecekeâ Ûecekeâoej
Deelce Deelcepekeg cen KegM eyet KegMeyetoej
Deboepe ieesue ieesueboepe veekeâ Keew heâ Keew heâveekeâ
leerj leerjboepe oo& oo&veekeâ
Mece& Mece&veekeâ
Deeyeeo Fueen Fueeneyeeo yebo ieuee ieueeyebo
Denceo Denceoeyeeo keâcej keâcejyebo
efheâjespe efheâjespeeyeeo nefLeÙeej nefLeÙeejyebo
efMekeâesn efMekeâesneyeeo vepej vepejyebo

Jeeve ieeÌ [er ieeÌ[erJeeve ‘yegefæ ceW ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej yeeweæ
f keâ Meyo yevesiee~
yeeie yeeieJeeve 3. ‘Ûeewkeâeroej’ ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
efjkeäMee efjkeäMeeJeeve (a) oej (b) Goej
cebo eqheâ›eâ efheâ›eâcebo (c) efkeâoej (d) keâeroej
pe™jle pe™jlecebo Gòej–(a)
Dekeä ue Dekeäuecebo ‘Ûeewkeâeroej’ ceW ‘oej’ ØelÙeÙe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
Jeej leejerKe leejerKeJeej
4. ‘GheõJe’ ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej mener Meyo yevesiee?
ceen ceenJeej
(a) oej (b) F&Ùe
Fle FleJeej (c) F& (d) Fkeâ
veJeerme Keyej KeyejveJeerme Gòej–(c)
Dep eea Depeerv& eJeerme
vekeäMee vekeäMeeveJeerme ‘GheõJe’ ceW ‘F&’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej ‘GheõJeer’ Meyo yevesiee~
ieerj peneB peneBieerj 5. ‘keâ®Ce’ ceW efkeâme ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjves hej GefÛele Meyo yevesiee?
G"eF& G"eF&ieerj (a) F& (b) Fkeâ
yeepe DeÌ[ biee DeÌ[bieeyeepe (c) Fle (d) F&le
Ûeeue Ûeeueyeepe Gòej–(b)

keâyetlej keâyetlejyeepe ‘keâ®Ce’ ceW ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej ‘keâe®efCekeâ’ Meyo yevesiee~
heesMe heuebie heuebieheesMe 6. ‘yeue’ ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe ueieevee GefÛele nw?
vekeâeye vekeâeyeheesMe (a) ceeve (b) Jeeve
mehesâo mehesâoheesMe (c) oej (d) Deeve
Keesj Deeoce DeeoceKeesj Gòej–(b)
šgkeâÌ[e šgkeäkeâÌ[Keesj ‘yeue’ ceW ‘Jeeve’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej ‘yeueJeeve’ Meyo yevesiee~
cegheäle cegheäleKeesj 7. ‘ØeevleerÙe’ ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
ieej keâece keâeceieej (a) FÙe (b) F&Ùe
Ùeeo Ùeeoieej (c) F& (d) F
ceoo ceooieej Gòej–(b)
iej peeot peeotiej ‘Øeevle’ ceW ‘F&Ùe’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej ‘ØeevleerÙe’ Meyo yevesiee~
keâej keâejiej
8. ‘Glkebâ"e’ ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe GefÛele jnsiee?
meej Mece& Mece&meej
(a) ceeve (b) Jeeve
Skeâ Fkeâmeej
(c) Fle (d) oej
Keekeâ Keekeâmeej Gòej–(c)
DeYÙeeme ØeMve ‘Glkebâ"e’ ceW ‘Fle’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej ‘Glkebâef"le’ Meyo yevesiee~
1. ’Jeeef<e&keâ’ ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe ueiee nw? 9. ‘cenled’ ceW ‘lJe’ ØelÙeÙe peg[ Ì ves hej keäÙee yevesiee?
(a) cenlJe (b) cenlee
(a) keâ (b) Jeej
(c) cenle (d) cenlJee
(c) ef<ekeâ (d) Fkeâ Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(d)
‘cenled’ ceW ‘lJe’ ØelÙeÙe pegÌ[ves hej ‘cenlJe’ Meyo yevesiee~
‘Jeeef<e&keâ’ Meyo ceW ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ 10. ‘ØeYeg’ ceW ‘lJe’ ØelÙeÙe ueieves hej yevesiee -
2. ‘yegeæ
f ’ ceW ‘Fkeâ’ ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej keâewve-mee Meyo yevesiee? (a) ØeYeglee (b) ØeYeglJe
(a) yegefækeâ (b) yeewe fækeâ (c) ØeYeg (d) ØeYe=le
(c) yegefæFkeâ (d) yeewækeâ Gòej–(b)

Gòej–(b) ‘ØeYeg’ ceW ‘lJe’ ØelÙeÙe ueieves hej ‘ØeYeglJe’ Meyo yevesiee~

heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer
7. DeOej
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve (a) Debleefj#e
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW Ûeej-Ûeej MeyoeW kesâ mecetn efoS ieS nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ (b) efveÛeuee neW"
mecetn ceW Skeâ Meyo heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer venerb nw~ Gmekeâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS– (c) Oejleer Deewj Deemeceeve kesâ ceOÙe
1. (a) #es$e (b) YetefceKeC[ (d) DeeqyOe
(c) YetYeeie (d) heefjmej Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(d) Debleefj#e, efveÛeuee neW" leLee Oejleer Deewj Deemeceeve kesâ ceOÙe, DeOej kesâ
GheÙeg&keäle ÛeejeW MeyoeW kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes mhe„ neslee nw efkeâ heefjmej ner Ssmee Deveskeâ DeLeeX ceW Meeefceue nQ, peyeefkeâ DeefyOe keâe DeLe& mecegõ neslee nw~
Meyo nw, pees DevÙe leerve MeyoeW keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~ 8. keâvekeâ
(a) meesvee (b) iesntB
2. (a) #egõ (b) ke=â<eCe
(c) Oeletje (d) keâceue
(c) DeOece (d) veerÛe
Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(b)
meesvee, Oeletje, iesnBt, Deeefo keâvekeâ Meyo kesâ DeLe& nw~ `keâceue' keâvekeâ keâe mener
ÛeejeW MeyoeW kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ ke=â<eCe Meyo DevÙe leerve
DeLe& veneR nw~
MeyoeW keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~
9. JeCe&
3. (a) Deespe (b) oce (a) De#ej (b) mJej
(c) MJeeme (d) Meeqkeäle (c) peeefle (d) jbie
Gòej–(c) Gòej–(b)
MJeeme ÛeejeW MeyoeW kesâ mecetneW ceW DevÙe leerve MeyoeW keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~ JeCe& Meyo kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ–De#ej, peeefle, jbie~ mJej Fmekesâ DeLee&vleie&le
4. (a) Jewkeâequhekeâ (b) SseqÛÚkeâ veneR Deelee nw~
(c) mJesÛÚeke=âle (d) FÛÚehetCe& 10. ef MeKeer
Gòej–(d) (a) ceesj (b) heJe&le
Jewkeâequhekeâ, SseqÛÚkeâ leLee mJesÛÚeke=âle leerveeW heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ, efkeâvleg (c) #eef$eÙe (d) Deeqive
FÛÚehetCe& Fvekeâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~ Gòej–(c)
5. (a) SsMe-Deejece (b) JewYeJe

efMeKeer keâe DeLe& nw- ceesj, Deefive leLee heJe&le, peyeefkeâ #eef$eÙe Skeâ JeCe& nw~
(c) SsMJeÙe& (d) mece=eæ
f 11. meejbie
Gòej–(a) (a) mehe& (b) eEmen
(c) YeeQje (d) Jeeokeâ
SsMe-Deejece, JewYeJe, SsMJeÙe& Deewj mece=eæ
f Fve ÛeejeW MeyoeW kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes
Gòej–(d)
mhe„ neslee nw efkeâ SsMe-Deejece Skeâ efYevve heÙee&Ùe Jeeuee Meyo nw, DeLee&led
Ùen heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo veneR nw~ mehe&, eEmen Deewj YeeQje meejbie kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ meejbie meyemes DeefOekeâ DeLe&
jKeves Jeeuee Meyo nw, peyeefkeâ Jeeokeâ keâe DeLe& yepeeves Jeeues mes nw, pewmes–
6. (a) $e+Ceer (b) osveoej
leyeueeJeeokeâ~
(c) Goej (d) keâpe&oej
Gòej–(c) 12. otOe
(a) #eerj (b) heÙe
Goej keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo oÙeeueglee nw ve efkeâ $e+Ceer, osveoej Deewj (c) veJeveerle (d) mlevÙe
keâpe&oej~ Dele: Goej Fme mecetn ceW heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo veneR nw~ Gòej–(c)
otOe kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer #eerj, heÙe, ieesjme, ogiOe, mlevÙe FlÙeeefo nQ~ veJeveerle, 19. ‘jefle’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw–
cekeäKeve keâe heÙee&Ùe nw~ (a) jme%ee (b) mJeeo Fvõer
13. neLe (c) JeeCeer (d) Øesce
(a) heeefCe (b) De«eebie Gòej–(d)
(c) cekeâj (d) Debiege fueceeue jefle keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Øesce nw Deewj JeeCeer keâe JeÛeve, yeesueer, yeele, Yee<ee Deeefo
Gòej–(a) heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ~
heeefCe, keâj, nmle, Yegpe FlÙeeefo neLe kesâ heÙee&Ùe nQ~ 20. `#eCeØeYee' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo yeleeFS–
14. `he#eer' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo yeleeFS– (a) ÙeesieceeÙee (b) efkeâjCe
(a) vebeof veer (b) efÉpe (c) G<ee (d) efyepeueer
(c) Gjie (d) kesâMeer Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(b)
`#eCeØeYee' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efyepeueer nw~ efyepeueer kesâ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ–
GheÙeg&keäle ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW otmeje efJekeâuhe efÉpe ner he#eer keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ ÛebÛeuee, Ûeheuee, efJeÅegle, meewoeefceveer, oeefceveer, leefÌ[le Deeefo~
efJenie, efJenbie, Keie, efÛeef[Ì Ùee, heb#eer leLee heefjvoe Yeer he#eer kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
21. `JÙeesce' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo yeleeFS–
15. ìeone' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo yeleeFS– (a) Jem$e (b) Deevevo
(a) efveefMeÛej (b) omÙeg (c) Åeew (d) MewJeeue
(c) DeJeOetle (d) JewMeeKevebove Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(d)
JÙeesce keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo Åeew nw Deewj Deevevo keâe ceeso, Øeceeso, Guueeme,
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW JewMeeKevebove ner ieone keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ megKe, Ûewve Deeefo nQ~
16. `heeohe' Meyo heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw –
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW Ûeej-Ûeej MeyoeW kesâ mecetn nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ ceW Skeâ
(a) heJe&le (b) Je=#e
Meyo heÙee&Ùe veneR nw~ Fmekeâe ÛeÙeve keâjvee nw~
(c) heg<he (d) yeeoue
22. osJelee
Gòej–(b)
(a) megj (b) Demegj
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW heeohe Meyo Je=#e keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw Deewj yeeoue kesâ (c) Decej (d) efvepe&j
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer peercetle, yeueeOej Deewj heJe&le kesâ Deeefo, DeÛeue, veie, Mewue Gòej–(b)
FlÙeeefo heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW efJekeâuhe (b) Demegj, osJ elee keâe mener heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR
17. ‘ceesj’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw- nw Demegj, megj keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ nw~
(a) legjbie (b) kesâef ue
(c) kes âkeâer (d) efJenie 23. leeje
Gòej- (c) (a) Decyeg (b) leejkeâ
(c) ve#e$e (d) veKele
ceesj kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ- ceÙetj, kesâkeâer, keâueeheer, efMeKeer, efMeKeC[er, OJepeer,
Gòej–(a)
veeruekeâb", Yegpeieeefj, meejbie, nefj, efMeJe-megle-Jeenve~ legjbie, IeesÌ[s keâe leLee
efJenie he#eer keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW efJekeâuhe (a) Decyeg, leeje keâe mener heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~
18. ‘De#e’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw– 24. yesše
(a) DeeBKe (b) De%eeve (a) heg$e (b) megle
(c) mebKÙee (d) efoMee (d) Deelcepe (d) De«epe
Gòej–(a) Gòej–(d)
De#e keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer DeeBKe nw~ veÙeve, ves$e, Ûe#eg, ÛeKe Deewj ueesÛeve Yeer De#e yesše keâe mener heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efJekeâuhe (d) De«epe mener veneR nw~ De«epe keâe DeLe&
kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ yeÌ[e YeeF& neslee nw~

25. ceveg<Ùe 31. keâceue
(a) vej (b) cenerheeue (a) jekesâMe (b) efJeOeg
(c) cevegpe (d) ceeveJe (c) MeMeebkeâ (d) heodce
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW keâes osKeves mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ efJekeâuhe (b) cenerheeue, efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW keâceue kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer heodce Deewj jekesâMe nQ~ MeMeebkeâ Je
ceveg<Ùe keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~ efJeOeg, Ûevõcee keâs heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
26. ìeCesMe' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nw– 32. Iej
(a) megOeebMeg (b) kegâyesj (a) meove (b) GheJeve
(c) Skeâoble (d) megOeekeâj (c) hebÛeMej (d) ngleeMeeve
Skeâoble, ieCeheefle, cet<ekeâJeenve, iep eeveve, efJeveeÙekeâ, uecyeesoj iepeyeove meove, GheJeve, hebÛeMej Deewj ngleeMeeve ceW kesâJeue meove ner Iej keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer
FlÙeeefo ieCesMe kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ nww~
27. `DeeefolÙe' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw– efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW Ûeej heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo efoÙes ieÙes nQ, efpeveceW Skeâ
(a) oerhekeâ (b) efoJeekeâj ieuele nw~ ieuele Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS~
(c) Yeemkeâj (d) efovekeâj 33. DeeBOeer
Gòej–(a) (a) DebOeÌ[ (b) yeJeb[j
(c) YeÙebkeâj (d) letHeâeve
efovekeâj, efoJeekeâj, Yeeveg, Yeemkeâj, DeeefolÙe FlÙeeefo metÙe& kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ,
Gòej–(c)
peyeefkeâ oerhekeâ, òerÙes' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~
DebOeÌ[, yeJeb[j leLee letHeâeve `DeeBOeer' kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ, peyeefkeâ YeÙebkeâj DeeBOeer
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ GheÙegkeäl e heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efJekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve
keâe heÙee&Ùe veneR nw~
keâerefp eS–
28. Dece=le 34. le®
(a) megOee (b) keâewcegoer (a) efJešhe (b)leÌ[eie
(c) cevceLe (d) megOeeOej (c) heeohe (d) ce
õg
Dece=le keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer `megOee' nw~ heerÙet<e, DeefceÙe leLee peerJeveesokeâ Yeer Dece=le le® keâe DeLe& nw— Je=#e~ efJešhe, heeohe Deewj õgce Fmekesâ heÙee&Ùe nQ~ leÌ[eie keâe
kesâ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ DeLe& leeueeye neslee nw~
29. FÛÚe 35. kegâyesj
(a) DeefceÙe (b) n<e& (a) DemeceÙe (b) Oeveo
(c) Deekeâeb#ee (d) jeqMce (c) OeveeefOehe (d) OevesMJej
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW Deekeâeb#ee, FÛÚe keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) OeveeefOehe, Oeveo, OevesMJej kegâyesj kesâ heÙee&Ùe nQ, peyeefkeâ DemeceÙe kegâyesj keâe
mener nw~ n<e& kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Deevevo, Deeceeso, Deeåueeo Deeefo nQ~ heÙee&Ùe veneR nw~
30. GÅeeve 36. TBÛ ee

(a) Oeece (d) kegâmegceekeâj (a) Gòegbie (b) GÛÛe
(c) DeeueÙe (d) Jeeefškeâe (c) Meer<e&mLe (d) efJeMeeue
Gòej–(d) Gòej–(d)
GÅeeve keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Jeeefškeâe nw, peyeefkeâ Oeece SJeb DeeueÙe ‘Iej’ kesâ DeLe& efJeMeeue `TBÛee' mes efYevve nw, peyeefkeâ Gòegbie, GÛÛe leLee Meer<e&mLe `TBÛ ee' kesâ
ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~ kegâmegceekeâj keâeceosJe keâe DeeMeÙe jKelee nw~ heÙee&Ùe nQ~

37. GoefOe efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ GheÙegkeäle heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer yeleeFS–
(a) veerjefOe (b) heÙeesefOe 43. mJeie&
(c) oefOe (d) peueefOe (a) veekeâ (b) yeÇÿeeC[
Gòej–(c) (c) osJ eueeskeâ (d) Åeew
Gòej–(c)
veerjefOe, heÙeesefOe, peueefOe–GoefOe kesâ heÙee&Ùe nQ~ oefOe, GoefOe mes efYevve DeLe&
Øekeâš keâjlee nw~ oefOe keâe DeLe& nw– oner~ mJeie& kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ–yewkegâC", ieesueeskeâ, osJeueeskeâ, megjueeskeâ Deeefo, peyeefkeâ
Åeew DeekeâeMe keâe metÛekeâ nw~
38. (a) heeJe&leer (b) efMeJeeveer
(c) jcee (d) DeheCee& 44. jeef$e
Gòej–(c) (a) #ehee (b) leceerÛej
(c) Decee (d) efJeYeeJejer
heeJe&leer, efMeJeeveer Deewj DeheCee& leerveeW keâe YeeJe Skeâ ner nw, peyeefkeâ jcee Meyo
Gòej–(d)
keâe DeeMeÙe ue#ceer mes nw~
Ùeeefceveer, jpeveer, efJeYeeJejer, efveMeerLe leLee jwve Deeefo jeef$e kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
39. (a) ceeÙee (b) Jeheg
(c) osn (d) keâeÙee efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW Ûeej-Ûeej MeyoeW kesâ mecetn nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ ceW Skeâ
Gòej–(a) Meyo heÙee&Ùe veneR nQ~ Fmekeâe ÛeÙeve keâjvee nw~
45. (a) DeÛesle (b) ceteÚ
q &le
Jeheg, osn Deewj keâeÙee Skeâ ner heÙee&Ùe nQ, peyeefkeâ ceeÙee Fve leerveeW efJekeâuheeW mes
(c) yesnesMe (d) veemecePe
Deueie nw~
Gòej–(d)
40. (a) peuepe (b) veerjpe
DeÛesle, ceteÚf &le Deewj yesnesMe Ùes leerveeW Meyo Deeheme ceW meecÙelee jKeles nQ~
(c) Éerjpe (d) Decyegpe
efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efvee|o„ Meyo veemecePe Gkeäle leerveeW efJekeâuheeW mes keâesF& meecÙe
Gòej–(c)
veneR jKelee~
peuepe, veerjpe SJeb Decyegpe leerveeW MeyoeW keâe YeeJe Skeâ ner nw~ Éerjpe keâer Fve 46. (a) efJeveeso (b) Deeceeso
MeyoeW mes keâesF& meecÙelee veneR nw~ (c) efJejece (d) ceveesjbpeve
41. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee Meyo `DevegjesOe' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer venerb nw? Gòej–(c)
(a) Dee«en (b) efJeveleer
efJeveeso, Deeceeso Deewj ceveesjbpeve Deeheme ceW meecÙe YeeJeeW keâes meceeefnle efkeâÙes
(c) efveJesove (d) ÙeeÛevee ngS nQ, JeneR efJejece, efpemekeâe DeeMeÙe ®keâvee neslee nw, keâe Gkeäle leerveeW
Gòej–(d) efJekeâuheeW mes keâesF& meecÙe veneR nw~
`ÙeeÛevee' DevegjesOe keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw, peyeefkeâ Dee«en, efJeveleer Deewj 47. `ceÚueer' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw–
efveJesove, DevegjesOe kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ (a) Ge|ce (b) ceerve
42. `DeekeâeMe' keâe heÙee&Ùe keäÙee nw? (c) peueÛej (d) Jeeefj
(a) jekeâeheefle (b) JÙeesce Gòej–(b)

(c) MeefMeOej (d) efveMeeÛej ceÚueer kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer–celmÙe, PeKe, ceerve, peuepeerJeve, meHeâjer Deeefo nQ~
Gòej–(b)
48. eqvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee Meyo he=LJeer keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer venerb nw?
DeekeâeMe keâe heÙee&Ùe JÙeesce neslee nw, peyeefkeâ jekeâeheefle keâe DeeMeÙe Ûevõcee, (a) cener (b) ef#eefle
MeefMeOej keâe DeeMeÙe YeieJeeve Mebkeâj Deewj ef veMeeÛej keâe DeLe& jeef$e ceW (c) Decyej (d) ceseo
f veer
efJeÛejCe keâjves Jeeuee DeLee&led je#eme neslee nw~ Gòej- (c)
he=LJeer kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer cener, ef#eefle leLee ceseof veer nQ~ Decyej, DeekeâeMe keâe 54. keâeblee
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ (a) DeeYee (b) ceveefmepe
(c) jeJeCe (d) m$eer
49. Fvõ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nw-
Gòej – (d)
(a) ®õ (b) cee®le
(c) efieefjOej (d) hegjob j DeeYee, jesMeveer keâe, ceveefmepe, keâeceosJe keâe SJeb jeJeCe, oMeeveve keâe
Gòej- (d) heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ keâeblee, m$eer keâe heÙee&Ùe nw~
Fvõ kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ- megjheefle, MeÛeerheefle, ceOeJee, Mekeâ, hegjboj, keâewefMekeâ, 55. MeÛeer heefle
osJ ejepe, cesIeheefle, megjsvõ, megjsMe, menœee#e, Decejheefle, efpe<Ceg, hegjngle, (a) Fvõ (b) ieCesMe
(c) keâeceosJe (d) osJ ekeâervebove
efyeyegOesÙe, Je»eOej~
Gòej – (a)
efveoxMe : efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW ØeMveiele Meyo keâe heÙee&Ùe Fbefiele keâerefpeS–
FmeceW ieCesMe uecyeesoj keâe, keâeceosJ e Devebie keâe SJeb osJ ekeâervebove ßeerke=â<Ce keâe
50. F&MJej
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, peyeefkeâ MeÛeerheefle Fvõ keâes keânles nQ~
(a) megjsMe (b) Ye=lÙe
(c) meJexMe (d) efoJeekeâj 56. efJeÅegle
Gòej – (c) (a) cesIe (b) Devegpe
(c) efJeØe (d) oeefceveer
meJexMe F&MJej keâe heÙee&Ùe nw, peyeefkeâ megjsMe Fvõ keâe, Ye=lÙe oeme keâe Deewj
Gòej – (d)
efoJeekeâj metÙe& keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~
Øemlegle ØeMve ceW cesIe yeeoue keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, Devegpe, Úesšs YeeF& keâes SJeb
51. Keie keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nw –
efJeØe yeÇeÿeCe keâes keânles nQ, peyeefkeâ efJeÅegle oeefceveer keâes keânles nQ~
(a) ceÙetj (b) efJenbie
57. ket âue
(c) legenf ve (d) keâjer
(a) efkeâveeje (b) ketâhe
Gòej – (b)
(c) DeeEkeâÛeve (d) lejer
Keie keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efJenbie nw, peyeefkeâ ceÙetj ceesj keâe, legenf ve efnce keâe Deewj Gòej – (a)
keâjer neLeer keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~
ketâhe kegâDeeB keâe, DeeEkeâÛeve oefjõ keâe SJeb lejer veeJe keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, peyeefkeâ
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS– ketâue keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efkeâveeje nw~
52. peeÖJeer
58. Ûelegjeveve
(a) iebiee (b) peerYe (a) jeJeCe (b) yeÇÿee
(c) peevekeâer (d) oemeer (c) Fvõ (d) efJe<Ceg
Gòej – (a) Gòej – (b)
peerYe efpe£e keâe, peevekeâer meerlee keâe SJeb oemeer veewkeâjeveer keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, jeJeCe oMeeveve keâe, Fvõ megjsMe keâe leLee efJe<Ceg nefj keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw,
peyeefkeâ peeÖJeer iebiee keâes keânles nQ~ peyeefkeâ yeÇÿee keâes Ûelegjeveve keânles nQ~
53. efovekeâj 59. legjbie
(a) jekesâMe (b) Yeeveg (a) uenj (b) veerj
(c) De®efCecee (d) Me$eg (c) Ieesškeâ (d) Me$eg
Gòej – (b) Gòej – (c)
FmeceW jekesâMe Ûevõcee keâe, De®efCecee ueeefuecee keâe SJeb Me$eg Deefj keâe uenj Ge|ce keâe, veerj peue keâe Deewj Me$eg ogMceve keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, peyeefkeâ
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, peyeefkeâ efovekeâj keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Yeeveg (metÙe&) nw~ legjbie keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Ieesškeâ nw~
60. hegC[jerkeâ 2. hetCee&hetCe& heÙee&Ùe—peye keâesF& Meyo Skeâ ner keâeÙe& efJeMes<e kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle neslee
(a) hebkeâpe (b) hejsJee
nw Deewj Øemebie keâe meceeveeLeea Meyo otmejs Øemebie ceW Demeceeve DeLe& keâe mhe°
(c) hejeJele (d) keâheesle
yeesOe keâjelee nw, lees Jes ‘hetCee&hetCe& heÙee&Ùe’ keânueeles nQ; pewmes–Keevee Keeves kesâ
Gòej – (a)
mLeeve hej Keevee efveieuevee~
Øemlegle ØeMve ceW hejsJee, heejeJele Deewj keâheesle meYeer keâyetlej kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ,
3. DehetCe& heÙee&Ùe—peye efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ yeoues otmejs Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie nes Deewj
peyeefkeâ hegC[jerkeâ keâe otmeje veece hebkeâpe nw~ MJesle keâceue keâes hegC[jerkeâ
keânles nQ~ DeLe& keâe DeveLe& nes peeS, lees Jeneb ‘DehetCe& heÙee&Ùe’ neslee nw; pewmes–‘keâcej
61. cee®le štš vee’ kesâ mLeeve hej ‘keâefšYebie nesvee’~
(a) yeeš (b) Âie Fme Øekeâej heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer keâes nce JÙeehekeâ ¤he mes mecePe mekeâles nQ~ Fme
(c) heJeve (d) Deveue KeC[ kesâ Debleie&le nce ÙeneB cenlJehetCe& meece«eer keâe mebkeâueve Øemlegle keâj jns nQ,
Gòej – (c) pees ØeefleÙeesefieÙeeW kesâ efueS %eeveJeæ&keâ nesves kesâ meeLe ueeYeØeo Yeer nw~
yeeš jemlee keâe, Âie ves$e keâe SJeb Deveue Deeqive keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ, peyeefkeâ Dece=le–DeefceÙe, megOee, ceOeg, meesce, Deceer, heerÙet<e, peerJeveesokeâ, megjYeesie
cee®le heJeve keâes keânles nQ~ Deveghece–DeveesKee, DehetJe&, DeodYegle, Devet"e, Delegue, DeefÉleerÙe, DevevÙe
62. efÉjsHeâ DeMJe–yeeefpe, nÙe, Ieesškeâ, meQOeJe, legjbie, jefJeheg$e, IeesÌ[e
(a) heepeer (b) ceeveme Demegj–oeveJe, ovegpe, efveMeeÛej, je#eme, jpeveerÛej, efveefMeÛej, osJeeefj
(c) nj (d) ceOeghe Deeqive–Deeie, JeefÖ, heeJekeâ, Deveue, Oetcekesâleg, ke=âMeeveg, onve
Gòej – (d)
DeefleefLe–heengve, cesnceeve, Deeieblegkeâ, heengvee, DeYÙeeiele
heepeer og„ keâe, ceeveme ceve keâe, SJeb nj Mebkeâj keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, peyeefkeâ DeÛeue–Mewue, veie, efieefj, cenerOej, heJe&le, efmLej, ÂÌ{, YetOej, ces®, legib e
efÉjsHeâ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer ceOeghe nw~
Dehmeje–megjyeeuee, osJeebievee, efoJÙeebievee, megjmegvojer, osJeyeeuee
63. Jeefv elee Deheceeve–DeJeceeve, Deveeoj, yesFppeleer, eflejmkeâej, Ghes#ee, efvejeoj
(a) Jeecee (b) celmej
(c) Deefue (d) meefjlee Depeg&ve–heeLe&, ieg[ekesâMe, ieeb[erJeOeejer, OevebpeÙe, keâewvlesÙe, meJÙemeeÛeer
Gòej – (a) DeefOekeâej–Meeqkeäle, meeceLÙe&, #ecelee, oeJee, nkeâ, mJelJe
celmej F&<Ùee& keâe, Deefue YeÇcej keâe Deewj meefjlee veoer keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw, Debiet"er–cegeõf keâe, cegbojer, cegõe, Debiegeuf ekeâe
peyeefkeâ Jeecee Jeefvelee keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ De%eeveer–cetKe&, cetÌ{, Devepeeve, DeveefYe%e
64. leveÙee Decej–DecelÙe&, efvelÙe, DeveMJej, De#eÙe
(a) leveÙe (b) heg$e DeOej–DeeW", Dees‰, obleÛÚo, joveÛÚo
(c) yesšer (d) hetle DeÂMÙe–ueghle, ieeÙeye, eflejesenf le, DevleOee&ve, Demle
Gòej – (c) DeefveJeeÙe&–DeeJeMÙekeâ, pe¤jer, DeheefjneÙe&, yeeOÙekeâj
leveÙe, hetle Deewj heg$e meYeer yesšs kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ peyeefkeâ yesšer, leveÙee keâe DemeYÙe–yeye&j, DeefMe„, og:Meerue
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ DevJes<eCe–ieJes<eCe, Keespe, peebÛe, MeesOe, DevegmebOeeve
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer DeÛeuee–he=LJeer, ef#eefle, Oeje, JemegvOeje, JemegOee, Oejleer, GJeea, DeJeefve, ceseof veer
De#ej–cees#e, JeCe&, efMeJe, yeÇÿe
 heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer DeOece&–heehe, DehejeOe, Dekeâle&JÙe, oes<e
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer DeLe& keâer Âef° mes meceeve DeLe& jKeves Jeeues Meyo keâes meceeveeLeea Dee[cyej–ØehebÛe, {keâesmeuee, mJeebie, efoKeeJee, {eWie
Ùee ‘heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo’ keânles nQ~ ‘heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo’ keâes ‘ØeefleMeyo’ Yeer keâne DeeBKe–Âie, ueesÛeve, ves$e, Âef„, veÙeve, Deef#e, Ûe#eg, Decyekeâ, efJeueesÛeve
peelee nw~ Deece–jmeeue, menkeâej, Dece=leHeâue, efheJeâJeuueYe, DeeceÇ, efheÙecyeg, efhekeâefØeÙe
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo cegKÙele: leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ :– Deeheefòe–Deeheoe, efJeheoe, cegmeeryele, efJeheefòe
1. hetCe& heÙee&Ùe—Jes Meyo pees JeekeäÙe ceW otmejs MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej jKes peeSb Deewj
Deevevo–Øemevvelee, ceeso, Øeceeso, n<e&, Guueeme, Deendueeo
Gvekesâ DeLe& ceW keâesF& Deblej ve heÌ[s, lees GvnW ‘hetCe& heÙee&Ùe’ keâne peelee nw~
DeekeâeMeiebiee–ceboeefkeâveer, megjveoer, veYeiebiee, mJeie&veoer
DeeÙeg<ceeved–efÛejeÙeg, MeleeÙeg, oerIee&Ùeg, oerIe&peerJeer, efÛejbpeerJeer keâuheõgce–osJ eJe=#e, heeefjpeele, osJ eõgce, keâuheJe=#e
Dee%ee–Devegceefle, mJeerke=âefle, cebpetjer, menceefle, Fpeepele keâeceosJe–cevceLe, ceove, ceveespe, Devebie, jefleheefle, hebÛeMej, ØeÅegcve, kegâmegceMej,
Deeefo–ØeLece, DeejbefYekeâ, henuee, Meg¤ keâe, ØeejefcYekeâ ceveefmepe, cekeâjOJepe, keâvohe&
Deenej–Yeespeve, Keevee, KeeÅe Jemleg, YeespÙe meece«eer ›eâesOe–Dece<e&, jes<e, Dee›eâesMe, keâeshe, lewMe
DeekeâeMe–Decyej, JÙeesce, ieieve, veYe, Devevle, MetvÙe, Debleefj#e kegâòee–MJeeve, MJee, kegâkeäkegâj, Megvekeâ, meejcesÙe
DeeueesÛevee–meceer#ee, šerkeâe, meceeueesÛevee, efšhheCeer ke=â<Ce–MÙeece, cegjueerOej, efieefjOej, yebMeerOej, ceOegmetove, cegkegâbo, ieesheerveeLe, JeemegosJ e,
DeeefolÙe–efovekeâj, efoJeekeâj, metÙe&, ØeYeekeâj, Yeemkeâj, jefJe, Yeeveg kesâMeJe, keâvnwÙee, ceeOeJe, jeOeejceCe, ù<eerkesâMe
DeeYet<eCe–Yet<eCe, DeeYejCe, Deuebkeâej, pesJej, ienvee ke=âle%e–$e+Ceer, DeeYeejer, Devegie=nerle, Gheke=âle, ke=âleeLe&
Deebieve–ØeebieCe, Deefpej, yeiej, Deebievee keâvÙee–yeeefuekeâe, leveÙee, ogefnlee, efkeâMeesjer, yeeuee, ieewjer, yesšer
FvõOeveg<e–Me›eâÛeehe, megjOeveg, mehleJeCe&, FvõeÙegOe keâee|lekesâÙe–<e[eveve, mkebâo, kegâceej
FÛÚe–DeefYeuee<ee, Deekeâeb#ee, keâecevee, ueeuemee, Glkebâ"e keâj–neLe, nmle, heeefCe, yeebn, Yegpe
F&Ke–ievvee, jme[C[, jmeeue, heQÌ[er, jmeo keâšg–leer#Ce, leerKee, keâÌ[e, he®<e, keâke&âMe
F&<Ùee&–peueve, kegâÌ{ve, És< e, [en ke=âef$ece–efoKeeJešer, yeveeJešer, vekeâueer, DeJeemleefJekeâ
Fvõhegjer–osJ eueeskeâ, DecejeJeleer, Fvõueeskeâ, osJ esvõhegjer, megjhegj keâheš–OeesKee, Úue, Heâjsye, Peebmee
FvõeCeer–MeefÛe, hegueescepee, heewueesceer, FvõJeOet, ceOeJeeveer, Fbõe keâecegkeâlee–uebhešlee, JÙeefYeÛeeefjlee, efJe<eÙeemeeqkeäle, Yeesieemeeqkeäle
Fvõ–megjheefle, MeefÛeheefle, ceOeJee, Me›eâ, hegjboj, osJ ejepe, Decejheefle efkeâveeje–leerj, ketâue, Úesj, leš, hegefueve, efmeje
F&ceeveoejer–melÙeefve‰e, meoeMeÙelee, efve<keâhešlee, efveMÚuelee Keue–Me", Oetle&, kegâefšue, veerÛe, ogp e&ve, DeOece
F&MJej–hejcesMJej, F&Me, peieoerMe, peievveeLe, ØeYeg, ef$eueeskeâerveeLe Keie–efJenie, he#eer, efÉpe, efÛeef[Ì Ùee, heKes¤
Gòece–ßes‰, yeef{Ì Ùee, Glke=â„ iebiee–cevoeefkeâveer, peeÖJeer, megjmeefj, osJ eveoer, YeeieerjLeer, efJe<Cegheoer, ef$eheLeiee~
Ghes#ee–Deveemeeqkeäle, ueehejJeener, efJejeie, efJejeqkeäle, Goemeervelee iepe–neqmle, kegâb pej, ieÙevo, keâjer, celebie, efJelegb[, neLeer
GlmeJe–cebieuekeâeÙe&, lÙeewnej, heJe&, meceejesn ie®Ì[–KeiesMe, hevveieeefj, Gjieeefj, nefjÙeeve, megheCe&, veeieevlekeâ, JewvelesÙe
Glkebâ"e–Deelegjlee, Glmegkeâlee, ueeuemee, ØeyeuesÛÚe ie=n–Iej, meove, YeJeve, ceeqvoj, Oeece, efvekesâleve, DeeueÙe, efveueÙe
Glkeâ<e&–GlLeeve, Gvveefle, DeYÙegoÙe, Deejesn, Gl›eâceCe, ieeÙe–megjefYe, ieewjer, Yeõe, oewiOeer, iees, Oesveg
Glheefòe–pevce, Godiece, GodYeJe, DeeefJeYee&Je ieo&Ye–JewMeeKevevove, jemeYe, Oetmej, ieOee, ieone, Ûe›eâerJeeved
Skeâlee–SskeäÙe, Skeâ¤helee, Skeâmet$elee, DeefYevvelee, DeYeso iejerye–efveOe&ve, oefjõ, DeeEkeâÛeve, oerve, kebâieeue
SsMJeÙe&–$e+efæ, mechevvelee, JewYeJe, ßeer, mecheoe, mece=eæ f ieCesMe–iepeeveve, ieCeheefle, uecyeesoj, efJeveeÙekeâ, iepeyeove, nsjcye, efJeIveefJeveeMekeâ,
Deespe–heje›eâce, yeue, peesj, leekeâle YeJeeveervevove, efieefjpeevevove, ieewjermegle
Deesme–leg<eej, legenf vekeâCe, efncekeâCe, efnceeEyeog Ûevõcee–megOeekeâj, MeMeebkeâ, jekeâeheefle, jpeveerheefle, efveMeeveeLe, megOeebMeg, efveMeeheefle,
kegâyesj–Oeveo, efkeâvvejosJ e, Oeveheefle, Ùe#ejepe MeefMe, efJeOeg, Fvog, ce=ieebkeâ, keâueeefveefOe
keâheÌ[e–Jem$e, heš, Ûeerj, Decyej, Jemeve, heefjOeeve Ûecekeâ–pÙeeself e, ØeYee, Åegelf e, keâebefle, MeesYee, ÚefJe, DeeYee, ØekeâeMe
keâejeieej–yeboerie=n, pesue, keâejeJeeme, kewâoKeevee Ûelegj–efvehegCe, ØeJeerCe, hešg, kegâMeue, meÙeevee, veeiej
efkeâjCe–DebMeg, jeqMce, cejerefÛe, ceÙetKe Ûeeboveer–keâewcegoer, pÙeeslmevee, Ûeeqvõkeâe
keâesekf eâue–efhekeâ, keâesÙeue, JeveefØeÙee, ceoveMueekeâekeâyetl ej–keâheesle, jkeäleueesÛeve, Ûebove–nefjiebOe, efoJÙeiebOe, ceueÙepe, iebOemeej
heejeJele, nejerle, hejsJee peue–Decyeg, Jeeefj, veerj, Gokeâ, leesÙe, meefueue
kebâÛeve–meesvee, mJeCe&, keâvekeâ, nsce, megJeCe& peevekeâer–meerlee, Jewosner, pevekeâmeglee, pevekeâ leveÙee, pevekeâelcepee
keâceue–peuepe, hebkeâpe, Decyegpe, mejespe, veefueve, DejeEJeo, mejefmepe, jepeerJe, pebieue–efJeefheve, keâeveve, Jeve, DejCÙe, DešJeer, keâebleej, DeejCÙe
he©e, hegC[jerkeâ peiele–efJeMJe, mebmeej, YeJe, peie, ueeskeâ, ogefveÙee, YegJeve, ce=lÙegueeskeâ

pecegvee–metÙe&leveÙee, metÙe&meglee, keâeeEueoer, Ùecegvee, jefJeleveÙee, jefJevebefoveer Oeve–õJÙe, oewuele, hewmee, ceeue, mecheoe, efJeòe
pegievet–KeÅeesle, hešyeerpevee, heš, ØeYeekeâerš Oeveg<e–Mejemeve, keâesoC[, Ûeehe, Oeveg, keâceeve, efheveekeâ
peerYe–efpe£e, jmevee, jme%ee Oethe–Deelehe, Åeesle, Ieece
peerJe–ØeeCeer, peerJeOeejer, peerJeveOeejer OevÙeJeeo–DeeYeej, ke=âle%elee, Mege›f eâÙee
Pejvee–Øeheele, efvePe&j, œeesle, Glme, peueØeheele, ØeœeJeCe efveÙeefle–ØeejyOe, YeefJeleJÙelee, YeeiÙe, YeeJeer, nesveer
veeJe–leefjCeer, veewkeâe, [eWieer, vewÙee, peueÙeeve
PeesheÌ[er–kegâšer, kegâefšÙee, heCe&kegâšer, kegâb pe, ceÌ[ne, Úeveer
vecekeâ–ueJeCe, mecejme, ueesve, veesve
šerkeâe–JÙeeKÙee, Je=eòf e, Yee<eevlejCe, efJeJe=eòf e
vejkeâ–ÙeceeueÙe, penvvegce, oes]peKe, Ùeceueeskeâ, Ùecehegjer
"ie–JebÛekeâ, Øeleejkeâ, DeÌ[erceej, ØeJebÛekeâ, peeuemeepe
efvelÙe–MeeMJele, meowJ e, DeefJeveeMeer, DeveMJej
"ieer–ØeleejCee, JebÛevee, heâjsye veoer–meefjlee, efvePe&efjCeer, lejbefieveer, lejbieJeleer, leefšveer, mejer
ef{"eF&–Oe=°lee, yesMeceea,r DeefMe°lee, iegmleeKeer, DeefJeveÙe efveOe&ve–DeefkebâÛeve, kebâieeue, oefjõ
lece–DevOekeâej, efleefcej, OJeevle, DebOesje, leefceœee vegkeâeruee–metÛÙe«e, leer#Cee«e, keâše«e
leeueeye–mej, peueeMeÙe, leÌ[eie, heg<keâj, ùo, mejesJej, keâemeej, heesKej vewmeefie&keâ–Øeeke=âeflekeâ, mJeeYeeefJekeâ, JeemleefJekeâ
le®Ceer–ÙegJeleer, cevees%ee, megvojer, Øeceoe, jceCeer helLej–hee<eeCe, heenve, efMeuee, Øemlej, Gheue
eflejmkeâej–Ghes#ee, Deheceeve, efvejeoj, yesFppeleer, DeJeceevevee heeqC[le–megOeer, efJeÉeve, keâesefJeo, yegOe, Oeerj, ceveer<eer, efJeue#eCe
leeveeMeen–DeefOeveeÙekeâ, efvejbkeg âMe, Meemekeâ, ef[keäšsš j helveer–YeeÙee&, oeje, menieeefceveer, keâue$e, JeOet, ØeeCeefØeÙee, DeOeeËeif eveer
leeslee–Megkeâ, megD ee, megiiee heleekeâe–PeC[e, OJepee, OJepe, efveMeeve, kesâleg
heJeve–JeeÙeg, meceerj, Deefveue, nJee, cee®le, ØeYebpeve
le®–Je=#e, efJešhe, hes[Ì , heeohe, õgce
heòee–heuueJe, heCe&, oue, he$e, efkeâmeueÙe
leueJeej–ke=âheeCe, Ke[die, Ûevõneme, Deefme, keâjJeeue, MeceMeerj
hešg–ØeJeerCe, o#e, efvehegCe, kegâMeue, neseMf eÙeej
leeoelcÙe–mee™hÙe, leotÇh elee, DevevÙelee, SkeâelcÙe
heg$e–yesše, levegpe, megle, Deelcepe, leveÙe
Lekeâeve–ßeeefvle, keäueeefvle, Lekeâve, LekeâeJeš hejlev$e–hejeOeerve, hejJeMe, hejeefßele, iegueece, DeOeerve
LeesÌ[e–heefjefcele, jbÛecee$e, Deuhe, efkebâefÛele, kegâÚ heeJe&leer–efieefjpee, Mewuemeglee, Deeqcyekeâe, YeJeeveer, ieewjer, Gcee
Leue–he=LJeer, Oejleer, peceerve, Oeje, Yetleue, Yetefce efhelee–leele, pevekeâ, peveefÙelee, yeehe, efhele=
oeme–DevegÛej, mesJekeâ, Ye=lÙe, eEkeâkeâj, heefjÛeejkeâ heuueJe–efkeâmeueÙe, heCe&, heòeer, keâeWheue, heele
oerhekeâ–efÛejeie, oerÙee, oerhe, Øeoerhe, ie=nceefCe heefjJele&ve–nsj-hesâj, yeoueeJe, leyoerue
og:Ke–heerÌ[e, keâ„, keäuesMe, Ùeelevee, JÙeLee, GÉsie, efJe<eeo, Jesovee heeve–leecyetue, veeieyesue, cegKeceb[ve, yeeueoue
efoveebkeâ–leejerKe, efleefLe, efceleer heg$eer–leveÙee, Deelcepee, ogefnlee, meglee, yesšer
oeefceveer–Ûeheuee, leefÌ[le, ØeYee, efJeÅegle, efyepeueer, #eCeØeYee Øeieefle–efJekeâeme, Gvveefle, ßeerJe=eæ f , lejkeäkeâer
Øemevvelee–Dee¥eo, Øehegâuuelee, n<e&
oemeer–DevegÛejer, meseJf ekeâe, eEkeâkeâjer, heefjÛeeefjkeâe, Ye=lÙee
ØekeâeMe–ØeYee, Åegelf e, oerefhle, Deeueeskeâ
ogiee&–eEmenJeeefnveer, Ûebef[keâe, YeJeeveer, keâuÙeeCeer, Oee$eer, DeYeÙee
ØeeLe&vee–ÙeeÛevee, Depe&, DeejeOevee, efJeveÙe, efveJesove
õewheoer–õgh eomeglee, heebÛeeueer, Ùee%emesveer, ke=â<Cee
ØeKÙeele–Øeefmeæ, efJeKÙeele, ceMentj, ÙeMemJeer, efJeßegle, veeceer
otOe–heÙe, #eerj, ogiOe, heerÙet<e, Dece=le efØeÙee–ØesÙemeer, hÙeejer, JeuueYee, efØeÙelecee, Øesefcekeâe
oerheeJeueer–oerheceeuee, oerheeslmeJe, oerJeeueer, oerheceeefuekeâe Øesce–mvesn, Devegjeie, cecelee, ogueej, Øeerefle
ohe&Ce–MeerMee, Øeefleceeve, cegkegâj, DeeoMe&, DeeF&vee, Deejmeer ØeYeele–T<eekeâeue, De®CeesoÙe, Øeele:
osJ elee–DeeefolÙe, DecelÙe&, ieerJee&Ce, osJ e, Decej, megj, efJeyegOe, efvepe&j Hetâue–heg<he, kegâmegce, hegnghe, megceve, Øemetve
efove–efoJee, efoJeme, Jeemej, Denve, Jeej yeboj –keâefhe, ceke&âš, Jeevej, keâheerMe, MeeKeece=ie
oeble–jo, jove, efÉpe, oMeve, oble yeeoue–cesIe, peueOej, Jeeefjo, veerjo, JeeefjOej, Decyego, OejeOej, peercetle
És< e–Me$eglee, yewj, ogMceveer, efJejesOe yeuejece–yeueyeerj, nueeÙegOe, nueer, jsJeleerjceCe, nueOej
yeefueoeve–Deelceeslmeie&, ØeeCeeslmeie&, ØeeCeengefle jepecenue–jepeYeJeve, jepeØeemeeo, jepecebefoj
yeÇeÿeCe–efJeØe, efÉpe, Yetmegj, YetosJ e, yeeYeve jeOee–nefjefØeÙee, jeefOekeâe, Je=<eYeevegpee, yeÇpejeveer
yeÇÿeeC[–ogefveÙee, peiele, efJeMJe, mebmeej, peieleer jece–jIegheefle, jeIeJe, jIegvebove, jIegJej, meerleeheefle, peevekeâerJeuueYe
yeÇÿee–mJeÙebYet, Ûelegjeveve, efheleecen, efJeefOe, efJeOeelee, efJejbefÛe, me=e° f keâlee& jeJeCe–uebkesâMe, uebkeâeheefle, oMeeveve, omeMeerMe, omekebâ", omekebâOej
yegefæ–Øe%ee, cesOee, pesnve, ceefle ue#ceCe–ueKeve, Mes<eeJeleej, meewefce$e, Mes<e, Deveble, jeceevegpe
yeieerÛee–yeeie, GheJeve, Jeeefškeâe, GÅeeve, efvekegbâpe ueppee–JeÇerÌ[e, mebkeâesÛe, ueepe, nÙee, Mece&
yeÛeheve–yeeueheve, ueÌ[keâheve, yeeuÙeeJemLee, yeÛehevee ue#ceer–heodcee, heodceemevee, mecegõpee, #eerjeso, ßeer
yemeble–$e+legjepe, $e+legheefle, ceOegceeme, kegâmegceekeâj JeuueYe–heefle, efØeÙelece, ØeeCesMJej, efØeÙe, ØeeCeveeLe
Yeejleer–JeeCeer, JeeieerMe, JeeiesMJejer, Meejoe, JeerCeeJeeefoveer JepeÇ–DeMeefve, kegâefueMe, obYeesefue, heefJe
Yeejle–pecyet Éerhe, efnvogmleeve, YeejleKeb[, DeeÙee&Jele& Je<ee&–heeJeme, cesn, Je=ef°, yeeefjMe
Yee<ee efJe%eeve–Meyo efJe%eeve, Yee<eeMeem$e, MeyoMeem$e yeeCe–F<eg, efJeefMeKe, mej, veejeÛe
Yeer[Ì –pevemebkegâue, peceIeš, peceeJeÌ[e, pevemecetn efJe<e–iejue, keâeueketâš, penj, nueenue
Yetecf ekeâe–cegKeyebOe, DeecegKe, ØeekeäkeâLeve, uesKekeâerÙe efJe£ue–efJe#egyOe, Deekegâue, JÙe«e, JÙeekegâue
YeJÙe–Meeveoej, jceCeerÙe, efoJÙe, ceveesnj efJe< Ceg–oeceesoj, ceOegefjh eg, hegC [jerkeâe#e, ßeerheefle, GheWõ, Ûe›eâheeefCe, ÛelegYeg &pe,
Yeücej–Deefue, ceOegkeâj, ceOeghe, meejbie, Ye=bie, efÉjsHeâ, efceefuevo
efJeMJecYej, ie®CeOJepe, DeÛÙegle, cegkegâbo, kesâMeJ e, ceeOeJe, peveeo&ve
Yeesuee–mejue, meerOee, efve<keâheš, efveMÚue, Dekegâefšue
Mebkeâj– MebYeg, Yeesues, ef$ehegjeefj, ceneosJ e, osJ eeefOeosJe, kewâueeMeheefle, efMeJe, veeruekebâ",
YeÙe–$eeme, Yeerelf e, [j, KeewHeâ, Deelebkeâ
iebieeOej, Ûebõceeweuf e, ceoveeefj
cees#e–kewâJeuÙe, cegeqkeäle, meodieefle, efveJee&Ce, hejceheo
efMe°–meppeve, meYÙe, Meeueerve, DevegMeeefmele
efce$e–meKee, megùo, oesmle, Ùeej, menÛej
MeesYee–meewvoÙe&, meg<ecee, ceveesnjlee, Úše, megvojlee
cegKe–Deeveve, Jeove, Ûesnje, cegKeÌ[e, cegBn
Mejerj–keâeÙee, ieele, Jeheg, leve, Debie, osn, yeove
ce=lÙeg–Deblekeâeue, osnevle, ØeeCeevle, osneJemeeve, efoJebiele
mechetCe&–DeefKeue, mekeâue, mecetÛee, meJe&, mece«e
ceesj–ceÙetj, efMeKeer, OJepeer, veeruekeâC", efMeKeer, keâueeheer
mecetn–efvekeâj, hegbpe, ÙetLe, jeefMe
cewvee–meeefjkeâe, keâuenefØeÙee, efÛe$eves$ee, efÛe$eueesÛevee, efÛe$ee#eer
mehe&–Deefn, efJe<eOej, Gjie, heâefCeOej
cegiee&–kegâkeäkegâš, leceÛegj, De®CeefMeKee, leeceÇÛetÌ[
mJeie&–Åeew, efoJe, megjueeskeâ, osJeueeskeâ, hejceOeece
cegefve–Ùeesieer, leeheme, JeÇleer, lehemJeer, meeOeg, mebvÙeemeer, meble, lÙeeieer
ceefoje–ceÅe, neuee, megje, Mejeye, DeemeJe, ceOeg mecegõ–peueefOe, jlveekeâj, veerjefveefOe, efmevOeg, heÙeesefOe, heÙeesefveefOe, GoefOe, JeejerMe,
cenejeveer–hešjeveer, jepejeveer, ceefn<eer, meceÇe%eer meeiej, DeefyOe, peueOeece, DeCe&Je
ceeÙee–Úue, ØehebÛe, OeesKee, ØeJebÛevee, Úuevee mebOÙee–meeÙebkeâeue, efoJeeJemeeve, meeÙeb, efoveeble, ieesOetefue
ceÚueer–ceerve, celmÙe, peue-peerJeve, Pe<e, Deb[YeJe, MeHeâjer meKeer–menÛejer, mensueer, Deeueer, mepeveer
ceveesnj–cebpeg, Ûee®, megvoj, cevees%e, ceesnkeâ, ceveesjce mejmJelee–r yeÇeÿeer, Yeejleer, Jeekeâd, Yee<ee, efieje, Meejoe, JeerCeeheeefCe, JeeieerMee,
ceeb–Decyee, Deeqcyekeâe, cewÙee, peveveer, ceelee, Oee$eer, peveefÙe$eer JeeCeer
Ùecegvee–metÙe&leveÙee, lejefCe, levetpee, Yeevegpee, keâeefuevoer, metÙe&meglee megievOe–megJeeme, KegMeyet, cenkeâ, heefjceue, F°iebOe, megjefYe
ÙeMe–KÙeeefle, veece, Øeefmeefæ, keâere|le meceüešd–DeefOeheefle, jepeeefOejepe, DeOeerMJej, MeenbMeen, cenejepeeefOejepe
ÙegJeleer–megvojer, MÙeecee, efkeâMeesjer, jceCeer, le®Ceer, veJeesÌ{e meesvee–mJeCe&, keâvekeâ, efnjCÙe, nsce, megJeCe&, kebâÛeve
Ùece–Oece&jepe, keâeue, ce=lÙegheefle, Ùecejepe, ßeeæosJe, oC[Oej m$eer–veejer, Deyeuee, Jeefvelee, ceefnuee, jceCeer, keâeefceveer
jepee–Yetheefle, Yethe, cenerhe, ve=he, vejheefle, vejsMe, Yetheeue, vejsvõ metÙe&–lejefCe, DeeefolÙe, efoJeekeâj, Yeemkeâj, ØeYeekeâj, ceele&C[, efovekeâj
jbkeâ–efveOe&ve, DeeEkeâÛeve, oefjõ, kebâieeue, Oevenerve eEmen–veenj, Jevenefj, kesâMeer, JÙeeIeÇ, ce=ieeefj, ce=iesvõ, kesâmejer, Mesj, ce=iejepe,
jeef$e–jekeâe, efveMee, jpeveer, jwve, Ùeeefceveer, efJeYeeJejer hegC[jerkeâ, Meeot&ue, Jevejepe
jcee–ßeerkeâceuee, keâceueemevee, efJe<CegefØeÙee, Fbefoje, ue#ceerkeâevlee efnjve–ce=ie, meejbie, nefjCe, kegâjbie, megjYeer

nJee–Deefveue, heJeve, JeeÙeg, meceerj, yeÙeej, cee®le (c) keâuheJe=#e (d) kesâJ eÌ[e
neLe–keâj, heeefCe, yeeng, Yegpee, nmle Gòej—(a)
neLeer–keâjer, efÉhe, JeejCe, kegâcYeer, iepe ‘DejefJevo’ keâceue keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ Fmekesâ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ-peuepe,
nvegceeve–cee®efle, ceneJeerj, keâheerme, heJevemegle, keâheerMJej, yepejbieyeueer, Debpeveervebove, hebkeâpe, veerjpe, Decyegpe, mejespe FlÙeeefo~
heJeveheg$e, DeebpevesÙe
6. ‘keâuheJe=#e’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw-
ef nceeueÙe–ef nceh eefl e, veiejepe, veieheefle, ef nceeefõ , ef nceeÛeue, efnceefieefj
(a) heeefjpeele (b) keâuhele®
DeYÙeeme ØeMve (c) osJeJe=#e (d) Ùes meYeer
Gòej—(d)
1. DeLe& kesâ DeeOeej hej Meyo efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ?
(a) 3 (b) 4 heeefjpeele, keâuhele®, osJ eJe=#e FlÙeeefo keâuheJe=#e kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
(c) 5 (d) 6 ‘ceej’ Meyo keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw -
7.
Gòej—(b) (a) ‘peeot’ keâe (b) ‘mJeCe&’ keâe
DeLe& kesâ DeeOeej hej efnvoer MeyoeW kesâ Ûeej Øekeâej nesles nQ- heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo, (c) ‘DeOece’ keâe (d) ‘Devebie’ keâe
efJeueesce Meyo, DeveskeâeLeea Meyo SJeb SkeâeLeea Meyo~ Gòej—(d)
2. `DeMJe' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw- ‘ceej’, ‘Devebie’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ ‘ceej’ kesâ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ- keâece,
keâvohe&, ceove, cevceLe, ceveespe, ceveefmepe, kesâleve, cekeâjOJepe, hebÛemej,
(a) lejbie (b) Ieesškeâ
jefleheefle, mcej FlÙeeefo~
(c) Iees Ì[e (d) nÙe
Gòej—(a) 8. keâewve-mee Meyo ‘Deefn’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer venerb nw?
(a) Gjie (b) mejerme=he
`lejbie' DeMJe keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR, yeefukeâ uenj keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ DeMJe kesâ
(c) heJeveeMe (d) efmebIegj
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ- Ieesškeâ, IeesÌ[e, nÙe, legjbie, Jeeefpe Deeefo~
Gòej—(d)
3. ‘helLej’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw–
Gjie, mejerme=he, Yegpebie, efJe<eOej, JÙeeue, heâCeer, hevveie FlÙeeefo ‘Deefn’ kesâ
(a) heenve (b) Gheue
heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
(c) hee<eeCe (d) Gjie
Gòej–(d) 9. ‘efJe[ewuee’ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nw-
(a) ‘ve#e$e’ keâe (b) ‘Dehmeje’ keâe
‘Gjie’ helLej keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR yeefukeâ meeBhe keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ heenve, (c) ‘Fvõ’ keâe (d) ‘helLej’ keâe
Gheue, hee<eeCe, Øemlej Deeefo ‘helLej’ kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ Gòej—(c)
4. keâewve-mee Meyo ‘Demegj’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer venerb nw? ‘efJe[ewuee’, ‘Fvõ’ keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ ‘efJe[ewuee’ kesâ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ-
(a) ÙeelegOeeve (b) megjeefj ceOeJee, JeemeJe, Mekeâ, osJ ejepe, hegjvoj, MeÛeerheefle FlÙeeefo~
(c) Oetcekesâleg (d) leceerÛej
10. `Hetâue' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efÛeefÖle keâerepf eS–
Gòej—(c)
(a) ceg kegâ ue (b) efvekegbâpe
ÙeelegOeeve, megjeefj, ovegpe, leceerÛej, efveMeeÛej, osJ eeefj, jpeveerÛej, Deeefo (c) leg<eej (d) Øemetve
‘Demegj’ kesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~ ‘Oetcekesâleg’ Deeie keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nw~ Gòej–(d)
5. ‘DejefJevo’ Meyo keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo yeleeFS~ `Hetâue' keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Øemetve nw~ Fmekesâ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ–kegâmegce, megceve,
(a) keâceue (b) iegu eeye heg<he, hegnghe, iegue Deeefo~
efJeueesce
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 7. DeveeLe
(a) veeLe (b) meveeLe
efveoxMe–efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW cegKÙe Meyo kesâ Ûeej efJeueesce Meyo efoS (c) mJeeceer (d) efvejeefßele
ieS nQ~ FveceW Skeâ efJeueesce Meyo mener nw, Deehekeâes Gmekeâe ÛeÙeve keâjvee nw~
Gòej–(b)
1. keâ"esj
(a) Ûetefceue (b) meeOeg Gkeäle ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes mhe„ neslee nw efkeâ DeveeLe keâe
(c) keâes ceue (d) ›etâj efJeueesce meveeLe nw~ eqvejeefßele keâe efJeueesce Deeefßele nw~ mJeeceer keâe efJeueesce
Gòej–(c) mesJekeâ nw~
keâ"esj Meyo keâe efJeueesce keâesceue nw Deewj ›etâj keâe efJeueesce De›etâj neslee nw~ 8. Devegpe
(a) yeÌ[e (d) Úesše
2. keâhešer
(c) De«epe (d) ueIeg
(a) efve<keâheš (b) F&ceeveoej
Gòej–(c)
(c) Yeuee (d) efJeMJemeveerÙe
Gòej–(a) De«epe ner ÛeejeW MeyoeW ceW Ssmee Meyo nw, pees Devegpe keâe efJeueesce nw~
keâhešer keâe efJeueesce efve<keâheš neslee nw, peyeefkeâ F&ceeveoej keâe yesF&ceeve Deewj 9. Devegket âue
efJeMJemeveerÙe keâe DeefJeMJemeveerÙe neslee nw~ (a) Øeefleketâue (b) efveketâue
(c) Deveg ketâue (d) meketâue
3. keâere|le
Gòej–(a)
(a) megkeâere|le (b) Dekeâere|le
(c) Dehekeâere|le (d) Ghekeâerel| e Devegketâue keâe efJeueesce Øeefleketâue nw ve efkeâ efveketâue, Devegketâue Deewj meketâue~
Gòej–(c) 10. DevegY eJeer
ÛeejeW MeyoeW ceW Dehekeâere|le ner keâerel| e keâe efJeueesce nw~ (c) YeeJeer (b) yegæt
(c) DevegYeJenerve (d) efpe%eemeg
4. Keb [ve
(a) meceLe&ve (b) efvecee&Ce Gòej–(c)
(c) Ùeespeve (d) ceb[ve Fme Mey o-mecetn kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ DevegYeJenerve ner
Gòej–(d) DevegYeJeer keâe efJeueesce nw~
Keb[ve keâe efJeueesce Meyo ceb[ve neslee nw Deewj efvecee&Ce keâe efJeveeMe neslee nw~ 11. efJeoeF&
5. ieceve (a) ØeJeen (b) Iej Deevee
(a) efveie&ceve (b) Devegieceve (c) ueew švee (d) hegve:mLeeefhele keâjvee
(c) Deeieceve (d) Øeleer#ee Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(c) efJeoeF& keâe efJeueesce ueewšvee neslee nw~
ieceve keâe efJeuees ce Deeieceve neslee nw ~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) mener Gòej 12. ‘Deefve„' keâe efJeueesce yeleeFS–
nw~ (a) DeYeer„ (b) Deefj„
6. DeOetj e (c) F„ (d) DeÛes„
(a) DeOetje (b) hetje Gòej–(c)
(c) Hegâue (d) meeje `Deefve„’ keâe efJeueesce `F„' nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) mener Gòej nw~
Gòej–(b)
13. `Dehes#ee' keâe efJeueesce Meyo yeleeFS–
DeOetje keâe efJeueesce Meyo hetje nw ve efkeâ DeOetje, Hegâue Deewj meeje~ (a) Deveemekeäle (b) Ghes#ee

(c) Devee«en (d) DeefveÛÚe 20. ìejue' Meyo keâe efJeueesce nw–
Gòej–(b) (a) Dece=le (b) DeefveÙe
(c) megOee (d) heerÙet<e
Dehes#ee keâe efJeueesce Ghes#ee, Devee«en keâe Dee«en, Deveemekeäle keâe Deemekeäle
Gòej–(c)
Deewj DeefveÛÚe keâe FÛÚe nesiee~
iejue Meyo keâe efJeueesce megOee nw~ Dece=le Meyo keâe efJeueesce efJe<e nw~
14. èfJe%e' Meyo keâe efJeueesceeLeea Meyo nw–
(a) efYe%e (b) megeJf e%e
21. `#egOee' Meyo keâe efJeueesce nw -
(a) le=<ee (b) le=<Ce
(c) Øe%e (d) De%e
(c) le=hle (d) ce=iele=<Cee
Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(c)
efJe%e keâe efJeueesceeLeea Meyo ‘De%e’ nw~
#egOee keâe DeLe& YetKe neslee nw, Fmekeâe efJeueesce le=hle DeLee&le meblege„
f neslee nw~
15. `keâ®Ce' keâe efJeueesce nw– efveoxMe–efvecveefueefKele kesâ mener efJeueesce efJekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve keâerepf eS–
(a) efve"gj (b) efveo&Ùe 22. DebOekeâej
(c) efve‰gj (d) keâ"esj (a) lece (b) ØekeâeMe
Gòej–(c) (c) efleefcej (d) heengvee
keâ®Ce keâe efJeueesce efve‰gj, efveo&Ùe keâe oÙeeueg Deewj keâ"esj keâe keâesceue nesiee~ Gòej–(b)
16. `Deelcee' keâe efJeueesce nw– DebOekeâej keâe efJeueesce ØekeâeMe nw, peyeefkeâ efleefcej, lece Fmekesâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer nQ~
(a) hejceelcee (b) F&Me 23. DeeOÙeeeqlcekeâ
(c) hejcesMe (d) F&MJej (a) Yeewelf ekeâ (b) Deueewekf eâkeâ
Gòej–(a) (c) leveÙe (d) heecej
Gòej–(a)
ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW Deelcee keâe efJeueesce hejceelcee nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) mener
Gòej nw~ DeeOÙeeeqlcekeâ keâe efJeueesce Yeeweflekeâ nw, peyeefkeâ leveÙe keâe DeLe& heg$e leLee heecej
keâe DeLe& veerÛe neslee nw~
17. `meceLe&' keâe efJeueesce nw–
(a) efvejeefßele (b) DemeneÙe 24. ke=â Me
(c) DemeceLe& (d) ogy e&ue
(a) kesâMe (b) efJešhe
(c) ù„-heg„ (d) YeJe
Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(c)
meceLe& keâe efJeueesce DemeceLe&, DemeneÙe keâe meneÙe, efvejeefßele keâe Deeefßele
ke=âMe keâe efJeueesce ù„-heg„ nw, peyeefkeâ kesâMe keâe DeLe& yeeue, efJešHe keâe hesÌ[
Deewj ogye&ue keâe meyeue nesiee~ leLee YeJe keâe mebmeej neslee nw~
18. `Dee£eve' keâe efJeueesce yeleeFS– 25. Deekeâ<e&Ce
(a) efJeiele (b) efJemepe&ve (a) meejbie (b) efJekeâ<e&Ce
(c) hejes#e (d) efJe«en (c) HeâefCe (d) meceerjCe
Gòej–(b) Gòej–(b)
Dee£eve keâe efJeueesce efJemepe&ve leLee efJeiele keâe Deeiece, hejes#e keâe Dehejes#e meejbie, efJekeâ<e&Ce, HeâefCe Deewj meceerjCe ceW Deekeâ<e&Ce keâe efJeueesce efJekeâ<e&Ce
nesi ee~ nesi ee~
19. `Deeiece' keâe efJeueesce Meyo ÛegefveS– 26. meb keâer Ce&
(a) Deelegj (b) efvee|uehle (a) efJemleerCe& (b) Deeueeskeâ
(c) efveJee&ehf ele (d) efveiece (c) peueo (d) vevove
Gòej–(d) Gòej–(a)
Deeiece keâe efJeueesce efveiece Deewj efvee|uehle keâe mebeuf ehle nesiee~ mebkeâerCe& keâe efJeueesce efJemleerCe& nw~ Deeueeskeâ, peueo Deewj vevove veneR~

27. Deveeoj 33. `meecebpemÙe' keâe efJeueesce nw–
(a) ceeve (b) mecceeve (a) efJeJeeo (b) keâuen
(c) Deeoj (d) melkeâej (c) mevleehe (d) És< e
Deveeoj keâe efJeueesce Deeoj neslee nw~ efvee|o„ efJekeâuhe ceeve, mecceeve Deewj meecebpemÙe keâe efJeueesce efJeJeeo nw ve efkeâ keâuen, mevleehe Ùee És<e~
melkeâej Flej YeeJeeW keâer DeefYeJÙeeqkeäle keâjles nQ~ 34. `DeespemJeer' keâe efJeueesce nw–
(a) ÙeMemJeer (b) efve[j
28. efYe%e
(c) efvejeefYeceeveer (d) efvemlespe
(a) De%eeveer (b) DeveefYe%e
(c) DeefvehegCe (d) cetKe&
Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(b) DeespemJeer keâe efJeueesce èfvemlespe' nw–ÙeMemJeer, efve[j DeLeJee efvejeefYeceeveer
veneR~
efYe%e keâe efJeueesce DeveefYe%e nesiee, peyeefkeâ De%eeveer keâe %eeveer, DeefvehegCe keâe
efvehegCe Deewj cetKe& keâe efJeÉeve neslee nw~ 35. `heje›eâce' keâe efJeueesce nw–
(a) Yeer®lee (b) ogefJeOee
29. DeLe (c) DeeuemÙe (d) ogy e&uelee
(a) Fefle (b) meceehle Gòej–(c)
(c) Kelce (d) mechetCe&
Gòej–(a) heje›eâce keâe efJeueesce DeeuemÙe nw~
36. `n<e&' keâe efJeueesce nw–
DeLe keâe efJeueesce Fefle nw meceehle, Kelce Ùee mechetCe& Fmemes keâesF& mecyevOe veneR
(a) og:Ke (b) Øemevvelee
jKeles~
(c) efJe<eeo (d) DeØemevvelee
30. $e+peg Gòej–(c)
(a) mejue (b) meerOee n<e& keâe efJeueesce èfJe<eeo' Ùee Meeskeâ nw~ megKe keâe efJeueesce og:Ke nw leLee
(c) efleÙe&kedâ (d) Je›eâ
DeØemevvelee, Øemevvelee keâe efJeueesce nw~
Gòej–(d)
37. `›eâesOe' keâe efJeueesce nw–
$e+peg keâe efJeueesce Je›eâ neslee nw~ mejue, meerOee Ùee efleÙe&kedâ Deueie YeeJeeW keâer (a) ke=âhee (b) DeeMeerJee&o
DeefYeJÙeeqkeäle keâjles nQ~ (c) #ecee (d) menÙeesie
31. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee èfceleYee<eer' keâe efJeueesce nw? Gòej–(c)
(a) cetkeâ (b) meewcÙe eâesOe keâe efJeueesce #ecee nw~ DeeMeerJee&o, DeefYeMeehe keâe efJeueesce nw~
(c) mJeÛÚvo (d) JeeÛeeue
38. `Gòesefpele' keâe efJeueesce nw–
Gòej–(d) (a) keâ"esj (b) Meevle
efceleYee<eer DeLee&led yengle keâce yeesueves Jeeuee Deewj Fmekeâe efJeueesce JeeÛeeue nw~ (c) mebeof iOe (d) GÉsefuele
peyeefkeâ cetkeâ keâe DeeMeÙe ve yeesueves Jeeuee, meewcÙe keâe DeeMeÙe megvoj SJeb Gòej–(b)
mJeÛÚvo keâe DeLe& yevOeve cegkeäle neslee nw~ Gòesefpele keâe efJeueesce `Meevle' nw~ keâ"esj keâs efJeueesce ce=og leLee keâesceue nQ~
32. GoÙe keâe efJeueesce nw– 39. `jbkeâ' keâe efJeueesce nw–
(a) DeØekeâš (b) Demle (a) yeueJeeve (b) OeveJeeve
(c) Devle (d) «emle (c) efkeâmeeve (d) cepeotj
GoÙe keâe efJeueesce `Demle' neslee nw ve efkeâ DeØekeâš, Devle Ùee «emle~ jbkeâ keâe efJeueesce OeveJeeve (jepee) neslee nw~

40. `ÙeMe' keâe efJeueesce nw– (c) Deef vepe (d) hej
(a) hejeÙeMe (b) hejepeÙe Gòej–(d)
(c) DeheÙeMe (d) megÙeMe
Gòej–(c) efvepe keâe efJeueesce hej neslee nw~
ÙeMe keâe efJeueesce DeheÙeMe leLee hejepeÙe keâe efJeueesce peÙe nw~ 48. ‘Devegjeie’ keâe efJeueesce nw-
(a) jeie (b) efJejeie
41. ‘Ghekeâej’ keâe efJeueesce nw– (c) De«eece (d) Deejeie
(a) DeGhekeâej (b) efve¤hekeâej
Gòej–(b)
(c) Dehekeâej (d) Øeeflekeâej
Gòej–(c) Devegjeie keâe efJeueesce efJejeie neslee nw~
Ghekeâej keâe efJeueesce Dehekeâej nw~ 49. `Fnueeskeâ' keâe efJeueesce nw-
42. efJeješ keâe efJeueesce nw- (a) Devleefj#e ueeskeâ (b) Jeso ueeskeâ
(a) yeÌ[e (b) Úesše (c) hejueeskeâ (d) he=LJeer ueeskeâ
(c) vÙetve (d) ueIeg Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(d) Fnueeskeâ keâe efJeueesce hejueeskeâ neslee nw~
efJeješ keâe efJeueesce ueIeg nw~ Úesše keâe efJeueesce yeÌ[e leLee vÙetve keâe efJeueesce 50. ‘ceveg<Ùelee’ keâe efJeueesce nw-
DeefOekeâ nw~ (a) Deceveg<Ùelee (b) ›etâ jlee
43. ‘ke=âef$ece’ keâe efJeueesce nw– (c) yeye&jlee (d) DeeefoceeveJelee
(a) menpe (b) Demeueer Gòej–(a)
(c) DeØeeke=âeflekeâ (d) Øeeke=âeflekeâ
ceveg<Ùelee keâe efJeueesce Deceveg<Ùelee neslee nw~
Gòej–(d)
ke=âef$ece keâe efJeueesce Øeeke=âeflekeâ nw~ 51. Glkeâ<e& keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw–
(a) heleve (b) DeOeesieefle
44. `GlLeeve' keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw– (c) Dehekeâ<e& (d) Üeme
(a) GvveÙeve (b) heleve
Gòej–(c)
(c) Glkeâ<e& (d) DeJevele
Gòej–(b) Glkeâ<e& kesâ efJeueesce keâe meJeexòece efJekeâuhe Dehekeâ<e& nw~ heleve, DeOeesieefle leLee Üeme
Yeer Gmemes mecyevOeer efJeueesce meceerhÙe DeeMeÙe Åeeseflele keâjles nQ~
GlLeeve keâe efJeueesce heleve neslee nw, Glkeâ<e&, Dehekeâ<e& keâe leLee DeJevele,
Gvvele keâe efJeueesce nw~ 52. efove keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw–
(a) jeef$e (b) jele
45. `ØeeÛeerve' keâe efJeueesceeLeea Meyo nw-
(a) meceerÛeerve (b) Jele& ceeve (c) efveMee (d) jpeveer
(c) DeJee&Û eerve (d) veJeÙegie Gòej–(b)
Gòej- (c) Gkeäle ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW èfove' keâe meJeexòece efJekeâuhe efJeueesce kesâ ¤he ceW
ØeeÛeerve keâe efJeueesce DeJee&Ûeerve nw~ `jele' nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe efJekeâuhe jeef$e, efveMee Deewj jpeveer Yeer jele kesâ ner
46. `ke=âle%e' keâe efJeueesce nw- heÙee&Ùe nw~
(a) ke=âleIve (b) Deke=âle%e 53. `pevce' keâe efJeueesce nw–
(c) ke= âle (d) ke=âleOve (a) DeJemeeve (b) ce=lÙeg
Gòej- (a) (c) efveOeve (d) cejCe
ke=âle%e keâe efJeueesce ke=âleIve neslee nw~ Gòej–(b)
47. èqvepe' keâe efJeueesce nw- efJeueesce kesâ ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW `pevce' keâe meeLe&keâ SJeb GefÛele efJeueesce `ce=lÙeg'
(a) Dehevee (b) meef vepe ner nw efkeâvleg DevÙe leerveeW efJeueesce Gmemes mecyevOeer YeeJeeW keâes JÙekeäle keâjles nQ~

54. `kegâefšue' keâe efJeueesce nw– ieewjJe keâe efJeueesce ueeIeJe nw, peyeefkeâ efJeefMe„ keâe meeOeejCe, ieg® Deewj cenled
(a) meppeve (b) mejue keâe efJeueesce ueIeg neslee nw~
(c) meerOee (d) Yeuee
61. cegKe keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw –
Gòej–(b)
(a) Yeõ (b) ueghle
kegâefšue Meyo keâe efJeueesce mejue nw~ DevÙe leerveeW Meyo mener efJeueesce kesâ ¤he (c) he=‰ (d) efuehle
ceW GheÙegkeäle veneR nQ efkeâvleg Gmemes mecyevOeer YeeJeeW keâes JÙekeäle keâjles nQ~
Gòej–(c)
55. oeveer keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw–
(a) hejeshekeâejer (b) efYeKeejer
cegKe keâe efJeueesce he=‰ neslee nw, peyeefkeâ ueghle keâe JÙekeäle, Yeõ keâe DeYeõ SJeb
(c) mJeeLeea (d) ke=âheCe efuehle keâe efvee|uehle~
Gòej–(d) 62. efvevÅe keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw –
oeveer keâe efJeueesce ke=âheCe nesiee, peyeefkeâ hejeshekeâejer keâe Dehekeâejer, mJeeLeea keâe (a) Deeoj (b) DevegmetÙee
hejeLeea Deewj efYeKeejer keâe efJeueesce Deceerj nesiee~ (c) n<e& (d) mleglÙe
56. ueefIecee keâe efJeueesce Meyo nesiee – Gòej–(d)
(a) ceefncee (b) ieg®lJe efvevÅe keâe efJeueesce mleglÙe nw, peyeefkeâ Deeoj keâe Deveeoj Deewj n<e& keâe efJe<eeo
(c) ueIeglJe (d) osJ eeshecee neslee nw~ DevegmetÙee keâe DeLe& F&<Ùee& neslee nw~
Gòej–(a)
63. DeJee&Ûeerve keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw –
ueefIecee keâe efJeueesce ceefncee neslee nw~ osJ eeshecee osJe meÂMe megvoj YeeJeeW keâes
(a) veJeerve (b) vetleve
DeefYeJÙeeqkeäle keâjlee nw~
(c) veJÙe (d) ØeeÛeerve
57. ØelÙe#e keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw –
Gòej–(d)
(a) hejes#e (b) efJehe#e
(c) Dehekeâ<e& (d) yee¢e DeJee&Ûeerve keâe efJeueesce nw– ØeeÛeerve, peyeefkeâ vetleve keâe hegjeleve, veJÙe keâe ØeeÛÙe
Gòej–(a) SJeb veJeerve keâe ØeeÛeerve~
ØelÙe#e keâe efJeueesce nw hejes#e, peyeefkeâ efJehe#e keâe efJeueesce he#e, Dehekeâ<e& keâe 64. #eefCekeâ keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw–
Glkeâ<e& Deewj yee¢e keâe DeeYÙevlej nw~ (a) MeeMJeled (b) eqmLej
58. DeOece keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw – (c) mLeeJej (d) oerIe&
(a) Kejeye (b) efJeke=âle Gòej–(a)
(c) efveke=â„ (d) Gòece #eef Cekeâ keâe DeeMeÙe Deuhe meceÙe kesâ efueS, p eyeefkeâ MeeMJeled keâe DeLe&
Gòej–(d)
‘efÛejkeâeue mes Ûeuee Dee jne nes’ kesâ efueS neslee nw~ ÙeneB hej #eefCekeâ keâe
DeOece keâe efJeueesce Gòece nw, peyeefkeâ efJ eke=âle keâe megke=âle, efveke=â„ keâe efJeueesce MeeMJeled nw, peyeefkeâ eqmLej keâe efJeueesce DeeqmLej, mLeeJej keâe pebiece
Glke=â„, Kejeye keâe DeÛÚe~ SJeb oerIe& keâe ueIeg neslee nw~
59. efÛejbleve keâe efJeueesce nw –
65. Deuhe keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw–
(a) MeeMJele (b) veMJej
(a) DeefOekeâ (b) yeng
(c) hegjeleve (d) DeveMJej
(c) cenled (d) oerIe&
Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(b)
efÛejbleve keâe efJeueesce veMJej neslee nw, peyeefkeâ MeeMJele efÛejbleve keâe heÙee&Ùe nw~
hegjeleve keâe efJeueesce DeOegveeleve nw SJeb DeveMJej keâe veMJej~ Deuhe keâe efJeueesce yeng neslee nw~
60. ieewjJe keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw – 66. heefjßece keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw?
(a) efJeefMe„ (b) ieg® (a) DeeuemÙe (b) efJeßeece
(c) ueeIeJe (d) cenled (c) OewÙe& (d) efve<keâece
heefjßece keâe efJeueescs e DeeuemÙe nesiee, peyeefkeâ efJeßeece keâe DeeMeÙe Deejece mes efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej mes yeveles nQ -
nw~ OewÙe& keâe DeLe& Oeerjpe jKeves mes nw Deewj efve<keâece keâe DeLe& ‘efkeâmeer keâecevee (i) Ghemeie& pees[ Ì keâj
mes hejs’ nw~ l ‘De’ Ghemeie& pees[ Ì keâj–ØelÙe#e mes DeØelÙe#e, vÙeeÙe mes DevÙeeÙe, ueewefkeâkeâ mes
67. cees#e keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw? Deueewefkeâkeâ, eEnmee mes DeeEnmee, meeceevÙe mes DemeeceevÙe, Oeeefce&keâ mes DeOeeefce&keâ~
(a) peerJeve (b) efveJe=efòe
l ‘Dehe’ Ghemeie& pees[ Ì keâj–ÙeMe mes DeheÙeMe, Glkeâ<e& mes Dehekeâ<e&, ceeve mes
(c) yevOeve (d) hejleb$elee
Deheceeve, keâerefle& mes Dehekeâerefle&~
Gòej–(c)
l ‘Deved’ Ghemeie& pees[ Ì keâj–Gòeefjle mes Devegòeefjle, Goeòe mes Devegoeòe,
cees#e keâe efJeueesce yevOeve, efveJe=efòe keâe DeLe& Je=efòeÙeeW mes cegkeäle nesvee, hejleb$elee DeefmlelJe mes DeveefmlelJe, Debieerkeâej mes Devebieerkeâej~
keâe DeLe& oemelee SJeb peerJeve keâe DeeMeÙe ieefle mes nw~
l ‘efve:’ Ghemeie& pees[ Ì keâj–meef›eâÙe mes efveef<›eâÙe, meMegukeâ mes efve:Megukeâ Deewj
68. Deeieeceer keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw?
meÛes<š mes efveMÛes°~
(a) iele (b) efJeiele
l ‘efvej’ Ghemeie& Éeje–meekeâej mes efvejekeâej, meehes#e mes efvejhes#e, Deeoj mes
(c) hejes#e (d) Deef«ece
Gòej–(b) efvejeoj, meeefce<e mes efvejeefce<e, meuepÙe mes efveue&pÙe~
l ‘efJe’ Ghemeie& peesÌ[keâj–jeie mes efJejeie, osMe mes efJeosMe, meccegKe mes efJecegKe,
Deeieeceer keâe efJeueesce efJeiele nw~ Deeieeceer keâe DeLe& ‘Deeies Deeves Jeeuee meceÙe’
SJeb efJeiele keâe DeeMeÙe ‘yeerlee ngDee meceÙe’ nw~ Ùeespeve mes efJeÙeespeve~
l ‘Øeefle’ Ghemeie& peesÌ[keâj–Jeeoer mes ØeefleJeeoer, Deeieeceer mes Øeefleieeceer, Ieele mes
69. `mebÙeesie' Meyo keâe efJeueesce nw–
(a) ogÙeexie (b) efJeÙeesie
ØeefleIeele, ¤he mes Øeefle¤he, Deeieceve mes ØelÙeeieceve~
(c) menÙeesie (d) kegâÙeesie l ‘ogj ’ Ghemeie& peesÌ[keâj–megyeesOe mes ogy eexOe, megJÙeJeefmLele mes ogJ Ùe&JeefmLele,
Gòej–(b) meppeve mes ogpe&ve~

mebÙeesie keâe efJeueesce efJeÙeesie neslee nw~ l ‘ogmed’ Ghemeie& peesÌ[keâj–melkeâce& mes og< keâce&, meodÛ eefj$e mes ogMÛeefj$e~
l ‘kegâ’ Ghemeie& peesÌ[keâj–meghee$e mes kegâhee$e, megheg$e mes kegâheg$e, megheeÛÙe mes
70. veerÛes efoS Meyo Ùegice ceW keâewve-mee $egeš f hetCe& nw?
(a) Deveg«en-Dee«en (b) Devevle-Deble kegâheeÛÙe, megceeie& mes kegâceeie&~
(c) peÌ[-Ûesleve (d) Deeke=â„-efJeke=â„ (ii) Ghemeie& heefjJele&ve Éeje–mebÙeesie mes efJeÙeesie, Deeoeve mes Øeoeve, megueYe mes
Gòej–(a) ogue&Ye, DeeÙeele mes efveÙee&le~
Deveg«en, efJe«en keâe efJeueesce nw~ Dee«en, Deveg«en keâe meceeveeLe&keâ nw~ (iii) efuebie heefjJele&ve Éeje–jepee-jeveer, YeeF&-yenve, Jej-keâvÙee, ceelee-efhelee,
71. `Deekeâueve' Meyo keâe efJeueesce nw–

yesše-yesšer~
(a) efJekeâueve (b) mebkeâueve (iv) ØelÙeÙeJeled ØeÙegòeâ Meyo-heefjJele&ve Éeje–keWâõeefYeieeceer-keWâõehemeejer, oÙeehetCe&-
(c) meceekeâueve (d) Øeekeäkeâueve oÙeeMetvÙe, ßeerÙegle-ßeernerv e, ieefleceeve-ieeflenerve, ieefleefJekeâeme-ieefleÜ eme~
Gòej–(a) (v) efYevve Meyo Éeje–ueeYe-neefve, cetkeâ-JeeÛeeue, keâšg-ceOeg, ieg®-ueIeg~
‘Deekeâueve' keâe efJeueesce efJekeâueve nw~ Fme Øekeâej Ùeefo MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce ceW heefjJele&ve keâer GheÙeg&òeâ Øeef›eâÙee keâes
72. efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve-mee efJeueesce-Ùegice $egeš f hetCe& nw? OÙeeve ceW jKeles nQ, lees Yeues ner efJeueesce Meyo JÙeehekeâ neW Gvekeâes mejue {bie mes
(a) #ej-De#ej (b) meceeme-JÙeeme Ùeeo jKee pee mekeâlee nw~
(c) mJeuheeÙeg-efÛejeÙeg (d) Deenej-efJenej ØeefleÙeesieer hejer#ee ØeMveeW ceW mešer keâ efJeueesce mes LeesÌ[e nškeâj Yeer MeyoeW
Gòej—(d) keâe ØeÙees ie efkeâÙee p ee mekeâlee nw~ Dele: Ø eefleÙeesefieÙeeW keâes mešer keâ efJ eueesce kesâ
Deenej keâe efJeueesce efvejenej neslee nw~ DevÙe Ùegcce mener nQ~ DeueeJee DevÙe efJeueesce Mey oeW hej Yeer OÙeeve osvee nesiee, efpememes Ùeef o ØeMve kesâ
mJe™h e ceW heefjJele& ve neslee nw, lees Gmekeâe Gòej Deemeeveer mes efoÙee pee mekesâ~
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer GoenjCemJe™h e-DeefYe%e keâe efJeuees ce ‘De%e’ DeLeJee ‘DeveefYe%e’ neslee nw~ Ùeefo
efJekeâuhe ceW Ùen oesveeW ceewpeto veneR nQ, lees ‘DeefJe%e’ DeLeJee ‘efYe%e’ nesves hej
 efJeueesce Fmekeâe ÛeÙeve efkeâÙee peeSiee~ Fmeer Øekeâej ‘ke=âle%e’ keâe mecegefÛele efJeueesce ‘ke=âleIve’
efJeueesce Meyo Ssmes Meyo nesles nQ, pees efJehejerle DeLe& ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~ nw efkeâvleg efJekeâuhe ceW Ùen ve jnves hej ‘Deke=âle%e’ keâe ÛeÙeve efkeâÙee peeSiee~
efJeueesce Meyo ncesMee mepeeleerÙe ner nesles nQ DeLee&led meb%ee keâe efJeueesce meb%ee, Deeies efJeueesce MeyoeW hej Deefle cenòJehetCe& hejer#eesheÙeesieer meece«eer Øemlegle keâer
meJe&veece keâe efJeueesce meJe&veece, efJeMes<eCe keâe efJeueesce efJeMes<eCe, ef›eâÙee keâe efJeueesce pee jner nw~ Fmekeâe mebkeâueve keâjles meceÙe Fme yeele keâe hetje OÙeeve jKee ieÙee nw
ef›eâÙee heo Deewj ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe keâe ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe neslee nw~ efkeâ Deehekeâes DevÙe$e ve Yeškeâvee heÌ[s~
Meyo efJ eueesce Meyo efJ eueesce Meyo efJ eueesce
Devegk etâ ue Øeefleket âue DeveJeOeeve meeJeOeeve De#ele #ele
Deveskeâevle Skeâevle DevOekeâej ØekeâeMe DeieeOe efÚÚuee
DevewkeäÙe SskeäÙe DeefYeJÙeòeâ DeveefY eJÙeòeâ Devegveeefmekeâ efvejvegveeefmekeâ
DeveeJe=le DeeJe=le DeOece& meOece& DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ Yeeweflekeâ
Deef Oekeâejer DeveefOekeâejer DeJej ØeJej Dee›eâceCe Øeeflej#ee
Devegueesce Øeefleueesce Deleue efJeleue DeelceeJeuecyeer hejeJeuecyeer
Deveg« en efJe«en Deve=le $e+le DeeÙeesp eve efJeÙeespeve
De#egCCe #eg CCe DeJeekedâ meJeekeâd Deeõ& Meg< keâ
DeheJÙeÙeer efceleJÙeÙeer DeJe%ee Dee%eeheeueve Dee™Ì{ Devee™Ì{
Deefle Deuhe DeefYecegKe ØeeflecegKe DeeJele& keâ efJeJele&keâ
DeLe Fefle Deef ÛebleveerÙe efÛebleveerÙe DeeefJeYee&Je eflejesYeeJe
Dehe&Ce «enCe DeMueer ue Mueer ue Deeieeceer efJeiele
DeJeuecye efvejJeuecye DeJeMes<e efve:Mes<e DeeÛeej DeveeÛeej
Demeer ce memeer ce Decej celÙe& Deekeâeb #ee Deveekeâeb# ee
Dekeâeue megkeâeue Deb eflece Devebefl ece DeeJejCe efvejeJejCe
DeefleJe=ef° DeveeJe=ef° DeJeleue Gòeue Deeheo efvejeheo
DeJee&Û eerve ØeeÛeerve Demles Ùe mlesÙe DeejesnCe DeJejesnCe
Devlejbie yeefnjbie DeJeiele DeveJ eiele DeeJeenve efJemepe&ve
Deuhe%e yeng%e DeefJeke= âle efJeke=âle Deehet efjle efjòeâ
Deveg jeie efJejeie Deb eflece ØeLece Deenej efvejenej
DeefYemejCe DehemejCe DeOÙeJemeeÙe DeveOÙeJemeeÙe DeekeâerCe& efJ ekeâer Ce&
Devegoej Goej Deefh e&le «enerle Deekeâej efvejekeâej
Depe&ve JÙeÙeve DeueYÙe ueYÙe/ØeehÙe DeekebgâÛeve ØemeejCe
DeOeesefueefK ele Gheefjef ueefKele Devlemee& #Ùe yeefnmee&#Ùe Dee[cyej efveje[cyej
Devegp e De«epe Devegj efòeâ efJejefòeâ DeeÂle efvejeÂle/DeveeÂle
DeuheeÙeg oerIee&Ùeg De®efÛe meg® efÛe Dee«en ogje«en
DebO esje Gpeeuee DeceeJemÙee hetefCe&cee Dee<e& Devee<e&
Deieuee efheÚuee DeOece Gòece Deeiece Deveeiece
DeÛeue meÛeue Deuhekeâeueerve oerI e&keâeueerve DeelcemebMeÙe DeelceefJeMJeeme
DevlecegK& eer yeefnceg&Keer Deiece megi ece Deepeeoer ieg ueeceer
Deef Yeceeveer efvejefY eceeveer Devle Deeefo Deevevo Meeskeâ
Dehes#ee Ghes#ee Deef ive peue DeeefOekeäÙe Deveeef OekeäÙe
DeveefY e%e efY e%e Deheceeve mecceeve DeejcYe Devle
DelÙevle Deuhe Deveelehe Deelehe Deeoeve Øeoeve
Dehekeâej Ghekeâej Deeheefòe Deveeheefòe DeeOeej DeeOesÙe/uecye
DeJejesn Deejesn DeYÙemle DeveYÙemle DeeYÙevlej yee¢e/yeenj
Deveent le Deent le DeOegveeleve hegjeleve DeeÙe JÙeÙe
DeefOekeâ vÙetve Deveg jòeâ eqJejòeâ DebleÉ&vÉ yeefnÉ&vÉ
De«e heMÛe DeÛes leve Ûesl eve Deeefo„ efveef<eæ
DeOetje hetje DeJejesOe DeveJejesOe DeespemJeer efvemlespe
DeOeesieeceer TOJe&ieeceer DeJevele Gvvele DeesleØeesle efJenerve
DeefOelÙekeâe GhelÙekeâe DebMele: hetCe&le: DeesÚe iebYeerj
Deekeâ<e&Ce efJekeâ<e&Ce Devoj yeenj DeeweÛf elÙe DeveewefÛelÙe
DemJeerkeâej Debi eerkeâej/mJeerkeâej DeefYeMeehe Jejoeve Deew jme oòekeâ
DeÅeleve DeveÅeleve/hegj eleve GòejeÙeCe oef#eCeeÙeve keâ< e&Ce efJekeâ<e&Ce
DeefOeef<"le DeveefOeef …le Glheefòe efJeveeMe
kegâJÙeJemLee megJÙeJemLee
Deefp e&le Devee|pele G«e meew cÙe
Dee›eâecekeâ Dee›eâefcele Gös MÙe efve®ös MÙe kegâefšue mejue
DeelceefveYe&j DevegpeerJeer/hejpeerJeer GppJeue Oetefceue keâef uhele ÙeLeeLe&
DeIees<e meIees<e (Iees<e) GodYeJe hejeYeJe keâeÙej meenmeer
Dekeâce&keâ mekeâce&keâ Glmegkeâ Devegl megkeâ mekeâece efve<keâece
Deveg¤he Øeefle¤he TOJe& DeOe/DeOej
DeefleefLe DeeefleLesÙe/efleefLe kegâ ™he megvoj/meg¤he
$e+peg Je›eâ
Deeuemeer keâce&CÙe/keâce&" $e+Ceelcekeâ Oeveelcekeâ kegâbo leer #Ce
DeemLee DeveemLee keâce&CÙelee Dekeâce&CÙelee
Gvceeru eve efveceerueve
Deoes<e meoes<e
Ghecee JÙeeflejskeâ kegâceejer efJeJeeefnlee
Deeueeskeâ efleefcej
Deuhe ØeÛegj Gheeefpe&le Devegheeefpe&le ke=âle%e ke=âleIve
DeefmlelJe DeveefmlelJe GJe&j DevegJe&j
ke=â <Ce MJesle
DeewheÛeeefjkeâ DeveewheÛeeef jkeâ Guueeme DeJemeeo
Gòesefpele Meefcele kegâueoerhe keg âueeb iej
DeekeâeMe heeleeue
Dehes#ee Devegh es#ee Goemeerve Deemeòeâ keg âmeg ce Je»e
Deenle Deveenle G<Ce Meerleue ›eâesOe #ecee
DeeojCeerÙe DeveeojCeerÙe GheÛeej DeheÛeej keâueÙegie meleÙeg ie
DeuhemebKÙekeâ yeng mebKÙekeâ Godiece efJeueesheve
ke=âef$ece mJeeYeeefJekeâ/Øeeke=âeflekeâ
F<š Deef ve° T<cee Meerleuelee
F&o cegnj&ce SsefÛ Úkeâ DevewefÛÚ keâ keâce&" Dekeâce&"/Deeuemeer
Fnueeskeâ hejueeskeâ Skeâ$e efJ emleer Ce& Keiees ue Yetieesue
FefvõÙeieesÛej FefvõÙeeleerle Skeâ Deveskeâ efKeuevee cegjPeevee
F&efhmele Deveerefhmele Ss efnkeâ heejueewefkeâkeâ
F&MJej peerJe KÙeele DeKÙeele
SÌ[ er Ûeesšer
F&MJejJeeoer DeveerMJejJeeoer Keie ce= ie
SkesâMJejJeeo yengosJ eJeeo
F&ne Deveer ne Skeâe«e ÛebÛ eue Keb [ve ceb [ve
F&Me Deveer Me KesÛej YetÛej
Ssefleneefmekeâ Devewefleneefmekeâ
Gòece DeOece
SkeâeefOekeâej DeveskeâeefOekeâej Keeme Deece
GÅeceer efve®Åeceer
GoÙe Demle SsMJeÙe& DevewM JeÙe& ieghle Øekeâš
GhecesÙe Devegh ecesÙe S<eCee Devew<eCee
«enerlee oelee
GÛÚdJ eeme DevegÛÚ dJeeme Deewo eÙe& Deveew oeÙe&
ke=â Me Heg° ienje efÚÚuee
Gæle efJevele
GvveÙeve DeJeveÙeve ›etâ jlee keâ®Cee ieceveerÙe DeieceveerÙe
GvcegKe efJecegKe ›eâcenerve ›eâceyeæ iele Deeiele
Glkeâ<e& Dehekeâ<e& keâerefle& Dehekeâerefle& ieCÙe veieCÙe
Gvcet ueve Deejesh eCe keâ®Ce efve<"gj
ieceve Deeieceve
Gvveefle DeJeveefle keâke&â Me ceOegj
GlLeeve heleve keâesueenue veerj Jelee/Meeefvle iecYeerj ÛebÛ eue
Gheefj DeOe: keâuebe fkeâle efve<keâuebkeâ ieewjJe ueeIeJe
GoÙeeÛeue DemleeÛeue keâLÙe DekeâLÙe ieieve Oeje
ieewCe cegKÙe/ØeOeeve Úgš keâeje yevOeve leeceefmekeâ meeeflJekeâ
Úue meejuÙe/efveMÚue le=< Cee le=ehf le
«emle ceg òeâ
Úeove ØekeâeMeve leer›e cevo
iejue meg Oee ÚeÙee Deelehe leg keâevle Delegkeâevle
ieg® efMe<Ùe/ueIeg Úebn Oethe leveÙe leveÙee
ieg Ce oes<e Úodce JÙeòeâ lespemJeer efvemlespe
ies Ùe DeiesÙe pÙeeseflece&Ùe leceesceÙe leg° ®°
iegCee{dÙe ieg Cenerve pÙes‰ keâefv e‰ lee®CÙe Jeeæ&keäÙe
«ee¢e lÙeepÙe mep eeleerÙe efJepeeleerÙe le®Ceer Je=æe
ieesheveerÙe ØekeâeMeveerÙe peefšue mejue Lees keâ hegâškeâj
ieef jcee ueefIecee peÌ[ Ûesl eve Leen DeLeen
«eecÙe veiej pJeej Yeeše efoJee jeef$e
ieefle DeJejesOe pebiece mLeeJej oerIe& ÜmJe
«ebefLele efJ ekeâer Ce& peeiejCe efveõe osJelee oeveJe
ieg®lJe ueIeglJe peue Leue ote<f ele efmele
iettÌ{ Øekeâš pevce ce=l Ùeg oC[ hegjmkeâej/#ecee
ieCeleb$e jepeleb$e peerJeve cejCe otj heeme
ieÅe heÅe peereJf ele ce= le og<keâj megkeâj
ie=n mLe meb vÙeemeer peeie=le meg<eghle efoJÙe ueew efkeâkeâ/Deef oJÙe
Ieele ØeefleIeele peveveer pevekeâ ÂÌ{ oesu eeÙeceeve
Ie= Cee Øesce pÙes‰ keâefv e‰ otjoefMe&lee DeotjoefMe&lee
Ievee efJejue efpelesevf õÙe FefvõÙeemeòeâ Éwle DeÉwle
Ieelekeâ j#ekeâ peÙe hejepeÙe õgle cebLej
Ieškeâ meceg oeÙe pÙees efle lece oefjõ mebh evve
Iejsuet yeenjer/JevÙe peeie=efle meg<egehf le oeme mJeeceer
Ieševee yeÌ{evee Pet" meÛe õJe "esme
ÛeelegÙe& cetKe&lee Peesh eÌ[er cenue ogeof &ve mege fove
Ûesl eve DeÛes leve Peb ke=â le efvemleyOe ogÙees&ie meg Ùees ie
efÛejbpeerJeer DeuhepeerJeer škeâmeeueer meeceevÙe ogYee&iÙe meewYeeiÙe
efÛeòe Deef Ûeòe šerkeâe Yee<Ùe ÂMÙe DeÂ MÙe
ÛÙegle DeÛÙegle "esme lejue oes<eceesÛeve Deef YeMeef hle
Ûeefj$eJeeve Ûeefj$enerve ef[ie Deef [ie osJej pes"
Ûelegj cetÌ{ {bie yes{bie/kegâ{bie oefcele Gòesefpele
Ûeešgkeâej mJeeefYeceeveer {eÌ{me $eeme og:Keevle meg Keevle
efÛejbleve veMJej {er" efJeveceÇ ogefve&Jeej efveJeeÙe&
Ûeesj meeOeg {euet meceleue owlÙe osJe
ÛeebÛ euÙe mLew Ùe& leke&â hetCe& leke&ânerve oef#eCe Jeece/Gòej
ÛeefÛ e&le DeÛeefÛ e&le leehe Meerle og< ke=âefle meg ke=âefle
peesÌ[ IešeJe efleefcej ØekeâeMe (pÙeeself e) oerIe& keâeÙe ke=âMekeâeÙe
Úe$e efMe#ekeâ legÛÚ ceneve ogue&Ye megueYe
Úvoyeæ Úvocegòeâ leer #Ce kegbâ ef"le oeveer ke=â heCe

osÙe DeosÙe efveef<eæ efJeefnle ØeÛÚvve mhe<š
oerIee&Ùeg DeuheeÙeg efveyeg&efæ yegefæceeve he#eheele efve<he#e
osn efJeosn efvevÅe JevÅe Øeoòe Deeoòe
osve ues ve efve®æ Deef ve®æ ØeeÛeer ØeleerÛeer
osÙe DeosÙe efveYeea keâ YeÙeYeerle ØelÙe#e hejes#e
og<ØeehÙe megØeehÙe efvejeOeej meeOeej ØeÙeesie DeØeÙeesie
oelee met ce efvepeeaJe mepeerJe ØeYeg Ye=lÙe
OJebme efvecee&Ce vekeâejelcekeâ mekeâejelcekeâ Øeyegæ yegefænerve
Oeerj DeOeerj efveJee&keâ meJeekeâ ØeeÛÚeove DeveeÛÚeove
Oeveer efveOe&ve efveye&ue mey eue ØeKÙeele keg âKÙeele
Oeeefce& keâ DeOeeef ce&keâ efveie&ceve Deeieceve ØeMeevle GodYeüevle
Oeerjesoeòe Oeerjesæle efvejLe&keâ meeLe&keâ efØeÙeeseòf eâ keâšes efòeâ
Oe=° efJeveceü/ efJeveerle efve:meerce memeer ce ØecegKe meeceevÙe
OeJeue MÙeece efve<keâuebkeâ mekeâuebkeâ Øemeeo efJe<eeo
Oeer jlee DeOeerjlee efve<keâece mekeâece heleveesvcegKe efJ ekeâemeesvcegKe
OeÇgJe Deef mLej efve:Meb keâ meMebkeâ ØemLeeve Deeieceve
OewÙe& DeOewÙe& efveJe=òe ØeJe=òe Øeieefle DeJeveefle
vetl eve hegjeleve efve®efÉive GefÉive Øes<ekeâ Øesef<eleer
efveõe Deefveõe/peeiejCe/pee«ele efvepe hej hejeOeerve mJeeOeerve
veew keâj ceeefuekeâ efve<kebâškeâ mekebâškeâ he#e efJehe#e
efvecee&Ce efJeOJebme/efJeveeMe hejueeskeâ Fnueeskeâ Øeheg âuue cueeve
efve®iCelee ®iCelee ØeJe=eòf e efveJe=efòe Øeeslmeeef nle nleeslmeeef nle
vÙetve DeefOekeâ heeMÛ eelÙe heewJee&lÙe heeheÛeslee heehecegòeâ
efveoex<e meoes<e hesÙe DehesÙe he=<"Yeeie De«eYeeie
efvece& ue ceefueve heleve GlLeeve heMÛeieeceer De«eieeceer
vekeâo GOeej heefjhekeäJe DeheefjhekeäJe Øepeeleb$e jepeleb$e
vej veejer hetJe&keâeueerve Gòejkeâeueerve hewvee YeesLeje
veKe ef MeKe heefjefCele Deheefj efCele ØeMebmekeâ efvevokeâ
vele Gvvele heesef<ele Dehees ef<ele het âue keâebše
veskeâer yeoer hejepeÙe peÙe yeesOeiecÙe ogy e xOe
efvelÙe DeefvelÙe heew®<e m$eerlJe yengcele Deuhecele
efveue&ppe meueppe he=‰ De«e yebpej GJe&j
efveo&Ùe meoÙe hetJee&Ö DehejeÖ yeye&j meYÙe
efvevoe ØeMebmee/mlege fle ØeKej cevo YeeiÙe DeYeeiÙe
efve<heehe meheehe hejeÙevle mJeeÙevle YeÙe efveYe&Ùe/DeYeÙe
efvej#ej mee#ej hejeLe& mJeeLe& Yees iÙe DeYeesiÙe
veeefmlekeâ Deeefm lekeâ heg° #eerCe Ye#Ùe DeYe#Ùe
efve<esOe efJeefOe ØeOeeve ieewCe Yetle YeefJe<Ùe
efvejeefce<e meeef ce<e heefjßece efJeßeece Yeõ DeYeõ
veeieefjkeâ «eeceer Ce hejemle efJeefpele Yeerlejer yeenjer
efvebo veerÙe ØeMebmeveerÙe heuueJeve meb#esheCe Yet<eCe kegâYet<eCe/ot< eCe

Yeso DeYeso ceer"e keâÌ [Jee ueeYeoeÙekeâ neef vekeâejkeâ
Yebp ekeâ Ùeesp ekeâ ceewve cegKej efJehegue Deuhe
Yeer <eCe meew cÙe cees#e yevOeve Jeerjlee keâeÙejlee
Yeüeble efveYeüeble ceveg< Ùelee heMeglee efJeOeJee meOeJee
YeÙee›eâevle YeÙeMetvÙe cesnveleer Deeuemeer Jej JeOet
YeeJeer Yetle ceme= Ce ™#e JÙeefòeâ meceepe
Yees ieer Ùees ieer ceeveJelee ve= Mebmelee Jeeoer ØeefleJeeoer
Yeejer nukeâe Ùeefle ie=n mLe efJeÙeespeve mebÙeespeve
YeespÙe DeYeesp Ùe Ùeg Ùegl mee cew$ eer efJepeÙeer hejemle
YeeF& yenve ÙeLeeLe& keâef uhele efJ ekeâeme Üeme
ceefueve efvece& ue Ùegæ Meeefv le JÙeef° meceef°
cevo lJeefjle Ùeesie Yeesie JÙeLe& meeLe&keâ
cenelcee ogjelcee ÙeeÛekeâ oelee JevemLeue ce®mLeue
ceveg<Ùe heMeg/ je#eme Ùees iÙe DeÙeesi Ùe Jew<ecÙe meecÙe
efce$e Me$eg ÙeMe DeheÙeMe JewcevemÙe cew$ eer/meewcevemÙe
cet keâ JeeÛeeue Ùegæ Meeefv le Jewleefvekeâ DeJewleefvekeâ
ef ceueve efJeÙeesie je°^Øesce je°^õesn JÙeefò eâiele meeJe&peefvekeâ
ceOegj keâšg jeie efJejeie efJepeÙe hejepeÙe
cebLej ef#eØe jÛevee OJebme efJe<eeo n<e&
cenlJehetCe& ieewCe efjheg megùod efJeefMe° meeOeejCe/meeceevÙe
ceeef pe&le Deceeefpe&le j#ekeâ Ye#ekeâ efJehevve mech evve
cecelee efvece&celee/efve‰gjlee jepee jbkeâ efJekeâuhe meb keâuhe
cetefÚ &le meÛesle jefveJeeme mesefJ ekeâe-Jeeme Jeeo efJeJeeo/ØeefleJeeo
cevemee keâce&C ee jefmekeâ veer jme efJemle=le mebef# ehle
ceneÙeesi eer ceneYeesieer jesieer efvejesieer Jemevle helePeÌ[
ce=lÙegbpeÙe celÙe& ®iCe mJemLe Je=nle ueIeg
cegeof le efKevve efjòeâ hetCe& JÙeÙe DeeÙe
celeYeso celew keäÙe jepeleb$e ueeskeâleb$e JÙemle DeJÙemle
cesOeeJeer cet Ke& jle efJejle efJeÙeesie meb Ùees ie
ceeveJe oeveJe ueeskeâ hejueeskeâ efJeosMe mJeosMe
ce=ogue keâ"esj efuehle efveef ue&hle efJeJem$e meJem$e
efceLÙee melÙe uegYeeJevee efIeveewvee yebOÙee GJe&je
cege fòeâ yevOeve uecyee ef"ievee JeCe& efJeJeCe&
ceeve Deheceeve ueb IeveerÙe DeuebIeveerÙe JeOÙe DeJeOÙe
ceg òeâ yeæ ueppeeueg efveue&ppe efJeYeJe hejeYeJe
cegeõf le Deceg efõle ueeuemee efJejefkeäle JÙeJeùle DeJÙeJeùle
cet ue efvecet &ue ueyOe Øeoòe Jew% eeefvekeâ DeJ ew%eeefvekeâ
cenòece ueIeg òece ue#Ùe Deue#Ùe Jejoeve DeefYeMeehe
ceeveJeerÙe DeceeveJeerÙe efueefK ele ceeweKf ekeâ efJe<e Dece=le
ceg Ke he=‰ uep eeru ee yesM ece& Je=æ yeeuekeâ
cegefM keâue Deemeeve uecyeeF& ÛeewÌ[eF& Jeefj‰ keâefv e‰
cegveeheâe veg keâmeeve ueehejJeen meeJeOeeve
efJeosMeer mJeosMeer meb vÙeemeer ie=n mLe megotj meefvvekeâš
JeboveerÙe efvebo veerÙe mJeeLe& efve:mJeeLe& mheæe& menÙees ie
efJemcejCe mcejCe meeOeg DemeeOeg mJeeceer mesJ ekeâ
efJeefveCeeale DeefveCeea le meg Oee iejue mebMeÙe efveMÛeÙe
efJeYeüevle Meeble megkeâj og<keâj meled Demeled
efJeješ ueIeg mebÛ eÙe DemebÛeÙe melkeâej eflejmkeâej
efJeMues<eCe meb Mues< eCe mhegâš Demhegâš meehes#e efvejhes#e
efJ e%e De%e meceeJesM eve DeveeJesM eve meeOecÙe& JewOecÙe&
efJeJeskeâer DeefJeJ eskeâer mejuelee keâef" velee megO eej efyeieeÌ[
efJeÉeve cet Ke& meenmeer Yeer® megØeyevOe kegâØeyevOe
efJe#egyOe DeefJe#egyOe meMem$e efvejm$e megMeer ue ogM Meer ue
efJeKÙeele keg âKÙeele meveeleveer ØeieefleJeeoer mecet ue eqvece& tue
efJeveerle Oe=<š mebYeeJÙe DemebY eeJÙe meb ie efvemmebie
efJ eMeeue #egõ meoeMeÙe keâoeMeÙe mencele Demencele
efJemleejCe meb#esheCe meg meeOÙe og:meeOÙe mebieef"le efJeIeefšle
mekeâce& efve<keâce& meg ieef le ogie&elf e Mege fÛe DeMegefÛe
meccegKe ØeeflecegKe menpe Demenpe Mees Yeve DeMeesY eve
mecceeve Deheceeve meMebkeâ ef veMMebkeâ Mes<e DeMes< e
met #ce mLetue meceer hemLe otjmLe Meerle «eer<ce
mJelev$elee hejlev$elee menveer Ùe Demenveer Ùe Mekegâ ve Deh eMekeg âve
menÙeesieer ØeefleÙeesieer me#ece De#ece Meemekeâ Meeefmele
mejue keâ"esj mecheoe efJeheoe MeÙeve peeiejCe
mJej JÙebpeve megh eâue kegâh eâue Meg< keâ Deeo&Ç
meoeÛeej ogjeÛeej meùoÙe ùoÙenerve efMeJe Deef MeJe
meew cÙe G«e megÙeMe DeheÙeMe Me" lee meppevelee
mekeâece efve<keâece meejLeer jLeer efMeefL eue ÂÌ{
mep eue efvepe&ue meneÙekeâ ØeOeeve/cegKÙe efMue° DeefMue°
mejme veer jme mebieef"le efJeIeefšle Meejer efjkeâ ceeveefmekeâ
meb «en efJe«en mJepeeefle efJepeeefle Meefòeâceeve Meefòeânerve
mece™he efJeefJeOe megveece ogvee&ce MÙeecee ieewjer
meeåÛeÙe& he=LekeäkeâjCe meg ceef le keg âceefle Metj Yeer®
meb keâuhe efJekeâuhe mece efJe<ece MueeIÙe DeMueeIÙe
meg mebieefle kegâ mebieefle mleg efle efvevoe efMe#ekeâ efJeÅeeLeea/ efMe#eeLeea
mebIešve efJeIešve mejue keâef "ve/kegâ efšue Meeueer ve Oe=<š
meYes Åe DeYes Åe mebkeâerCe& Goej Meyo efve:Meyo
mevle Demevle mebheo efJeheo Meef òeâ #eerCelee
meefJekeâej efveefJ e&keâej meg ke=âefle keg âke=âefle efMeKej leue
mJekeâer Ùee hejkeâerÙee me= ef„ ØeueÙe Mees< ekeâ hees<ekeâ
meeeflJekeâ leeceefmekeâ me=p eve efJeveeMe/mebnej Meerleue G<Ce
meceeÂle efvejeÂle mebefMue<š efJeefMue° MJeeme GÛÚdJ eeme
mJeevegiele hejevegiele mJeeLeea hejceeLeea MÙeeceue ieewj

Meyo efJ eueesce 3. efceLÙee keâe efJeueesce efvecve ceW mes keäÙee nw?
MueeIee efvevoe (a) Pet" (b) melÙe
Meg Ye DeMeg Ye (c) DemelÙe (d) ieuele
ef MeKe veKe Gòej–(b)
ßees lee Jeòeâe efceLÙee keâe efJeueesce ‘melÙe’ nesiee, peyeefkeâ Pet", efceLÙee keâe meceeveeLeea Meyo nw~
ßeeble Deßeeble 4. yesF&ceeve keâe efJeueesce Meyo nw-
ßece efJeßeece (a) Pet"e (b) og°
ßes‰ efvecve (c) ueeueÛeer (d) F&ceeveoej
ßeæe Ie=C ee/Deßeæe Gòej–(d)
ßegle Deßegle yesF&ceeve keâe mener efJeueesce ‘F&ceeveoej’ nw~
ëe= bKeuee efJeëeb =Keuee
5. efvecveefueefKele cebs mes ‘oC[’ keâe efJeueesce keäÙee nw?
ßeJÙe ÂMÙe/DeßeJÙe
(a) hegjmkeâej (b) mJeer keâej
ßeJeCe oMe&ve
(c) meg u eYe (d) mecceeve
ßeerceeve ßeerceleer Gòej–(a)
ßees lee Jeòeâe
ßeerieCesMe Fefleßeer oC[ keâe efJeueesce ‘hegjmkeâej’ nesiee~
nleeMe DeeMeeJeeve 6. ‘ogue&Ye’ Meyo keâe efJeueesce nw-
nleeslmeen melees lmeen (a) megueYe (b) keâef"ve
neme ®ove (c) ogie&ce (d) GheÙeg keäle
nlÙee peerJeveoeve Gòej–(a)
nukeâe Yeejer ogue&Ye Meyo keâe efJeueesce ‘megueYe’ neslee nw~
ÜmJe oerIe& 7. ‘ogie&ce’ keâe efJeueesce Meyo yeleeFÙes?
nje metK ee (a) mejue (b) keâef"ve
efnle Deefn le (c) megi ece (d) mejme
nej peerle Gòej–(c)
ef nbm ee Deefnbmee ogie&ce keâe efJeueesce Meyo ‘megiece’ neslee nw~
#ele De#ele
8. ‘mLetue’ keâe efJeueesce Meyo keäÙee nw?
#eefle ueeYe
(a) met #ce (b) efJ eMeeue
#egõ efJeješ (c) yeÌ[e (d) Yeejer
DeYÙeeme ØeMve Gòej–(a)
mLetue keâe efJeueesce ‘met#ce’ nw, Mes<e efJekeâuhe efYevve nQ~
1. ‘DeekeâeMe’ keâe efJeueesce nw-
(a) veYe (b) heeleeue 9. ‘efveYeeakeâ’ keâe efJeueesce nw -
(c) JÙeesce (d) yeeoue (a) YeÙeYeerle (b) keâeÙej
(c) efve[j (d) efveo&Ùeer
Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(a)
DeekeâeMe keâe efJeueesce ‘heeleeue’ nw~
efveYeeakeâ keâe efJeueesce ‘YeÙeYeerle’ nw~
2. ke=âle%e Meyo keâe efJeueesce efvecve ceW mes keäÙee nw? 10. ‘GheefmLele’ keâe efJeueesce keäÙee nesiee?
(a) ke=âleIve (b) yesF&ceeve (a) DeGheefmLele (b) DeJeefmLele
(c) Gvveefle (d) DeÛ Úe (c) Devegh eefm Lele (d) DeveGheefm Lele
Gòej–(a) Gòej–(c)
ke=âle%e Meyo keâe mener efJeueesce ‘ke=âleIve’ nw, peyeefkeâ Mes<e efYevve nQ~ GheefmLele keâe efJeueesce DevegheefmLele neslee nw~

DeveskeâeLe&keâ Meyo
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve Ieesj Meyo YeÙebkeâj, keâef"ve Deewj meIeve kesâ YeeJeeW keâes Deheves ceW meceeefnle efkeâÙes
1. keâeue keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? ngÙes nw~
(a) ce=lÙeg (b) meceÙe 7. pees[Ì keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw?
(c) DeJemej (d) FÛÚe (a) Ùeesie (b) cesue
Gòej – (d) (c) ieeB" (d) Keespe
Gòej – (d)
keâeue, meceÙe keâe Åeeslekeâ nw efkeâvleg FÛÚe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ DevÙe meYeer efveefo&°
Jewkeâefuhekeâ YeeJeeW keâes Yeer Ùen mhe° keâjlee nw~ peesÌ[ keâe DeeMeÙe Ùeesie mes neslee nw efkeâvleg cesue Deewj ieeB" keâer Fmemes mecyeæ
YeeJe mhe° keâjles nQ~ peneB lekeâ Keespe keâe ØeMve nw Fmekeâe ØeMve mes keâesF&
2. keâvekeâ keâe efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? DeeMeÙe veneR~
(a) meesvee (b) Oeletje
8. leer#Ce keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw?
(c) heueeMe (d) heJe&
(a) uenj (b) Oeejoej
Gòej – (d) (c) lespe (d) ØeKeC[
keâvekeâ keâe DeeMeÙe meesvee, Oeletje Deewj heueeMe mes neslee nw, peyeefkeâ heJe& DevÙe Gòej – (a)
DeLe& Øekeâš keâjlee nw~ leer#Ce keâe DeeMeÙe lespe mes neslee nw efkeâvleg ØeKeC[ Deewj Oeejoej Meyo Yeer
3. ke=â<Ce keâe efvecve ceW mes keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? Fmemes leeoelcÙe jKeles nQ~ uenj keâe Gòeâ Meyo mes keâesF& leeoelcÙe veneR nw~
(a) keâeuee (b) JesoJÙeeme 9. GösMÙe, efveMeevee, ue#eCeeLe& efvecve ceW mes efkeâmekeâs DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nQ?
(c) ke=âefle (d) Skeâ he#e (a) DeejcYe (b) ue#Ùe
Gòej – (c) (c) yebMeer (d) YeeJe
Gòej – (b)
ke=â<Ce keâe DeeMeÙe keâeuee, ceen kesâ Skeâ he#e leLee JesoJÙeeme efpevnW ke=â<Ce
Éwh eeÙeve kesâ veece mes Yeer hegkeâeje peelee nw, ke=âefle mes Fmekeâe keâesF& mecyevOe veneR GösMÙe, efveMeevee, ue#eCeeLe& Ùes leerveeW Meyo efveefo&° efJekeâuheeW ceW ue#Ùe kesâ YeeJe
nw~ keâes mhe° keâjles nQ~
4. keâueg<e keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? 10. Dece=le keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw?
(a) mJeie& (b) heeje
(a) heehe (b) veÙee
(c) otOe (d) metÙe&
(c) ieboieer (d) keâuebkeâ
Gòej – (d)
Gòej – (b)
mJeie&, heeje Deewj otOe Dece=le keâs DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nQ, peyeefkeâ metÙe& Deelcee keâe
keâueg<e efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW, heehe, ieboieer Deewj keâuebkeâ keâe Åeeslekeâ nw, veÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nw~
keâe veneR~
11. Decyej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
5. kebâpe keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? (a) DeekeâeMe (b) Jem$e
(a) yeÇÿee (b) OJepee (c) yeeoue (d) ØekeâeMe
(c) keâceue (d) Dece=le Gòej–(d)
Gòej – (b) ØekeâeMe Decyej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw, Mes<e Decyej kesâ DeveskeâeLeea Meyo
kebâpe kesâ DeveskeâeLeea Meyo yeÇÿee, keâceue Deewj Dece=le nQ, peyeefkeâ OJepee kesâleg keâe nQ~
DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nw~ 12. De#ej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo keâewve-mee veneR nw?
Ieesj keâe efvecve ceW keäÙee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? (a) Oece& (b) yeÇÿe
6.
(c) Debkeâ (d) cees#e
(a) YeÙebkeâj (b) keâef"ve
Gòej–(c)
(c) ceOÙe Yeeie (d) meIeve
Gòej – (c) De#ej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Debkeâ veneR nw~

keâškeâ keâe Skeâ DeLe& veneR nw–
13.
(a) efMeefJej (b) mecetn
(c) mesvee (d) keâerš  DeveskeâeLe&keâ Meyo
Gòej–(d)
efnvoer meeefnlÙe keâer Deheveer Skeâ efJeOee nw~ meeefnlÙe ceW ØeÙegòeâ Meyo Deveskeâ DeLe&
keâerš, keâškeâ keâe DeLe& veneR nw, Mes<e keâškeâ kesâ DeLe& nQ~ JÙeòeâ keâjles nbw, efkeâvleg Fvekeâe GheÙegòeâ DeLe& efvekeâeue keâj ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
14. keâewve-mee Deueie DeLe& Øekeâš keâjlee nw? Deveskeâ DeLeeX Jeeues Meyo DeLee&led Ssmes Meyo pees Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ,
(a) hegjboj (b) keâewefMekeâ ‘DeveskeâeLeea’ Meyo keânueeles nbw~ Fve MeyoeW keâe DeefOekeâebMeleÙee ØeÙeesie keâeJÙeeW ceW ner
(c) osJ ejepe (d) cee®le efceuelee nw~ FvneR MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâefJeÙeeW ves Ùecekeâ leLee Mues<e DeuebkeâejeW ceW efkeâÙee
Gòej–(d) nw~ keâefJe mesveeheefle keâe ceevevee nw efkeâ keâefJe Jener nw, efpemekeâer keâefJelee efÉDeLeea nes~
cee®le keâe DeLe& JeeÙeg neslee nw, Mes<e Fvõ kesâ meceeveeLe&keâ nQ~ GvneR kesâ MeyoeW ceW-
‘‘mesveeheefle keâefJe meesF&, peekeâer nw DejLe keâefJeleeF& efveJee&n keâer~’’
15. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes heeveer keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo keâewve-mee veneR nw?
(a) peue (b) mecceeve
Fme heefjefMe° kesâ meboYe& ceW ÙeneB Deefle cenòJehetCe& DeveskeâeLeea MeyoeW SJeb
(c) Ûecekeâ (d) Pejvee
Gvekesâ DeLeeX keâe mebkeâueve Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, pees hejer#eesheÙeesieer nesves kesâ
Gòej–(d) meeLe-meeLe %eeveJeOe&keâ Yeer nQ~
De#e—%eeveWefõÙe, ceb[ue, jLe, ÛeesheÌ[, heemee, Oegjer, nefjÙee~
Pejvee, heeveer keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw, Mes<e heeveer kesâ DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nQ~ De®Ce—iegueeyeer, ueeue, metÙe&, efmebotj, metÙe& keâe meejLeer~
16. DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nw– Decyej—Jem$e, DeekeâeMe, keâheeme, keâmletjer, kesâmej, cesIe~
(a) Iebše (b) efceveš Deke&â—metÙe&, ceoej keâe heewOee, F$e , mheâefškeâ, keâeÌ{e, efve<keâ<e&, metÙe& efkeâjCe~
(c) meskebâ[ (d) keâeue DeheJeeo—keâuebkeâ, efveÙece kesâ Deefleefjòeâ, Keb[ve~
Gòej–(d) Debkeâ—ieeso, efieveleer kesâ Debkeâ, veeškeâ kesâ Debkeâ, efÛeÖ, mebKÙee~
keâeue DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nw efpemekesâ DeLe& nQ–meceÙe, ce=lÙeg, Ùecejepe, Me$eg leLee De#ej—yeÇÿee, efJe<Ceg, Dekeâejeefo JeCe&, efMeJe, Oece&, cees#e, ieieve, melÙe, efvelÙe,
DeJemej~ veeMejefnle, hejceeCeg~
17. Deke&â keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw– Dece=le—DeefceÙe, mJeie&, peerJeve, peue, otOe, Devve~
(a) metÙe& (b) Fvõ Dehes#ee—FÛÚe, DeeJeMÙekeâlee, DeeMee, leguevee, Den&lee~
(c) efJe<Ceg (d) cesIe Debie—Mejerj, DebMe, MeeKee, meeOeve, mleve, Mejerj keâe keâesF& DeJeÙeJe~
Gòej–(d) DeLe&—celeueye, Oeve, mJeeLe&, DeefYeheÇeÙe~
Deke&â keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo cesIe veneR nw, Mes<e Deke&â kesâ DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nQ~ Deble—efmeje, meercee, ce=lÙeg, ØeueÙe, Fefle, heefjCeece, meceeefhle, Yeso/jnmÙe~
Depe—yeÇÿee, yekeâje, oMejLe kesâ efhelee, ces<e jeefMe~
18. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nw?
DeefYe—yegje, FÛÚe, Thej, otj, meeceves, yeejcyeej~
(a) Dece=le (b) DeekeâeMe
DeIe&—Meno, ceOeg, cetuÙe, peueoeve, YeWš~
(c) JÙeesce (d) veYe
Gòej–(a) Devve—Deveepe, KeeÅe heoeLe&~
DeÛeue—Ketbšer, {sj, ØeMeeble, heneÌ[, Dešue, efveMÛeue~
Dece=le DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nw, peyeefkeâ Mes<e hejmhej meceeveeLeea nQ~ Deblej—Deelcee, DeekeâeMe, JÙeJeOeeve, otjer, DeJeefOe, ceOÙe~
19. JeCe& keâe Skeâ keâewve-mee DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw? DebÛeue—ØeosMe, efmeje, leš~
(a) jbie (b) De#ej DeOej—Debleefj#e, DeveeOeej, neW", veerÛes~
(c) Meyo (d) JeCe&ve keâjvee Deueie—DeÚtlee, he=Lekeâ, efYevve, leueekeâMegoe, efJeefÛe$e~
Gòej–(d) De#ele—peew, DeYebefpele ÛeeJeue, mechetCe&, keâewceeÙe&Jeeve, Deveenle~
JeCe&ve keâjvee JeCe& keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw, Mes<e DeveskeâeLeea Meyo nQ~ Dekeâeue—DemeceÙe, ogefYe&#e, F&MJej~
Deceue—DeefYeceb$eCe, ceue jefnle, keâeÙee&evf Jeefle~
20. yesuee keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
DeÙeve—mLeeve, keâeue,meceÙe,DebMe, mebÛeueve, ieefle~
(a) mecegõ keâer uenj (b) meceÙe
De«e—Deeies, cegKÙe, ßes‰, veeskeâ, henues, DeiegJee~
(c) DeJekeâeMe (d) efkeâuee
Deveble—Deblenerve, DeefJeveeMeer, efJe<Ceg, DeekeâeMe, yeÇÿe, Mes<eveeie~
Gòej–(d)
DeMees keâ—Mees keâjefnle, Meeskeânerve~
yesuee keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo efkeâuee veneR nw, Mes<e DeveskeâeLeea nQ~ Deefn—meeBhe, jeng, keâ°, veeefYe~
DeÛÙegle—efJe<Ceg, ke=â<Ce, DeefJeveeMeer, efmLej, F&MJej, Decej~ Ghemkeâj—meeceeve, Deuebkeâej, mebÙeb$e~
DeefleefLe—cesnceeve, DeheefjefÛele JÙeefòeâ, Deefive, meeOeg, Ùee$eer, kegâMe keâe heg$e~ $e+Ce—oeefÙelJe, Ghekeâej, keâpe&, Ieševee, Ieševes keâe efÛeÖ~
DebkegâMe—efveÙeb$eCe, oyeeJe, keâeWÛeveer, Ûeeyegkeâ, ueieece~ keâvekeâ—meesvee, Oeletje, iesntB, heueeMe, Kepetj~
Deblejbie—heefjJeejerÙe, efØeÙe, Ieefve‰, ieghle, Yeerlejer~ keâj—efkeâjCe, neLe, šwkeäme, metbÌ[~
DekeâÌ[—Ieceb[, ogje«en, keâÌ[e~ keâCe— & keâeve, kegâvleer keâe heg$e, Yegpee, heleJeej~
DeKeb[—F&MJej, Deštš , DeefJejece, mecetÛee, efveefJe&Ive~ keâeue—meceÙe, ce=lÙeg, Me$eg, DeJemej], Ùecejepe, Ùegie~
DeveLe&—DevegeÛf ele DeLe&, ogI e&švee, keânj, efJeheefòe, DeMegYe Iešvee~ keâceue—Skeâ Hetâue, iegbyeo, peue, leebyee~
Deveg™he—meÂMe, Devegketâue, legueveerÙe, GheÙegòeâ~ ke=â<Ce—JesoJÙeeme, keâeuee, JeemegosJe-heg$e, Skeâ he#e~
DeyeesOe—veemecePe, cetKe&, ogy eexOe~ kesâleg—OJepee, Skeâ «en, hegÛÚue leeje, %eeve, ØekeâeMe~
Deype—keâhetj, MebKe, keâceue, Ûevõcee, Dejye~ keâškeâ—mesvee, efMeefJej, mecetn, keâÌ[e, ëe=bKeuee, ÛešeF&~
DeefYeOeeve—heoveece, veececeeuee, heefjYee<ee, Meyo, veece~ keâój —keâ"esj, ÂÌ{ Øeefle%e, Deheves ceve keâe, efpeodoer~
Deefj°—Me$eg, efJeheefòe, Deew<eefOeÙegòeâ jme, keâ°, ogY ee&iÙe~ keâÌ[e—keâ"esj, keâef"ve, kebâkeâÌ[, keâke&âMe, Skeâ DeeYet<eCe~
DeJeueer—hebefòeâ, Pegb[, ßesCeer, ceeuee~ keâlee&—keâjves Jeeuee, yeveeves Jeeuee, heefjJeej keâe cegeKf eÙee, henuee keâejkeâ~
Decyegpe—MebKe, yeÇÿee, keâceue, Ûevõcee~ keâuece—uesKeveer, ketBâÛeer, keâvehešer kesâ yeeue, hes[Ì -heewOe W keâer JÙeekeâjCe ceW njer uekeâÌ[er~
Deveblee—he=LJeer, heeJe&leer, oty e, heerhej~ kegbâYe—ØelÙeskeâ yeejnJeW Je<e& ceW ueieves Jeeuee cesuee, neLeer kesâ cemlekeâ keâs oesveeW Deesj
DeJelebme—Yet<eCe, cegkegâš, šerkeâe, ceeuee, Leeueer, ceeBie, otune~ keâe Yeeie, IeÌ[e~
DeJÙeòeâ—efJe<Ceg, keâeceosJ e, efMeJe, Øeke=âefle, yeÇÿee, DevegÛÛeeefjle, peerJe, DeØelÙe#e~ keâefue—keâuen, og:Ke, heehe, Ûeej ÙegieeW ceW ÛeewLee Ùegie, metjcee, meb«e ce, keâeuee~
Deelcee—mJe¤he, yeÇÿe, metÙe&, Deeqive, hejceelcee~ keâesje—efyeukegâue veÙee, DeØeÙegkeäle, DeefueefKele (keâeiepe), iegCejefnle (JÙeeqkeäle)~
DeeBKe—ves$e, Âef„, efveiejeveer, Debkegâj~ ef›eâÙee—keâce&, keâeÙe&Jeener, keâce& nesves keâe Åeeslekeâ Meyo~
Deeßece—leheesYetecf e, DeeßeÙe mLeeve, peerJeve keâe Ûeej YeeieeW ceW efJeYeepeve~ keâÛe—yeeue, heheÌ[er, PegC[, yeeoue, ye=nmheefle keâe heg$e~
Deelegj—Glmegkeâ, GleeJeuee, keâcepeesj, og:Keer~ keâesMe—DeC[e, ef[yyee, leueJeej keâer cÙeeve, DeeJejCe, Lewueer, mebeÛf ele Oeve,
Deece—ceecetueer, meJe&meeOeejCe, Skeâ Øekeâej keâe heâue~ MeyokeâesMe, mecetn~
Deekeâj—keâes<e, Keeve, œeesle~ keâue—ceMeerve, Ûewve, Deeves Jeeuee keâue/yeerlee keâue, ceOegj OJeefve~
Deeiece—%eeve, Deeieceve, Meem$e~
keâeweMf ekeâ—efJeMJeeefce$e, FvoÇ, mebhesje, Guuet, vesJeuee, Skeâ iees$e~
DeeÛeeÙe&—cenehebef[le, ieg®, efJeMJeefJeÅeeueÙe keâe Jeefj‰ DeOÙeehekeâ ~
keâece—keâeÙe&, ke=âefle, FÛÚe, keâece-Jeemevee~
Deeye—Ûecekeâ,heeveer,Mees Yee~
keâ#e—keâceje, metÙe& keâer keâ#ee, keâÚewše, keâeBKe, metKeer Ieeme~
Deejece—jenle, efJeßeece, megefJeOee, Jeeefškeâe~
kebâo—efceßeer, efyevee jsMes keâer iegoso ej peÌ[~
Deeueer—meKeer, hebefòeâ, ceevÙeJej~
kebâškeâ—keâebše, efJeIve, keâeruekeâ~
Deeve—otmeje, n", šskeâ, Øeefle%ee~
kebâpe—keâceue,yeÇÿee, Dece=le, kesâMe~
Fvog—Ûevõcee, keâhetj~
kebâme—keâeBmee, megjener, hÙeeuee, cebpeerje, ßeerke=â<Ce keâe ceecee~
FÌ[e—he=LJeer, ieeÙe, JeeCeer, mlegelf e, Devve, mJeCe&, ogiee&, veeÌ[er efJeMes<e~
F&Me—F&MJej,jepee,mJeeceer, ceneosJe, Deeõe&-ve#e$e, Skeâ Gheefve<eo, heeje~ keâce&—ef›eâÙee, ce=lekeâ mebmkeâej, YeeiÙe~
keâhe&j—Kehhej, keâÌ[en, keâheeue, ietuej, keâÚgDee keâer KeesheÌ[er, Skeâ Mem$e~
Fvõ—ßes‰, yeÌ[e, osJ eleeDeeW keâe jepee Hegjvoj, osJ ejepe, MeÛeerheefle~
F°—hejceelcee, meceerheer, OÙesÙe, keâeceosJelee~ keâle&ve—keâlejvee, keâelevee, keâešvee~
Flej—DevlÙepe, hejeÙee, veerÛe, F$e~ keâuee—DebMe, metÙe& keâe yeejnJeeB Yeeie, Ûevõcee keâe meesuenJeeB Yeeie, meceÙe keâe
Gievee—GoÙe nesvee, efvekeâue Deevee, hewoe nesvee, Øekeâš nesvee~ Skeâ Yeeie, Deefive-ceb[ue kesâ ome YeeieeW ceW mes Skeâ, vešeW keâer Skeâ keâmejle, Úue,
G«e—YeÙeevekeâ, ›etâj, leerJeÇ, keâ„oeÙekeâ, ØeÛeC[, ceneosJe, iejce, metÙe&~ ueeruee, lespe, MeesYee, efJeYetefle, efpe£e, Ùeb$e, Skeâ JeCe&Je=òe~
Guueeme—ØekeâeMe, Peuekeâ, Skeâ Deuebkeâej, «ebLe keâe Yeeie, Øemevvelee, meie&~ keâvÙee—Skeâ jeefMe, kegâceejer, ueÌ[keâer~
GheÛeej—JÙeJenej, ØeÙeesie, efÛeefkeâlmee, mesJee, Oecee&veg‰eve, Ietme, KegMeeceo~ keâceeve—Oeveg<e, ØeeefOekeâejer, DeeosMe~
Gcee—heeJe&leer, ogiee&, Deuemeer, keâere|le, keâeeqvle~ keâefhe—yeboj, nvegceeve~
G<ee—ØeYeele, De®CeesoÙe keâer ueeefuecee, yeeCeemegj keâer keâvÙee, F&Ke~ keâše#e—JÙebiÙe, eflejÚer vepej, Dee#eshe~
Ge|ce—uenj, heer[Ì e, og:Ke, efMekeâve, keâheÌ[s keâer efmeueJeš~ keâešvee—keâšeF& keâjvee, oeBle ÛegYeevee, jö keâjvee, [bkeâ ceejvee, Deueie keâjvee~
GÛÛe—ßes‰, yeÌ[e, peesj keâe, G"e ngDee~ keâeÙeoe—lejerkeâe, efveÙece, efjJe]e]pe, Go&t keâe yeeueyeesOe~

efkeâveeje—efmeje, leš, heeMJe&, neefMeÙee~ Iegšvee—keâ„ menvee, meeBme uesves ceW keâeq"veeF&, hewj keâe peesÌ[ Yeeie~
kegâMeue—ØeefMeef#ele, Ûelegj, ØeJeerCe, Kewejf Ùele~ Ieš—IeÌ[e, keâce, Mejerj~
kebgâ[ueer—ieesue jÛevee, peerJeve keâer peevekeâejer keâe Skeâ uesKee, iebs[gjer~ Ieele—Ûeesš, nlÙee, iegCeveheâue, oebJe~
kesâJeue—Skeâcee$e, efveje, efJeMegæ %eeve~ Ûevõ—Ûevõcee, Skeâ keâer mebKÙee, ceesj keâer hetBÚ keâer Ûeefvõkeâe, keâhetj, peue,
keâesešf —keâjesÌ[, Jeie&, ßesCeer, Oeveg<e keâe efmeje~ meesvee, Yetieesue keâe GheÉerhe, meeOeg, veeefmekeâ, JeCe& keâer (Thej) efyevoer, nerje~
keâewjJe— ogÙeexOeve Deeefo, ieeroÌ[~ Ûeeue—jHeäleej, ieefle, Ûeueves keâe {bie, Deenš, Ûeeueekeâer, ceesnjeW keâe efnuevee,
keâeefuekeâe—keâeueer, keâeefueKe, cesI e, mÙeener, Skeâ heew Oee, ceefoje, DeeBKe keâer efjJeepe, OeesKee~
hegleueer, jCeÛeb[er~ Ûeehe—heefjefOe keâe Skeâ Yeeie, oyeeJe, Oeveg<e~
ketâce&—keâÚgDee, he=LJeer, efJe<Ceg keâe DeJeleej, Skeâ $e+ef<e, Øepeeheefle keâe DeJeleej~ Ûeekeâ—kegâcnej keâe Ûeekeâ, Ûekeäkeâer, ieesue Jemleg, heeveer keâe YeBJej, yeJeC[j,
KeC[—Yeeie, ØeosMe, Je<ee&, meceerkeâjCe keâer Skeâ ef›eâÙee, Keeb[, efoMee~ mecetn, Skeâ Øekeâej keâe Ùegæ JÙetn, ceC[ue~
Keue—og„, Oeletje, leueÚš, ÛegieueKeesj, Kejue~ ÛejCe—hewj, efkeâmeer Úbo keâe Skeâ heo, efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâe Skeâ-ÛeewLeeF& Yeeie,
Kej—ieOee, eflevekeâe, Skeâ je#eme, og„~ Deveg‰eve, iees$e, DeeÛeej, metÙe& Deeefo keâer efkeâjCe~
Keie—he#eer, leeje, iebOeJe&~ Ûe›eâ—heefnÙee, keâesunt, Ûekeäkeâer, kegâcnej keâe Ûeekeâ, Skeâ Dem$e, Skeâ Øekeâej keâe
Kele—he$e, keâvehešer kesâ yeeue, jsKee efÛeÖ~ JÙetn, heeveer keâe YebJej, ØeosMe, ceb[ue, heodce, hesâje, Skeâ JeCe& Je=òe~
Keb[ve—efJejesOe, ØeJÙeeKÙeeve, efnmmes ceW yeebšvee, šgkeâÌ[s keâjvee~ Ûeheuee—efyepeueer, ue#ceer, ÛebÛeue m$eer~
ieCe—mecetn, ßesCeer, mesvee keâe Skeâ Yeeie, eEheieue Meem$e ceW leerve JeieeX keâe mecetn, Úbo —keâeJÙe, heo, Je=òe, DeefYeØeeÙe~
efMeJe kesâ mesJekeâ, otle, DevegÛej~ pegÌ[vee—pegšvee, meeqcceefuele nesvee, efceuevee, peesÌ[e peevee, peeslee peevee~
«en—leejs, veew keâer mebKÙee uesvee, Deveg«en, ke=âhee, «enCe, jeng~ peÌ[—cetue, cetKe&, n"er, DeÛesleve, Ûes„enerve, Meerleue, ietBiee, yenje, veeRJe~
iegCe—efJeMes<elee, Oece&, Øeke=âefle kesâ leerve YeeJe, efvehegCelee, keâesF& keâuee DeLeJee efJeÅee, peuepe—keâceue, ceesleer, mesJeej, MebKe, ceÚueer, Ûevõcee~
mJeYeeJe, jmmeer, keâewMeue~ pÙes‰—yeÌ[e, ßes‰, heefle keâe yeÌ[e YeeF&, efnvoer cenerves keâe veece~
iees—ieeÙe, efkeâjCe, Je=<e jeefMe, FbefõÙe, yewue, mejmJeleer, DeeBKe, efyepeueer, he=LJeer, peeue—Heâjsye, yegveeJeš, peeuee, peceIeš, yeÌ[er peeueer~
metÙe&, yeeCe, DeekeâeMe, mJeie&~ peve—ueesie, Øepee, iebJeej, DevegÛej, mecetn, YeJeve, meceepe, meele ueeskeâeW ceW mes
«enCe—uesvee, hekeâÌ[vee, metÙe&-Ûevõ hej jeng-kesâleg keâe ØeYeeJe~ heeBÛeJeeb ueeskeâ~
iebYeerj—ienje, Ievee, Yeejer, peefšue, eEÛeleepevekeâ, Meeble~
peuevee—Mejerj lehevee, F&<Ùee& keâjvee, Yemce nes peevee, Deeie ueievee~
ieeB"—Hebâoe, ie"jer, efiejn, cevecegšeJe, GuePeve~
peueevee—Deeie osvee, Ø epJeefuele keâjvee, Ûeg Yeleer yeeleW keânvee, F&< Ùee& Glhevve
ieeÌ[vee—peceerve ceW oyeevee, OeBmeevee, KeÌ[e keâjvee (PeC[e)~
keâjvee~
iegueeyeer—iegueeye kesâ jbie keâe, nukeâe (peeÌ[e), iegueeye keâe~
pees[Ì vee—Ùeesie keâjvee, Skeâ$e keâjvee, yeÌ{evee, efceueevee~
ieeÙe$eer—Skeâ Jewefokeâ Úvo, Skeâ Jewefokeâ ceb$e, ogiee&~
peueOej—yeeoue, mecegõ, peueeMeÙe~
efieje—JeeCeer, mejmJeleer, efpe£e, DeJevele, ogjeÛeejer~
peje—yegÌ{ehee, LeesÌ[e, peue~
ieesheeue—ieeÙe heeueves Jeeuee, ke=â<Ce, iJeeuee, efkeâmeer yeeuekeâ keâe veece~
peerJe—ØeeCeer, Deelcee, peerJeOeejer, peerJeelcee~
ieewleceer—nuoer, ieesoeJejer veoer, ieesjesÛeve~
PebPejer—PejesKee, peeueer, Úeveveer~
ienve—peefšue, ienje, Ievee, ogie&ce~
ieeLee—mlegelf e, ieerle, keâLee, Skeâ ØeeÛeerve Yee<ee, DeeÙee& veece keâe JeCe& Je=òe~ PeeÌ[—heewOeeW keâe Pegjcegš, Skeâ DeeefleMeyeepeer, iegÛÚe, [eBš-Heâškeâej~
ieeÌ{e—Ievee, Ieefve‰, ÂÌ{ , ceesše~ PeeÌ[vee—PeeÌ[ve mes Oetue nševee, PeeÌ[-hetbâkeâ (šesvee) keâjvee, Peškeâvee, heâškeâejvee~
ieg®—yeÌ[e, Yeejer, hetpÙe, ceeie&oMe&keâ, ye=nmheefle, oes cee$eeDeeW Jeeuee JeCe&~ PeeWkeâe—Peškeâe,JeeÙeg keâer uenj, LeesÌ[er veebor , Je<ee& keâe LehesÌ[e~
iegªue—cetKe&, ieg"ueer Jeeuee, efieuešer Jeeuee, ieesue Deewj keâÌ[e~ šerkeâe—Heâueoeve, efleuekeâ, cemlekeâ keâe ienvee, ßes‰, JÙeeKÙee, jesie keâer jeskeâLeece
ieewlece—yegæ keâe Skeâ veece, Skeâ $e+ef<e, YeejÉepe~ kesâ efueS šerkeâe ueieevee~
Ieve—yeeoue, Ievee, efkeâmeer mebKÙee keâes Gmeer mebKÙee mes oes yeej Deewj iegCee šskeâ—meneje, ieerle keâe Úesše heo, Dee«en, Deeole, meneje osves keâer uekeâÌ[er~
keâjves hej iegCeveHeâue, Yeejer nLeewÌ[e~ šeBkeâvee—megF& mes kegâÚ peesÌ[vee, jkeâce efueKe jKevee, (Ûeeketâ Ùee Útjer) lespe
Ieesj—yengle Ievee, yengle DeefOekeâ, yengle yegje, YeÙeevekeâ~ keâjvee~
Iegce vee—ceesÌ[vee, Ûekeäkeâj osvee, uešdš t Ûeueevee, ØeÛeeefjle keâjvee, mewj keâjvee~ šeÌ[e—kegâšbgy e, yebpeejeW keâe meeceeve, ceÛeeve, ÛeewheeÙeeW keâe Peg[b ~
Ieeš —efkeâmeer peueeMeÙe Ùee veoer keâe Jen mLeeve peneB ueesie heeveer Yejles Deewj šerhe—omleeJespe, leer›e GÛÛeejCe, ojepeW Yejves keâe keâece, ngb[er, uesKee ØeefJeef°~
veneles nQ, heneÌ[, heneÌ[er ceeie&~ "ekegâj—osJ elee, F&MJej, ceeefuekeâ, mejoej, peceeRoej, #eef$eÙe, veeF&~

"me—Deeuemeer, kebâpetme, "esme, Pet"e, Yeejer, yengle keâÌ[e~ Oece&—Øeke=âefle, hegCÙe, vÙeeÙe, keâòe&JÙe, mJeYeeJe, menpe mecØeoeÙe~
"eš—{ebÛee, meece«eer, ëe=bieej, mecetn, DeeÙeespeve, {bie, efoKeeJeš~ OeJeue—mehesâo, Gpeuee, efve<keâuebkeâ, meeheâ~
"njvee—efškeâvee, Meeble nes peevee, hekeäkeâe nesvee, ®keâvee~ Oeej—Oeeje, ØeJeen, Ûeeketâ FlÙeeefo keâe hewvee efkeâveeje~
[tyevee—Demle nesvee, heeveer kesâ veerÛes peevee, ve„ nesvee, meceehle nesvee~ vekeäMee—ceeveefÛe$e, ¤hejsKee, Deeke=âefle, ueÛÚve, veKeje~
{uevee—Üeme keâer Deesj yeÌ{vee, {ueeve keâer Deesj peevee, meeBÛes ceW yeveeÙee peevee, veeÙekeâ—mesveeheefle, Úesše mesveeefOekeâejer, cegeKf eÙee, veeškeâ keâe cegKÙe hee$e~
meceÙe yeerleves keâes nesvee~ veeue—veueer, DeOe&Ûevõekeâej ueesne, [b[er, [b"ue~
Ì{eue—j#ekeâ, OeelegDeeW keâer Ì{ueeF&, Gleej~ veie—heJe&le, jlve, efJeMes<e (veieervee), mehe&, Je=#e~
Ì{eruee—Deeuemeer, veehe mes yeÌ[e, keâce keâmee ngDee~ efveMeeÛej—Ûeesj, Guuet, Øesle, je#eme~
leeje—ve#e$e, DeeBKe keâer hegleueer, osJ eer-efJeMes<e, yeeefue keâer helveer, ye=nmheefle keâer efve<keâ<e&—meejebMe, Deeqvlece heefjCeece, efveMÛeÙe~
helveer~ veekeâ—veeefmekeâe, MeesYee keâer Jemleg, Øeefle‰e, mJeie&, DeekeâeMe~
leer#Ce—Oeejoej, lespe, ØeÛeb[, G«e, Ûejheje~ veeruekebâ"—efMeJe, ceesj, Skeâ he#eer-efJeMes<e~
leerj—veoer keâe leš, yeeCe, meceerhe~ vesheLÙe—JesMeYet<ee, mepeeJeš, jbiecebÛe keâe efheÚuee Yeeie~
lece—DebOekeâej, jeng, megDej, heehe, keÇâesOe, De%eeve, ceesn~ vÙeeme—Oejesnj, YeWš, GheeqmLele keâjvee, lÙeeie, š^mš~
leue—veerÛes keâe Yeeie, heWoe, peue kesâ veerÛes keâer Yetefce, hewj keâe leueJee, nLesueer, veeie—meeBhe, neLeer, meermee, Skeâ osMe keâe veece, keâõ mes Glhevve keâMÙehe keâer
melen, mehle heeleeueeW ceW mes Skeâ~ mebleeve, heJe&le, yeeoue, jebiee, og°~
lelJe—cetue, ÙeLeeLe&, meej, hebÛeYetle, yeÇÿee~ veeiej—veeieefjkeâ, Ûelegj, meeW", veeiej ceesLee~
leele—efhelee, hetpÙe, yeÌ[e, ieg®, YeeF&, efce$e~ vekeâueer—yeveeJešer, Pet"e, vekeâue mes yevee, keâeuheefvekeâ~
leehe—pJej, DeeBÛe, keâ„, ceeveefmekeâ keâ„, leerve Øekeâej kesâ leehe (DeeOÙeeeqlcekeâ, veekeâe—ØeJesMe Éej, megF& keâe Úso, Ûeewkeâer - Leevee~
DeeefOeJewefokeâ SJeb DeeefOeYeewelf ekeâ) G<Celee~ heÙe—otOe, heeveer, Devve~
le#ekeâ—efJeMJekeâcee&, yeÌ{F&, met$eOeej, mehe& efJeMes<e~ heefle—mJeeceer, otune, F&MJej, Fppele, Øeefle‰e~
leguee—leguevee, lejepet, leewue, Skeâ jeefMe~ heo—hewj, Deesnoe, JeekeäÙeebMe, Úbo keâe ÛejCe, hee$e, efveMeeve~
leej—ÛeeBoer, Oeeleg lebleg, metle, šsueerheâesve~ he#e—hebKe, oue, hevõn efove keâer DeJeefOe (heKeJeeje), heeMJe&~
leeue—leeueeye, leuen, leeÌ[, ueÙe - leeue, nLesueer~ helebie—metÙe&, he#eer, iegñer, helebiee, veeJe~
lejbie—Gcebie,uenj, mJej uenjer~ heeveer—peue, Fppele, Ûecekeâ, Je<ee&, mJeeefYeceeve~
leueye—yegueeJee, Jesleve, Keespe, Ûeen, DeeJeMÙekeâlee~ he=‰—heer", hevvee, heerÚs keâe Yeeie, Thejer melen~
leejkeâ—leeje, leejves Jeeuee, DeeBKe keâer hegleueer~ heee|LeJe—he=LJeer keâe, jepemeer, efceóer keâe efMeJeeEueie~
leeJe—keâ°, DeeJesMe, leehe (iejceer), keâeiepe keâe Skeâ hetje efnmmee~ heesle—penepe, yeÛÛee, Jem$e, iegeÌ[f Ùee~
legjbie—IeesÌ[e, efÛeòe~ hebÛeeveve—eEmen, efMeJe, Øekeâeb[ efJeÉeve~
oes<e—keâceer, efJekeâej, DehejeOe, yegjeF&, Ssye~ hekeäkeâe—FËšeW keâe yevee, heg„, efveeqMÛele, eqmLej~
oC[—[C[e, mepee, meceÙe keâe efJeYeso, Ùece, Dem$e, Skeâ Øekeâej keâer keâmejle~ heš—keâheÌ[e, hejoe, efkeâJeeÌ[~
efÉpe—DeC[pe, ØeeCeer, he#eer, yeÇeÿeCe, Ûevõcee, oeBle, oes yeej pevce~ he$e—heòee, efÛešd" er, hebKe, meceeÛeej-he$e, Oeeleg keâe heòej~
oue—mecetn, heòee, Hetâue keâer hebKegÌ[er, ceb[ueer, mesvee~ helee—ef"keâevee, Yeso, ceeuetce nesvee, metÛevee~
o#e—Ûelegj, yeÇÿee kesâ heg$e keâe veece, Øepeeheefle~ heÙeesOej—yeeoue, leeueeye, mleve, heJe&le~
õesCe—õesCeeÛeeÙe&, keâewDee, oesvee, Skeâ heJe&le efJeMes<e, efyeÛÚt, uekeâÌ[er keâe jLe~ heÛee&—ØeMve-he$e, keâeiepe, DeKeyeej~
Éej—ojJeepee, DebMe, meeOeve, Mejerj kesâ efÚõ Jeeues Debie~ heefjkeâj—mecetn, keâcejyebo, heefjJeej, veewkeâj-Ûeekeâj~
õJÙe—Jemleg, Oeve~ heuuee—DeeBÛeue, lejepet keâe heueÌ[e, efoMee, efkeâJeeÌ[~
oece—Oeve, cetuÙe, jmmeer~ heešer—hebekq eäle, jerefle, leKleer, ÛeejheeF& keâer heóer~
oeÙe—onspe, GòejeefOekeâej ceW Øeehle mebheefòe, oeefÙelJe~ hegjevee—ØeeÛeerve, {sj meejs efoveeW keâe, peerCe&-MeerCe&, DevegYeJeer (JÙeeqkeäle)~
OeÇgJe—eqmLej, efveeqMÛele, heJe&le, jepee Gòeeveheeo keâe heg$e~ heg<keâj—leeueeye, keâceue, heeveer, ceo, yeeCe, DeekeâeMe~
Oeve_peÙe—Deeqive, efÛe$ekeâ, Je=#e, Depeg&ve, Depeg&ve Je=#e, efJe<Ceg, Mejerj keâer he_ÛeJeeÙeg heg„—hekeäkeâe, heefjhetCe&, efmeæ, ÂÌ{, heeuee-heesmee~
ceW Skeâ~ hesMeer—cegkeâoces keâer megveJeeF&, hesMe nesves keâer DeJemLee, Mejerj keâe hegšd"e, leueJeej
Oee$eer—ceelee, DeeBJeuee, he=LJeer, Gheceelee, OeeÙe~ keâer cÙeeve~
Oeve—mebheefòe, ieefCele ceW peesÌ[ keâe Skeâ efÛeÖ, cetue hetbpeer, ÛeewheeÙeeW keâe Skeâ Pegb[~ ØelÙeÙe—efJeMJeeme, Meyo kesâ heerÚs peesÌ[e peeves Jeeuee De#ej Ùee De#ej mecetn~
ØehebÛe—PebPeš, yeKes[Ì e, efceLÙee, peiele, efJemleej~ jme—efveÛeesÌ[, mJeeo, Deevevo, Oeeleg keâe Yemce, Deke&â, meòJe~
ØeYeeJe—meeceLÙe&, Demej, ceefncee, oyeeJe~ jmeeue—Deece, F&Ke, jmeeruee, ceer"e~
heekeâ—hekeâeves keâer ef›eâÙee, jmeesF&, JeÛeve, heefJe$e, efveoex<e~ jbie—JeCe&, MeesYee, ceveeseJf eveeso, jesye, veeÛe-ieevee, {bie, Ùegæ #es$e~
hej—hebKe, Thej, otmeje, efkeâvleg, hejeÙee~ jeefMe—efkeâmeer keâe GòejeefOekeâejer, ces<e, Je=<e Deeefo jeefMeÙeeB, Oeve~
heejeJej—mecegõ, no~ ®Ke—®Peeve,ceveesYeeJe, Ûesnje, lejheâ, meeceves keâe Yeeie, Melejbpe keâe ceesnje~
hee"—efMe#ee, meerKe, JeeÛeve, meyekeâ~ jefMce—efkeâjCe, [esjer~
hee$e—yele&ve,keâneveer kesâ Debkeâ ceW Yetefcekeâe efveYeeves Jeeuee JÙeefòeâ, veoer keâe ueieevee—peesÌ[vee, efÛehekeâevee, ceejvee, KeÛe& keâj osvee, efveÙegkeäle keâjvee, DeejcYe
heeš, DeefOekeâejer JÙeefòeâ~ keâjevee, meševee, ÛegYevee~
heeMJe&—yeieue, hebpej, #es$e keâe Debie, neefMeÙee, he#e~ uebiej—ueesns keâe keâebše, pebpeerj, keâÛÛeer efmeueeF&, ®keâe jnvee, vešKeš, iejeryeeW
heeefue—hebefòeâ, Skeâ Yee<ee, meercee, ieeBJe~ ceW yeebše peeves Jeeuee Yeespeve~
eEheieue—Úbo Meem$e, yeboj, Skeâ he#eer, heeruee~ ueÙe—Skeâ heoeLe& keâe otmejs ceW efceuevee, OÙeeve ceW [tyevee, Devegjeie, ØeueÙe~
eEhepej—efhebpeje, megvenje jbie, DeefmLe-hebpej~ ueeue—yesše, Úesše, efØeÙe yeeuekeâ, jkeäleJeCe&, yengle ›egâæ~
heesÛe—legÛÚ, nerve, Kejeye, efve:meej, DeJeeje~
JeCe&—De#ej, jbie, peeefle, Meyo, ¤he, ÛeelegJe&CÙe& (yeÇeÿeCe, #eef$eÙe, JewMÙe,Metõ)~
Heâue—heefjCeece, ueeYe, keâce&Ùeesie, cesJee, Mem$e keâe De«eYeeie~
efJeefOe—keâevetve, YeeiÙe, yeÇÿee, Ùegekq eäle, JÙeJemLee, lejerkeâe, efJeOeelee~
hetâšvee—Debkegâj efvekeâuevee, Øekeâš nesvee, Úso nesvee, Deueie nes peevee~
efJeOeeve—Deveg‰eve, JÙeJemLee, ØeCeeueer, jÛevee, {bie, Dee%ee keâjvee~
hetâuevee—hegef<hele nesvee, yengle Øemevve nesvee, Ieceb[ keâjvee, ™"vee,metpevee~
efJe«en—ueÌ[eF&, Mejerj, osJ elee keâer cetel| e, efJeMues<eCe~
yenej—yemeble $e+leg, Deevebo, jesÛekeâ, Skeâ jeie efJeMes<e~
yebOeve—yeeBOeves keâer Ûeerpe, kewâo, yeeBOe, hegue~ Jeej—Dee›eâceCe, mehleen keâe keâesF& efove, yeeCe, efMeJe, yeejer, DeJemej, Éej~
yeewjeÙee—heeieue, efpemeceW yeewj ueie ieÙee nes~ Jeve—pebieue, peue, yeeie, keâe‰, HetâueeW keâe iegÛÚe~
yeÛeevee—j#ee keâjvee, KeÛe& mes yeÛeevee, meeceves ve Deeves osvee~ efJe<eÙe—Yeesie-efJeueeme, Øemebie, Yeewelf ekeâ heoeLe&, mLeeve, efJeJesÛeveeLe& yeele~
yeue—Meeqkeäle, mesvee, meneje, Ûekeäkeâj, cejesÌ[~ Jej—otune, ßes‰, JejCe keâjves ÙeesiÙe, Jejoeve~
efyevog—yetBo, keâCe, MetvÙe, DevegmJeej efÛeÖ~ efJeÛeej—jeÙe, meueen, OÙeeve, ceevÙelee~
yebMeer—yeeBmegjer, ceÚueer Hebâmeeves keâe keâebše~ efJeYetelf e—SsMJeÙe&, yengleeÙele, efoJÙe, Meeqkeäle, jeKe, ceefnceeceÙe, heg®<e~
yeefue—Ghenej, ÛeÌ{eJee, jepee yeefue, keâj, yeefueoeve~ efJeJesÛeve—leke&â-efJeleke&â, meled-Demeled efJeÛeej, efve¤heCe, hejer#eCe~
yeeue—yeÛÛee, kesâMe, Devve keâe ueš~ Je=òe—ieesue Iesje, Je=òeeble, Ûeefj$e, Jee|Cekeâ Úbo ~
YeieJeeve—F&MJej, SsMJeÙe&Meeueer, ceneheg®<e, hetpÙe, %eeve Deewj JewjeiÙe mes mechevve~ Jesuee—DeJekeâeMe, meceÙe, mecegõ keâer uenj~
YeeJe—efJeÛeej, DeefYeØeeÙe, ßeæe, oj, DeeqmlelJe, cegKeeke=âefle~ JÙeJenej—keâece, yejleeJe, cenepeveer, oerJeeveer, ceeceuee, cegkeâocee~
Yetle—Øesle, Mejerj kesâ hebÛeYetle, yeerlee keâeue~ efJe<ece—Yeer<eCe, yengle keâef"ve, Demeceeve~
Yeso—jnmÙe, Deblej, Hetâš, Úso ve~ Je=efòe—jespeer, hesMee, mJeYeeJe, ®Peeve, meneÙelee kesâ efueS efceueves Jeeuee Oeve~
Yeesie—keâceeX keâe Heâue, keâypee, efJeueeme, osJ elee keâe KeeÅe heoeLe&, megKeevegYeJe~ JebMe—kegâue, iees$e, yeeBmegjer, yeeBme~
ceeve—Fppele, veehe-leewue, DeefYeceeve, ¤"vee, Ieceb[~ meQOeJe—vecekeâ, eEmeOeg osMe keâe IeesÌ[e~
cenerOej—heJe&le, Mes<eveeie, Skeâ Jee|Cekeâ Úvo~ mebkeâesÛe—efmekegâÌ[vee, ueppee, efnÛeefkeâÛeenš~
ceeÙee—YeÇce, oewuele, Fbõpeeue, YeieJeeve keâer ueeruee~ meb%ee—mebkesâle, %eeve, veece, Ûeslevee~
cegõe—efmekeäkeâe, ceesnj, DeBiet"er, Úehee, efÛeÖ, Deeke=âefle~ mebefOe—peesÌ[, De#ejeW keâe cesue, ÙegieeW keâe efceueve, heejcheefjkeâ, efveMÛeÙe, meWOe~
ceo—n<e&, keâmletjer, veMee, ieJe&, celeJeeuee, Meer<e&~ mebmkeâej—heefjMeesOeve, meHeâeF&, Oeee|cekeâ ke=âlÙe, DeeÛeej-JÙeJenej, ceve hej heÌ[ves
ceOeg—Meno, yemeble $e+leg, Mejeye, Ûew$eceeme~ Jeeues ØeYeeJe~
ceb$e—Jeso keâe Mueeskeâ, meueen, peeot pewmee JeekeäÙe, jeÙe~ meOevee—DeeMeÙe hetje nesvee, DeYÙemle nesvee, "erkeâ peien hej ueievee~
ceb[ue—Je=òe, metÙe&-Ûevõcee keâe Iesje, YetKeb[, Ûekeäkeâj~ mecyevOe—peesÌ[, cesue-peesue, efjMlee, leeuuegkeâ, JÙeekeâjCe ceW Ú"eb keâejkeâ~
ceeveme—ceveg<Ùe,keâeceosJ e, ceve mes Glhevve, ceve, otle~ mejue—F&ceeveoej, meerOee, Deemeeve, Keje~
Ùeesie—cesue, ueieeJe, OÙeeve, kegâue, peesÌ[, MegYekeâeue, ceve keâer meeOevee~ mener—nmlee#ej, meÛe, "erkeâ, ØeeceeefCekeâlee~
Ùegòeâ—pegÌ[e ngDee, GefÛele, efceefßele~ meeOeve—GheeÙe, GhekeâjCe, meeceeve, heeueve, keâejCe~
Ùegefòeâ—efceueve, oueerue, lejkeâerye~ meeOevee—efmeæ keâjvee, ceveesÙeesiehetJe&keâ DeejeOevee mechevve keâjvee, hekeäkeâe keâjvee,
jkeäle—ueeue, Ketve, kesâmej, ueeue Ûebove~ Deheves JeMe ceW keâjvee~
meeHeâ—efvece&ue, efveoex<e, meceleue, Megæ, mhe„, efveMÚue, (efnmeeye) Ûegkeâlee~ (c) Jejoeve (d) Mejerj
meejbie—keâesÙeue, Ûeelekeâ, ceesj, nbme, yeepe, eEmen, IeesÌ[e, neLeer, Skeâ ce=ie, Gòej–(d)
metÙe&, Ûevõcee, meesvee, YeeQje, Oeveg<e, yeeoue~ Jej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Mejerj veneR nw~
meesce—Skeâ osJ elee, Ûevõcee, Skeâ efove keâe veece, kegâyesj, Ùece, Dece=le, JeeÙeg, peue,
mJeie&~ 4. nsce keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
mesnle—megKe, mJeemLÙe, jesie mes Úgš keâeje~ (a) meesvee (b) yeHe&â
mvesn—Øesce, lesue, efyekeâvee, heoeLe&, keâesceuelee~ (c) heJe&le (d) Fppele
meej—lelJe, efve<keâ<e&, OewÙe&, ueeYe, jme, jmee Gòej–(c)
efmeæ—ØeceeefCele, lewÙeej, meceehle, Ùeesieer~ nsce keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo heJe&le veneR nw~
efmeje—Deble, Ûeesšer, meceeefhle~
efmeueefmeuee—ßesCeer, ›eâce, hejcheje, ueÌ[er~ 5. efJeYetelf e keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
meerOee—mejue, Yeuee, ØelÙe#e, oeefnvee, efveMÚue, pees šsÌ{ e ve nes~ (a) JewYeJe (b) SsMJeÙe&
megjefYe—megiebOe, ßes‰, mJeCe&, ieew, yemeble $e+leg~ (c) Meeqkeäle (d) jeKe
megJeCe&—meesvee, megvenje, megboj JeCe& keâe~ Gòej–(a)
metle—yeÌ{F&, meejLeer, leeiee, Skeâ $e+ef<e keâe veece~ efJeYetefle keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo JewYeJe veneR nw~
met$e—metle,efveÙece, helee, mebkesâle, ietÌ{, DeLe& Yeje, mebe#f ehle JeekeäÙe~
efmLej—efveefMÛele, hekeäkeâe, Oeerj, efveMÛeue~ 6. jmeeue keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
Meefòeâ—leekeâle, DeefOekeâej, Øeke=âefle, ceeÙee, ogiee&~ (a) Deece (b) jmeeruee
efMeJe—keâuÙeeCe, ceneosJ e, cebieue, YeeiÙeMeeueer~ (c) F&Ke (d) Dece®o
Megæ—mJeÛÚ, heefJe$e, meeheâ, "erkeâ~ Gòej–(d)
Metj—Jeerj, Ùeesæe, efJe<Ceg, efmebn~ jmeeue keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Dece®o veneR nw~
nefj—efJe<Ceg, cesÌ{keâ, mehe&, metÙe&, IeesÌ[e, ÛeeBo, efkeâjCe, nbme, Deeie, neLeer,
keâeceosJe~ 7. Depe keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
nbme—Ùeesieer, metÙe&, peerJeelcee, F&MJej, cejeue, mehesâo~ (a) ces<e (b) yekeâje
nsce—yeHe&â, mJeCe&, Fppele, heeruee jbie~ (c) Je=æ (d) jeefMe
nj—ØelÙeskeâ, efMeJe, njCe keâjves Jeeuee, efYevve ceW DebMe kesâ veerÛes keâer mebKÙee~ Gòej–(c)
nej—hejepeÙe, LekeâeJeš, neefve, efJejn, ceeuee, megvoj, Yeepekeâ, veeMe keâjves Depe keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Je=æ veneR nw~
Jeeuee~
nueOej—yeuejece, efkeâmeeve, yewue~ 8. FÌ[e keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
(a) he=LJeer (b) ieeÙe
DeYÙeeme ØeMve (c) Ûevõcee (d) JeeCeer
1. Jeej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw– Gòej–(c)
(a) efove (b) DeJemej FÌ[e keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Ûevõcee veneR nw~
(c) Éej (d) PeieÌ[e keâjvee
9. Deelcee keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
Gòej–(d)
(a) ùoÙe (b) yeÇÿe
Jeej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo PeieÌ[e keâjvee veneR nw~ (c) metÙe& (d) Deeqive
2. meejbie keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw– Gòej–(a)
(a) keâesÙeue (b) ce=ie Deelcee keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo ùoÙe veneR nw~
(c) IeesÌ[e (d) Deeie
10. Ge|ce keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw–
Gòej–(d)
(a) heerÌ[e (b) Debie
meejbie keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Deeie veneR nw~ (c) uenj (d) og:Ke
3. Jej keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo veneR nw– Gòej–(b)

(a) ßes‰ (b) JejCe keâjves ÙeesiÙe Debie keâe DeveskeâeLeea Meyo Ge|ce veneR nw~
Deveskeâ MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ Meyo
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 5. JeekeäÙeebMe keâe Skeâ Meyo yeveeFS—
‘efpemekesâ ùoÙe ceW cecelee veneR nw’
efveoxMe : ØeMve mebKÙee 1 SJeb 2 efoS ieS JeekeäÙeebMeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo
(a) efvece&ce (b) efveo&Ùe
keâe ÛeÙeve keâjW~
(c) efveYe&Ùe (d) efveùoÙe
1. ‘pees Deheves mLeeve Ùee efmLeefle mes Deueie ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ’–
Gòej—(a)
(a) DeÛÙegle (b) Deštš
(c) Deš ue (d) DeosÙe
‘efpemekesâ ùoÙe ceW cecelee veneR nQ ‘Gmes ‘efvece&ce’ keânles nQ~ ‘efpemes oÙee ve nes’
Gmes ‘efveo&Ùe’ keânles nQ~ Fmeer Øekeâej ‘efpemes YeÙe ve nes’ Gmes ‘efveYe&Ùe’ keânles
Gòej–(a)
nQ~
‘pees Deheves mLeeve Ùee efmLeefle mes Deueie ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ’ kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo
6. efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙeebMe kesâ efueÙes Skeâ Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS~
nw ‘DeÛÙegle’~ ‘pees Deheveer yeele Ùee peien mes šues veneR’ kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo nw
hetjye Deewj Gòej kesâ yeerÛe keâer efoMee
‘Dešue’~ ‘pees efoÙee ve pee mekesâ’ kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo nw ‘DeosÙe’~
(a) DeeivesÙe (b) F&Meeve
2. ‘efpeme m$eer kesâ heg$e Deewj heefle ve nes’ Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo- (c) JeeÙeJÙe (d) vew$e+lÙe
(a) DeJeerje (b) Deyeuee Gòej—(b)
(c) DemeneÙe (d) DekewâuÙee oef#eCe Deewj hetJe& kesâ yeerÛe keâer efoMee Deeives Ùe
Gòej—(a) hetJe& Deewj Gòej kesâ yeerÛe keâer efoMee F&Meeve
‘efpeme m$eer kesâ heg$e Deewj heefle ve nes’ Gmes ‘DeJeerje’ keânles nQ~ DeJeerje keâe Gòej Deewj heefMÛece kesâ yeerÛe keâer efoMee JeeÙeJÙe
Skeâ DeLe& ‘ceveceevee DeeÛejCe keâjves Jeeueer’ Yeer neslee nw~ Jen m$eer efpemeceW oef#eCe Deewj heefMÛece kesâ yeerÛe keâer efoMee vew$e+lÙe
yeue Ùee Meefòeâ ve nes Gmes ‘Deyeuee’ keânles nQ~ 7. efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ efueÙes ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues mener efJekeâuhe keâes ÛegefveS~
3. ‘peerves keâer FÛÚe’– Jen keâefJe pees lelkeâeue keâefJelee keâjves ceW kegâMeue nes~
(a) megkeâefJe (b) cenekeâefJe
(a) efp e%eemeg (b) efpepeereJf e<ee
(c) jepekeâefJe (d) DeeMegkeâefJe
(c) efpeieer<eg (d) efheheemeg
Gòej—(d)
Gòej–(b)
’Jen keâefJe pees lelkeâeue keâefJelee keâjves ceW kegâMeue nes' kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo
JeekeäÙeebMe Skeâ Meyo
`DeeMegkeâefJe' nw~
peerves keâer FÛÚe efpepeereJf e<ee
peeveves keâer FÛÚe jKeves Jeeuee efp e%eemeg 8. pees Oejleer heâesÌ[keâj pevcelee nw—
efkeâmeer hej efJepeÙe heeves keâer FÛÚe jKeves Jeeuee efpeieer<eg (a) mJeÙebYet (b) pevcepeele
efpemes heeveer Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe Jemleg efheheemeg (c) pejeÙegpe (d) GodefYepe
keâes heerves keâer hÙeeme nes Gòej—(d)

pees Oejleer heâes[Ì keâj pevcelee nw, ‘GodefYepe’, pees mJeÙeb Deheves-Deehe Glhevve
4. efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS–
ngDee nes, ‘mJeÙebYet’ leLee ceelee kesâ ieYe& mes pevce uesves Jeeuee ‘pejeÙegpe’
heehe keâjves kesâ yeeo mJeÙeb ob[ heevee
keânueelee nw~
(a) ØeleeÌ[vee (b) heMÛeeleehe
(c) ØeeÙeefMÛele (d) nej ceeve uesvee 9. Skeâ ner meceÙe ceW Jele&ceeve-
(a) DeepeerJeve (b) MeeMJele
Gòej–(c)
(c) mecemeeceefÙekeâ (d) meceevegketâ ue
`heehe keâjves kesâ yeeo mJeÙeb ob[ heevee' JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo `ØeeÙeefMÛele' nw~ Gòej—(c)
Skeâ ner meceÙe ceW Jele&ceeve JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS mecemeeceefÙekeâ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
peelee nw, peyeefkeâ peerJeve Yej kesâ efueS DeepeerJeve Meyo ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
10. heeefLe&Je-  DeveskeâeLe&keâ MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ Meyo
(a) efpemekeâe mecyevOe ceveg<ÙeeW mes nw~ mebÛeej ›eâebefle kesâ Ùegie ceW meceÙe keâce nesves kesâ meeLe-meeLe heejmheefjkeâ
(b) efpemekeâe mecyevOe ØeLee mes nw~ mebØes<eCe ceW Yeer keâceer DeeF& nw~ Dele: meeceeefpekeâ mes ueskeâj jepevewelf ekeâ, JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ
(c) efpemekeâe mecyevOe F&MJej mes nw~ mes ueskeâj JÙeeheeefjkeâ, je°êrÙe mes ueskeâj Deblejje°êrÙe #es$e ceW mebe#f ehle Deewj
(d) efpemekeâe mecyevOe he=LJeer mes nw~ meejieefYe&le Jeelee& keâes Øeemebefiekeâ ceevee pee jne nw~
Gòej—(d) Yee<ee Deheveer efJekeâeme Ùee$ee ceW ›eâceMe: Ssmes MeyoeW Deewj cegneJejeW kesâ
efvecee&Ce keâer Deesj GvcegKe nesleer nw, pees Deveskeâ MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej ØeÙegkeäle nesles
heeefLe&Je Meyo keâe JeekeäÙe ‘efpemekeâe mecyevOe he=LJeer mes nw’ nesiee~ nQ leLee DeLe& kesâ oyeeJe keâes DeefOekeâeefOekeâ Jenve keâj mekeâles nQ~ Yee<ee cetue mebkesâle
11. efpevekeâe ØeÙeesie efveefMÛele Meyo-mecegoeÙe Ùee hetjs JeekeäÙe keâe, Deefleefjòeâ nw FmeefueS Jen mebkesâle keâes DeefOekeâ-mes-DeefOekeâ met#ce yeveeleer peeleer nw~ efJeMJe keâer
YeeJeeLe& Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS neslee nw, Gmes keânles nQ– mece=æ Yee<eeDeeW keâer Ùener ØeJe=efòe jner nw~ Yee<ee keâer megÂÌ{lee, YeeJeeW keâer iecYeerjlee
(a) meceeveef OekeâjCe (b) JÙeefOekeâjCe Deewj Ûegmle Mewueer kesâ efueS Ùen DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ uesKekeâ MeyoeW (heoeW) kesâ ØeÙeesie
(c) efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ (d) efveheele ceW mebÙece mes keâece ues, leeefkeâ Jen efJemle=le efJeÛeejeW Ùee YeeJeeW keâes LeesÌ[s-mes-LeesÌ[s
Gòej—(d) MeyoeW ceW JÙekeäle keâj mekesâ~ ‘ieeiej ceW meeiej Yejvee’ keâneJele Ùener ÛeefjleeLe&
keâjleer nw~ meceeme, leefæle Deewj ke=âovle JeekeäÙeebMe Ùee JeekeäÙe Skeâ Meyo Ùee heo kesâ
efveheeleeW keâe ØeÙeesie efveefMÛele Meyo, Meyo-mecegoeÙe Ùee hetjs JeekeäÙe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ
YeeJeeLe& Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS neslee nw~ efveheele meneÙekeâ nesles ngS Yeer JeekeäÙe ¤he ceW mebe#f ehle efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nQ~ Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW cetue JeekeäÙeebMe Ùee JeekeäÙe kesâ
kesâ Debie veneR nw~ hej JeekeäÙe ceW Fvekesâ ØeÙeesie mes Gme JeekeäÙe keâe mece«e DeLe& MeyoeW kesâ Devegmeej ner Skeâ Meyo Ùee heo keâe efvecee&Ce nesvee ÛeeefnS~ otmejer yeele
JÙeòeâ neslee nw~ Ùen efkeâ JeekeäÙeebMe keâes meb#eshe ceW meeceeefmekeâ heo keâe Yeer ¤he efoÙee peelee nw~ kegâÚ
Ssmes uee#eefCekeâ heo Ùee Meyo Yeer nQ, pees Deheves ceW hetjs Skeâ JeekeäÙe Ùee JeekeäÙeebMe
efveoxMe : (ØeMve mebKÙee 12-13) JeekeäÙeebMeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ GefÛele efJekeâuhe ÛegveW- keâe DeLe& jKeles nQ~
12. pees Fvõ hej efJepeÙe Øeehle keâj Ûegkeâe nes– Meyo mecetneW kesâ ef ueS Skeâ Meyo keâer JÙeehekeâlee yengle DeefOekeâ nw~
(a) FvõpesÙe (b) Fvog ÙeÅeefhe nceves Fme Keb[ kesâ Debl e ceW h etJe& hejer#eeDeeW keâe nue oskeâj Gmes keâeHeâer
(c) Fvõpeerle (d) efpelesevf õÙe no lekeâ mecesšves keâe ØeÙeeme ef keâÙee nw, efHeâj Yeer meeJeOeeveer kesâ leewj hej
Gòej—(c) efvecveefueefKele DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer keâes Yeer meceeefnle efkeâÙee nw~
pees Fvõ hej efJepeÙe Øeehle keâj Ûegkeâe nes, Gmes Fvõpeerle keâne peelee nw, • efyevee nue peesles Gieves Jeeueer heâmeue Deke=â°heÛÙee
peyeefkeâ FefvõÙeeW keâes peerleves Jeeuee efpelesevf õÙe keânueelee nw~ • Jen Yetefce pees henues ve peesleer ieF& nes Deke=â°hetJee&
• pees keg â Ú ve keâns / pees keâne ve pee mekes â DekeâLÙe
13. GÛÛe kegâue ceW hewoe JÙeefòeâ– • pees Ieyejeves Jeeuee ve nes Dekeâelej
(a) Oeveer (b) meJeCe& • pees peeslee-yeesÙee ve ieÙee nes Deke=â°/Deke=âef <ele
(c) ßes‰ (d) keg âueerve
• Jen mesvee efpemeceW yengle mes neLeer,
Gòej—(d)
IeesÌ[s, jLe Deewj hewoue efmeheener neW De#eewefnCeer
GÛÛe kegâue ceW hewoe JÙeefòeâ kegâueerve keânueelee nw, peyeefkeâ meceeve JeCe& ceW hewoe • pees leke& â mes ef
m eæ ve nes DelekeäÙe&
nesves Jeeuee JÙeefòeâ meJeCe& keânueelee nw~ • DelÙeble met#ce Ùee Úesše nesves keâer Meefòeâ Øeehle nesvee DeefCecee
• pewveeW keâe metÙee&mle mes henues nesves Jeeuee Yeespeve DeLeT
14. pebieue ceW ueieves Jeeueer Deeie keâes keäÙee keânles nQ?
• heefMÛece efoMee efpemeceW metÙe& Demle neslee nw DeLecevee
(a) Jeveeefive (b) oeJeeveue
• Jen efpemeves efkeâmeer mes $e+Ce efueÙee nes DeOeceCe&
(c) pe"jeefive (d) yeÌ[Jeeveue
• Jen Jemleg efpeme hej DeefOekeâej peleeÙee peeÙe DeOÙeLe&
Gòej—(b) • ef p emekeâer keâer cele keâce nes DeveOÙe&
pebieue ceW ueieves Jeeueer Deeie keâes oeJeeveue (oeJeeefive), hesš keâer Deeie pe"jeefive • pees JeMe ceW ve ngDee nes DeveeÙele
(pe"jeveue) Deewj mecegõ ceW ueieves Jeeueer Deeie keâes yeÌ[Jeeefive (yeÌ[Jeeveue) keâne • Ssmeer ØeMebmee efpememes efveboe keâe YeeJe efvekeâues Deh emlege fle
• efpemes ceejvee GefÛele ve nes/efpemes keâesF& ceej ve mekesâ DeyeOÙe/DeIevÙee
peelee nw~
• Jen yeele Ùee YeeJe efpemes Øekeâš keâjves keâer FÛÚe nes DeefYeØesle
• efve<heâue ve nesves Jeeuee DeceesIe • ce=lekeâ keâer Debelf ece ef›eâÙee Debl Ùesef°/ßeeæ
• efkeâmeer kesâ iegCe keâes Yeer DeJeiegCe mecePevee DemetÙ ee • pees hejer#ee ceW GòeerCe& ve nes Devegò eerCe&
• meyemes Deeies jnves Jeeuee De«eCeer • efpemekeâer mebKÙee ve nes mekesâ DemebKÙe
• efpemekeâes ve peerlee pee mekesâ DepesÙe • pees ve° ve nes mekesâ DeveMJej
• efpemekesâ yeejs ceW keâesF& efveMÛeÙe ve nes Deef veefMÛele • efpeme hesÌ[ kesâ heòes PeÌ[ ieÙes neW DeheCe& /Dehe$e
• pees Deheves mLeeve Ùee efmLeefle mes Deueie ve • Deuhe Jesleve Yeesieves Jeeuee DeuheJesleveYeesieer
efkeâÙee pee mekesâ/pees keâYeer ÛÙegle ve ngDee nes DeÛÙegle • peneB peeÙee ve pee mekesâ DeiecÙe
• pees Deheveer yeele mes šues veneR Dešue • De«e (Deeies) keâer yeele meesÛeves Jeeuee De«emeesÛ eer
• efpemekeâe efveJeejCe ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ/ • DeOÙeÙeve Øeehle keâjeves Jeeuee DeOÙeehekeâ
efpemes keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nes DeefveJeeÙe& • efpemekeâe otmeje GheeÙe veneR nw DevevÙeesh eeÙe
• pees Deveg«en (ke=âhee) mes Ùegkeäle nes Devegie=nerle • efpemekeâe DevegYeJe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw DevegYetle
• heerÚs-heerÚs Ûeueves Jeeuee Devegieeceer • efpemekeâe %eeve FefvõÙeeW kesâ Éeje ve nes/
• pees meyekesâ ceve keâer yeele peevelee nes Debl eÙee&ceer pees Fbeõf ÙeeW (iees) Éeje ve peevee pee mekesâ Deiees Ûej/Deleer beõf Ùe
• pees kegâÚ veneR peevelee nes De%e/De%eeveer • efpemekeâer DeeMee ve keâer peeÙe DeØelÙeeef Mele
• pees Oeve keâes JÙeLe& ner KeÛe& keâjlee nes DeheJÙeÙeer • efpemekeâer Ghecee veneR nes Devegh ece
• efpemekeâer keâuhevee ve keâer pee mekesâ DekeâuheveerÙe/keâuheveeleerle
• pees efkeâmeer hej DeefYeÙeesie ueieeS Deef YeÙees ieer
• efpeme nBmeer mes Dešdš eefuekeâe lekeâ efnue mekesâ Dešdš neme
• pees keâce peevelee nes Deuhe%e
• efpemekeâer meercee ve nes Demeer ce
• pees efJeefOe Ùee keâevetve kesâ efJe®æ nes DeJewOe/iewj keâevetveer
• keâYeer veneR cejves Jeeuee Decej
• pees Yeuee-yegje ve mecePelee nes/meesÛe-mecePekeâj
• oeshenj kesâ yeeo keâe meceÙe DehejeÖ
keâece ve keâjlee nes DeefJeJ eskeâer
• efyevee heuekeâ efiejeÙes Ùee efyevee heuekeâ Pehekesâ
• pees JÙeefkeäle efJeosMe ceW jnlee nes ØeJeemeer
Deefveces<e/Deheuekeâ/Skeâškeâ
• pees Meeskeâ keâjves ÙeesiÙe veneR nes DeMees keä Ùe • efpemekesâ ceelee-efhelee veneR nQ DeveeLe
• efpemekeâer efÛeblee veneR nes mekeâleer/ • Jen Ùeb$e pees Úesšer Ûeerpe keâes yeÌ[e efoKeelee nw DeCegJeer#eCe
efpemekeâe efÛebleve ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ DeefÛ ebleveer Ùe/DeefÛ eblÙe • keâF& JÙeefkeäleÙeeW ceW Skeâ DevÙelece
• efpemekeâe Gòej veneR efoÙee ieÙee nes Devegò eefjle • keâeue mes henues Deeves Jeeueer ce=lÙeg Dekeâeuece= lÙeg
• Jen m$eer efpemekeâe heefle otmeje efJeJeen keâj ues DeOÙetÌ{ e • keâneR Deemekeäle ve jnves Jeeuee Deveemekeäle
• efpemes yegueeÙee ve ieÙee nes Deveent le • efpeme keâefuhele heJe&le kesâ heerÚs metÙe& Demle neslee nw DemleeÛ eue
• hejcheje mes Ûeueer DeeF& ngF& yeele Ùee keâLee Devegßege fle • efpemekesâ meceeve otmeje veneR nw DeefÉleerÙe
• efyevee Jesleve keâe DeJewleefvekeâ • efpemekesâ heeme kegâÚ Yeer veneR nes DeefkebâÛeve
• Skeâ-Skeâ De#ej lekeâ De#ejMe: • efpemekesâ kegâue keâe helee ve nes De%eelekeg âue
• efpeme hej DeefYeÙeesie ueieeÙee ieÙee nes Deef YeÙegk eäle • efpemekesâ Deeves keâer efleefLe ceeuetce ve nes DeefleefLe
• efpemekesâ Deboj DeLe& Yeje nes DeLe&ieefYe&le • efpemeceW Meefkeäle veneR nw DeMekeäle
• efpemekeâer efieveleer ve nes mekesâ Deveefievele • efpemeceW meeceLÙe& veneR nw DemeceLe&
• pees Megæ ve nes DeMegæ • efpemekeâe pevce henues ngDee nes De«epe
• efpemes heÌ{e ve pee mekesâ Dehe"ddÙe • efpemekeâe pevce heerÚs ngDee nes Devegpe
• pees ØeceeCe Éeje efmeæ ve nes mekesâ DeheefjcesÙe • efpemekeâe ceve keâneR Deewj nes Devecevee/DevÙecevemkeâ
• efpeme peceerve ceW Glhevve keâjves keâer Meefkeäle • efpemekeâe Me$eg pevcee lekeâ ve nes Dep eeleMe$eg
veneR nw DevegJe&je/Tmej/yebpej • efpemes keâYeer Yesoe ve pee mekesâ DeYes Åe
• ieg® kesâ efvekeâš jnves Jeeuee efJeÅeeLeea Debl esJeemeer • DelÙeefOekeâ Je<ee& nesvee DeefleJe=ef°
• pees keâce Keelee nes Deuheenejer • Je<ee& keâe ve nesvee DeveeJ e=ef°
• efpemekeâer leguevee veneR nw DelegueveerÙe • Deelcee Deewj hejceelcee keâe Éwle-YeeJe
• efpemekeâer oeÌ{er-cetÚB veneR efvekeâueer nes Depeelemceßeg ve ceeveves Jeeuee DeÉwleJeeoer
• efpemekeâe peesÌ[ veneR nw DevevÙe • Deheves Thej efveYe&j jnves Jeeuee DeelceefveYe&j
• pees meeOee ve pee mekesâ Ùee "erkeâ ve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ DemeeOÙe • peerJeve Yej DeepeerJ eve
• pees JeÛeve Øekeâš keâjves ÙeesiÙe ve nes DeefveJeÛe&veerÙe • lelkeâeue keâefJelee jÛeves Jeeuee DeeMegkeâefJ e
• pees meceÙe kesâ Devegketâue ve nes DemeeceefÙekeâ • efpemekeâer yeeBnW peeveg (Iegšves) lekeâ hengBÛeleer nes Deepeevegyeeng
• efpemekesâ meceeve keâesF& otmeje Yekeäle ve nes DevevÙeYekeäle • DeeueesÛevee keâjves Jeeuee DeeueesÛekeâ
• pees Meeskeâ keâjves ÙeesiÙe veneR nw DeMees keä Ùe • Jen m$eer efpemekeâe heefle hejosMe mes Dee ieÙee nes Deeieleheeflekeâe
• pees efyevee Jesleve kesâ keâece keâjlee nw DeJewleefvekeâ • meslegyebOe mes efnceeueÙe heJe&le lekeâ Deemeslege fnceeueÙe
• pees m$eer DeefYeveÙe keâjleer nw Deef Yeves$ eer • yeeuekeâ mes Je=æ lekeâ meYeer DeeyeeueJe=æ
• pees heg®<e DeefYeveÙe keâjlee nw DeefYeveslee • DeeMee mes Deleerle DeeMeeleer le
• pees m$eer metÙe& keâes Yeer ve osKe mekesâ DemetÙe&heMÙee • osJ elee keâes efoKeeÙee peeves Jeeuee oerhekeâ Deejleer
• pees pevce veneR ueslee nw Depe/Depevcee • pees efkeâmeer kesâ efveceb$eCe hej DeeÙee nes Deecebef$ ele
• pees pevce veneR uesleer Dep ee • heeo mes cemlekeâ lekeâ Deeheeocemlekeâ
• pees veneR nes mekeâlee nw DemecYeJe • $e+ef<e keâe keâne ngDee JeÛeve Dee<e&JeÛeve
• pees keâeÙe& DeJeMÙe nesves Jeeuee nw DeJeMÙecYeeJeer • Jen efpeme hej nceuee efkeâÙee ieÙee nes Dee›eâeble
• pees Ûeuelee veneR DeÛ eue • Deeefo mes Deble lekeâ DeeÅeesheeble
• pees Deuhe yeesuelee nw DeuheYee<eer • Deeefo Deewj Deble DeeÅeb le
• pees ceehee ve pee mekesâ DeØecesÙe • pees ce=lÙeg kesâ meceerhe nes Deemevve ce=lÙeg/cejCeemevve
• pees Deb[e mes pevce ueslee nw Deb [pe • Oejleer Deewj mJeie& (DeekeâeMe) kesâ yeerÛe keâe mLeeve Debleefj#e
• pees Keeves ÙeesiÙe veneR nes DeKeeÅe • cenue kesâ Deboj keâe efveJeeme Deble:hegj
• pees veneR Deelee nes Deveeiele • efpemekeâe pevce efvecve peeefle ceW ngDee nes Debl Ùepe
• pees Deuhe peevelee nw Deuhe%e • pees Debie mes Glhevve nes Debi epe
• pees henues keâYeer veneR ngDee DeYetlehetJe& • neLe peesÌ[keâj ØeCeece keâer cegõe Debpeefueyeæ
• pees henues keâYeer veneR megvee ieÙee DeßeglehetJe& • Skeâ keâLee Ùee efveyebOe kesâ yeerÛe Deeves Jeeueer keâneveer Deb le:keâLee
• pees henues keâYeer veneR osKee ieÙee DeÂ°hetJe& • oes IešveeDeeW Ùee keâeueeW kesâ yeerÛe Deb le:keâeueerve
• pees osKee veneR pee mekeâlee nw DeÂ MÙe • Deble Ùee veeMe keâjves Jeeuee Deblekeâ
• yeÌ{e-ÛeÌ{ekeâj keâner ieÙeer yeele DeefleMeÙeesefkeäle/DelÙegefkeäle • oes Deueie keâeueeW Ùee meceÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe Debleefjce
• pees Fme ueeskeâ ceW mecYeJe veneR nw Deueewe fkeâkeâ • he=LJeer keâe Jen Yeeie pees otj lekeâ mecegõ ceW Ûeuee
• pees DevegkeâjCe keâjves ÙeesiÙe nw DevegkeâjCeerÙe ieÙee nes Deblejerhe
• pees meyemes Deeies efieveves ÙeesiÙe nes De«eieCÙe • pees efkeâmeer mebheefòe Deeefo ceW DebMe keâe
• efpemekesâ heej ve osKee pee mekesâ DeheejoMeea nkeâoej nes Deb MeYeepeve
• pees F&MJej ceW efJeMJeeme keâjlee nw Deeefm lekeâ • leeefpeÙee jKeves keâer peien FceeceyeeÌ[e
• penepeeW keâes jeef$e ceW ceeie& efoKeeves • keâesF& keâece keâjves kesâ efueS ceve ceW nesves
Jeeuee ØekeâeMe mlebYe DeekeâeMeo erhe Jeeuee efJeÛeej Ùee GösMÙe F&h mee
• efpemes Meem$e keâe %eeve ve nes Deeiecejef nle • hetjye Deewj Gòej kesâ yeerÛe keâer efoMee F& Meeve
• Jen efpemekeâer meye keâeceveeSb hetCe& nes Ûegkeâer neW Deehlekeâece • efkeâmeer kesâ Keeves mes yeÛee ngDee (pet"e) GefÛÚ°
• efÚheeves Ùee {bkeâves keâe keâeÙe& DeeJes°ve • heJe&le kesâ heeme keâer Yetecf e/heJe&le kesâ veerÛes leuenšer keâer Yetefce GhelÙekeâe
• Jen pees efkeâmeer kesâ yebOeve keâe keâejCe nes DeeßeJe • Jen meece«eer efpememes keâesF& heoeLe& yeves Gheeoeve
• pees DeeÙee nes Deeiele • efpemeves $e+Ce Ûegkeâe efoÙee nes G$e+Ce
• pees Deheveer nlÙee keâjlee nw Deelcenblee/DeelceIeeleer • pees Oejleer HeâesÌ[keâj pevcelee nw GodefYepe
• pees Dehevee nw DeelceerÙe • efpemeceW Ketye Ghepe nesleer nes GJe&j/GhepeeT
• Deefive mes Glhevve, Deefive-mee Ùee Deefive mes mecyeæ Deeives Ùe • efpeme keâefuhele heJe&le mes metÙe& keâe GoÙe neslee nw GoÙeeÛeue
• otmejeW keâe Ghekeâej keâjves Jeeuee Ghekeâejer • ›eâce kesâ Devegmeej ›eâceevegm eej
• efpemekeâer Gheemevee keâer peeleer nw GheemÙe • pees Ùen mecePe veneR heeÙes efkeâ keäÙee keâjs,
• pees Gheemevee keâjlee nw Gheemekeâ keäÙee ve keâjs efkebâkeâle& JÙeefJecetÌ{
• Gj (Úeleer) kesâ yeue Ûeueves Jeeuee Gjie • efpemes Kejero/ceesue efueÙee ieÙee nes ›eâerle
• pees Thej keâne ieÙee nes GheÙeg &keäle • efpemes yeenjer peiele keâe %eeve ve nes ketâheceb[tkeâ
• efpeme peceerve ceW Glhevve keâjves keâer Meefkeäle nw GJe&je • efpemekeâe pevce GÛÛe-kegâue ceW ngDee nes/
• efpemekeâe ceve Goej nes Goejcevee pees DeÛÚs kegâue ceW Glhevve ngDee nes kegâ ueerve/DeefYepeele
• efpemekeâer Ghecee oer pee mekesâ GhecesÙe • pees efkeâÙes ngS Ghekeâej keâes veneR ceevelee nw ke=âleIve
• efpememes Ghecee oer peeÙe Gheceeve • eqpemekeâe keâeÙe& efmeæ nes Ûegkeâe nes ke=â lekeâeÙe&
• pees Gæej keâjlee nw Gæejkeâ • keâeÙe& mechevve nesves hej pees DelÙeble Øemevve nes ke=â leke=âlÙe
• efpemekeâe efÛeòe Skeâ efJe<eÙe ceW ueiee nes Skeâe«eefÛ eòe • pees meye Meem$e heÌ{ Ûegkeâe nes ke= âleeiece
• pees efove ceW Skeâ yeej Yeespeve keâjlee nw Skeâenejer/ SkeâYegò eâ • keâjves ÙeesiÙe Je ve keâjves ÙeesiÙe keâce& ke=â lÙeeke= âlÙe
• efpeme hej otmejs keâe DeefOekeâej ve nes SkeâeefOekeâej • pees efkeâÙes ngS Ghekeâej keâes ceevelee nw ke=â le%e
• pees FÛÚe kesâ DeOeerve nw SsefÛ Úkeâ/FÛÚeOeerve • keâeBšeW mes Yeje ngDee kebâškeâekeâerCe&
• pees Fefleneme mes mebyebOe jKelee nw Ssefleneefmekeâ • efpemekesâ efmej hej yeeue ve Gies KeuJeeš
• megboj peeBIeeW Jeeueer/neLeer keâer metÌ[B kesâ • efpemekesâ Iejyeej ve nes KeeveeyeoesMe/yesIejyeej
meceeve peeBIe Jeeueer keâjYees™ • pees ncesMee Ke[die neLe ceW efueÙes jnlee nw Ke[dienmle
• hetJe&pevce ceW efkeâS ngS keâceeX keâe heâue keâce&efJ eheekeâ • pees Keeves ÙeesiÙe nes KeeÅe
• pees keânves ÙeesiÙe nw keâLÙe/keâLeveerÙe • Kesueves Jeeuee efKeueeÌ[er
• keâce& ceW yeeOee [euevee keâceex heIeele • pees veYe ceW Ûeuelee nw KesÛej
• pees keâne ieÙee nw keâef Lele • ieeb[erJe keâes OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee ieeb[erJeOeejer
• pees keâle&JÙe mes ÛÙegle nes ieÙee nw keâle&JÙ eÛÙegle • pees Fbeõf ÙeeW kesâ %eeve mes hejs nes ieesleerÙe/FbefõÙeeleerle
• pees heg®<e keâefJelee efueKelee nw keâefJ e • ie=n yemeekeâj jnves Jeeuee ie=n mLe
• pees keâuee peevelee nw keâueeefJeod /keâueekeâej • neLeer kesâ meceeve cebo ieefle mes Ûeueves Jeeueer m$eer iepeieeefceveer
• pees m$eer keâefJelee efueKeleer nw keâJeef Ùe$eer • ieieve keâes Ûetceves Jeeuee ieieveÛegyb eer
• pees keâ° menve keâj mekesâ keâ°meefn< Ceg • iebiee keâe heg$e ieebiesÙe
• pees keâeveeW keâes megveves ceW keâšg ueies keâCe& keâšg • jele Deewj mebOÙee kesâ yeerÛe keâer yesuee ieesOeteuf e
• pees keâuhevee mes hejs (Deleerle) nes keâuheveeleerle • «eece ceW jnves Jeeuee DeLeJee «eece mes mecyeæ «eeceerCe
• peneB cegox ieeÌ[s peeles nQ keâyeÇieen/meceeefOeYet efce • Jen keâeJÙe-«ebLe efpemeceW ieeves ÙeesiÙe ieerle neW ieer eflekeâeJÙe
• keâ° mes meeOÙe nesves Jeeuee keâ°meeOÙe • Jen ™hekeâ efpemeceW ieÅe keâce Deewj heÅe DeefOekeâ nes ieerefl e™hekeâ
• kegâÚ meceÙe kesâ efueS efveÙegòeâ DeefOekeâejer keâeÙe&Jeenkeâ • efpemekesâ Debie-ØelÙebie ieue ieÙes neW ieefueleebie
• efpeme m$eer kesâ Skeâ ner mebleeve neskeâj efHeâj • hebpeeyeer Yee<ee keâer efueefhe ieg®cegKeer
keâesF& mebleeve ve ngF& nes keâekeâyeb OÙee • pees ieeves ÙeesiÙe nes ies Ùe
• pees heg®<e keâeÙej Ùee kegâeflmele nw keâeheg®<e • ieg® keâer nlÙee keâjves Jeeuee ceveg<Ùe ieg®Ive
• efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes osKeves keâer yeueJeleer FÛÚe keâewlet nue • mJeÙeb ieg® yevekeâj otmejeW mes Deheveer hetpee keâjevee ieg®[ce
• kegâMe kesâ De«e kesâ meceeve leer#Ce yegefæ Jeeuee kegâ Mee«eyegeæ f • yeeoue kesâ meceeve MÙeece IeveMÙeece
• kegâj-kegâj Meyo keâjlee ngDee Ûeueves Jeeuee kegâjbie • Ieeme Keesokeâj peerJeve-efveJee&n keâjves Jeeuee IeefmeÙeeje
• kesâJeue hesš Yejves Jeeuee kegâef #eYej • efpemekesâ efmej hej Ûebõ-keâuee nes/
• Oeve osves Jeeuee osJelee Ùee JÙeefkeäle kegâyesj/Oeveo efpemekesâ efmej hej Ûebõcee nes ÛebõÛet[Ì /ÛevõMesKej
• kegbâleer keâe heg$e keâeQlesÙe • efpeme hej efÛeÖ ueieeÙee ieÙee nes efÛeefÖle
• pees yeele hetJe&keâeue mes ueesieeW ceW keân-megvekeâj • pees ÛeÛee& keâe efJe<eÙe nes ÛeefÛ e&le
ØeÛeefuele nes efkebâJeobleer/peveßegefle • efpemekeâer Ûeej YegpeeSB neW ÛelegYeg&pe

• peneB Deveskeâ Øekeâej kesâ heMeg-he#eer jKes keâjlee nw/peneB hengBÛevee keâef"ve nes ogie&ce
peeles nQ efÛeef Ì[ÙeeIej/efÛeefÌ[ÙeeKeevee • oesveeW he#eeW keâer Yee<ee mecePeves Jeeuee ogYeeef<eÙe
• Ûeej jeneW kesâ efceueves keâe mLeeve Ûeewjene • oer#ee (efMe#ee) keâer meceeefhle hej efoÙee
• Ûeej JesoeW keâes peeveves Jeeuee ÛelegJexoer peeves Jeeuee GheosMe oer#eeble Yee<eCe
• efpemekesâ Ûeej heo nQ Ûeleg<heo • heg$eer keâe heg$e oewefn$e
• efpemekesâ heeefCe ceW Ûe›eâ nes Ûe›eâheeefCe • heg$eer keâer heg$eer oewefn$eer
• Ûe›eâ keâes OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee Ûe›eâOeejer • efove kesâ yeeo efove efoveevegeof ve
• ieÅe-heÅe efceefßele keâeJÙe Ûebhet • oes heoeW (hewjeW) Jeeuee efÉheo
• pees otmejeW cesW kesâJeue oes<eeW keâes ner Keespelee nw efÚõevJes<eer • efpeme m$eer keâe YeeiÙe Kejeye nes ogYe&iee
• efpemekeâe pevce peue ceW ngDee nes peuepe (keâceue) • efpemekeâe pevce Éerhe ceW ngDee nes Éwh eeÙeve
• pees pevce mes ner DebOee nw pevceebOe • osKeves keâer FÛÚe efoÂ#ee
• FbefõÙeeW keâes peerleves Jeeuee efpeleWeõf Ùe • osves keâer FÛÚe efolmee
• pe"j (hesš) keâer Deefive pe"jeefive • otj lekeâ osKeves Jeeuee otj oMeea
• peeve mes ceejves keâer FÛÚe efpeIeebmee • oes JesoeW keâes peeveves Jeeuee efÉJesoer
• peerleves keâer FÛÚe efpeieer<ee& • pees oceve ÙeesiÙe nes oceveerÙe
• efpemekeâes ueeBIevee keâef"ve nes ogueËIÙe
• peeveves keâer FÛÚe efpe%eemee
• pees osKeves Jeeuee nw oMe& keâ
• pees peue ceW Ûeueves-efHeâjves Jeeuee nes peueÛej
• pees kesâJeue otOe heerlee nes/efpemekeâe Deenej kesâJeue otOe nes ogiOeenejer
• pees peervee Ûeenlee nw efpepeereJf e<eg
• efpemes keâef"veeF& mes Yesoe pee mekesâ ogYexÅe
• pees pejeÙeg (ieYe& keâer Lewueer) mes pevce ueslee nw pejeÙegpe
• efpemekeâe oceve keâef"ve nes ogo&cÙe
• pees peevevee Ûeenlee nw efpe%eemeg
• efpeme meceÙe cegeMf keâue mes efYe#ee efceueleer nw ogefYe&#e
• pees Ùeeve peue ceW Ûeuelee nw peueÙeeve
• efpemeves efkeâmeer efJe<eÙe ceW efÛeòe ueiee efoÙee nw oòeefÛeòe
• efpeboe jnves/peerves keâer FÛÚe efpepeereJf e<ee • efpemekesâ ome Deeveve neW oMeeveve (jeJeCe)
• efpemekesâ heeme Deheej Oeve-mebheefòe nes škewâle • pees yeÌ[s keâ° mes efveJeeefjle efkeâÙee pee mekesâ ogefve&Jeej
• Jen meeOevee efpemekesâ Éeje lelJe %eeve Øeehle nes lelJeyees efOeveer • pees Éej keâer j#ee keâjlee nw Éejheeue
• efpemekeâe lespe ve° nes ieÙee nes lespeesnle/ßeernle • efpemes JeMe ceW keâjvee keâef"ve nes ogOe&<e&
• JesiehetJe&keâ ieceve keâjves Jeeuee legjbie • pees efJeuecye mes keâece keâjs oerIe&met$eer
• leguevee keâjves ÙeesiÙe legueveerÙe • pees Deemeeveer mes GheueyOe ve nes ogue&Ye
• lewjves keâer FÛÚe efleleer<ee& • lespe Ûeueves Jeeuee õgleieeceer
• pees leke&âMeem$e peevelee nes leeefke& âkeâ/leke&âMeem$eer • Jen Ùeb$e efpememes otj keâer Ûeerpe heeme vepej DeeÙes otj yeerve
• Jen heg$e pees Meem$e Ùee efJeefOe Éeje • yegje DeeÛejCe keâjves Jeeuee ogj eÛeejer/keâoeÛeejer
DeheveeÙee ieÙee nes oòekeâ • efpemekesâ efÛeòe ceW ÂÌ{ efveMÛeÙe nes ÂÌ{ efveMÛeÙeer
• efpemeves Deheves ØeeCe Glmeie& efkeâS neW ovleØeeCe • oMejLe keâe heg$e oeMejefLe
• efpemes DeYeÙe oeve Ùee meneje efoÙee ieÙee nes oòenmle • pees keâef"veeF& mes meeOee pee mekesâ ogmmeeOÙe
• efpemes hekeâÌ[vee keâef"ve nes ogæj& • oes yeej pevce uesves Jeeuee efÉpe
• henues Ùee Skeâ yeej keâner ngF& yeele efheâj mes keânvee efÉ®efòeâ • pees osKeves ÙeesiÙe nw Â°JÙe/oMe&veerÙe
• efpemes keâef"veeF& mes peevee pee mekesâ og%exÙe • DevegeÛf ele yeele kesâ efueS Dee«en ogje«en
• pees osves ÙeesiÙe nw osÙe • Deheves Oece& mes efieje ngDee Oece&Û Ùegle
• efnvoer keâer efueefhe osJ eveeiejer • pees Oecee&ÛejCe keâjlee nw Oecee&lcee
• oeJe (pebieue) keâer Deefive oeJeeefive/oeJeeveue • oewÌ[ves Jeeuee OeeJekeâ
• pees keâef"veeF& mes mecePe ceW Deelee nw/ • Oeveg<e OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee OevegOe&j
pees MeerIeÇ mecePe ceW ve DeeÙes ogy e xOe • efkeâmeer kesâ heeme jKeer ngF& otmejs keâer Jemleg
• Jen ceeie& pees Ûeueves ceW keâeq"veeF& hewoe Oejesnj/Leeleer/Deceevele
• pees Oeerjpe OeejCe keâjlee nw Oeerj/OewÙe&Jeeve • pees veÙee DeeÙee ngDee nes veJeeiele/veJeeieb legkeâ
• ßes‰ iegCeeW mes mechevve MetjJeerj veeÙekeâ Oeerjesoeòe • pees heÌ{vee-efueKevee veneR peevelee nw efvej#ej
• MetjJeerj efkeâvleg DeefYeceeveer veeÙekeâ Oeerj esæle • pees vÙeeÙe peevelee nw vewÙeeefÙekeâ/vÙeeÙeefJeod
• OÙeeve osves ÙeesiÙe OÙeeleJÙe • pees F&MJej ceW efJeMJeeme veneR jKelee nw veeefmlekeâ
• $e+Ce ve Ûegkeâeves Jeeuee veeefonbo • veerueer nw DeeYee efpemekeâer veeru eeYe
• efpemekesâ Mejerj hej DeeIeele ve ueies veemeslego • efpemekeâe DeLe& ve nes efvejLe&keâ
• pees yeÌ[eW keâe Deeoj keâjvee ve peevelee nes efvejerme • pees ve=lÙe keâjlee nw vele&keâ
• efpemekeâe keâesF& GösMÙe ve nes efve®ösMÙe • pees ve° nesves Jeeuee nw veMJej
• efpemekesâ neLe ceW keâesF& GÅece Ùee keâece ve nes efve®Åece • pees DeekeâeMe ceW efJeÛejCe keâjlee nes veYeÛej/KesÛej/Keie
• efpemekesâ ceve ceW celmej Ùee F&&<Ùee& ve nes efvece&lmej • veoer mes meeRÛee peeves Jeeuee ØeosMe veoerceele=keâ
• efpemekesâ DeJeÙeJe ve nes efvejJeÙeJe • efveõe hej efJepeÙe heeves Jeeuee efveõepeÙeer
• efpeme keâece kesâ efueS Oeve ve efoÙee peeÙe efve:Megu keâ • pees leerveeW iegCeeW (melÙe, jpe Deewj lece)
• efpemekesâ mebleeve ve nes efve:mebleeve mes hejs nes efveieg &Ce/ef$eiegCeeleerle
• efpemekeâes keâesF& FÛÚe (mhe=ne) ve nes efvemhe=ne • efpeme mLeeve hej DeefYeveslee Dehevee ëe=bieej keâjles nQ vesheLÙe
• Deæ&jeef$e keâe meceÙe efveMeerLe • efpemekesâ ùoÙe ceW oÙee veneR nw efveo&Ùe
• jbiecebÛe hej heox kesâ heerÚs keâe mLeeve vesheLÙe • efpemeceW lespe veneR nw efvemlespe
• DeepeerJeve yeÇÿeÛeÙe& keâe ›ele uesves Jeeuee vewef‰keâ • efpemeceW ceue ve nes efvece&ue
• efpemekeâe GoÙe neue ceW ngDee nes veJeeseof le • efpemeceW heehe veneR nes efve<heehe
• efpemekeâer keâesF& DeJeefOe efveefMÛele ve nes efvejeJeefOe • heeheeW ceW [tyee ngDee heeheefveceefppele
• efpemeceW neefve Ùee DeveLe& keâe [j ve nes efvejeheo • efpemekeâe yeouee efoÙee pee Ûegkeâe nes Øeefleke=âle
• efpemeceW peerJe DeLee&led peerJeve ve nes efvepeeaJe • efkeâmeer keâes keâesF& keâece keâjves kesâ efueS
• peneB Skeâ Yeer ceveg<Ùe ve nes efvepe&ve Gòesefpele Ùee efJeJeMe keâjvee Øeleeso
• veÙeer yÙeener JeOet/efpeme m$eer keâe
• ceveg<Ùe keâer meeOeejCe (Øeke=âle ™he mes) ce=lÙeg Øeceerefle
efJeJeen DeYeer ngDee nes veJeJeOet/veJeesÌ{e
• pees ØeceeefCele efkeâÙee peeves keâe nes/pees ceehee
• efpemekeâe Glmeen ve° nes ieÙee nes efve®lmeen
pee mekesâ ØecesÙe/heefjcesÙe
• pees veerefle keâe efJeMes<e %eelee nes veere fle%e
• efkeâmeer keâece Ùee yeele kesâ nesves kesâ mebyebOe ceW
• efpemekeâes keâneR DeeßeÙe veneR nes efvejeßeÙe
henues mes keâer peeves Jeeueer DeeMee Ùee Devegceeve ØeJes#ee
• efpemekeâes ueppee veneR nes efveue&ppe
• heefle keâes Ûegveves keâer FÛÚeJeeueer keâvÙee heeflecJeje
• efpemekeâe kebâ" veeruee nes veeruekebâ"
• GheeÙe/ceeie& yeleeves Jeeuee heLe-ØeoMe&keâ/ceeie&oMe&keâ
• efpemekeâe keâesF& meneÙekeâ ve nes ef vemmeneÙe
• hejheg®<e mes Øesce keâjves Jeeueer hejkeâerÙee
• efpemeves kegâÚ KeeÙee-heerÙee ve nes efvejenej
• pees otmejs keâe ßeer-meewYeeiÙe osKekeâj
• pees Fbeõf Ùejefnle nes efveeEjefõÙe
• efpemeceW keâesF& efJeJeeo ve nes efveefJe&Jeeo ogKeer neslee nw hejßeerkeâelej
• efpemekeâer keâesF& keâecevee ve nes efve<keâece • pees Fefleneme kesâ henues keâe nw Øeeiewefleneefmekeâ
• veiej ceW jnves Jeeuee veeieefjkeâ • pees m$eer efØeÙe yeesueleer nw efØeÙebJeoe
• pees efyevee efkeâmeer efJejesOe kesâ Ûegvee ieÙee nes efveefJe&jesOe • pees efkeâmeer kesâ yeoues ceW yeesuelee Ùee kegâÚ keâjlee nw ØeefleefveefOe
• efpemekeâe keâesF& GheeÙe veneR nw efve®heeÙe • pees heervee Ûeenlee nw efheheemeg
• efpemekeâe cetue veneR nw efvecetu& e • pees hejeÙes keâe efnle Ûeenlee nw hejeLeea/hejceeLeea
• pees ceebme veneR Keelee nw efvejeefce<e • pees Gefkeäle hegve:-hegve: keâner peeÙe hegve®efkeäle
• pees yengle yeÌ[e veneR nw veeefleoerIe& • efpemekeâer yeengSB uebyeer neW Øeuebyeyeeng/oerIe&yeeng
• pees legjble pevcee nes veJepeele • pees efheb[ mes pevce ueslee nw efheb[pe
• pees yengle Úesše veneR nw veeefleueIeg • pees heerves ÙeesiÙe nes hesÙe

• heÙe&šve keâjves Jeeuee heÙe&škeâ • pees henje oslee nw Øenjer
• efJe%eeve kesâ hejer#eCeeW kesâ efueS meece«eerÙegkeäle mLeeve ØeÙeesieMeeuee • otmejeW keâe Yeuee keâjves Jeeuee hejeshekeâejer/hejefnlekeâejer
• Øepee Éeje ÛeueeÙee ieÙee jepÙe Øepeeleb$e • heeBJeeW mes heerves Jeeuee heeohe
• Øeke=â° (yeÌ[e keâe@uespe Ùee efJeMJeefJeÅeeueÙe) DeOÙeehekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ • pees kesâJeue Heâue Keelee nes Heâueenejer
• pees he=LJeer mes mecyeæ nes heeefLe&Je • efpemeceW DeefOekeâ Hesâve DeLee&led Peeie nes Hesâefveue
• efJeosMe ceW ØeJeeme keâjves Ùee jnves Jeeuee ØeJeemeer • efpemekeâe cetuÙe yengle DeefOekeâ nes yengcetuÙe
• efhelee keâer nlÙee keâjves Jeeuee efhele=I eeleer/efhele=nblee • yengle yeÌ{-ÛeÌ{keâj yeesueves Jeeuee yeÌ[yeesue
• heJe&le keâer heg$eer heeJe&leer • efpemekeâer keâecevee yeerle ieÙeer nes yeerlekeâece
• Jen m$eer efpemekeâe heefle hejosMe ieÙee nes Øeesef<eleheeflekeâe • yeeÌ[Je (meeiej) keâe Deveue (Deefive) yeÌ[Jeeveue
• Jen m$eer efpemes heefle ves lÙeeie efoÙee nw heefjlÙekeälee • Yeespeve keâjves keâer FÛÚe yegYeg#ee
• ØeeCe osves Jeeuee/osves Jeeueer ØeeCeo/ØeeCeoe • efpemeves yengle-kegâÚ osKee nes yengoMeea
• DeeBKeeW kesâ meeceves ØelÙe#e • efpemeves yengle-kegâÚ megvee nes yengßeglee
• DeeBKeeW mes hejs DeØelÙe#e/hejes#e • efpeme m$eer kesâ keâesF& mebleeve ve nes yeeBPe/yebOÙee/efvemmebleeve
• efpemeceW ØeefleYee nw ØeefleYeeJeeve • pees yengle peevelee nw yeng%e
• hetpee keâjves Jeeuee hegpeejer/hetpekeâ • pees yengle Yee<ee peevelee nw yengYee<eeefJeod
• pees DeefYeÙeesie keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw ØeefleJeeoer • efpemes Ieceb[ kesâ keâejCe Yeues-yegjs keâe %eeve ve nes ceoesvceòe
• pees ueewš ieÙee nes ØelÙeeiele • efpemekeâer ce=lÙeg ceneceejer Éeje ngF& ceejer ce=le
• pees hetÚves ÙeesiÙe nw Øe°JÙe • yeeoueeW mes efIeje Ùee {keâe ngDee cesIeeJe=le
• pees keâLeve hegmlekeâ kesâ DeejcYe ceW efueKee • ceÅe Ùee Mejeye heerves Jeeuee ceÅehe/Mejeyeer
peelee nw ØeekeäkeâLeve/Yetefcekeâe • ceve, JeÛeve Deewj keâce& mes cevemee JeeÛee keâce&Cee
• pees heebÛeeue osMe keâer jnves Jeeueer nw heebÛeeueer • efJeJeeefnle m$eer keâe efhele= Iej ceeÙekeâe/heernj
• efpemekesâ heej osKee pee mekesâ heejoMeea
• cece& keâes Yesoves Jeeuee cece&Yesoer
• Jen OJeefve pees keâneR mes škeâjekeâj DeeS ØeefleOJeefve
• oeshenj keâe metÙe& ceeòe&C[
• efhelee SJeb ØeefheleeDeeW mes mebyebefOele hewle=keâ
• pees ceve keâes nj ueslee nw ceveesnj
• ceeie& ceW Keeves kesâ efueS Yeespeve heeLesÙe
• efpemekeâer FÛÚeSB yengle TBÛ eer neW cenlJeekeâeb #eer
• pees henveves ueeÙekeâ nes heefjOesÙe
• efpemekesâ Mejerj ceW DeefOekeâ ceebme nes ceeb meue
• ceveg<Ùe kesâ heg®<eeLe& Éeje jÛee ieÙee heew®<esÙe
• cesIe keâer lejn veeo (iepe&ve) keâjves Jeeuee cesIeveeo
• pees efieje ngDee nw heeflele
• ceveve keâjves ÙeesiÙe ceveveerÙe
• pees hejoe ceW jns hejoeveMeerve
• ceve keâer Je=efòe ceveesJ e=efòe
• pees otmejeW kesâ DeOeerve nw hejeOeerve
• ceelee keâer nlÙee keâjves Jeeuee ceele=Ieeleer /ceele=n blee
• pees Øeke=âefle mes mecyeæ nw Øeeke=âeflekeâ
• cees#e Øeehle keâjves keâer FÛÚe cegceg#ee
• efMe<Ùe keâe efMe<Ùe ØeefMe<Ùe
• oeshenj kesâ henues keâe meceÙe hetJee&Ö • cejves keâer FÛÚe cegcet<ee&
• efpemekeâe ceve ceneve nes cenecevee
• Jen efpemekesâ veece keâesF& Jemleg Øese<f ele keâer peeS Øesef<eleer
• he$e keâes ues peeves Jeeuee he$eJeenkeâ • pees cegkeâocee ueÌ[lee jnlee nw cegkeâocesyeepe
• Jen efpemeceW legjble meesÛeves keâer Meefkeäle nw ØelÙeglhevveceefle • pees neLe mes cegkeäle nw cegkeälenmle
• efpemekeâer veeefYe ceW heodce (keâceue) nes heodceveeYe • pees vehee-leguee JÙeÙe keâjlee nes efceleJ ÙeÙeer
• peneB Deveskeâ Øekeâej keâer JemlegSB oMe&veeLe& jKeer peeleer nQ ØeoMe&veer • cej peeves keâer keâecevee cegcet<ee&
• meceeÛeej-he$e keâe keâece keâjves Jeeuee he$ekeâej • pees ceOegj yeesuelee nw ceOegjYee<eer
• pees jeveer, jepee kesâ meeLe jepeefmebnemeve • pees efcele (keâce) yeesuelee nw efceleYee<eer
hej yew"ves keâe DeefOekeâej jKeleer nw hešjeveer • efpemes cees#e keâer keâecevee nes cegceg#eg

• pees cejCe keâer Deesj GvcegKe nw cejCees vcegKe • efkeâmeer «ebLe keâer šerkeâe Ùee JÙeeKÙee Jeeefl e&keâ
• YeefJe<Ùe ceW nesves Jeeuee YeeJeer • JÙeLe& keâe efJeJeeo Ùee keâne-megveer efJeleb[e
• pees Yet keâes OeejCe keâjlee nes YetOej • efpemeceW kegâÚ leLÙe ve neW efJeleLe
• Yegpee kesâ yeue Ûeueves Jeeuee Yegpebie • efpemekeâe leve Ùee Mejerj yengle Úesše nes efJeleveg
• efkeâmeer Yeive (štšs) heoeLe& Ùee YeJeve keâe DeJeMes<e YeiveeJeMes<e • ve° efkeâS peeves Ùee nesves kesâ ÙeesiÙe efJeveMÙe
• Yeejle mes mebyebefOele Ùee Yeejle keâe efveJeemeer YeejleerÙe • efpemes Je=efòekeâe efceueleer nes Je=ef òekeâe«eener
• pees Yett (he=LJeer) hej Ûeueves Jeeuee nes YetÛej • efpememes keâesF& celeueye ve efvekeâues Je=Lee
• pees neskeâj jnsiee Ùee nesves Jeeuee nw YeeJeer/ nesveer • Jen Oeve pees efkeâmeer keâes keâesF& keâece
keâjves kesâ yeoues efoÙee peelee nw Jesleve
• pees henues ngDee Lee YetlehetJe&
• pees veeMe keâer Deesj pee jne nes efJeveeMeesvcegKe
• pees Yet-ieYe& keâer yeele peevelee nes YetieYe&Jesòee/YetieYe&Meem$eer
• efJeefOe Éeje Øeoòe efJeefOeØeoòe
• Ùee$ee keâjves Jeeuee Ùee$ eer • Ssmee keâece keâjvee efpememes keâesF& keâevetve
• Meefkeäle kesâ Devegmeej ÙeLeeMeefkeäle Yebie neslee nes efJeefOeYebie
• peneB lekeâ meOe mekesâ ÙeLeemeeOÙe • efJeefOe keâer Âef° mes GheÙegòeâ efJeefOemeb iele
• peye lekeâ peerJeve nw leye lekeâ ÙeeJeppeerJeve • efJeefOe efpemekeâe Devegceesove keâjleer nes efJeefOe meccele
• pees efkeâmeer Yeer GheeÙe mes mecYeJe nes Ùesvekesâve ØekeâejsCe • yeesueves/keânves keâer FÛÚe efJeJe#ee
• pees ÙeeÛevee keâjlee nw ÙeeÛ ekeâ • Øeefleketâue he#e keâe efJehe#eer
• pees Ùegæ keâjves keâer FÛÚe jKelee nw ÙegÙeglmeg • Jen heg®<e efpemekeâer helveer Gmekesâ meeLe veneR nw efJehelveerkeâ
• pees Skeâ peien mes otmejer peien Deelee-peelee nw ÙeeÙeeJej/IegcekeäkeâÌ[ • efJe<Ceg keâe Yekeäle Ùee efJe<Ceg mes mecyeæ Jew<CeJe
• pees ÙeMe mes Ùegkeäle nw ÙeMemJeer • efpemekeâe efJeMJeeme efkeâÙee pee mekesâ efJeMJemeveerÙe
• pees Ùegie keâe efvecee&Ce keâjlee nw Ùegi eefvecee&lee • efpeme hej efJeMJeeme efkeâÙee ieÙee nes efJeMJemle
• efpeme m$eer keâe heefle cej ieÙee nes efJeOeJee
• pees Ùegæ ceW efmLej jnlee nw ÙegefOeef‰j
• yeesueves Jeeuee Jekeälee
• Ùegie yeoueves Jeeuee Ùegi eevlekeâejer • efpeme heg®<e keâer helveer cej Ûegkeâer nes efJeOegj
• jkeäle mes mevee ngDee jkeälejbefpele • pees efkeâmeer hej DeefYeÙeesie ueieelee nw Jeeoer
• pees jepeveerefle peevelee nw jepeveerefle%e • pees hetjs efJeMJe keâe yebOeg nes efJeMJeyebOeg
• Keeueer keâjves Jeeuee jsÛ ekeâ • pees efJe<eÙeeW ceW Deemekeäle nw efJe<eÙeemekeäle
• pees jbie keâe cebÛe nw jbiecebÛe • efJe›eâÙe keâjves Jeeuee efJe›esâlee
• pees jLe hej meJeej nw jLeer • efpemekesâ heeefCe (neLe) ceW Je»e nes Je»eheeefCe (Fvõ)
• efpemes osKekeâj jeWiešs KeÌ[s nes peeÙeW jesceeb Ûekeâ/ueescen<e&keâ • pees efJeÅee Øeehle keâjlee nw efJeÅeeLeea
• Jen ob[ efpememes jepe ÛeueeÙee peelee nw jepeob[ • pees JeÛeve mes hejs nes JeÛeveeleerle
• efpemes osKekeâj jesSB KeÌ[s nes peeSB ueescen<e&keâ • pees efyeukegâue yenje nw Je»eJeefOej
• yeÛÛeeW keâes megueeves kesâ efueS ieeÙee peeves Jeeuee ieerle ueesjer • pees yengle Deewj JÙeLe& yeesuelee nw JeeÛeeue
• pees efJeMJe keâe efnle Ûeenlee nw efJeMJeefnlew<eer
• ÛebÛeue DeeBKeeW Jeeueer m$eer uees ueeef#ekeâe
• pees JÙeekeâjCe peevelee nw JewÙeekeâjCe/JÙeekeâjCe%e
• heeves keâer FÛÚe efuehmee
• pees efJe%eeve peevelee nw Jew%eeefvekeâ
• efpemekeâe Goj uebyee nw uecyeesoj (ieCesMe) • pees Jeso peevelee nw Jeso%e/Jewefokeâ
• efpemeves Øeefle‰e Øeehle keâer nw ueyOeØeefle‰ • pees Ùeeve JeeÙeg ceW Ûeuelee nw JeeÙeg Ùeeve
• pees heg®<e ueesns pewmee cepeyetle nw ueewnheg®<e • pees efJekeâuhe ceW nes DeLee&led efpemekeâe
• pees JeCe&ve kesâ Deleerle DeLee&led hejs nw JeCe&veeleerle keâesF& efJekeâuhe nes Jewkeâefuhekeâ
• efkeâmeer efJe<eÙe ceW keâner ngF& keâesF& yeele JeòeâJÙe • pees efJe<eÙe efJeÛeej ceW Dee mekeâlee nw efJeÛeejiecÙe
• DeeMe oskeâj efvejeMe keâjves Jeeuee Jeeiee™ • efpemekesâ heeefCe ceW JeerCee nes JeerCeeheeefCe
• efpemes otmejs keâes osves keâe JeÛeve efoÙee pee Ûegkeâe nes Jeeioòe • pees keâesF& meeceeve ues peelee nw Jeenkeâ
• efkeâmeer keâeÙe& ceW ueerve JÙeehe=le • pees Deemeeveer mes heÛe peeÙes megheeÛÙe
• pees Meem$e peevelee nw Meem$e%e • mebosMe Ùee meceeÛeej ues peeves Jeeuee mebo sMeJeenkeâ
• efpemekesâ neLe ceW Metue nw MetueheeefCe (efMeJe) • pees megOeej keâjs megOeejkeâ
• efMeJe keâe Gheemekeâ MewJe • efpeme m$eer keâe heefle peereJf ele nw meOeJee
• MeÙeve (meesves) keâe Deeieej (keâceje) MeÙeveeieej • meceeve JeÙe DeLee&led Gceü Jeeuee meceJeÙemkeâ
• Meekeâ keâe Deenej keâjves Jeeuee Meekeâenejer • Skeâ ner meceÙe ceW Jele&ceeve mecemeeceefÙekeâ
• Jen mLeeve peneB cegox peueeÙes peeles nQ MceMeeve • pees Deheves heefjJeej kesâ meeLe nw meheefjJeej
• pees efMe#ee Øeoeve keâjlee nw efMe#ekeâ • Deheveer FÛÚe mes mJeÙeb otmejeW keâer mesJee keâjves Jeeuee mJeÙebm esJekeâ
• pees efMe#ee Øeehle keâjlee nw efMe#eeLeea • Jen heg®<e efpemekeâer helveer Gmekesâ meeLe nw meh elveer keâ
• pees ncesMee jnves Jeeuee nw MeeMJele • mejmJeleer keâe Yekeäle Ùee mejmJeleer mes mecyeæ meejmJele
• pees Me$eg keâer nlÙee keâjlee nw Me$egIve • meesves keâer FÛÚe meg<eghlee
• efMeuee hej Kegoe uesKe efMeueeuesKe • pees ve yengle "b[e nw Deewj ve yengle iece& meceMeerlees< Ce
• Ú: heoeW (hewjeW) Jeeuee <ešdheo • peneB Deveskeâ veefoÙeeW keâe efceueve nes mebi ece
• neLe keâer meHeâeF& nmleueeIeJe • Skeâ ner Goj mes pevce uesves Jeeuee menesoj
• efnle Ûeenves Jeeuee efnlew<eer • efpemekeâe ØeÙeespeve efmeæ nes Ûegkeâe nw meHeâue ØeÙeespeve
• ncesMee nje-Yeje jnves Jeeuee meoeyenej • efpemekeâe ceveesjLe meHeâue nes Ûegkeâe nw meHeâue ceveesjLe
• pees meeBhe keâes hekeâÌ[lee nw Deewj Gmekeâe • efpemes mejuelee mes heÌ{e pee mekesâ meghee"ddÙe
Kesue efoKeelee nw meBhesje • efpemekesâ ueesÛeve megboj neW megueesÛeve
• pees meyekeâes yejeyej osKelee nw meceoMeea • pees ceebme Keelee nw meeef ce<e
• efpemeceW peerJe DeLee&led peerJeve nes mepeerJe • pees veeškeâ keâe met$eheele keâjlee nw met$eOeej
• Skeâ meeLe Glhevve nesves Jeeues mebY etle • pees oÙee kesâ meeLe nw meoÙe/oÙeeueg
• pees Deheves ner DeJeuebye hej jnlee nw mJeeJeuebyeer • pees mce=elf e keâes ceevelee nes mceele&
• pees Skeâ mLeeve mes otmejs mLeeve hej • pees menves keâe Meerue jKelee nw menveMeerue
yeouee ieÙee nes mLeeveeb leefjle • pees meyekeâes ceevÙe nes meJe&c eevÙe
• pees mJeso (hemeervee) mes pevcelee nw mJesope • pees meJe&Meefkeäle mechevve nw meJe&Meefkeäleceeve
• pees meJe&meeOeejCe peve kesâ efueS nes meeJe&peefv ekeâ • pees meye ceW JÙeehle nw meJe&JÙeehle/meJe&JÙeeheer
• pees Deemeeveer mes GheueyOe nes peeÙes megu eYe • pees meye kegâÚ Ye#eCe keâjves Jeeuee nw meJe&Y e#eer
• pees meye kegâÚ peevelee nw meJe&%e • pees heÌ{vee-efueKevee peevelee nes mee#ej
• yeÛÛeeW kesâ pevce hej ieeÙee peeves Jeeuee ieerle meesnj • pees osKeves ceW efØeÙe ueielee nw megoMe&ve/efØeÙeoMeea
• pees mebieerle peevelee nw/mebieerle peeveves Jeeuee DeLeJee meb ieerle%e • pees osKeves ceW efØeÙe ueieleer nw megoMe& vee/efØeÙeoef Me&veer
mebieerle mes mecyeæ • pees meJe&$e JÙeehle nw meJe&JÙeehekeâ
• efmebn keâe MeeJekeâ (yeÛÛee) efmebnMeeJekeâ • pees nes mekeâlee nw mecYeJe
• megvoj ùoÙe Jeeuee megùo • pees meye kegâÚ men ueslee nw meJe&meefn<Ceg
• peneB ueesieeW keâe efceueve nes meccesueve • pees mJeÙeb Glhevve ngDee nes mJeÙebYet
• efpeme hej kegâÚ Mekeâ nes mebosnemheo/Mebkeâepevekeâ • pees kesâJeue mJeÙeb keâe efnle Ûeenlee nw mJeeLeea
• ceeefuekeâ keâe Dee%eekeâejer mJeeefceYekeäle • pees yeeÙeW neLe mes nefLeÙeej Ûeueeves ceW o#e nes meJ ÙemeeÛ eer
• melÙe ceW efpemekeâe ÂÌ{ efJeMJeeme nes melÙee«ener • pees otmejs kesâ mLeeve hej DemLeeÙeer ¤he
• DeÛÚs DeeÛejCe Jeeuee meoeÛeejer mes keâece hej DeeÙee nes mLeeveehevve
• efpeme m$eer keâe YeeiÙe DeÛÚe nes megYeiee • pees Dee«en melÙe kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peeÙes melÙee«en
• efpemekesâ Deboj meej yeele nes meejieefYe&le • pees mcejCe jKeves ÙeesiÙe nw mcejCeerÙe
• efkeâmeer keâece ceW otmejeW mes Deeies yeÌ{ peeves keâer FÛÚe mheæe& • efpemekeâer «eerJee megvoj nes meg«eerJe
• meeefnlÙe-jÛevee Ùee meeefnlÙe-mesJee mes mecyeæ meeefneflÙekeâ • pees m$eer kesâ JeMeerYetle Ùee m$eer pewmes mJeYeeJe keâe nw m$ewCe
• meKeeYeeJe efceefßele Devegjeie meKÙeevegj eie • pees meoe MegYeoeÙekeâ jnlee nw meoeefMeJe
• peneB Keevee meowJ e cegHeäle ceW efoÙee peelee nw meoeJele& ‘heerÌ{er oj heerÌ{er Ûeuee Deeves Jeeuee’ - Fmekesâ efueS mecegeÛf ele Meyo ‘DevJeÙeeiele’
• megoMe&ve keâes OeejCe keâjves Jeeuee megoMe&v eOeejer nw~
• efpemekesâ veKe methe kesâ meceeve neW Methe& CeKee
• pees Mejerj mes mLetue nw mLetuekeâeÙe efveoxMe : ØeMve mebKÙee 19 Deewj 20 ceW, efueefKele JeekeäÙeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ
• otmejeW kesâ efnle keâer FÛÚe efnlew< eCee Meyo ÛegefveS~
• efpemekeâe YeeF& Úerve efueÙee ieÙee nes ùleyebOeg 4. ‘kebâpetmeer mes Oeve JÙeÙe keâjves Jeeuee’
• ùoÙe keâe efJeoejCe keâjves Jeeuee ÂMÙe ùoÙeefJeoejkeâ (a) efceleJÙeÙeer (b) DeuheJÙeÙeer
• pees otmejs keâer nlÙee keâjlee nw nlÙeeje (c) ke=â heCe (d) ceme= Ce
• Jen keâeJÙe pees kesâJeue megvee pee mekesâ ßeJÙekeâeJÙe Gòej—(c)
• pees megveves ÙeesiÙe nw ßeJeCeerÙe/ßeesleJÙe
‘kebâpetmeer mes Oeve JÙeÙe keâjves Jeeuee’, ‘ke=âheCe’ keânueelee nw~
• pees keâeveeW keâes megveves ceW ceOegj ueies ßegefleceOegj
5. ‘heJe&le keâer leuenšer’
• ßece keâjkesâ peerves Jeeuee ßecepeerJeer
pees Mejerj mes ogye&ue nw #eerCekeâeÙe (a) Ieešer (b) GhelÙekeâe
•
• #egOee/YetKe mes Deelegj #egOeelegj (c) õesCe (d) yesef meve
• #eCe Yej ceW ner Yebie nesves Jeeuee #eCeYebiegj Gòej—(b)
• leerve heLeeW ceW peeves Jeeueer ef$eheLeiee ‘heJe&le keâer leuenšer’ Ùee efveÛeuee Yeeie ‘GhelÙekeâe’ keânueelee nw~ Fmeer Øekeâej
• Meerleue, cebo Deewj megiebeOf ele JeeÙeg ef$eefJeOeJeeÙeg heJe&le keâe Thejer Yeeie ‘DeefOelÙekeâe’ keânueelee nw~
• leerve keâeueeW keâes osKeves Jeeuee ef$ekeâeueo Meea
• leerveeW JesoeW keâes peeveves Jeeuee ef$eJesoer efveoxMe- Øe. meb. 21 Deewj 22 ceW, efueefKele JeekeäÙeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo ÛegefveS~
• %eeve osves Jeeuee/osves Jeeueer %eeveo/%eeveoe 6. ‘efkeâmeer keâer meneÙelee keâjves Jeeuee’
• pees peeveves ÙeesiÙe nw %eeleJÙe (a) meneÙekeâ (b) meùoÙe
(c) menÛej (d) menkeâej
DeYÙeeme ØeMve
Gòej—(a)
1. efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee ‘heerÚs Ûeueves Jeeuee’ Meyo mecetn nsleg Skeâ Meyo nw?
(a) Devegiele (b) efheÚueiiet efkeâmeer keâer meneÙelee keâjves Jeeuee ‘meneÙekeâ’ keânueelee nw, pees ùoÙeJeeve nes
(c) ef h eÛÚue (d) Deeiele Jen ‘meùoÙe’ keânueelee nw~ meeLe Ûeueves Jeeuee ‘menÛej’ keânueelee nw~
Gòej—(a) meeLe-meeLe keâeÙe& keâjvee ‘menkeâej’ keânueelee nw~
‘heerÚs Ûeueves Jeeuee’ Meyo mecetn kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo DevegÙeeÙeer Ùee Devegieeceer 7. ‘Yeuee Ûeenves Jeeuee’
neslee nw, hejvleg GheÙegòeâ efJekeâuhe kesâ DeYeeJe ceW (Devegiele) efJekeâuhe (a) melÙe (a) efve:mJeeLe& (b) hegCÙeelcee
kesâ vepeoerkeâ nw~ (c) efnlew< eer (d) meneÙekeâ
2. efkeâmeer keâLeve hej mencele nesvee- Gòej—(c)
(a) meceLe&ve (b) Devegc eesove Yeuee Ûeenves Jeeuee ‘efnlew<eer’ keânueelee nw~ efyevee mJeeLe& kesâ pees keâeÙe& efkeâÙee
(c) mJeerke=âefle (d) menceef le peelee nw, Jen ‘efve:mJeeLe&’ keâne peelee nw~ pees heefJe$e Deelcee Jeeuee neslee nw,
Gòej—(d) Gmes ‘hegCÙeelcee’ keâne peelee nw~
efkeâmeer keâLeve hej mencele nesvee ner menceefle keânueelee nw~ Devegceesove – efkeâmeer 8. pees nj meceÙe Dehevee celeueye meeOelee nes, Gmes keäÙee keâne peelee nw?
cele Ùee ØemleeJe keâes meceLe&ve keâjves keâer ef›eâÙee~ (a) celeueyeer (b) hejceeLeea
3. ‘heerÌ{er oj heerÌ{er Ûeuee Deeves Jeeuee’ - Fmekesâ efueS mecegefÛele Meyo nw- (c) mJeeLeea (d) mJeejLeer
(a) hejeiele (b) leLeeiele Gòej—(a&c)
(c) ›eâceeiele (d) DevJeÙeeiele
Gòej—(d) mJeeLeea SJeb celeueyeer oesveeW Skeâ ner DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ~ Dele: oesveeW mener nQ~

cegneJejs SJeb ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeb
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve 8. Debie–Debie Hetâues ve meceevee–
(a) meeje Mejerj Hetâue peevee (b) DebieeW ceW ØeHegâuuelee nesvee
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW ceW cegneJejs/ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeb oer ieF& nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ kesâ DeLe& kesâ
(c) Deevebo efJeYeesj nesvee (d) ceewpe ceveevee
efueS Ûeej efJekeâuhe efoÙes ieÙes nQ~ GheÙegòeâ efJekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS– Gòej–(c)
1. Deeoceer keâer hejsMeeveer efoue keâe DeeF&vee nw–
9. KeesheÌ[er Kegpeueevee–
(a) ceveg<Ùe keâe Ûesnje osKeves mes Gmekesâ ùoÙe kesâ YeeJe ceeuetce nes peeles
(a) efoceeie ceW keâerÌ[e nesvee (b) efmej ceW Kegpeueer nesvee
nQ~ (c) ceej mes efmej Heâš peevee (d) Mewleeveer keâe keâece keâjvee
(b) ceveg<Ùe kesâ ceeLes ceW Gmekesâ efoue keâer hejÚeFË osKeer pee mekeâleer nw~
Gòej–(d)
(c) ceveg<Ùe keâe ceeLee efoue osKeves kesâ DeeF&ves keâe keâece keâjlee nw~
10. oeBle heermekeâj jn peevee–
(d) efoue keâes osKeves kesâ efueS cegBn keâes meeceves jKe osvee "erkeâ neslee nw~
(a) oeBle keâškeâšeles ngS Lekeâ peevee (b) ›eâesOe keâes jeskeâ osvee
Gòej–(a)
(c) ›eâesOe Øekeâš keâjvee (d) oeBle Keós keâjvee
2. Deeoceer peeefveS yemes, meesvee peeefveS keâmes–
Gòej–(b)
(a) Deeoceer Deewj meesves keâer hejer#ee cegmeeryele ceW nesleer nw~
11. jie HeâÌ[keâvee–
(b) Deeoceer keâe mJeYeeJe meesves keâer lejn nesvee ÛeeefnS~
(a) Glmeen Yej peevee (b) jieeW ceW heerÌ[e nesvee
(c) Deeoceer keâer henÛeeve Gmekesâ heeme jnves mes nesleer nw Deewj meesves keâer
(c) keâesF& DeheMekegâve nesvee (d) kegâÚ Oeve efceuevee
hejer#ee Gmes keâmeewšer hej keâmeves mes nesleer nw~
Gòej–(a)
(d) Deheves heeme jnves Jeeues Deeoceer keâes meesves keâer lejn keâmeewšer hej
12. ngkeäkeâe Yejvee–
keâmevee ÛeeefnS~
(a) mesJee keâjvee (b) Dee%ee ceevevee
Gòej–(c)
(c) ngkeäkesâ ceW heeveer Yejvee (d) efÛeuece ceW lecyeeketâ Yejvee
3. Deehekeâepe cenekeâepe–
(a) Dehevee efkeâÙee ngDee keâece ceneve Øeleerle neslee nw~
Gòej–(a)
(b) Dehevee keâece Deheves Deehe keâjves hej ner "erkeâ neslee nw~
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ mener DeLe& ÛegefveS–
13. Deškeâe yeefveÙee osF GOeej–
(c) Deheves Deehe pees Yeer keâjesies Jen legcnejs efueS ceneve yeve peeSiee~
(a) yeefveÙee pees Deheveer iejpe hej ner megvelee nw~
(d) ceneve yeveves kesâ efueS JÙeefòeâ keâes Deheves neLeeW keâece keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
Gòej–(b) (b) yeefveÙee hejsMeeveer ceW Yeer GOeej veneR oslee~
(c) yeefveÙee GOeej keâYeer–keâYeer ner oslee nw~
4. uebieesšer ceW Heâeie Kesuevee–
(d) Deheveer iejpe hej oyevee heÌ[lee nw~
(a) yeÇÿeÛeejer nesvee (b) oefjõlee ceW Deevebo ceveevee
(c) henueJeeveer keâjvee (d) JÙeeÙeece keâjvee Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(b) 14. veew–oes iÙeejn nesvee–
5. Deboj nesvee– (a) ueewš peevee (b) efieveleer efievekeâj Yeeie peevee
(a) Yeerlej peevee (b) Iej ceW yew"s jnvee (c) Yeeie peevee (d) ieefCele ueieekeâj keâeÙe& keâjvee
(c) efÚhe peevee (d) pesue ceW yebo nesvee Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(d) 15. DeeOee leerlej DeeOee yešsj
6. YeeÌ[ PeeWkeâvee– (a) yescesue ÛeerpeeW keâe meeqcceßeCe
(a) ceecetueer keâceeF& keâjvee (b) JÙeLe& meceÙe ve„ keâjvee (b) DeeOeer–DeeOeer ÛeerpeeW keâes efceueekeâj Skeâ keâjvee
(c) Deveepe Yetvevee (d) keâece efyeieeÌ[vee (c) OeesKesyeepe
Gòej–(b) (d) kegâÚ keâjvee kegâÚ efoKeevee
7. heeBÛeeW GBieefueÙeeB Ieer ceW nesvee– Gòej–(a)
(a) ueeYe ner ueeYe (b) DeefOekeâ ueeYe nesvee 16. DeeS Les nefj Yepeve keâes Deesšve ueies keâheeme–
(c) meye FÛÚeSB hetjer nesvee (d) lej ceeue Keevee (a) DeÛÚs keâeÙe& keâer yepeeÙe Ie=efCele keâeÙe& keâjvee
Gòej–(a) (b) Yekeäle Éeje keâheeme Deesšvee

(c) GÛÛe ue#Ùe keâes Úes[Ì keâj meeOeejCe ue#Ùe ceW Meeqkeäle iebJeevee 25. `neuele heleueer nesvee' cegneJejs keâe leelheÙe& keäÙee nw?
(d) meeOeejCe ceveg<Ùe neskeâj jn peevee (a) Mejerj keâcepeesj nesvee (b) DeelceefJeMJeeme keâer keâceer
Gòej–(c) (c) oÙeveerÙe oMee nesvee (d) DemJemLe nesvee
17. ve TOees keâe uesve, ve ceeOees keâe osve– Gòej–(c)
(a) otmejs kesâ PebPeš ceW oKeue ve osvee 26. ÚÚtboj kesâ efmej ceW Ûecesueer keâe lesue–ueeskeâesefòeâ keâe mener DeLe& nw–
(b) efkeâmeer PebPeš ceW ve heÌ[vee (a) Ûecelkeâej keâer Deeqvlece meercee Útvee
(c) efkeâmeer mes GOeej ve uesvee (b) meyekeâes hejsMeeve keâjvee
(d) vekeâo uesve–osve keâjvee (c) DeÙeesiÙe JÙeeqkeäle keâes Yeejer ÙeMe Je yeÌ[e heo efceuevee
Gòej–(a) (d) ÛeejeW Deesj megievOe Hewâueevee
18. leerve ueeskeâ mes ceLegje vÙeejer– Gòej–(c)
(a) ceLegje meyemes ßes‰ leerLe& nw (b) ceLegje veiej efJeefMe„ nw 27. šsÌ{ er Keerj–
(c) meyemes ßes‰ Je megboj (d) meyemes efvejeuee (a) Keerj keâe efyeieÌ[e ngDee hekeâJeeve nw~
Gòej–(d) (b) keâece kesâ efyeieÌ[ peeves keâer mecYeeJevee nw~
19. DeOepeue ieiejer, Úuekeâle peeS– (c) Skeâ cegneJeje nw~
(a) efveOe&ve Éeje DeefOekeâ KeÛe& keâjvee (b) ve KeeÙee pee mekeâves Jeeuee Yeespeve nw~
(b) De%eeveer Éeje GheosMe osvee Gòej–(c)
(c) Deuhe%eeveer Éeje DeefOekeâ ØeoMe&ve keâjvee 28. Gušer iebiee yenevee–
(d) ieiejer keâe hetje Yejvee ner ßes‰ nw (a) yengle heefjßece keâjvee (b) DemeeOÙe keâes meeOÙe keâj osvee
Gòej–(c) (c) Øeefleketâue keâeÙe& keâjvee (d) Gušeheguše keâjvee
20. Deheveer keâjveer, heej Glejveer– Gòej–(c)
(a) mJeÙeb kesâ ØeÙeeme mes meHeâuelee efceueleer nw~ 29. Deheveer efKeÛeÌ[er Deueie hekeâevee–
(b) Deheves keâceeX keâe Heâue Yeesievee~ (a) meyemes Deueie jnvee (b) Deveie&ue yeeleW keâjvee
(c) Deheves meeOeve mes ner veoer heej keâjveer ÛeeefnS~ (c) Deheves ner keâeÙe& ceW ueies jnvee (d) mJeÙeb heekeâer nesvee
(d) Deheves efnle keâe keâjvee~ Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(a) 30. Deheves cegBn efceÙee efcešd"t–
21. DebOes kesâ neLe yešsj ueievee– (a) Deheves cegBn ceW efce"eF& jKevee
(a) DeÛÚe Yeespeve efceue peevee~ (b) DeØelÙeeefMele ueeYe nesvee~ (b) Deheves neLe mes efce"eF& efKeueevee
(c) DebOes keâes Oeve efceuevee~ (d) DebOes kesâ meeLe oesmleer keâjvee~ (c) cegBn mes ceer"er–ceer"er yeeleW keâjvee
Gòej–(b) (d) Deheveer ØeMebmee mJeÙeb keâjvee
22. Dehevee Guuet meerOee keâjvee– Gòej–(d)
(a) Dehevee mJeeLe& efmeæ keâjvee (b) Deheves yeÛÛes keâes megOeejvee 31. keâuece leesÌ[vee-
(c) Deheveer ieueleer megOeejvee (d) efkeâmeer keâes cetKe& yeveevee (a) pepe kesâ Éeje, ce=lÙegoC[ megvevee
Gòej–(a) (b) Dehevee mecyevOe lees[ Ì osvee
23. DeeBOeer kesâ Deece– (c) efueKes ngS keâes keâeš osvee
(a) keâšs –Heâšs Deece (b) keâÛÛes Deece (d) Devet"er Geqkeäle efueKevee
(c) efJeheoe ceW ueeYe (d) meeceefÙekeâ ueeYe Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(d) 32. DemecYeJe keâeÙe& mechevve keâj osves hej yengOee efpeme cegneJejs keâe ØeÙeesie
24. yeeue Oethe ceW meHesâo ve nesvee– efkeâÙee peelee nw, Jen keâewve-mee nw?
(a) yetÌ{e nesvee (b) DemeceÙe yeeue meHesâo nesvee (a) DeekeâeMe mes yeeleW keâjvee (b) uebkeâe peerlevee
(c) yengle DevegYeJeer nesvee (d) yengle cetKe& nesvee (c) efoeqiJepeÙe keâjvee (d) DeekeâeMe kesâ leejs lees[
Ì vee
Gòej–(c) Gòej–(d)
33. ‘jmmeer peue ieF& Ssb" ve ve ieF&’ keâe DeLe& nw– (c) celeueyeer nesvee (d) cetKe& nesvee
(a) meye kegâÚ efceš peeves hej Yeer Pet"e DeefYeceeve keâjvee Gòej– (b)
(b) Pet" yeesuevee Deewj Gme hej ieJe& keâjvee 42. ‘mehesâo Pet"’ keâe DeLe& nw–
(c) efHeâj mes Ssb"vee (a) meÛe nesvee (b) hetCe&le: DemelÙe
(d) nejves hej Yeer DekeâÌ[vee (c) DeefYeceeve (d) efMe°
Gòej–(a) Gòej– (b)
43. ‘helLej keâer uekeâerj’ nesves keâe DeLe& nw–
34. ‘F&o keâe ÛeeBo nesvee’ keâe DeLe& nw–
(a) keâ"esj nesvee (b) keâef"ve nesvee
(a) DeekeâeMe ceW ÛeeBo efvekeâuevee
(c) Deefceš nesvee (d) efceš peevee
(b) ÛeeBo efvekeâueves hej KegeMf eÙeeB ceveevee
Gòej– (c)
(c) yengle efoveeW yeeo efoKeeF& osvee
44. ‘[esjs [euevee’ keâe DeLe& keäÙee nw?
(d) ÛeeBoveer jele ceW lÙeewnej keâe Deevebo uesvee
(a) Øesce ceW hebâmeevee (b) ogŠ Keer keâjvee
Gòej–(c) (c) yeebO evee (d) heâbos [euevee
35. `Keesoe heneÌ[ efvekeâueer ÛegefnÙee' keâe DeLe& nw– Gòej– (a)
(a) ÛegefnÙee hekeâÌ[ves kesâ efueS yengle keâesefMeMe keâjvee 45. ‘let [eue–[eue ceQ heele–heele’ keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
(b) Úesšer–meer Ûeerpe kesâ efueS heneÌ[ Keesovee (a) pewmes keâes lewmee
(c) yengle heefjßece keâjves hej Yeer keâesF& Heâue ve efceuevee (b) Ûeeueekeâer keâe Gòej Ûeeueekeâer mes osvee
(d) yeskeâej keâe keâeÙe& keâjvee (c) TBÛ eer keâuhevee keâjvee
Gòej–(c) (d) peceerve hej ve jnvee
efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele cegneJejeW keâe DeLe& yeleeFS– Gòej– (b)
36. Debiet"e efoKeevee– 46. ‘efÛekeâvee IeÌ[e nesvee’ keâe keäÙee leelheÙe& nw?
(a) osves mes Fvekeâej keâjvee (b) Deheceeve keâjvee (a) efÛekeâvee nesvee (b) mece=æ nesvee
(c) nBmeer GÌ[evee (d) OeesKee osvee (c) efveue&ppe nesvee (d) YeÙeYeerle nesvee
Gòej–(d) Gòej– (c)
37. DeeBKe ueievee– 47. ‘leueJeej keâer Oeej hej Ûeuevee’ keâe DeLe& nw–
(a) vegkeâeru ee nesvee (b) hejeefpele keâj osvee
(a) DeeMebkeâe nesvee (b) ce=lÙeg nesvee
(c) F&<Ùee& keâjvee (d) keâef"ve keâeÙe& keâjvee
(c) veeRo Deevee (d) Øesce nesvee
Gòej– (d)
Gòej–(c)
48. ùeesns kesâ Ûeves Ûeyeevee' keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
38. DeewOb eer KeesheÌ[er–
(a) YetKee jnvee (b) Ieesj keâef"veeF& keâe meecevee keâjvee
(a) kegâÚ efveCe&Ùe ve keâj heevee (b) cetKe& nesvee
(c) heefjßece mes Ieyejevee (d) yegjer lejn hejeefpele nesvee
(c) eEkeâkeâòe&JÙeefJecetÌ{ nesvee (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Gòej– (b)
Gòej–(b) 49. ‘yegjer lejn njeves’ kesâ DeLe& ceW keâewve-mee cegneJeje ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw?
39. keâeve keâe keâÛÛee– (a) ueesns kesâ Ûeves Ûeyeevee (b) oeBle Keós keâjvee
(a) keâce megveves Jeeuee (b) yenje (c) heeBJe GKeÌ[ peevee (d) ceBgn keâer Keevee
(c) keâesF& yeele megvekeâj Gmes heÛee ve mekeâves Jeeuee Gòej– (b)
(d) MeerIeÇ efJeMJeeme keâj uesves Jeeuee efveoxMe : efvecveefueefKele cegneJejeW keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
Gòej–(d) 50. Ieeš –Ieeš keâe heeveer heervee–
40. ‘keâeve keâešvee’ cegneJejs keâe DeLe& nw– (a) ceeje–ceeje efHeâjvee (b) efMe#ee «enCe keâjvee
(a) keâvekeâše nesvee (b) Ûelegj nesvee (c) leerLe&Ùee$ee keâjvee (d) DevegYeJeer nesvee
(c) cetKe& nesvee (d) efJeveceü nesvee Gòej–(d)
Gòej– (b) 51. Dee yewue cegPes ceej–
41. ‘GÌ[leer efÛeefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ hebKe efievevee’ keâe DeLe& nw– (a) peeve yetPekeâj cegmeeryele ceW heÌ[ peevee
(a) neseMf eÙeej nesvee (b) DevegYeJe nesvee (b) ÚsÌ[ÚeÌ[ keâjvee

(b) efkeâmeer keâes Yeer ieeueer osvee (c) meHeâuelee meceÙe hej Deeleer nw
(d) yewue kesâ meeceves yew" peevee (d) DemecYeJe keâeÙe& keâjvee
Gòej–(a) Gòej–(d)
52. {ekeâ kesâ Jener leerve heele nesvee- 61. nerbie ueies ve efHeâškeâjer jbie Yeer ÛeesKee nesÙe–
(a) ÙelvehetJe&keâ jKevee (b) meoe Skeâ mee nesvee (a) efyevee cesnvele Heâue heevee
(c) Tšhešebie keâece keâjvee (d) Deveg¤he yevevee (b) cegHeäle ceW keâece keâjves keâer FÛÚe keâjvee
Gòej–(b) (c) meeOeejCe cesnvele mes DeÛÚe keâece keâj uesvee
53. [bkesâ keâer Ûeesš hej keânvee— (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) Meesj–Mejeyee keâjvee (b) DemJeeYeeefJekeâ yeeleW keâjvee Gòej–(a)
(c) meyekes â meeceves Iees e<f ele keâjvee (d) TBÛ es mJej ceW efÛeuueevee 62. èfmej G"evee' keâe DeLe& nw–
Gòej– (c) (a) efJeõesn keâjvee (b) Deeoj keâjvee
54. leerve lesjn nesvee– (c) DeeefOehelÙe peceevee (d) Ûegieueer keâjvee
(a) Gvveefle keâjvee (b) JewcevemÙe jKevee Gòej–(a)
(c) Yeeie peevee (d) efieveleer keâjvee 63. `heneÌ[ štš heÌ[vee' keâe DeLe& nw–
Gòej– (c) (a) yengle Ieyeje peevee (b) Yeejer mebkeâš Deevee
55. SÌ[er Ûeesšer keâe hemeervee Skeâ keâjvee— (c) Deheceeefvele nesvee (d) keâ„ heevee
(a) hemeervee Deevee (b) DelÙeefOekeâ ßece keâjvee Gòej–(b)
(c) JÙeLe& heefjßece keâjvee (d) keâef"ve keâeÙe& keâjvee 64. `cegšd"er iejce keâjvee' keâe DeLe& nw–
Gòej– (b) (a) neLe iejce keâjvee (b) Ietme osvee
56. FËš mes FËbš yepeevee– (c) Deeie leehevee (d) Pet" yeesuevee
(a) oes<e ueieevee (b) keâ"esj Jeej keâjvee Gòej–(b)
(c) efJeheefòe keâer DeeMebkeâe nesvee (d) leyeen keâj osvee 65. `ve jnsiee yeeBme ve yepesieer yeeBmegjer' keâe DeLe& nw–
Gòej– (d) (a) yeeBme keâes ve„ keâjvee
57. TBÛ eer ogkeâeve heâerkeâe hekeâJeeve– (b) yeeBmegjer ve yepeevee
(a) GBâÛes hej yeveer ogkeâeve kesâ hekeâJeeve ceer"s veneR nesles (c) PeieÌ[s keâer peÌ[ keâes ve„ keâj osvee
(b) TBÛ eer ogkeâeve cenbieer nesleer nw (d) efkeâmeer keâes GOeej ve osvee
(c) efoKeeJešer Jemleg ceW iegCeJeòee keâce nesleer nw Gòej–(c)
(d) efoKeeJeš ceW Deekeâ<e&Ce DeefOekeâ jnlee nw 66. ‘keâneB jepee Yeespe keâneB iebiet lesueer’ keâe DeLe& nw–
Gòej– (c) (a) jepee Je Øepee ceW keâeheâer Devlej nw~
58. hewj heškeâvee– (b) Deheves mes efvecve JÙeefòeâÙeeW mes otj jnvee ÛeeefnS~
(a) ogŠ Ke Øekeâš keâjvee (b) DeefmLej nesvee (c) efce$elee meceevelee ceW keâjveer ÛeeefnS~
(c) iegmmee Øekeâš keâjvee (d) heerÚs nšvee (d) efce$elee jepee Yeespe Je iebiet lesueer keâer lejn keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
Gòej– (c) Gòej– (c)
59. efvevÙeeveyes kesâ Hesâj ceW heÌ[vee– 67. ìebiee ieÙes iebieeoeme, Ùecegvee ieÙes Ùecegveeoeme' keâe DeLe& nw–
(a) Oeve keâceeves ceW ueiee jnvee (a) iebieeoeme iebiee Je Ùecegveeoeme Ùecegvee ieÙes~
(b) cetKe&lee kesâ keâeÙe& keâjvee (b) iebiee Je Ùecegvee ceW mveeve keâjvee ÛeefnS~
(c) efkeâmeer Ûekeäkeâj ceW heÌ[ peevee (c) DeJemej osKekeâj keâece keâjvee~
(d) heefjJeej kesâ PebPešeW ceW HeBâmes jnvee (d) Deheves veece kesâ lejn mes keâece keâjvee~
Gòej–(a) Gòej– (c)
60. nLesueer hej mejmeeW veneR peceleer– 68. `veew efove Ûeues DeÌ{eF& keâesme’ keâe DeLe& nw–
(a) mejmeeW kesâ efueS peceerve ÛeeefnS, nLesueer veneR (a) yengle Oeerceer ieefle mes keâece keâjvee
(b) keâece kesâ efueS meceÙe ÛeeefnS, peye Ûeenes leye keâece veneR nes mekeâlee (b) yengle Oeerceer ieefle mes Ûeuevee

(c) DeefOekeâ meceÙe ceW keâce keâece keâjvee (c) vekeäkeâejs ueesieeW keâer meJe&$e letleer yeesueleer nw~
(d) njeceKeesjer keâjvee (d) meceLe& JÙeeqkeäle kesâ meeceves DemeceLe& JÙeeqkeäle keâe ØeYeeJe veneR heÌ[lee~
Gòej– (a) Gòej–(d)
76. ÌeÌ[eW heeveer heÌ[vee' cegneJejs keâe mener DeLe& nw—
69. ‘ietuej keâe hetâue nesvee’ cegneJejs kesâ efueS GefÛele efJekeâuhe ÛegefveS–
(a) YeÙeYeerle nesvee (b) ueefppele nesvee
(a) keâYeer–keâYeer efoKeeF& osvee (b) keâYeer Yeer efoKeeF& ve osvee
(c) keâerÛeÌ[ nesvee (d) nej ceeve uesvee
(c) mhe° efoKeeF& osvee (d) JÙeLe& keâer yeele keâjvee
Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(a) 77. `neLe hemeejvee' cegneJejs keâe DeLe& nw–
70. `Deheveer neefve keâjkesâ Yeer otmejs keâer neefve keâjvee' kesâ efueS keäÙee ueeskeâesefòeâ (a) ceeBievee (b) efJemleej keâjvee
nw? (c) osvee (d) uesvee
(a) meeRie keâšekeâj yeÚÌ[eW ceW efceuevee Gòej–(a)
(b) LeesLee Ûevee yeepes Ievee 78. `nesvenej efyejJeeve kesâ nesle Ûeerkeâves heele' ueeskeâeseòf eâ keâe DeLe& nw—
(c) ve jnsiee yeeBme, ve yepesieer yeeBmegjer (a) efÛekeâves heòeeW Jeeuee heewOee mego
b j ueielee nw~
(d) Deheveer veekeâ keâšekeâj DeheMekegâve keâjvee (b) nesvenej yeeuekeâ kesâ ue#eCe yeÛeheve ceW ner Øekeâš nesves ueieles nQ~
Gòej–(d) (c) GÅeeve keâe Meewkeâ nesvee~
(d) efÛekeâves heòeeW mes ueielee nw efkeâ heewOee Je=#e yevesiee~
71. efkeâmeer Jemleg kesâ DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes yengle keâce nesves hej yengOee keâne peelee
nw – Gòej–(b)
79. `Deeies.... heerÚs KeeF&' cegneJejs kesâ efjkeäle mLeeve hej mener Meyo nesiee -
(a) Skeâ Deveej meew yeerceej (b) Deesme kesâ Ûeešs hÙeeme ve yegPevee
(a) Pejvee (b) heneÌ[
(c) TBš kesâ ceBgn ceW peerje (d) Debiegueer Ûeešvee
(c) kegâDeeB (d) veoer
72. efkeâme cegneJejs keâe DeLe& YeÙeYeerle nesvee nw? 80. `Ûeesj keâer oeÌ{er ceW eflevekeâe' ueeskeâesefkeäle keâe mener DeLe& nw–
(a) keâuespee cegBn lekeâ Dee peevee (a) Ûeesj keâe mJeÙeb [jvee (b) Ûeesjer keâer henÛeeve nesvee
(b) keâuespee Oekeâ–Oekeâ keâjvee (c) oeÌ{er ieboer nesvee (d) nj Ûeesj keâer oeÌ{er nesvee
(c) keâuespes hej helLej heÌ[vee Gòej–(a)
(d) keâuespes hej meeBhe ueesšvee
Gòej–(b)
73. ìeeue yepeevee' cegneJejs kesâ DeLe& kesâ ef ueS mener efJ ekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve  cegneJeje
keâerefp eS– efJeefMe<š DeLe& keâer Øeleerefle keâjeves Jeeues JeekeäÙeebMe keâes ‘cegneJeje’ keânles nQ~
(a) ›eâesefOele nesvee (b) efhešeF& keâjvee Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie Yee<ee keâes mepeerJelee Deewj mejmelee Øeoeve keâjlee nw~ JeemleJe ceW
(c) [eRie neBkeâvee (d) ieeueer osvee FvnW ceeveJe peeefle kesâ DevegYeJeeW keâe efJeue#eCe met$eelcekeâ keâes<e ceevee pee mekeâlee
Gòej–(c) nw~ FveceW efveefnle uee#eefCekeâlee efkeâmeer Yee<ee keâes meew‰Je Deewj ØeYeeJeMeeruelee
74. ``Deehe Fme efJeMJeefJeÅeeueÙe kesâ Úe$e nQ! Deehekesâ ØeeLe&vee–he$e ceW Fleveer Øeoeve keâjleer nw~
DeMegeæ f ÙeeB!! meÛe nw efkeâ.......... ~'' cegneJejs kesâ ØeÙeesie mes Yee<ee ceW mejuelee, mejmelee, Ûecelkeâeefjkeâlee Deewj
efjkeäle mLeeve keâer hete|le kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle ueeskeâeseqkeäle keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS– ØeJeen Glhevve neslee nw~ Fmekeâe GösMÙe nw- Jeelee& SJeb mecØes<eCe kesâ oewjeve ßeeslee
(a) keâneB jece–jece, keâneB šebÙe–šebÙe~ keâes DeLe& yeesOe Yeer nes peeÙes Deewj Jen Gmes ØeYeeefJele Yeer keâjs~
(b) ieeB" keâe hetje DeeBKe keâe DebOee~  ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeb
(c) keâeyegue ceW meYeer IeesÌ[s veneR nesles~ ueeskeâeseòf eâÙeeb mJe Yee<ee-Yeeef<eÙeeW keâer heejmheefjkeâ meebmke=âeflekeâ efJejemele nesleer
(d) Skeâ ieboer ceÚueer meejs leeueeye keâes ieboe keâj osleer nw~ nQ~ Jes Fefleneme ceW efkeâvneR efJeefMe<š IešveeDeeW SJeb efmLeefleÙeeW mes Ghepeleer nQ Deewj
Gòej–(c) efheâj Yee<ee kesâ ceeOÙece mes osMe Deewj keâeue ceW Úe peeleer nQ~ ueeskeâeseòf eâÙeeb meceepe
75. `vekeäkeâejKeeves ceW letleer keâer DeeJeepe' keâe DeefYeØeeÙe nw– keâe Yee<eeÙeer Fefleneme nesleer nQ FmeefueS ueeskeâeseòf eâÙeeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes Skeâ meceepe
(a) vekeäkeâejKeeveeW ceW letleer veneR yeesueleer~ keâe meebmke=âef lekeâ, Deee|Lekeâ, jepeveerelf ekeâ SJeb JÙeeJeneefjkeâ DeOÙeÙeve efkeâÙee pee
(b) letleer keâer DeeJeepe meyemes TBÛeer nesleer nw~ mekeâlee nw~
 Dekeäue yeÌ[er Ùee YeQme—Meejerejf keâ Meefòeâ keâer leguevee ceW yeeweæ
f keâ Meefòeâ keâer  Fefleßeer keâj osvee– meceehle keâj osvee~
ßes‰lee nesvee~  FOej– GOej keâer nebkeâvee– JÙeLe& keâer yeeleW keâjvee~
 Deheves heebJe hej kegâuneÌ[er ceejvee– Dehevee Deefnle mJeÙeb keâjvee~  FOej keâer GOej keâjvee– ueieevee-yegPeevee/Ûegieueer keâjvee~
 Dekeäue hej helLej heÌ[vee– yegefæYeü° nesvee~  FOej keâer ogefveÙee GOej nesvee– Devenesveer nesvee~
 Dehevee– Dehevee nw, hejeÙee– hejeÙee– Deheves hejeÙes keâer henÛeeve~  Fppele Deheves neLe nesvee– ceÙee&oe keâe JeMe ceW nesvee~
 Dehevee-mee cegBn ueskeâj jn peevee– ueefppele nesvee/efvejeMe nesvee~  Fvõ keâe DeKeeÌ[e– efJeueemeer meceepe~
 Deheceeve keâe IetšB heervee– ceeveneefve nesves hej Yeer Ûeghe jnvee~  Fppele ceW yešdš e ueieevee– Øeefle‰e Kejeye keâjvee~
 Decej yesue yevevee– ÂÌ{ leehetJe&keâ efÛehekeâvee~  Fkeâ veeefieve De® hebKe ueieeF&—oes<e hej oes<e nesvee~
 Dehevee meesvee Keesše lees hejKewÙee keâe keäÙee oes<e—peye Deheves ner ueesie yegjs neW  Fceueer kesâ heele hej yeejele keâe [sje—DemecYeJe yeele~
lees hejeÙes keâes keäÙee oes<e efoÙee peeÙe~  FËš keâe peJeeye helLej mes osvee– efkeâmeer keâer og„lee keâe keâjeje peJeeye osvee~
 Deheveer veekeâ keâšs lees keâšs, otmejs keâe Meiegve lees efyeieÌ[s—otmejs keâes neefve  F&ceeve yeieue ceW oyeevee– yesF&ceeveer keâjvee~
hengBÛeeves kesâ efueS mJeÙeb neefve G"evee~  F&MJej keâer ceeÙee, keâneR Oethe keâneR ÚeÙee– YeeiÙe keâer efJeefÛe$elee~
 DevOee ieg® yenje Ûesuee, ceeBies njx os yensje—keânvee kegâÚ, keâjvee kegâÚ  Gueše heemee heÌ[vee– efJehejerle heefjCeece efvekeâuevee~
Deewj~  GÌ[leer efÛeefÌ[Ùee henÛeevevee—jnmÙe keâer yeele lelkeâeue peeve uesvee~
 DeIeeÙeue yeieguee kesâ heesef"Ùee leerle—efpemekeâer pe™jle hetjer nes ieF&, Gmekesâ  GJe&Meer nesvee– efØeÙe nesvee~
efueS meeOeejCe Øeeefhle cenlJenerve~  Gvveerme– yeerme nesvee– ueieYeie Skeâ meceeve nesvee~
 Deheves ceve mes peeefveÙes hejeÙes ceve keâer yeele—Deheves ceve keâer YeeJevee kesâ  Gleej– ÛeÌ{eJe osKevee– DevegYeJe Øeehle keâjvee~
Deveg™he otmejs keâes mecePeW~  GBieueer hej veeÛevee– JeMe ceW nesvee~
 DeefleMeÙe Yeefòeâ Ûeesj kesâ ue#eCe—{eWie keâjves Jeeuee keâhešer neslee nw~  GBieueer G"evee– yeoveeceer keâjvee/Deejeshe ueieevee~
 DeMeheâea keâer uetš Deewj keâesÙeues hej Úehe—cetuÙeJeeve Jemleg keâes ÚesÌ[keâj legÛÚ  GÌ[leer leerj uesvee– DekeâejCe cegmeeryele ceesue uesvee~
Jemleg hej OÙeeve osvee~  GOesÌ[yegve ceW heÌ[vee– meesÛe-efJeÛeej ceW heÌ[vee~
 DeJemej Ûetkesâ [esefceveer ieeJes leeue yesleeue—meceÙe Ûetkeâves hej efkeâmeer yeele keâe  Guešs cegBn efiejvee– otmejs keâes veerÛee efoKeeves kesâ efueS mJeÙeb veerÛee efoKevee~
ØeYeeJe veneR heÌ[lee~  Gueše Ûeesj keâesleJeeue keâes [ebšs– Dehevee DehejeOe mJeerkeâej ve keâj DeeBKeW
 DeÌ{eF& neLe keâer keâkeâÌ[er, veew neLe keâe yeerpe—Devenesveer/DemecYeJe yeele~ efoKeevee~
 Dehevee leesmee Dehevee Yejesmee—mJeÙeb keâer Jemleg hej ner Yejesmee efkeâÙee pee  Guešer ceeuee Hesâjvee– Deefnle meesÛevee~
mekeâlee~  Guuet yeesuevee– GpeeÌ[ nesvee~
 Deeies kegâDeeB heerÚs KeeF&– nj lejHeâ efJeheefòe nesvee~  Guešer iebiee yenevee– Øeefleketâue keâeÙe& keâjvee~
 DeekeâeMe štš heÌ[vee– Dekeâmceele efJeheefòeÙeeW keâe Deevee~  Tmej ceW yeerpe yeesvee—efve<heâue keâeÙe& keâjvee~
 DeekeâeMe-heeleeue Skeâ keâjvee– meejs heÇÙeeme keâj [euevee~
 TBÛ eer-veerÛeer megveevee– Yeuee-yegje keânvee~
 DeekeâeMe– heeleeue keâe Deblej nesvee– yengle yeÌ[e Deblej~
 TOees keâe uesvee ve ceeOees keâe osvee– meYeer PecesueeW mes Deueie jnvee~
 DeekeâeMe kegâmegce nesvee– hengbÛe kesâ yeenj nesvee~
 TBÛ eer Hesâbkeâvee– iehhes ceejvee~
 Deepe keâe yeefveÙee keâue kesâ mes"—LeesÌ[s ueeYe ceW DekeâÌ[ves Jeeuee~
 TBÛ ee megvevee– keâce megvevee~
 Deehe efceÙeeB ieBie™ Éejs ojJesMe—mJeÙeb kebâieeue otmejs keâes keäÙee osiee~
 TBÛ es veerÛes hewj heÌ[vee– ieuele keâeÙe& nesvee~
 Deehes kesâ yeenj nesvee– DelÙeble ›eâesefOele nesvee~
 TBÛ es ÛeÌ{ kesâ osKee lees Iej-Iej Skeâ ner uesKee—meYeer keâer efmLeefle meceeve~
 Deešs oeue keâe YeeJe ceeuetce nesvee– cegmeeryele ceW heÌ[vee/JeemleefJekeâ efmLeefle keâe
 TBš efkeâme keâjJeš yew"–s heefjCeece keâer mebeof iOelee~
meecevee keâjvee~  TBš keâer iejove– TBÛ eer iejove~
 Deeie ceW Ieer [euevee– ›eâesOe keâes yeÌ{eJee osvee~  TBš efyeueeF& uew ieF& leew nebpeer-nebpeer keânvee—MeefòeâMeeueer keâer DevegeÛf ele yeele
 Deemeceeve mes yeeleW keâjvee– yengle TBÛ ee nesvee~ keâe meceLe&ve keâjvee~
 Deemeceeve kesâ leejs leesÌ[vee– DemecYeJe keâeÙe& keâjvee~  TBš keâer Ûeesjer efvengjs-efvengjs—yeÌ[e keâece uegkeâ-efÚhe keâj veneR neslee~
 DeeÙeer lees jespeer veneR lees jespee—keâceeÙee lees KeeÙee, veneR lees YetKee~  GleeJeuee mees yeeJeuee—cetKe& JÙeefòeâ peuoyeepeer ceW keâece keâjles nQ~
 Dee" yeej veew lÙeewnej—ceewpe-cemleer keâe peerJeve~  Tmej yejmes le=ve veeEn peeÙe—cetKe& hej GheosMe keâe ØeYeeJe veneR heÌ[lee~
 TOeew keâe uesvee ve ceeOees keâes osvee—efkeâmeer mes keâesF& mebyebOe ve jKevee~  Devve peue G"vee—efkeâmeer mLeeve mes mecyevOe meceehle nesvee/efkeâmeer otmejs
 SÌ[er Ûeesšer keâe hemeervee Skeâ keâjvee– keâef"ve heefjßece keâjvee~ mLeeve hej peeves keâes efJeJeMe nesvee~
 Skeâ hebLe oes keâepe– Skeâ meeLe oes ueeYe Øeehle keâjvee~  Deheveer Keeue ceW cemle jnvee—Deheves Deehe mes mebleg° jnvee~
 Skeâ ner keânvee—DeveesKeer/efJeefÛe$e yeele keânvee~  Deheveer veeRo meesvee Deheveer veeRo peeievee—Deheveer FÛÚevegmeej keâeÙe& keâjvee~
 SÌ[er mes Ûeesšer lekeâ– efmej mes hewj lekeâ~  Deheveer ceeB keâe otOe efheS nesvee—Jeerj Deewj meenmeer nesvee~
 SefÌ[Ùeeb jieÌ[vee– efmeHeâeefjMe kesâ efueS Ûekeäkeâj ueieevee~  Dejkeâ efvekeâeuevee—meej efvekeâeuevee~
 Skeâ– Skeâ veme henÛeevevee– meye kegâÚ mecePevee~  Deæ&Ûevõ osvee—ieo&ve hekeâÌ[keâj efvekeâeue osvee~
 Skeâ Ieeš keâe heeveer heervee– Skeâlee Deewj menveMeeruelee keâe nesvee~  Deueeoerve keâe efÛejeie—DeeMÛeÙe&pevekeâ Jemleg~
 Skeâ peeve npeej Dejceeve—JÙeefòeâ keâer meejer DeeMeeSB hetjer veneR nesleeR~  DebieejeW hej hewj jKevee– Kelejveekeâ keâeÙe& keâjvee~
 Skeâ šeBie hej KeÌ[e jnvee– meowJ e lewÙeej jnvee~  DeBiet"e Úehe nesvee– DeveheÌ{ nesvee~
 Skeâ mes Fkeäkeâerme keâjvee– Je=efæ keâes Øeehle nesvee~  DevOee yeieguee keâerÛeÌ[ KeeÙe—mebmeeOeve keâer keâceer mes DeÙeesiÙe yevevee~
 Skeâ neLe mes leeueer ve yepevee– Skeâ he#e mes kegâÚ veneR neslee~  DevOee keäÙee peeves yemeble yenej—efpemeves pees Jemleg veneR osKeer Gmekeâe Deevebo
 Skeâ ve Ûeuevee– meeceLÙe& mes hejs~ keäÙee peeves~
 Skeâ keâer Ûeej ueieevee– Úesšer yeele keâes yeÌ{e– ÛeÌ{ekeâj keânvee~  Debkeâ Yejvee– mvesn mes efueheše uesvee~
 Skeâ DeeBKe ve Yeevee– LeesÌ[e Yeer DeÛÚe ve ueievee~  DeCšer ceejvee– Ûeeue Ûeuevee~
 Skeâ lees Ûeesjer, otmejs meervee peesjer– ieueleer keâjkesâ jesye ieeB"vee~  Debieejs Gieuevee– ›eâesOe ceW keâ"esj JeÛeve yeesuevee~
 Skeâ yeÌt{s yewue keâes keâewve yeeBOe Yegme osÙe—Dekeâce&CÙe keâes keâesF& Yeer veneR jKevee  DeeBÛeue hemeejvee– ÙeeÛevee keâjvee~
Ûeenlee~  DebOesjs ceW leerj Ûeueevee– De%eele ceW ue#Ùe Øeeefhle keâer keâeseMf eMe keâjvee~
 Ssjs-iewjs hebÛe keâuÙeeve—veerÛe/legÛÚ Deeoceer~  DeeBKe HeâeÌ[ keâj osKevee– Ietj– Ietj keâj osKevee~
 Ssmeer– lewmeer keâjvee– Deheceeefvele keâjvee~  DeeBKeeW ceW Ûeyeea ÛeÌ{vee– DeefOekeâ Ieceb[ nesvee/ceoevOe nesvee~
 Ssb"keâj jn peevee– ceve-cemeesme keâj jn peevee~  DeeBKeeW mes efiejvee– mecceeve Kees osvee~
 Deesues heÌ[vee– efJeheefòe Deevee~  DeeBKeW heLeje peevee– DeeBKeW Lekeâ peevee~
 DeeW" Ûeyeevee– ›eâesefOele nes G"vee~  DeeBKe keâe leeje nesvee– yengle hÙeeje nesvee~
 DeesÚs keâer Øeerelf e yeeuet keâer Yeerelf e—DeesÚs JÙeefòeâ mes efce$elee efškeâleer veneR nw~  DeeBKe Ûegjevee– efÚhe peevee/meeceves ve Deevee~
 Deesj-Úesj ve efceuevee—Yeso keâe helee ve Ûeuevee~  DeeBKe jKevee– efveiejeveer keâjvee~
 Deesme heÌ[ peevee– kegâcnuee peevee Ùee ueefppele nes peevee~  DeeBKeeW ceW Oetue PeeWkeâvee– OeesKee osvee~
 Deesme kesâ Ûeešs hÙeeme veneR yegPeleer– yeÌ[er DeeJeMÙekeâlee Úesšer Jemleg mes hetCe&  DeeBKeeW ceW Ketve Glejvee– DelÙeefOekeâ ›eâesOe keâjvee~
veneR nesleer~  DeeBKeW hesâjvee– Ghes#ee keâjvee~
 DeeW" lekeâ ve efnuevee– cegKe mes Meyo ve efvekeâuevee~  DeeBKeeW keâe heeveer efiejvee– efveue&ppe nesvee~
 DeeW" efyeÛekeâevee– Ie=Cee Øekeâš keâjvee~  DeeBKeeW kesâ Deeies efÛeveieejer Útšvee—ceefmle<keâ hej Oekeäkeâe Ùee Ûeesš ueieves mes
 DeeQOes cegBn efiejvee– OeesKee Keevee~ ÛekeâeÛeeQOe nesvee~
 Deewves– heewves keâjvee– ceveceeves oece hej yesÛevee~  DeeBKeeW hej jKevee—mecceevehetJe&keâ jKevee~
 Deewj keâe Deewj nesvee—kegâÚ keâe kegâÚ nesvee~  DeeBKeeW mes ueieevee—yengle hÙeej keâjvee Ùee ßeæe mes mecceeve keâjvee~
 Deewj ner jbie efKeueevee– kegâÚ efJeefÛe$e keâjvee~  DeeBKeeW ceW mejmeeW hetâuevee—nefjÙeeueer ner nefjÙeeueer efoKeeÙeer osvee~
 DeeQOeer KeesheÌ[er keâe nesvee– cetKe& nesvee~  DeeBOeer kesâ Deece—DeveeÙeeme memles ceW efceue peeves Jeeueer Jemleg~
 Debie-Debie {eruee nesvee—Lekeâ peevee~  Dee]keâyele ceW efoÙee efoKeevee—hejueeskeâ ceW keâece Deevee~
 Debie ceW Debie ve meceevee—DelÙevle Øemevve nesvee~  DeekeâeMe keâe hetâue—DeØeehÙe Jemleg~
 Debpej-hebpej {eruee nesvee—ogy e&ue nes peevee~  DeekeâeMe hej efoÙee peueevee—yeÌ[er Jeerjlee Deewj meenme keâe keâece keâjvee~
 Debleef[Ì ÙeeW keâe yeue Keesuevee—yengle efoveeW kesâ yeeo Yeespeve Øeehle nesves hej  Deeie keâe yeeie—megveej keâer Debieer"er/DeeefleMeyeepeer~
Yejhesš Keevee~  Deeie uesves Deevee—Deekeâj legjvle ueewš peevee~
 DevOes keâes DeeBKeW efceuevee—ceveesjLe efmeæ nesvee~  Deeie mes heeveer nes peevee—›eâesOe Meevle nes peevee~
 Deefle keâjvee—meercee Ùee ceÙee&oe keâe GuuebIeve keâjvee~  Deešs keâer DeeÙee—Yeesueer m$eer~
 Dee"-Dee" DeeBmet jesvee—yengle jesvee~  keâoce hej keâoce jKevee– DevegmejCe keâjvee~
 Deeve keâer Deeve ceW—MeerIeÇ ner~  kegâDeeB Keesokeâj heeveer heervee– peereJf ekeâe nsleg ßece keâjvee~
 Dee]heâle keâe hejkeâeuee—DeLekeâ heefjßeceer~  kegâSB ceW yeeBme [euevee—yengle Keespe keâjvee~
 Dee]heâle keâer hegefÌ[Ùee—keâ°oeÙekeâ Ùee YeÙeevekeâ JÙeefòeâ~  keâešes lees Ketve veneR– yengle [j peevee~
 Deemeceeve hej ÛeÌ{vee—DelÙeefOekeâ DeefYeceeve keâjvee~  keâeiepe keâer veeJe– DemLeeÙeer Jemleg~
 Deemeceeve heâš peevee—Devenesveer yeele nesvee~  keâuespee otvee nesvee—meenme yeÌ{vee~
 keâYeer Ieer Ievee, keâYeer cegªer-Yej Ûevee, keâYeer Jen Yeer cevee—JÙeefòeâ keâer efmLeefle  keâuespee Leecekeâj jn peevee– ceve-cemeesme keâj jn peevee~
meoe meceeve veneR jnleer~  keâuespee Leecekeâj yew"vee– yeÌ[s Flceerveeve kesâ meeLe yew"vee~
 keâewDee Ûeuee nbme keâer Ûeeue—DevOe-DevegkeâjCe keâjvee~  keâue heÌ[vee—Ûewve efceuevee~
 ketâo-ketâo ceÚueer yeiegues keâes KeeÙe—efyeukegâue efJehejerle keâeÙe& nesvee~  keâuhevee kesâ IeesÌ[s oewÌ[evee– efyevee efmej– hewj keâer yeele keâjvee~
 keâece keâe ve keâepe keâe ogMceve Deveepe keâe—efyevee keâece efkeâÙes yew"s-yew"s Keevee~  keâeBšeW hej ueesšvee– og:Ke mes ueÌ[vee~
 keâeve hej peBt ve jWievee– efkeâmeer yeele hej OÙeeve ve osvee~  keâeve hekeâÌ[vee– ieueleer mJeerkeâej keâjvee~
 keâepeue keâer keâes"jer– keâuebekf eâle nesves keâe mLeeve~  keâuespee oes štkeâ nesvee– yengle og:Keer nesvee~
 keâcej Keesuevee—Deejece keâjvee~  keâeve ceW lesue [eues yew"vee– Devemegveer keâj osvee~
 keâcej yeeBOevee—lewÙeej nesvee~  keâeveeW– keâeve Keyej ve nesvee– efkeâmeer keâes peevekeâejer ve nesvee~
 keâcej meerOeer keâjvee– Deejece keâjvee~  keâe™b keâe Kepeevee—kegâyesj keâe keâes<e/Delegue OevejeefMe~
 keâjsiee mesJee KeeÙesiee cesJee—DeÛÚs Deewj iegeCf eÙeeW keâer mesJee keâe heâue ncesMee  keâeMeer keâjJeš uesvee—keâ"esj mes keâ"esj og:Ke menvee~
DeÛÚe neslee nw~  ketâÛe keâj peevee– ØemLeeve keâj peevee~
 keâe" keâe Guuet– yeÌ[e cetKe&~  ketâhe ceC[tkeâ– mebkegâefÛele %eeve Jeeuee~
 keâeiepeer IeesÌ[s oew[Ì evee– Ketye efueKee-heÌ{er keâjvee~  keâe" keâer hegleueer nesvee– Meeqòeânerve nesvee~
 keâeHetâj nesvee– ieeÙeye nesvee~  keâeve KeÌ[s nesvee– YeÙeYeerle nesvee/Ûeewkeâvvee nesvee~
 keâeÙee heueš peevee– Yeejer heefjJele&ve nesvee~  kegâòes keâer Ûeeue peevee, efyeuueer keâer Ûeeue Deevee—yengle peuo peevee-Deevee~
 keâuespes hej meeBhe ueesšvee– F&<Ùee& Ùee peueve nesvee~  kegâcnÌ[s keâer yeefleÙee—keâesceue Deewj DeMeòeâ JÙeefòeâ~
 keâes"er Jeeuee jesÙes Úhhej Jeeuee meesÙes– DeefOekeâ mece=efæ Yeer ogKeoeÙeer nesleer nw~  kegâefunÙee ceW iegÌ[ heâesÌ[vee—efÚheekeâj keâece keâjvee~
 efkeâÙes keâjeÙes hej heeveer Hesâjvee– efyeieeÌ[ osvee~  keâuespee cegBn keâes Deevee– og:Ke nesvee~
 keâuespes hej helLej jKevee– cegeMq keâue mes OewÙe& OeejCe keâjvee~  kewâ nbmee ceesleer Ûegiew kewâ YetKee jn peeÙe—Øeefle‰e kesâ efJe®æ keâeÙe& ve keâjvee~
 keâÛÛeer ieesšer Kesuevee– Demeheâue ØeÙeeme/DevegYeJenerve~  kewâefheâÙele leueye keâjvee—keâejCe hetÚvee~
 keâ]heâve mes efmej yeeBOevee– nj lejn keâer yeeOee Pesueves kesâ efueS lelhej~  keâeues kesâ Deeies oerÙee veneR peuelee—yeueJeeve kesâ Deeies efkeâmeer keâe JeMe veneR
 keâškeâj jn peevee—DelÙevle ueefppele nesvee~ Ûeuelee~
 keâewJes GÌ[evee– efveke=â° keâeÙe& keâjvee~  keâesÙeue nesÙe ve Gpeueer meew ceve meeyegve ueeF&—efkeâlevee Yeer ØeÙelve efkeâÙee peeÙe
 efkeâleeye keâe keâerÌ[e nesvee– DeefOekeâ heÌ{ves Jeeuee~ mJeYeeJe veneR yeouelee~
 keâeiepe Jeâeues keâjvee– JÙeLe& efueKevee~  keâesÌ{er [jeJes Letkeâ mes—efveye&ue, LeesLes DeeÛejCe mes otmejeW keâes [jeles nQ~
 keâeve Keevee– pÙeeoe yeeleW keâjkesâ keâ° hengBÛeevee~  keâes"er yew"vee—efoJeeuee efvekeâuevee~
 keâeyegue ceW keäÙee ieOes veneR nesles—DeÛÚs mLeeve hej yegjs ueesie Yeer nesles nQ~  Keeue G"eÙe efmebn keâer mÙeej efmebn veeEn nesÙe—yeenjer ™he yeoueves mes iegCe
 keâeve hetBâkeâvee– Ûeghekesâ mes keân osvee~ veneR yeoueles~
 keâeve ueieevee– OÙeeve osvee~  Kejer cepetjer ÛeesKee keâece—GefÛele heeefjßeefcekeâ mes ner DeÛÚe keâece neslee nw~
 keâvOes mes keâvOes efceueevee– hetCe& ™he mes menÙeesie osvee~  KetBše kesâ yeue yeÚÌ[e ketâos—otmejs kesâ yeue hej keâece keâjvee~
 keâewÌ[er kesâ ceesue efyekeâvee– yeskeâej~  Keekeâ ceW efceueevee– ve° keâj osvee~
 keâerÛeÌ[ GÚeuevee– yeoveece keâjvee~  Kesue efyeieeÌ[vee– keâece efyeieeÌ[vee~
 keâvOee [euevee—nej ceeve uesvee~  Keef[Ì Ùee ceW keâesÙeue—yescesue efceßeCe
 keâvOee ueieevee– meneje yevevee~  Keyej uesvee– oC[ osvee/osKeYeeue keâjvee~
 keânkeâne ceejvee—Ketye peesj mes nBmevee~  Kesle jnvee – ueÌ[eF& ceW ceeje peevee~

 Keekeâ GÌ[eles efHeâjvee– Yeškeâvee~  ieÙeer ceeBieves hetle Kees DeeF& Yejleej—LeesÌ[s ueeYe kesâ Ûekeäkeâj ceW DeefOekeâ
 KegMeeceoer ššdšt nesvee– Ûeeheuetme nesvee~ veg keâmeeve~
 Kegieerj keâer Yeleea—JÙeLe& heoeLeeX keâe meb«en~  iejerye keâer pees™ meyekeâer YeewpeeF&—keâcepeesj mes meye ueeYe G"eles nQ~
 Keeuee keâe Iej– Dehevee Iej/menpe keâece~  iejerye keâer neÙe yegjer nesleer nw—iejerye keâes meleevee yengle yegje neslee nw~
 Keguee Kesue Heâ®&Keeyeeoer– efve<keâheš JÙeJenej~  ieeso ceW yew"keâj DeeBKe ceW Gbieueer—YeueeF& kesâ yeoues yegjeF&~
 efKeequueÙeeb GÌ[evee– Gheneme keâjvee~  ieeiej ceW Deveepe, ieBJeej keâe jepe—cetKe& LeesÌ[s ceW Fleje peeles nQ~
 KÙeeueer hegueeJe hekeâevee– ceveceeveer keâuhevee keâjvee~  ieeso ceW Úesje Menj ceW ef{b{ esje—heeme ceW jner Jemleg keâer otj lekeâ leueeMe~
 ieeQ keâe Ùeej—mJeeLeea~
 KešeF& ceW heÌ[vee– JÙeJeOeeve Dee peevee~
 ieg® keâerpew peeve, heeveer heerpew Úeve—peevekeâejer Øeehle keâj ner keâesF& keâece
 Keesšer Kejer megveevee—[eBšvee heâškeâejvee~
keâjvee~
 efKeÛeÌ[er hekeâevee– Deevleefjkeâ <e[dÙev$e jÛevee~  Iej HetBâkeâ leceeMee osKevee– Dehevee vegkeâmeeve keâjkesâ ceewpe GÌ[evee~
 Keekeâ Úevevee– Yeškeâles jnvee~  IeesÌ[s kesâ Deeies ieeÌ[er jKevee– efJehejerle keâeÙe& keâjvee~
 iegoÌ[er keâe ueeue– oervelee ceW DeYÙegvveefle keâjves Jeeuee~  efIeiIeer yeBOevee– mhe° yeesue ve mekeâvee~
 ieeue Hegâueevee– ¤"vee/veejepe nesvee~  IetBIeš keâer ueepe– Deelce-mecceeve keâer megj#ee~
 iegÌ[ KeeÙe iegueieguee mes hejnsp e– efceLÙee mJeebie jÛevee~  Ieeš-Ieeš keâe heeveer heervee—yengle DevegYeJeer nesvee~
 ieepej cetueer mecePevee– cenlJenerve mecePevee~  IeeJe nje nesvee– keâ„ keâe hegve: ØeeogYee&Je~
 ieues keâe nej nesvee– DelÙevle efØeÙe nesvee~  Iej ceW iebiee yenvee– megeJf eOee nesvee/megKe-megeJf eOeeDeeW mes mechevve nesvee
 ieÌ[s cegox GKeeÌ[vee– efvejLe&keâ hegjeveer yeeleeW keâes GodIeeefšle keâjvee~  Ieer-otOe keâer veefoÙeeB yenvee—DelÙevle mechevve nesvee~
 iepe Yej keâer Úeleer nesvee– ieJe& cenmetme keâjvee~  IeesÌ[s hej ÛeÌ{s Deevee– GleeJeueer ceW Deevee~
 ieÌ{ heâlen keâjvee—yengle keâef"ve keâece keâjvee~  IeesÌ[s hej meJeej ceeuetce nesvee—ueewšves keâer peuoer ceW nesvee~
 Iegšves šskeâ osvee– nej ceeve uesvee~
 ieefle heevee—cees#e heevee~
 IeÌ[eW heeveer heÌ[vee– DelÙevle ueefppele nesvee~
 ieefle nesvee—efkeâmeer efJe<eÙe keâer peevekeâejer nesvee~  Iej ceW veneR oeves Deccee Ûeueer Yegveeves– yengle kegâÚ nesves keâe {eWie jÛevee~
 ieo&ve hej Úgjer Hesâjvee– neefve hengBÛeevee~  Ieele ueieevee– DeJemej leueeMevee~
 iebiee venevee– keâef"ve keâeÙe& hetje nesvee~  Iej Ieeš Skeâ keâjvee—keâef"ve heefjßece keâjvee~
 efiejefieš keâer lejn jbie yeouevee– Skeâ jbie-{bie hej ve jnvee/DeJemejJeeoer  Iej-Iej ceefšÙeejs Ûetuns—ØelÙeskeâ JÙeefòeâ keâes keâesF&-ve-keâesF& keâ°~
nesv ee~  Iej keâjvee– hetjer lejn jÛe-yeme peevee~
 ieesyej ieCesMe– yesJeketâHeâ~  IeeÙeue keâer ieefle IeeÙeue peeves– og:Ke keâes menves Jeeuee ner otmejeW kesâ og:Ke
 ieeiej ceW meeiej Yejvee– LeesÌ[s ceW ner meye kegâÚ keân osvee~ keâes mecePelee nw~
 efieve– efieve keâj efove keâešvee– hejsMeeveer ceW peerJeve efyeleevee~  Iej keâer cegieea oeue yejeyej– Deheves Iej ceW iegCeer JÙeefòeâ keâes keâce mecceeve
 iegue efKeueevee– keâesF& yeKesÌ[e KeÌ[e keâjvee~ efceuevee~
 Iej Keerj lees yeenj Yeer Keerj—Dehevee Iej mechevve nes, lees yeenj Yeer
 ietuej keâe keâerÌ[e—Deuhe%e JÙeefòeâ~
mecceeve efceuelee nw~
 ieeÌ{s keâe meeLeer– mebkeâškeâeue ceW meneÙelee keâjves Jeeuee~
 Ûevove efJe<e JÙeehele veneR efuehešs jnle Yegpebie—meppeve hej kegâmebie keâe ØeYeeJe
 ieeÌ{s keâer veeJe—mebkeâš kesâ meceÙe keâe meneÙekeâ~ veneR heÌ[lee~
 iejce nesvee– veejepe nesvee~  Ûeš cebieveer heš yÙeen—MegYe keâeÙe& legjble mechevve keâj osvee ÛeeefnS~
 ieo&ve Hebâmeevee– hejsMeeveer ceW heÌ[vee~  Ûeb[tKeeves keâer iehe—DemelÙe yeele~
 iegmmee heervee– ›eâesOe Øekeâš ve keâjvee~  ÛeyeeÙes keâewj keâes Ûeyeevee—hegjeveer yeeleeW keâes ognjevee~
 ieeB" yeeBOevee– ncesMee Ùeeo jKevee~  Ûesnjs hej nJeeFÙeeB GÌ[vee– YeÙeYeerle nesve /oes<eejesheCe mes oye peevee~
 ienje neLe ceejvee– DeÛÚer Jemleg Øeehle keâjvee~  Ûeeoj mes yeenj hewj hemeejvee– DeeÙe mes DeefOekeâ JÙeÙe keâjvee~
 ieesšer yew"vee– Ùegekq eäle meHeâue nesvee~  Ûewve keâer yebMeer yepeevee– megKeceÙe peerJeve JÙeleerle keâjvee~
 ietbies keâe iegÌ[– DekeâLeveerÙe megKe~  Ûeesj– Ûeesj ceewmesjs YeeF&– Skeâ ner mJeYeeJe kesâ ueesie~
 ieesue-ceeue keâjvee– ieÌ[yeÌ[ keâjvee~  Ûeesueer oeceve keâe meeLe– hejmhej ienje Øesce~
 Ûeej– ÛeeBo ueievee– MeesYee ceW Je=efæ nesvee~  peue ceW jns ceiej mes yewj– meneje osves Jeeues mes ner ogMceveer ceesue uesvee~
 ÛetefÌ[ÙeeB henvevee– keâeÙej nesvee~  pevce Yejvee—og:KehetJe&keâ peerJeve JÙeleerle keâjvee~
 efÛeef[Ì Ùee GÌ[ peevee—DeYeer° JÙeefòeâ/Jemleg keâe ve efceuevee~  peves-peves keâer uekeâÌ[er Skeâ peves keâe yeesPe—meYeer kesâ ØeÙelve mes keâeÙe& hetje
 efÛe [fÌ Ùee keâe otOe—DeØeehÙe Jemleg/Ssme r Jemleg efpemekeâe DeefmlelJe ve nes~ neslee nw~
 efÛekeâvee IeÌ[e nesvee– efveue&ppe nesvee~  pej nw lees vej, veneR lees Keb[nj—Oeve mes ner Deeoceer keâer Fppele nw~
 ÛeeBoer keâe ÛeMcee ueieevee—efjMJele ueskeâj efkeâmeer keâe keâece keâjvee~  peye veeÛeves efvekeâueer lees IeBtIeš keäÙee—keâece keâjves ceW ueepe keäÙee~
 ÛeeBoer keâšvee—Ketye ueeYe nesvee~  pewmes osJelee Jewmeer hetpee—ÙeLeeÙeesiÙe yelee&Je~
 ÛeeBoer keâe petlee ceejvee– Oeve keâe ueeueÛe osvee~  peneB osKes leJee hejele, JeneB iegpeejs meejer jele—peneB efceueves keâer kegâÚ
 ÛeeBo hej Letkeâvee– efveoex<e keâes keâuebefkeâle keâjvee~ DeeMee nesleer nw JeneB ueeueÛeer JÙeefòeâ ®keâ peelee nw~
 Ûechele nesvee– Yeeie peevee~  peeS ueeKe jns meeKe—Oeve Yeues ner ueie peeS, Fppele yeÛeeveer ÛeeefnS~
 Ûeguuet-Ûeguuet meeOesiee, ogDeejs neLeer yeeBOesiee—LeesÌ[s-Lees[Ì s Fkeâªe keâjkesâ Oeveer  efpemekesâ neLe [esF&, Gmekeâe meye keâesF&—Oeveer JÙeefòeâ kesâ meye efce$e nesles nQ~
nesv ee~  ceve Ûebiee lees keâ"ewleer ceW iebiee– heefJe$e ùoÙe ner leerLe& nw~
 peceerve Deemeceeve Skeâ keâjvee– keâesF& Yeer GheeÙe ve ÚesÌ[vee~
 ÛegheÌ[er Deewj oes-oes—oesnje ueeYe~
 peer peeve mes Kesuevee– peerJeve keâer hejJeen ve keâjvee~
 Ûeguuet ceW Guuet nesvee—yengle LeesÌ[er-meer YeeBie Ùee Mejeye heerves mes yesmegOe nes
 peer veneR Yejvee– mevlees<e veneR nesvee~
peevee~
 pebpeeue ceW Hebâmevee– PebPeš ceW heÌ[vee~
 ÛetB-ÛetB keâe cegjyyee—lejn-lejn keâer yescesue~  peueleer Deeie ceW Ieer [euevee– efJeJeeo yeÌ{evee Ùee Göerhle keâjvee~
 ÛeewkeâÌ[er Yetuevee– Ieyeje peevee~  peueer– keâšer megveevee– [eBš Heâškeâej/Guše– meerOee yeesuevee~
 ÛeewcegKee oerÙee peueevee—efoJeeefueÙee yevevee~  peer Yej Deevee– oÙee Glhevve nesvee/oÙee GceÌ[vee~
 Ûeerue kesâ Ieesmeues ceW ceebme keâneB—peneB kegâÚ Yeer yeÛeves keâer mecYeeJevee ve nes~  peerYe GKeeÌ[vee—keâ"esj ob[ osvee~
 Ûeesj uee"er oes peves Deewj nce yeehe hetle Dekesâues—leekeâleJej Deeoceer mes oes  peerJeš keâe Deeoceer—meenmeer Deeoceer~
ueesie Yeer nej peeles nQ~  petleer keâer veeskeâ hej ceejvee—kegâÚ ve mecePevee~
 Ûebove keâer Ûegškeâer Yeueer, ieeÌ[er Yeje ve keâe"—DeÛÚer Jemleg keâce nesves hej  pebieue ceW ceesj veeÛee efkeâmeves osKee—iegCe keâer keâoj iegCeJeeveeW kesâ yeerÛe ner
Yeer yengcetuÙe nesleer nw, peyeefkeâ ceecetueer Ûeerpe DeefOekeâ neskeâj Yeer keâesF& keâercele nesleer nw~
veneR jKeleer~  peekesâ heeBJe ve heâšer efyeJeeF& mees keäÙee peeves heerj hejeÙeer—YegòeâYeesieer ner otmejeW
 Ú"er keâe jepee—hegjevee jF&me ~ keâe og:Ke peeve heelee nw~
 Ú"er ceW ve heÌ[vee—YeeiÙe ceW ve nesvee~  pewmee osMe Jewmee Yes<e– heefjefmLeefle kesâ Devegmeej {ue peevee~
 Úòeerme yevevee—efJejòeâ/efJejesOeer nesvee~  peewnj Keguevee—iegCe Øekeâš nesvee~
 ÚtÚ er neb[er yeepes šve-šve—nukesâ JÙeefòeâ kesâ KeesKeuesheve keâe Kegueemee~  PeÌ[yesjer keâe keâebše—yengle PeieÌ[euet Deeoceer~
 Úbš ekeâ Ûetve Ûeewyeejs jmeesF&—kesâJeue efoKeeJee~  Peb[e TBÛ ee nesvee– peerle nesvee~
 Úhhej hej hetâme veneR [dÙees{Ì er hej veeÛe—efoKeeJešer "ešyeeš, peyeefkeâ  Peb[s leues Deevee– mecehe&Ce keâjvee~
JeemleefJekeâlee kegâÚ Yeer veneR~  Peebmee osvee– OeesKee osvee~
 Ûeguuet Yej heeveer ceW [tyevee– ueppee kesâ ceejs cegBn veneR efoKeevee~  PeeÌ[Ò Hesâjvee– ve„ keâjvee~
 ÚÚtBoj kesâ efmej hej Ûecesueer keâe lesue– DeÙeesiÙe kesâ heeme ÙeesiÙe Jemleg keâe  Peb[e ieeÌ[vee– DeefOekeâej peleevee~
nesv ee~  PeesheÌ[er ceW jns cenueeW kesâ KJeeye osKevee—Deewkeâele mes yengle pÙeeoe keâer Ûeen~
 Úeleer-otveer nesvee—yengle ner Glmeeefnle nesvee~  PeKe ceejvee– efJeJeMe nesvee~
 Úeleer hej helLej jKevee– Meevle YeeJe mes keâ„ men uesvee~  šme mes ceme ve nesvee– hetCe& eqmLej jnvee/efJeÛeefuele ve nesvee~
 Úgh ee ®mlece– meeceevÙe ueef#ele efkeâvleg DemeeOeejCe~  šóer keâer Deesš efMekeâej—efÚhekeâj yegje keâece keâjvee~
 Út ceblej nesvee– Yeeie peevee~  škeâe-mee peJeeye osvee– Fvkeâej keâj osvee/mhe„ Gòej osvee~
 Úeleer hej meeBhe ueesšvee– F&<Ùee& nesvee~  šsÌ{ er Keerj– keâef"ve keâeÙe&~
 Úebn yeÛeevee—efvekeâš ve peevee~  škeâe-mee ceBgn ueskeâj jn peevee– ueefppele nesvee~
 penj keâe Ietbš heervee– Demenpe efmLeefle keâes Yeer menve keâjvee~  šeš Guešvee– efoJeeuee efvekeâuevee~

 škesâ iepe keâer Ûeeue—keâce JÙeÙe ceW efveJee&n keâjvee~  Letkeâ keâj Ûeešvee– Jeeos mes cegkeâj peevee/ve keâjves keâer yeele keânkeâj efHeâj Jener
 šóÒ heej nesvee—efkeâmeer ®kesâ ngS keâece keâe meheâueleehetJe&keâ hetje nes peevee~ keâjvee~
 šsÌ[er DeeBKe mes osKevee—›etâj Ùee Me$egleehetCe& Âef° mes osKevee~  Lekeâe TBš mejeÙe leekeâlee—Lekeâves hej efJeßeece ÛeeefnS~
 šeBie DeÌ[evee– DeveeJeMÙekeâ ™he mes yeeOee GheefmLele keâjvee~  otOe keâer cekeäKeer– yeskeâej Ûeerpe~
 šeBie ceejvee– efJeIve [euevee~  otOe keâer yet cegBn mes Deevee—DevegYeJenerve nesvee~
 škesâ keâer neb[er ieÙeer, kegâòes keâer peele henÛeeveer ieÙeer—Deuhe KeÛe& keâjkesâ  efove ceW leejs efoKeeF& osvee– DelÙeefOekeâ keâ„ nesvee~
efkeâmeer kesâ Ûeefj$e keâer henÛeeve keâjvee~  otOe keâer ueepe jKevee– Fppele keâer j#ee keâjvee~
 šeBÙe– šeBÙe efHeâmme nesvee– yegjer lejn DemeHeâue nesvee~  otOe kesâ oeBle ve štšvee– DevegYeJenerve nesvee~
 "eskeâjW Keevee– keâ„ G"evee~  otOees veneDees, hetlees Heâuees– Oeve SJeb mebleeve keâer Je=efæ~
 ""sjs-""sjs yeoueF&—Ûeeueekeâ mes Ûeeueekeâ keâe keâece heÌ[vee~  õeefJeÌ[ ØeeCeeÙeece keâjvee– efkeâmeer yeele keâes lees[Ì -cejesÌ[ keâj keânvee~
 "kegâj– megneleer keâjvee– neB ceW neB efceueevee~  õewheoer keâe Ûeerj nesvee– Devle ve nesvee~
 [tyeles keâes eflevekesâ keâe meneje– DemeneÙe keâes LeesÌ[er meneÙelee Øeehle nesvee~  efove-jele Skeâ keâjvee– ueieeleej ØeÙeeme Ùee heefjßece keâjvee~
 [keâej peevee– ceeue heÛee peevee~  ogOeejer leueJeej keâuespes hej Hesâjvee– oesnje og:Ke osvee~
 [heesjMebKe nesvee– [eRie ceejvee~  otOe keâe OeesÙee– efveoex<e Ùee efve<keâuebkeâ nesvee~
 [sÌ{ heeJe Deeše hegue hew jmeesF&—LeesÌ[er mecheefòe hej Yeejer efoKeeJee~  oeo osvee– ØeMebmee keâjvee~
 [eÙeve keâes oeceeo hÙeeje—Dehevee meyekeâes hÙeeje neslee nw~
 otOe keâer veefoÙeeB yenevee– Oeve-OeevÙe mes mechevve nesvee~
 [bkesâ keâer Ûeesš hej keânvee– mhe„ Iees<eCee keâjvee~
 efove otvee, jele Ûeewiegvee yeÌ{vee– DeØelÙeeefMele Je=efæ~
 [sÌ{ ÛeeJeue keâer efKeÛeÌ[er Deueie hekeâevee– efceuekeâj keâeÙe& ve keâjvee/he=Lekeâ jeÙe
 oeue ceW keâeuee nesvee– mevosn keâer yeele nesvee~
jKevee~
 oeBle kegâjsoves keâer eflevekeâe lekeâ ve nesvee—meJe&mJe ieJeeB osvee~
 [eJeeb[esue nesvee– DeJÙeJeeqmLele nesvee~
 oeBle mes keâeweÌ[f ÙeeB hekeâÌ[vee—yengle DeefOekeâ kebâpetmeer keâjvee~
 [tyeleer veeJe heej ueieevee– mebkeâš mes ÚgÌ[evee~
 oeceveieerj nesvee—heerÚs heÌ[vee~
 leerve-heeBÛe keâjvee– šeue-cešesue keâjvee~
 oeBle Keós keâjvee– hejeefpele keâjvee~
 leesles GÌ[ peevee– IeyeÌ[e peevee~
 otp e keâe ÛeeBo nesvee– keâce efoKeeF& osvee~
 lesJej yeouevee– keâece efvekeâue peeves hej ®Ke yeoue uesvee~
 otmejs kesâ keâvOes hej yevotkeâ Ûeueevee– otmejs kesâ menejs keâeÙe& mecheeefole
 leejerHeâ kesâ hegue yeeBOevee– DelÙeefOekeâ ØeMebmee keâjvee~
keâjvee~
 eflevekesâ keâe meneje– LeesÌ[e mee meneje~
 leejs leesÌ[ ueevee– DemecYeJe keâeÙe& keâjvee~  osmeer IeesÌ[er ueeue ueieece—yescesue yeele~
 leejs efievevee– efÛevlee ceW jele efyeleevee/JÙe«elee mes Øeleer#ee keâjvee~  oeBle keâešer jesšer nesvee– ienjer oesmleer~
 leekeâ hej Oejvee– ve ceevevee/heÌ[e jnves osvee/keâece ceW ve ueevee~  oeBleeW ceW eflevekeâe uesvee– oÙee keâjves kesâ efueS efJeveleer keâjvee/DeOeervelee mJeberkeâej
 leej– leej nesvee– hetjer lejn efyeKej peevee/Heâš peevee~ keâjvee~
 lÙeewjer ÛeÌ{evee– ›egâæ nesvee~  oeie ueieeÙes uebieesefšÙee Ùeej—JÙeefòeâ DeheveeW mes ner OeesKee Keelee nw~
 leeslee ÛeMce– Øesce mes hejs/mJeeLe&Ùegòeâ~  oceÌ[er keâe leerve nesvee– memlee nesvee~
 efleefjÙee lesue nceerj n" ÛeÌ{s ve otp eer yeej—ÂÌ{ Øeefle%e ueesie Deheveer yeele  ojefkeâveej keâj osvee– Deueie-Leueie keâj osvee~
hej [šs jnles nQ~  Oeekeâ peceevee– ØeYeglJe mLeeefhele keâjvee~
 leyeuess keâer yeuee yevoj kesâ efmej– efkeâmeer kesâ oes<e keâes DevÙe hej Deejesehf ele  Oetue ceW efceuevee– yeyee&o nesvee~
keâjvee~  Oetue HeâeBkeâvee– ceejs-ceejs efHeâjvee~
 leeue "eWkeâvee– ueuekeâejvee~  Oejleer hej heeBJe ve jKevee– Ieceb[ mes Ûetj jnvee~
 leve hej veneR ueòee, heeve KeeÙe Deueyeòee—Pet"er jF&meer efoKeevee~  Oethe ceW yeeue meHesâo keâjvee– DevegYeJenerve nesvee~
 leerve keâveewefpeÙee lesjn Ûetune—yeskeâej keâe yeKesÌ[e keâjves Jeeues~  OeesKes keâer šóer–r meejnerve Jemleg~

 OeefppeÙeeB GÌ[evee– yegjer lejn hejemle keâjvee~  heeBÛeeW GbieefueÙeeB Ieer ceW nesvee– ueeYe ner ueeYe nesvee~
 OeeRiee-OeeRieer Ûeuevee—DelÙeeÛeej Ùee DevÙeeÙe nesvee~  heuekeâ ve hemeerpevee– DelÙevle keâ"esj ùoÙe nesvee~
 OegSb keâe Ieewjnj—#eCe Yebiegj Jemleg~  ØeeCe heKes™ GÌ[ peevee– cej peevee~
 veeRJe keâe helLej– mLeeÙeer DeeOeej~  ØeYeglee heeefn peeefn ceo veeneR—DeefOekeâej heekeâj JÙeefòeâ Ieceb[er nes peelee nw~
 veekeâ hej cekeäKeer ve yew"ves osvee– mecceeve keâer mecÙekeâ j#ee keâjvee~  hegÛekeâeje kegâòee efmej ÛeÌ{s—DeesÚs ueesie ceBgn ueieeves hej DevegeÛf ele ueeYe
 efvevÙeeveyes kesâ Hesâj ceW heÌ[vee– Oeve-meb«en keâer efÛevlee ceW heÌ[vee~ G"eles nQ~
 vecekeâ Deoe keâjvee– GhekeâejeW keâe yeouee Ûegkeâevee~  heeBJe hetbâkeâ– hetbâkeâ keâj jKevee– DelÙevle meeJeOeeveer yejlevee~
 heer" ceW Úgj e IeeWhevee– OeesKee osvee~
 vekeäkeâejs keâer Ûeesš—Kegu ueceKegu uee~
 heneÌ[ štš heÌ[vee– DeÛeevekeâ efJeheefòe keâe Deevee~
 veÙeve ÛeÌ{evee—›eâesOe mes Ye=kegâšer leevevee~
 heeBÛeJeW meJeej ceW efieveleer keâjevee—yeÌ[eW kesâ meeLe Deheves keâes Yeer yeÌ[e
 veÙeve ueievee—Øesce nesvee~
mecePevee~
 veÙeveeW mes jòeâ keâer Oeej yenvee—keâef"ve og:Ke nesvee~
 hetâue veneR hebKegÌ[er ner mener—DeefOekeâ veneR; LeesÌ[e ner mener~
 venues hej onuee ceejvee– keâjeje peJeeye osvee~  Hetâšer DeeBKeeW ve osKevee– yegje ueievee~
 veeceuesJee ve heeveerosJ ee—Keeveoeve ceW meYeer keâe cej peevee~  Hetâuee ve meceevee– Deefle Øemevve nesvee~
 veoer veeJe mebÙeesie– DeØelÙeeefMele efceueve~  Hetâuevee– Heâuevee– Gvveefle keâjvee~
 veMee Glejvee– JeemleefJekeâlee keâe %eeve nesvee~  yeòeermeer yevo nesvee– Goeme nes peevee/yeesue ve efvekeâuevee~
 veeF& osKe npeecele yeÌ{vee—efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes osKe Gmekeâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee  yeeie– yeeie nesvee– yengle Øemevve nesvee~
Øeleerle nesvee~  yeeue keâer Keeue efvekeâeuevee– keâefceÙeeB efvekeâeuevee~
 veekeâ hej megheejer leesÌ[vee—yengle lebie keâjvee~  yeieguee Yeiele nesvee– keâhešer nesvee~
 vebies yeÌ[s hejcesMJej mes– efveue&ppe mes meYeer [jles nQ~  yeeBmeeW GÚuevee– yengle Øemevve nesvee~
 veekeâ jieÌ[vee– KegMeeceo keâjvee~  yeóe ueieevee– oes<e ceÌ{vee~
 veskeâer Deewj hetÚ-hetÚ—efyevee keâns ner YeueeF& keâjvee~  yeefÚÙee keâe leeT– efyeukegâue cetKe&~
 veece yeÌ[s Deewj oMe&ve Úesšs—Øeefmeefæ kesâ Deveg™he iegCe ve nesvee~  yeerÌ[e G"evee– GòejoeefÙelJe mecYeeuevee~
 ve DevOes keâes vÙeeslee osles ve oes peves Deeles—ieuele Deeoceer keâes yegueeJee osvee~  yeesueer ceejvee– JÙebiÙe keâjvee~
 yeele keâe Oeveer nesvee– JeÛeve keâe hekeäkeâe nesvee~
 veÙeer Ieesmeve GheueeW keâe leefkeâÙee—veÙes Meewkeâerve Dešheše keâeÙe& keâjkesâ Deheveer
 yevoj kesâ ieues ceW ceesefleÙeeW keâer ceeuee—Jemleg kesâ cenlJe keâes ve mecePeves Jeeuee~
cetKe&lee Øekeâš keâjles nQ~
 yeo DeÛÚe yeoveece yegje—vegkeâmeeve G"evee yesnlej nw yepeeÙe yeoveeceer kesâ~
 ØeeCeeW hej Kesuevee– ØeeCeeW keâer hejJeen ve keâj Kelejs ceW heÌ[vee~
 yeeÌ[ ner Kesle KeeÙes lees jKeJeeueer keâewve keâjs—peye j#ekeâ ner Ye#ekeâ yeve
 heepeeces mes yeenj nesvee– DelÙeefOekeâ jes<e Øekeâš keâjvee/›egâæ nesvee~
peeÙes lees keâesF& efJekeâuhe veneR nw~
 heeheÌ[ yesuevee– keâ„ menvee~  efyeuueer kesâ ieues IeCšer yeeBOevee– Deheves keâes mebkeâš ceW [euevee~
 hej GheosMe kegâMeue yenglesjs—otmejeW keâes GheosMe osve mejue nw~  yemevle kesâ keâesefkeâue– DeÛÚs efoveeW kesâ meeLeer~
 helLej hemeerpe G"vee– efveo&Ùeer keâes oÙee Deevee~  yevoj IegÌ[keâer osvee– JÙeLe& keâer Oecekeâer osvee~
 helLej leues mes neLe efvekeâuevee—Yeejer mebkeâš mes Úgš keâeje heevee~  yeeuet mes lesue efvekeâeuevee– DemecYeJe keâeÙe& keâjvee~
 helLej ceW oty e pecevee– DemecYeJe keâe mecYeJe nesvee~  yevoj keäÙee peeves Deojkeâ keâe mJeeo– cetKe& efkeâmeer DeÛÚer Jemleg keâe cenlJe
 heeBJe Yeejer nesvee– ieYe&Jeleer nesvee~ veneR mecePe mekeâlee~
 hesš ceW Ûetns ketâovee– yengle YetKe ueievee~  yeÌ[s-yeÌÌ[s yen ieS ieone keâns/hetÚs efkeâlevee heeveer—Meefòeâ mechevve ueesieeW kesâ
 heóer heÌ{evee– ieuele jeÙe osvee/YegueeJee osvee~ DeMeòeâ nesves kesâ Ghejevle ÚgšYewÙeeW keâe [eRie neBkeâvee~
 heeBJe GKeÌ[ peevee– nejkeâj Yeeie peevee~  yeeBPe keäÙee peeves Øemetle (ØemeJe) keâer heerÌ[e—og:Ke Yeesieves Jeeuee ner og:Ke keâes
 heer" efoKeevee– Yeeie KeÌ[e nesvee~ peevelee nw~
 helLej keâer uekeâerj– Deefceš/hekeäkeâer yeele~  Yeerieer efyeuueer yeve peevee– [j peevee~

 Yeerce kesâ neLeer—ve ueewšves Jeeuee heoeLe&~  jbies neLeeW hekeâÌ[vee– DehejeOe/ieuele keâece keâjles ngS hekeâÌ[vee~
 YesÌ[ yevee uesvee—Deheves JeMe ceW keâjkesâ pees Ûeenvee Jen keâjJeevee~  jbie peceevee– DelÙeefOekeâ ØeYeeefJele keâjvee~
 Yegmme ceW Deeie ueiee peceeuees otj KeÌ[er—mLeeÙeer efJe«en keâe yeerpeejesheCe keâj  jeWiešs KeÌ[s nes peevee– [j peevee~
lešmLe keâer Yetecf ekeâe Deoe keâjvee~  jeF& mes heJe&le keâjvee– legÛÚ yeele keâes yeÌ{e– ÛeÌ{e keâj keânvee~
 YeieerjLe ØeÙelve keâjvee– DeLekeâ ØeÙeeme keâjvee~  jesšer kesâ ueeues heÌ[vee– oeves– oeves keâes lejmevee~
 Yetbpeer YeeBie ve nesvee– kegâÚ Yeer heeme ve nesvee~  jbiee efmeÙeej– keâhešer/OeesKesyeepe/ÚodceJes<eer~
 YeQme kesâ Deeies yeerve yepeevee– cetKe& JÙeefòeâ keâes GheosMe osvee efvejLe&keâ neslee nw~  jespeieej Deewj ogMceve yeej-yeej veneR efceueles—DeeS ceewkesâ keâes ÚesÌ[vee veneR
 YetKes Yepeve ve nesÙe ieesheeuee– Keeueer hesš kegâÚ veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee~ ÛeeefnS~
 cewoeve ceejvee– peerle neefmeue keâjvee~  ueMkeâj ceW GBâš yeoveece—oes<e efkeâmeer keâe Deewj yeoveeceer efkeâmeer Deewj keâer~
 ceerve cesKe keâjvee– ieueleer efvekeâeuevee~  ueeÛeej ceW efJeÛeej veneR—DeMeòeâ nesves hej ieuele keâeÙe& nes ner peelee nw~
 cegBn yeveevee– KeerPe Øekeâš keâjvee~  ueeo os, ueoe os, ueeo kesâ hengBÛee os—meye keâeÙe& otmejs ner keâj oW~
 cegBn Ûegjevee– ueppee mes meeceves ve Deevee~  uetš ceW ÛešKee veheâe—cegheäle ceW pees efceues Jener heâeÙeoe~
 cegBn keâer Keevee– hejeefpele nesvee~  efJeefOe keâe efueKee keâes cesšvenej—nesveer neskeâj ner jnleer nw~
 cegBn ueieevee– efJeMes<e (mlej kesâ efJehejerle) mecheke&â ceW jKevee~  uekeâÌ[er kesâ yeue yevoj veeÛes– YeÙeJeMe keâece keâjvee~
 cegBn ceW jece yeieue ceW Úgjer– ØelÙe#e ceW efnlekeâj, hejes#e ceW neefvekeâejkeâ~  ueesne ceevevee– ßes…lee mJeerkeâej keâjvee~
 cegBn Oees Deevee– keâceer otj keâjvee~  Meewkeâerve yegefÌ{Ùee ÛešeF& keâe uenBiee—efJeefÛe$e Meewkeâ~
 efmekeäkeâe peceevee– ØeYeeJe mLeeefhele keâjvee~
 cegBn efheâj peevee– celeueye meceehle nes peevee~
 efmej cegÌ[eles ner Deesues heÌ[vee– ØeejcYe ceW ner mebkeâš keâe Dee peevee~
 cegBn hej veekeâ ve nesvee– efveue&ppe nesvee~
 efmej G"evee– efJejesOe ceW KeÌ[e nesvee/GheõJe KeÌ[e keâjvee~
 cegBn ceesÌ[vee– efJecegKe nesvee~
 efmej hej keâ]heâve yeeBOevee– ce=lÙeg kesâ efueS GÅele jnvee~
 cegBn lees[Ì peJeeye osvee– "esme ØelÙegòej osvee~
 efmeleeje Ûecekeâvee– YeeiÙe peeievee~
 cejer ieeÙe yeeYeve keâes oeve—efkeâmeer keâes yeskeâej Ûeerpe osvee~
 meele Ieeš keâe heeveer heervee– yengle DevegYeJeer nesvee~
 ceeve ve ceeve ceQ lesje cesnceeve—peyejomleer efmej hej ÛeÌ{vee~
 ceve kesâ ueñÒ Keevee– JÙeLe& keâer DeeMee ceW Øemevve jnvee~  efmej hej Yetle meJeej nesvee– efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâer efpeo~
 ceBtÚ ve jKevee– nej ceeve uesvee~  meele jepeeDeeW keâer mee#eer osvee—eqkeâmeer yeele keâer melÙelee hej yengle peesj
osvee~
 ceer"er Úgjer Ûeueevee– efJeMJeemeIeele keâjvee~
 meeÌ{s meeleer ueievee– efJeheefòe Iesjvee~
 cÙeeTB keâe "ewj hekeâÌ[vee– Kelejs ceW heÌ[vee~  meesvee (kebâÛeve) yejmevee—yengle DeefOekeâ ueeYe nesvee~
 ceve ceW Ûeesj yew"vee– ceve keâe keâhešer nesvee~  meesves keâe ce=ie– efJeYeÇce/ceeÙeeJeer keâer eqmLeefle~
 efceóer kesâ ceeOees– efveje cetKe&~  meesves hes megneiee– DelÙeefOekeâ iegCeJeeve~
 efceóer kesâ ceesue efyekeâvee– DelÙeefOekeâ memlee nesvee~  mecegõ cebLeve– keâef"ve heefjßece~
 cegªer ceW keâjvee– yeme ceW keâjvee~  mehevee osKevee– JeemleefJekeâlee mes otj jnvee~
 cetBÚ veerÛeer nesvee– Øeefle‰e keâe nveve~  meeRie keâšekeâj yeÚÌ[eW ceW efceuevee– yetÌ{s neskeâj Yeer yeÛÛeeW pewmee keâece keâjvee~
 ceeLee "vekeâvee– efkeâmeer Deefve° keâer DeeMebkeâe nesvee~  meoe oerJeeueer mevle Iej—DeÛÚs ueesieeW kesâ ÙeneB Deevevo ner Deevevo~
 ceve keâer ceve ceW jKevee– JÙeòeâ ve keâjvee~  meyekesâ oelee jece—YeieJeeved meyekeâes oslee nw~
 ceeLes hej yeue heÌ[ peevee– hejsMeeve nesvee~  metjoeme ØeYeg keâesjer keâecejer, ÛeÌ{s ve otpee jbie—eqpeme hej Skeâ yeej
 ceW{keâer keâes pegkeâece—Deheveer Deewkeâele mes pÙeeoe veKejs~ efJeMJeeme nes ieÙee Jen veneR štš lee~
 cegöF& megmle, ieJeen Ûegmle—ØecegKe keâer Dehes#ee meneÙekeâeW keâe yeÌ{-ÛeÌ{keâj  meesJes mees KeesJes, peeies mees heeJes—DemeeJeOeeveer mes neefve meeJeOeeveer mes ueeYe~
efnmmee uesvee~  nBmee Iej yemelee nw—eqpeme hej Gheneme efkeâÙee peelee nw, Jener DeÛÚe yevelee
 ceeself eÙeeW mes cegBn Yej osvee—ceeueeceeue keâj osvee~ nw~
 ÙegefOeef‰j nesvee– melÙeefØeÙe nesvee~  nveves keâes neefveS, heehe oes<e ve ieefveS—ceejves Jeeues keâes ceejvee ner ÛeeefnS~
 Ùeesieer Lee mees G" ieÙee Deemeve jner YeYetle—hegjevee ieewjJe meceehle~  neefve-ueeYe, peerJeve-cejCe, ÙeMe-DeheÙeMe efJeefOe neLe—keâece keâjvee ÛeeefnS
heâue lees YeieJeeved kesâ neLe ceW nw~
 jbie ceW Yebie [euevee Ùee keâyeeye ceW nñer yevevee– DeÛÚs keâece ceW yeeOee hengBÛeevee~
 efnvoer ve heâejmeer efceÙeeB peer yeveejmeer—efveieg&Ceer keâe Deheves keâes ieg Ceer
 ®mlece nesvee– Deefle yeneogj~ mecePevee~
 nJee nes peevee– Yeeie peevee~ 5. ‘Oeesyeer keâe kegâòee ve Iej keâe ve Ieeš keâe’ ueeskeâesefòeâ kesâ Ûeej DeLe& efoS
 nBmeer GÌ[evee– Gheneme keâjvee~ ieS nw~ mener DeLe& keâe ÛeÙeve keâerepf eS~
 neLe hej neLe Oejvee– ØeÙelve ve keâjvee~ (a) ieone yevevee (b) Oeerjs-Oeerjs Ûeuevee
 neLe yeeBOevee– cepeyetj keâjvee~ (c) heeBJe ceW yeerceejer nesvee (d) keâneR "ewj ef"keâevee ve nesvee
 neLe pees[Ì vee– efJeveleer keâjvee~ Gòej–(d)

 nJee mes yeeleW keâjvee– leerJeÇ ieefle mes Ûeuevee~ ‘Oeesyeer keâe kegâòee ve Iej keâe ve Ieeš keâe’ ueeskeâeseòf eâ keâe DeLe& ‘keâneR "ewj
 nJee kesâ IeesÌ[s hej meJeej nesvee—yengle peuoer ceW nesvee~ ef"keâevee ve nesvee’ neslee nw~
 neLe Oeeskeâj heerÚs heÌ[ peevee– yengle lebie keâjvee~ 6. ‘Iej keâer cegieea oeue yejeyej’ ueeskeâesefòeâ keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
 neLe-heeBJe hetâuevee– [j peevee~ (a) cegieea Keevee
(b) cegieea keâes oeue efKeueevee
 nJeeF& efkeâues yeveevee– keâuhevee keâer GÌ[eve Yejvee~
(c) Deheves Deeoceer keâes keâce cenlJe osvee
 neLeeW-neLe uesvee– lespeer mes efyekeâ peevee~
(d) cegieea keâes oeue mes leewuevee
 nefLeÙeej [eue osvee– nej mJeerkeâej keâj uesvee~ Gòej–(c)
 newmeuee hemle nesvee– Glmeen ve jn peevee/Glmeen #eerCe nesvee~
‘Iej keâer cegieea oeue yejeyej’ ueeskeâeseòf eâ keâe DeLe& ‘Deheves Deeoceer keâes keâce
 nLesueer Kegpeueevee– Oeve Øeeefhle keâer DeeMee~
cenlJe osvee’ nw~
DeYÙeeme ØeMve 7. ‘keâeuee De#ej YeQme yejeyej’ ueeskeâesefòeâ keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
(a) De#ej SJeb YeQme oesveeW keâeuee nesles nQ
1. ‘TBš kesâ cegBn ceW ‘peerje’ keâe DeLe& nw-
(b) DeveheÌ{
(a) yengle LeesÌ[e (b) TBš kesâ cegBn ceW yeerceejer nesvee
(c) YeQme keâes heÌ{evee
(c) TBš keâes peerje efKeueevee (d) hesš Yejvee
(d) YeQme kesâ Thej De#ej efueKevee
TBš kesâ cegBn ceW peerje’ ueeskeâeseòf eâ keâe DeLe& ‘yengle LeesÌ[e’ neslee nw~ ‘keâeuee De#ej YeQme yejeyej’ ueeskeâeseòf eâ keâe DeLe& nw- DeveheÌ{~
2. ‘meye Oeeve yeeFme hemesjer’ keâe DeLe& nw- 8. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes mener ueeskeâesefòeâ keâe ÛeÙeve keâerepf eS~
(a) yengle memleer nesvee (a) oeBle efievevee
(b) yengle cenBieer nesvee (b) IeesÌ[s yesÛekeâj meesvee
(c) DeÛÚe, yegje meyekeâes Skeâ mecePevee (c) DeOepeue ieiejer Úuekeâle peeÙe
(d) DeefOekeâlee mes megeJf eOee nesleer nw~ (d) neLe-hewj hetâuevee
‘meye Oeeve yeeFme hemesjer’ keâe DeLe& ‘DeÛÚe, yegje meyekeâes Skeâ mecePevee’ nw~ ‘DeOepeue ieiejer Úuekeâle peeÙe’ ueeskeâeseòf eâ nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe efJekeâuhe cegneJejs
kesâ GoenjCe nQ~
3. ‘Skeâ hebLe oes keâepe’ keâe DeLe& nw-
9. ‘jhetâ Ûekeäkeâj nesvee’ cegneJejs keâe DeLe& nw-
(a) Deveskeâ keâeÙe& keâjvee (b) keäÙee keâjW, keäÙe ve keâjW meesÛevee
(a) yew" peevee (b) Yeeie peevee
(c) Skeâ meeLe oes ueeYe nesvee (d) Skeâ meeLe oes heo «enCe keâjvee
(c) ›eâesefOele nes peevee (d) efmej TBÛee keâjvee
‘Skeâ hebLe oes keâepe’ keâe DeLe&’ Skeâ meeLe oes ueeYe nesvee’ nw~ ‘jhetâ Ûekeäkeâj nesvee cegneJejs’ keâe DeLe& nw- Yeeie peevee~
4. ‘leve hej veneR ueòee heeve KeeS Deueyeòee’ keâe DeLe& nw- 10. ‘Deeie yeyetuee nesvee’ cegneJejs keâe mener DeLe& ÛegefveS–
(a) yegjer Deeole ceW heÌ[vee (b) Pet"e efoKeeJee keâjvee (a) ›eâesefOele nesvee (b) Meevle nesvee
(c) jesye [euevee (d) yengle iejerye nesvee (c) meenmeer nesvee (d) Øemevve nesvee
Gòej–(b) Gòej–(a)
‘leve hej veneR ueòee heeve KeeS Deueyeòee’ keâe DeLe& ‘Pet"e efoKeeJee keâjvee’ nw~ ‘Deeie yeyetuee nesvee’ cegneJejs mes leelheÙe& ‘›eâesefOele nesvee’ neslee nw~

efJeMes<Ùe SJeb efJeMes<eCe
GoenjCeeLe& ØeMve Ssmes ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe, pees efkeâmeer otmejs Meyo ceW ØelÙeÙe Ùee heo peesÌ[ves hej
yeveles nQ ‘Ùeewefiekeâ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe’ keânueeles nQ~ kegâÚ Ùeewefiekeâ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe
1. ‘pewmee keâece Jewmee oece’ ceW ‘pewmee’ efkeâme JÙeekeâjCeelcekeâ keâesešf keâe nw? DevegkeâjCe JeeÛekeâ MeyoeW keâer efÉ®efòeâ mes yeveles nQ; pewmes- hešheš, leÌ[leÌ[,
(a) efJeMes< eCe (b) efJeMes<Ùe mešemeš, OeÌ[eOeÌ[~
(c) meJe& veece (d) DeJÙeÙe
6. efvecve ceW mes ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe DeJÙeÙe ÛegefveS—
Gòej—(a)
(a) kegâòee YeeQkeâ jne nw~ (b) jece Keevee Kee jne nw~
‘pewme keâece Jewmee oece’ ceW ‘pewmee’ efJeMes<eCe JÙeekeâjCeelcekeâ keâesešf keâe nw~ (c) DeefOekeâ cele yeesuees~ (d) jeOee jeleYej peeieleer jner~
pewmee keâjesies Jewmee Yejesies ceW- ‘pewmee’ meJe&veece nw~ legceves pewmee Ûeene Jewmee Gòej—(c)
ngDee ceW- ‘pewmee’ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe nw~ pees DeJÙeÙe ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee Øekeâš keâjlee nw, Gmes ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe keânles
2. heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe DeJÙeÙe keäÙee nw? nQ~ pewmes- ‘DeefOekeâ cele yeesuees’ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘DeefOekeâ’ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe nw pees
(a) #eCeYej (b) efve:mevosn ‘yeesuevee’ ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~
(c) DevÙe$e (d) DelÙevle 7. ‘Jen yengle ceOegj ieelee nw~’ FveceW ØeefJeMes<eCe Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS–
Gòej–(d) (a) Jen (b) yengle
efpeve MeyoeW mes ef›eâÙee kesâ heefjceeCe keâe yeesOe neslee nw, GvnW heefjceeCe JeeÛekeâ (c) ceOegj (d) ieelee
ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe DeJÙeÙe keânles nQ~ pewmes–LeesÌ[e, DelÙevle, DeefOekeâ, Deuhe Deeefo~ Gòej–(b)
3. heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe JeekeäÙe keâes efÛeefÖle keâerepf eS– ‘Jen yengle ceOegj ieelee’ nw~ JeekeäÙe ceW ØeefJeMes<eCe Meyo ‘yengle’ nw~ pees Meyo
(a) nceW yeÌ[eW mes DeeojhetJe&keâ yeele keâjveer ÛeeefnS~ efJeMes<eCe keâer efJeMes<elee yeleueeles nQ, GvnW ØeefJeMes<eCe keâne peelee nw~
(b) heeveer keâue mes yejme jne nw~ 8. `heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ' ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe DeJeÙeJe nw-
(c) jele keâes keâce Keevee ÛeeefnS~ (a) meJe&oe (b) meJe&$e
(d) efÛeef[
Ì Ùee keâes yeenj ceejs peeves keâe [j nw~ (c) Flevee (d) ieuele
Gòej–(c) Gòej—(c)
`jele keâes keâce Keevee ÛeeefnS'~ Ùen JeekeäÙe heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe `Flevee' heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe DeJÙeÙe nw, peyeefkeâ `meJe&oe' keâeueJeeÛekeâ
JeekeäÙe nw~ efpeme DeJÙeÙe mes heefjceeCe Ùee cee$ee keâe yeesOe neslee nw, Gmes ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe DeJÙeÙe nw~ `meJe&$e' mLeeveJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe DeJÙeÙe nw~
heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe keânles nQ~
4. GheJeekeäÙe henÛeeefveS DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer
‘Jen Deeoceer pees keâue DeeÙee Lee, Deepe Yeer DeeÙee nw~’
 efJeMes<eCe
(a) meb%ee GheJeekeäÙe (b) efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe
pees Meyo meb%ee DeLeJee meJe&veece keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw, Gmes efJeMes<eCe
(c) ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe (d) ef›eâÙee GheJeekeäÙe
Gòej—(b) keânles nQ~ efJeMes<eCe Éeje efpemekeâer efJeMes<elee yeleeF& peeleer nw, Jen efJeMes<Ùe
keânueelee nw~
pees Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe efJeMes<eCe keâer lejn JÙeJeùle nes, Gmes ‘efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe’ Jemlegle: efJeMes<eCe jefnle meb%ee mes efpeme Jemleg keâe yeesOe neslee nw, efJeMes<eCe
keânles nQ~ Øemlegle JeekeäÙe ceW ‘pees keâue DeeÙee Lee’ efJeMes<eCe GheJeekeäÙe nw~ FmeceW ueieeves hej Gmekeâe DeLe& meerefcele meboYeeX ceW nes peelee nw~ GoenjCe kesâ efueS
‘pees’, ‘pewmee’, ‘efpelevee’ FlÙeeefo MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ ieeÙe mes mechetCe& ieeÙe peeefle keâe yeesOe neslee nw, efkeâvleg mehesâo ieeÙe keânves mes Ssmeer
5. ‘hegmlekeWâ OeÌ[eOeÌ[ efyekeâ jner nQ’ ceW ‘OeÌ[eOeÌ[’ ceW Meyo keâe keâewve-mee ™he ieeÙeeW keâe ner yeesOe nesiee pees mehesâo neW~
nw? efJeMes<eCe kesâ Yeso
(a) ef›eâÙee-efJeMes< eCe (b) efJeMes< eCe efJeMes<eCe kesâ cegKÙe Ûeej Yeso nQ—
(c) ef ›eâÙee (d) ØeefJeMes<eCe 1. meeJe&veeefcekeâ DeLeJee mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe
Gòej—(a) 2. iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe

3. mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe leLee (ii) DeefveefMÛele heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ— efpeve efJeMes<eCe MeyoeW mes Jemleg keâer
4. heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe DeefveefMÛele cee$ee keâe %eeve neslee nw~ JeneB DeefveefMÛele heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe
1. meeJe&veeefcekeâ DeLeJee mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe— meJe&veece kesâ efvepeJeeÛekeâ neslee nw~ pewmes—LeesÌ[e-mee Deeše, kegâÚ Ûeerveer, yengle meeje Oeve FlÙeeefo~
Deewj heg®<eJeeÛekeâ ™heeW (ceQ, let, Jen) mes efYevve meJe&veece peye efkeâmeer meb%ee mes hetJe& ØeefJeMes<eCe— pees Meyo efkeâmeer efJeMes<eCe keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeS, Gmes ØeefJeMes<eCe
DeeS, lees GvnW ‘meeJe&veeefcekeâ efJeMes<eCe’ keânles nQ~ pewmes- Ùen ieeÙe megvoj nw~ Jen keânles nQ~ pewmes- ceesnve yengle lespe efJeÅeeLeea nw~ FmeceW lespe efJeMes<eCe nw Deewj
Iej yeÌ[e nw~ ÙeneB ieeÙe Deewj Iej kesâ "erkeâ hetJe& DeeS ngS ‘Ùen’ SJeb ‘Jen’ yengle Gmekeâe ØeefJeMes<eCe~
meeJe&veeefc ekeâ efJeMes<eCe nQ, p ees meJe&veece mebkesâle Éeje meb%ee Ùee meJe&veece keâer efJeMes<Ùe-efJeMes<eCe SJeb efJeOesÙe-efJeMes<eCe—pees efJeMes<eCe, efJeMes<Ùe kesâ hetJe& DeeS Jen
efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ, Jes mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe keânueeles nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<Ùe-efJeMes<eCe (ÙeLee- ÛebÛeue efMeMeg, lespe efJeÅeeLeea) keânueelee nw~ ÙeneB efJeMes<eCe
efJeMes<eCe meJe&veece MeyoeW mes yeveles nQ~ FvnW efveoxMekeâ Yeer keânles nQ~ ceeweuf ekeâ ÛebÛeue SJeb lespe Deheves efJeMes<Ùe efMeMeg SJeb efJeÅeeLeea kesâ hetJe& DeeÙee nw, Dele: Ùen
meeJe&veeefcekeâ efJeMes<eCe GvnW keânles nQ, pees efyevee ™he heefjJele&ve kesâ ÙeLee™he ØeÙegòeâ efJeMes<Ùe-efJeMes<eCe nw~
nesles nQ, pewmes- Ùen, Jen, keâesF&, Jes Deeefo~ ØelÙeÙe ueieekeâj heefjJeefle&le meJe&veeceeW pees efJeMes<eCe, efJeMes<Ùe kesâ yeeo DeeS Gmes ‘efJeOesÙe efJeMes<eCe’ keânles nQ;
mes yeves efJeMes<eCeeW keâes ‘Ùeeweif ekeâ meeJe&veeefcekeâ efJeMes<eCe’ keânles nQ~ pewmes— Ssm eer pewmes- cesjer ieeÙe keâeueer nw~ cesje heg$e megmle nw~
ÙeneB efJeMes<eCe keâeueer SJeb megmle Deheves efJeMes<Ùe ieeÙe SJeb heg$e kesâ yeeo DeeS
efkeâleeye; pewmee osMe; Jewmee Yes<e Deeefo~
nQ, Dele: Ùen efJeOesÙe-efJeMes<eCe nQ~
2. iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe— pees Meyo meb%ee Ùee meJe&veece kesâ iegCe, oMee,
mJeYeeJe keâe yeesOe keâjeS Gmes ‘iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe’ keânles nQ~ cegKÙe iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<Ùe-efJeMes<eCe jÛevee
efJeMes<eCe Fme Øekeâej nQ— 1. kegâÚ efJeMes<eCe Deheves cetue ™he ceW nesles nQ; pewmes - ueeue, megvoj,
iegCe- meÛÛee, Pet"e, oeveer, heeheer, vÙeeÙeer, og°, Meeble~ ieesuee, Yeejer~
2. kegâÚ efJeMes<eCe meb%ee (efJeMes<Ùe) ceW ØelÙeÙe ueieekeâj yeveeS peeles nQ;
jbie- ueeue, heeruee, nje, yeQieveer, Ûecekeâeruee, heâerkeâe~
pewmes—
Deekeâej- šsÌ{ e, meerOee, Ûeewkeâesj, ieesue, meg[ewue, uecyee, ÛeewÌ[e~
ØelÙeÙe + meb %ee = efJeMes<eCe
mLeeve- #es$eerÙe, osMeer, hebpeeyeer, YeejleerÙe, Decesejf keâer, oeÙeeb, yeeÙeeb, Yeerlejer,
Fkeâ + Oece& = Oeeefce& keâ
yeenjer, hetJeea, heefMÛeceer~
ceeved + ßeer = ßeerceeved
keâeue- veÙee, hegjevee, leepee, Jele&ceeve, YeefJe<Ùe, ØeeÛeerve, Deeieeceer, ceewmeceer~
F&Ùe + peeefle = peeleerÙe
oMee- ogy euee, heleuee, ceesše, Yeejer, ieeruee, metKee~
3. efuebie, JeÛeve Deewj keâejkeâ kesâ Devegmeej heefjJeefle&le efJeMes<eCe; pewmes—
efoMee (õ°JÙe)- hetJeea, heefMÛeceer, Gòejer, oef#eCeer~
keâeuee, yeÌ[e,  keâeueer, yeÌ[er  keâeues, yeÌ[s
veesš —Fve efJeMes<eCeeW ceW ‘mee’ heo peesÌ[keâj iegCeeW keâes keâce efkeâÙee peelee nw pewmes- Jen  Jes  Gve  Gme
yeÌ[e-mee, TBÛ ee-mee, Úesše-mee~ 4. oes MeyoeW kesâ cesue mes yeveves Jeeues efJeMes<eCe; pewmes- Yeuee-yegje, Úesše-
3. mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe— efpeve MeyoeW mes efkeâmeer meb%ee Ùee meJe&veece keâer yeÌ[e, TBÛ e-veerÛe
mebKÙee keâe yeesOe nes GvnW ‘mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe’ keânles nQ~ mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe 5. leguevee keâer efmLeefle ØeoefMe&le keâjves Jeeues efJeMes<eCe
kesâ cegKÙele: oes Yeso nQ—(i) efveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ SJeb (ii) DeefveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ~ pewm es-
(i) efveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe ieCevee (Skeâ, oes, leerve), ‘›eâce’ cetueeJemLee - GòejeJemLee - GòeceeJemLee
(henuee, otmeje, leermeje) Ùee ‘DeeJe=efòe’ (oesiegvee, efleiegvee, Ûeejiegvee) mecetnJeeÛekeâ DeefOekeâ - DeefOekeâlej - DeefOekeâlece
(oesveeW, heeBÛeeW, meeleeW), ØelÙeskeâ yeesOekeâ (ØelÙeskeâ, nj-Skeâ, oes-oes) nes mekeâles nQ~ GÛÛe - GÛÛelej - GÛÛelece
(ii) DeefveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe mes Jemleg keâer efveefMÛele mebKÙee efvecve - efvecvelej - efvecvelece
%eele veneR nesleer nw; pewmes- kegâÚ ueesie, pÙeeoe Ûeerveer, keâce Yeej~ megvoj - megvojlej - megvojlece
4. heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe— efpeve efJeMes<eCe MeyoeW mes meb%ee Ùee meJe&veece efØeÙe - efØeÙelej - efØeÙelece
keâer cee$ee DeLeJee veehe-leewue keâe yeesOe neslee nw, Jes heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe ueIeg - ueIeglej - ueIeg lece
keânueeles nQ~ heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe kesâ oes Yeso nQ— (i) efveefMÛele heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ cenled - cenòej - cenòece
(ii) DeefveefMÛele heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ~ efveke=â° - efveke=â° - efveke= â°lece
(i) efveefMÛele heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ— efpeve efJeMes<eCe MeyoeW mes Jemleg keâer efveefMÛele Meg Yeü - MegYeülej - MegYeülece
cee$ee keâe %eeve neslee nw~ JeneB efveefMÛele heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe neslee nw~ eqJeMes<Ùe-efJeMes<eCe heefjJele&veeW keâer metÛeer Deeies oer pee jner nw~ efJeMes<Ùe ef›eâÙee
pewmes—oes efkeâuees iesntB, Skeâ ueeršj otOe, veew ceeršj keâheÌ[e FlÙeeefo~ ™he Ùee meb%ee ™he ceW nesles nQ— pewmes- Kesuevee-efKeueeÌ[er, oÙee-oÙeeueg~

efJeefMe° hejer# ee meece«eer efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe
DeefOekeâej DeeefOekeâeefjkeâ DeOÙeelce DeeOÙeeeqlcekeâ
ef›eâÙee mecyevOeer efJeMes<Ùe SJeb efJeMes<eCe Deeefo Deeefoce DeeOeej DeeOeeefjle
DeejbY e DeejbefYekeâ DeejeOevee DeejeOÙe
efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe DeeßeÙe Deeefßele Deemeefòeâ Deemeòeâ
efškeâvee efškeâeT Yeeievee YeieesÌ[e Dee[cyej Dee[cyejer DeeJesMe DeeJeseMf ele
Yetu evee YeguekeäkeâÌ[ Ûeuevee Ûeeuet DeeMee DeeMeeefvJele DeeMÛeÙe& DeeMÛee|Ùele
peÌ[vee peÌ[eT cejvee ceefj Ùeue Deejeshe Deejesefhele DeejesnCe Dee¤Ì{
ieevee ieJewÙee Iešvee IeefšÙee Deelcee DeelceerÙe Deemeve Deemeerve
lewjvee lewjekeâ osKevee osKeJewÙee Deemeceeve Deemeceeveer Deekeâueve Deekeâefuele
heÌ{vee heÌ{eketâ heeuevee heeuelet F&<Ùee& F&<Ùe& Glheer[veÌ Glheere[Ìf le
heervee efheÙekeäkeâÌ[ efyekeâvee efyekeâeT FbefõÙe Sseb fõkeâ Fppele Fppeleoej
yetP evee yegPekeäkeâÌ[ Ietcevee Iegceblet Fveece Fveeceer F&hmee F&ehq mele
Ûeešvee Ûešesj Ûegj evee Ûeesj F&ceeve F&ceeveoej F&MJej F&MJejerÙe
peeBÛ evee peeBÛekeâlee& peesÌ[vee peesÌ[e GæjCe Gæ=le Ghekeâej Ghekeâejer
PeieÌ[vee PeieÌ[ euet efP eueef ceueevee efP eueefceue Ghepe GhepeeT GheosMe GheosMekeâ
štšvee št še [jevee [jeJevee GheÙeesie GheÙeesieer GheJeve DeewheJeefvekeâ
{euevee {ueJee legu evee legueveerÙe GòeerCe& Gòeere fCe&le Guueeme Guueefmele
ueÌ[ vee ueÌ[eketâ Jebovee JeboveerÙe GleeJeueer GleeJeuee Godye sOeve GodyeesOekeâ
Pekeâvee Pekeäkeâer peg"ejvee pet "e GÉsie GefÉive Glkeâ<e& Glke=â„
oyevee oyyet Hegâmeueevee HegâmeueeT
GheveÙeve Gheveerle Ghecee Gheefcele
Hesâjvee Hesâje jšvee jšdšt
GheueeqyOe GheueyOe GheeqmLeefle GheeqmLele
uepeevee uepeeruee uebieÌ[ evee uebi eÌ[e
GheÛeej GheÛeejkeâ GheõJe GheõJeer
meb%ee mecyevOeer efJ eMes<Ùe SJeb efJeMes<eCe Glheefòe Glhevve Gefòeâ Gòeâ
Gheepe&ve Gheee|pele Gheemevee GheemÙe
efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe Ge|ce Ge|c eue TBÛeeF& TBÛee
DebÛ eue DeebÛeefuekeâ DebMe DeebefMekeâ Thej Thejer Ghenej Ghenefjle
Deble Debelf ece Deblej Deeble fjkeâ Glheele Glheeleer Gvveefle Gvvele
DebkegâMe DebkegâefMele DebkegâjCe DebkegâjCeerÙe Gvcegefòeâ Gvcegòeâ GoenjCe Gæ=le
DejCÙe DeejCÙekeâ DeCeg DeeefCJekeâ GoerÛeer DeewoerÛÙe GÅeesie DeewÅeesefiekeâ
Deeflejbpeve Deeflejbefpele Dele=efhle Dele=hle $e+ef<e Dee<e& $e+leg Deele&Je
DeLe& Deee|Lekeâ DeefOe›eâceCe DeefOe›eâeble Skeâeble Sskeâebeflekeâ SkeâerkeâjCe Skeâerke=âle
Dekeäue Dekeäuecebo Dekeâce& Dekeâce&CÙe Skeâ Ssefkeâkeâ SefM eÙee SefMeÙeeF&
Devegjeie Devegjòeâ DevegYeJe DevegYeJeer S<eCe F„ Snmeeve Snmeevecebo
DevegYetelf e DevegYetle Devegceesove Devegceesefole SsMe SsÙeeMe Dees‰ Dees‰dÙe
DevegJeeo Devetefole DevegMebmee DevegMebefmele Deesnoe Deesnosoej DeesÚeheve DeesÚe
DeeYet<eCe DeeYetef<ele DeeÙeg DeeÙeg<ceeve Deespe DeespemJeer DeewefÛelÙe GefÛele
DevegMeemeve DevegMeeefmele Deheceeve Deheceeefvele Deewjle Deewjleevee kebâkeâÌ[ kebâkeâÌ[eruee
DehejeOe DehejeOeer Dehes#ee Dehesef#ele kegâšgbye keâewšegb fyekeâ keâuece keâueceer
DeefYeveÙe DeefYevesÙe DeefYe<eskeâ DeefYe f<eòeâ kebâ" kebâ"dÙe keâ®Cee keâe®efCekeâ
DeYÙeeme DeYÙeemeer Deuebkeâej Deuebke=âle keâpe& keâpe&oej kebâhe kebâefhele
DeJeleej DeJeleerCe& DeJejesO e DeJe®æ keâuebkeâ keâuebefkeâle keâefu eÙegie keâefueÙegieer
DeJeÙeJe DeeJeÙeefJekeâ Devegßegefle Devegßegle keâLee keâefLele keâlLee keâlLeF&
Deveg‰eve Devegef‰le Deveerefle Deveweflekeâ keâheš keâhešer keâuhevee keâeuheefvekeâ
DevÙeeÙe DevÙeeÙeer Dehekeâej Dehekeâejer ›eâce ›eâefcekeâ keâhetj keâhetjer
De%eeve De%eeveer Deekeâ<e&Ce Deeke=â„ keâceeF& keâceeT keâmejle keâmejleer
DeekeâeMe DeekeâeMeerÙe DeeÛejCe DeeÛeefjle keäuesMe eqkeäue„ keâece keâeceer
efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe
keâce& keâce&" efkeâleeye efkeâleeyeer peerJe pewefJekeâ pegDee pegDeeÌ[er
keâeshe kegâefhele keâef"velee keâef"ve pesye pesy eer peesieer peesef ieÙee
keâÌ[Jeeheve keâÌ[Jee keâlue keâeefleue pÙeeself e<e pÙeeself e<eer pJeeuee pJeef uele
kebâietje kebâietjsoej keâueg<e keâuegef<ele pet "ve pet "e pesnve penerve
kegâb [ue kegbâ[ueer kesâmej kesâmeefjÙee peuoer peuo peÙe peÙeer
keâewe fšuÙe kegâefšue keâewce keâewceer peeot peeotiej peeue peeueer
ke=âef<e ke=â<ekeâ kewâJeuÙe kesâJeue efpemce efpemceeveer pegoeF& pegoe
Keb[ Kebef[le KeheÌ[e KeheÌ[wue peesMe peesMeeruee PebPeš PebPeefšÙee
KeÛe& KeÛeeauee Keej Keeje Pebkeâej Pebke=âle PeieÌ[e PeieÌ[ euet
iejer yeer iejerye ieeÙeve ies Ùe Pekeâ Pekeäkeâer PeeB mee PeeBmet
«eeme «emle ieJe& ieJeeauee Peeuej Peeuejoej Pet" Pet "e
ieesyej ieesyejw uee ieb iee ieebi esÙe [kewâleer [kewâle [esje [esefjÙee
ie=nmLe ieen&mLÙe ies¤ ies®Dee [j [jheeskeâ [bkeâ [bkeâoej
iebYe rjlee iebYeerj iebOekeâ iebOekeâer [ekeâ [eefkeâÙee [en [ener
iebOeJe& ieebOeJe& ieHeâuele ieeef Heâue {esuekeâ {esueef keâÙee {bie {bi eer
iece ieceieerve ieefle iele {eue {ueJeeB lebotj lebotjer
ieceve iebleJÙe ieboieer ieboe lÙeeie lÙeeieer lespeer lespemJeer
iebOe iebOeer ieJes <eCe ieJes<eCeerÙe legu evee legueveerÙe legef„ leg„
ieMle ieMleer ieeB" ieeB"oej leby etue lebyeesueer legbo legbefoue
iegb[F& ieg[b e iegmmee iegmmewue lesue lesef ueÙee leš lešerÙe
ieCevee ieCÙe ieceve iele leb$e leebef$ekeâ lehemÙee lehemJeer
ieueleer ieuele «eece «eeceerCe leke&â leee|keâkeâ leeueg leeueJÙe
Ieefve‰lee Ieefve‰ Ie= Cee Ie=ef Cele lelJe leeeqlJekeâ lebieer lebie
Iešvee Ieefšle Ieeme IeefmeÙeeje eflejesOeeve eflejesefnle leepeieer leepee
Ûegb yeve Ûegbeyf ele Ûegmleer Ûegmle efleuemce efleuemceer leg uee leguÙe
Ûegieueer Ûeg ieueKeesj Ûewle Ûewleer legvekeâ legvekeâefcepeepe legkeâ legkeäkeâÌ[
eEÛelee eEÛelÙe efÛeÖ efÛe fÖle lelhejlee lelhej lešmLelee lešmLe
Ûeej Ûeew Lee efÛ e$e efÛelesje
leyeener leyeen leced leeceme
Ûeef j$e Ûeeefjef$ekeâ Ûe›eâ Ûeef›eâle
lejCe lejCeerÙe lejuelee lejue
Ûebieeheve Ûeb iee Ûebefõkeâe ÛebefõkeâeceÙe
leceeMee leceeMeeF& leekeâle leekeâleJej
Ûeslevee, ÛewlevÙe Ûesleve Ûeerve Ûeer veer
le®CeeF& le®Ce le=<Cee le=<CeeJeeve
Ûegyb ekeâ ÛegbyekeâerÙe ÛeewOejeF& ÛeewOejer
leueye leueyeieej le=<e le=ef<ele
ÛÙegefle ÛÙegle ÛetÌ[er ÛetÌ[eroej
leuKeer leuKe leerKeeheve leer Kee
efÛejpeerJeve efÛejbp eerJeer Ûegv eeJe ÛegeEveoe
ÛeMcee ÛeMceoero Ûeheue Ûeheuelee legleueenš leesleuee $eeme $emle
$eeCe $eelee obMe obeMf ele
Ûeewc egKe Ûeewc egKee ÛebÛ eue ÛebÛeuelee
Ûebõ Ûeebõ Ûes„e Ûesef„le obheefle oebhelÙe oiee oieeyeepe
Ûeeueekeâer Ûeeueekeâ Ûeen Ûenslee oewuele oewuelecebo osMe osMeerÙe
Ún Ú"e Úso Úsokeâ oen oiOe o#elee o#e
Útle Úglene Úsove efÚvve ob[ ob[veerÙe obYe obYeer
efÚÚesjeheve efÚÚesje Úue Úueer ÂÌ{lee ÂÌ{ omle omleeJej
ÚefJe Úyeeruee ÚeÙee ÚeÙeeoej oes<e oes<eer oueve oefuele
ÚeBn ÚeBnoej efÚõ efÚefõle oveg oeveJe oÙee oÙeeueg
peÌ[lee peÌ[ peue peueerÙe oble oblewue oMe&ve oMe&veerÙe
peJeeve peJeeveer pe¤j pe¤jer oeve oeveer efove owefvekeâ
pegPeej pegPee¤ peerJeve peerefJele oyeeJe oyyet oceve oefcele

efoJeeuee efoJeeefueÙee oervelee oerve Øeoeve Øeoòe heÌ[esme heÌ[esmeer
oeefjõÙe oefjõ ÂÌ{lee ÂÌ{ heÙe heÙemJeer hejKe heejKeer
oerefhle oerhle oerJeeveer oerJ eeve heefjlees<e heeefjleese<f ekeâ he"ve heef"le
og:Ke og:Keer ogce ogceoej hebefòeâ heebòesâÙe hebieglee hebieg
oge|J eveÙe ogefJe&veerle ogyeueeheve ogyeuee hengveeF& heengve, hengvee heerÚe efheÚuee
ogie&elf e ogie&le ot<eCe ote<f ele heerÚs efheÚÌ[e hegÛÚ hegÛÚue
oefjÙee oefjÙeeF& õJe õefJele henje henjsoej heeÛeve heeÛekeâ
ohe& oe|hele oue oueerÙe Hegâjleer Hegâjleeruee Heâewpe Heâewpeer
efoceeie efoceeieer oeie oeieer Heâmeue Heâmeueer Heâmeeo Heâmeeoer
oeÌ{er oefÌ{Ùeue oevee oevesoej Heâeuiegve Heâeuiegveer efHeâ›eâ efHeâ›eâcebo
oece oeceer oHeâe oHeâeoej yeve yevewuee yesJeketâHeâer yesJeketâHeâ
oeefKeuee oeef Keue oemelee oeme yeKesÌ[e yeKese fÌ[Ùee yeeuekeâ yeeuÙe
OewÙe& Oeerj Oe=„lee Oe=„ yeue yeef ue‰ yeÇÿe yeÇeÿe
OJebme OJemle Oeve Oeveer yegueboer yeguebo yesJeHeâeF& yesJeHeâe
Oece& Oeee|cekeâ OegBOe OegBOeuee yeesPe yeesefP eue yÙeen yÙeenlee
efveMÛeÙe efveeqMÛele efv epe efvepeer yeeOee yeeefOele yeerÛe efy eÛeuee
efveJee&meve efveJee&efmele efvemeie& vewmee|iekeâ yeesueleer yeesuelee yegYeg#ee yegYegef#ele
efveÙeespeve efveÙeesefpele veeskeâ vegkeâeruee yegpegie& yegpegi ee&vee efy eueieeJe ef yeueie
efve<esO e efveef<eæ veece veeceer yegeæf yeewefækeâ efyenej efyenejer
veeMe veeMeJeeve vekeâue vekeâueÛeer YeÇbMe YeÇ„ YeÇce YeÇecekeâ
vepeoerkeâ vepeoerkeâer efvejekeâjCe efvejeke=âle YeÙe YeÙeevekeâ Yeejle YeejleerÙe
efveÙece efveÙeefcele eEveoe eEveoveerÙe YeeJe YeeJegkeâ Yee<ee Yeeef<ekeâ
vejkeâ veejkeâerÙe veerefle veweflekeâ YeieJeled YeeieJele YeeiÙe YeeiÙeJeeve
vegceeFMe vegceeFMeer veewkeâjer veewkeâj YetKe YetKee Yebpeve Yebiegj
vÙeeme vÙeemeer vÙetvelee vÙetve Yeefòeâ Yeòeâ Yeóer Yeef"Ùeeje
efveõe efveõeueg efvehegCelee efvehegCe YeÌ[keâ YeÌ[keâeruee Ye#eCe Yeef#ele
efveÙegefòeâ efveÙegòeâ efveJesove efveJeseof le YeueeF& Yeuee YeJeve YeJÙe
he"ve heef"le heleve heeflele YeeJe YeeJeer Yeej Yeejer
heeveer heeveeroej efhelee hewle=keâ Yeso YesefoÙee ceg Ke ceg Kej
efheMeeÛe hewMeeefÛekeâ heguekeâ hegueefkeâle cesOee cesOeeJeer cece& ceee|cekeâ
hegmlekeâ hegmlekeâerÙe heg<he hegeq<hele ce=lÙeg celÙe& ceLegje ceeLegj
hegef„ heewef„keâ heerÌ[e heerefÌ[le efc eefLeuee cew efLeue ceeme ceeefmekeâ
heg®<e heew®<esÙe hetpee hetpÙe cet ue ceewef uekeâ ceelee ceele=keâ
hetJe& hetJeea Øesce Øesceer cebieue ceebieefuekeâ cew ue cew uee
hebkeâ hebefkeâue hebLe hebLeer ceen ceenJeejer ceveg ceeveJe
ØemleeJe ØemleeefJele he=Leg he=L egue ceeÙee ceeÙeeJeer ceecee cecesj e
ØeJebÛevee ØeJebefÛele Øemeeo Øemevve ceeue ceeueoej ceOÙece ceeOÙeefcekeâ
Øeele:keâeue Øeele:keâeueerve ØeeÛeer ØeeÛÙe celeueye celeueyeer ceve cevemJeer
ØeMebmee ØeMebmeveerÙe hÙeej hÙeeje ceOeg ceOegj cee$ee ceeef$ekeâ
hejleb$elee hejleb$e hegMle hegMlewveer ceveve ceveveMeerue ceeveJe ceeveJeerÙe
ØeeÛeervelee ØeeÛeerve ØeeCe ØeeCeer efce"eme ceer"e ceieOe ceeieOeer
Øeeefhle Øeehle ØemeJe Øemetlee cepee cepesoej ceewm ee ceewm esje
Øes< eCe Øesef<ele ØeewÌ{lee ØeewÌ{ ceveg<Ùe ceevegef<ekeâ ceveer< ee ceveer< eer
ØeJeeme ØeJeemeer ØeJesMe ØeefJe„ cete|le cetle& ce=og ce=o gue
hee"keâ hee"keâerÙe hÙeeme hÙeemee cepeekeâ cepeeefkeâÙee ceefle ceefleceeve
hegjeleòJe hegjeleeeqòJekeâ Øeeble ØeebleerÙe Ùeesie Ùees ieer Ùee$ee Ùee$eer
ØeosMe ØeeosefMekeâ heLe heeLesÙe Ùegefòeâ Ùegòeâ Ùegæ Ùeesæe
hegje hegjeleve hesš hesšt Ùe%e Ùeeef%ekeâ Ùeog ÙeeoJe

jbie jbieeruee jòeâ jefòeâce JeCe&v e Jee|Cele JeemleJe JeemleefJekeâ
jLe jLeer je„^ je„êrÙe Meem$e Meem$eerÙe efMe#ee efMeef#ele
®õ jewõ jesie jesi eer efMeJe MewJe Mees<eCe Meesef<ele
jepee jepemeer jepeveerefle jepeveereflekeâ Meeskeâ Meeskeâekegâue Meewkeâ Meewkeâerve
¤he ¤heJeeve jesye jesyeer uee efMekeâejer efMekeâej MÙeece MÙeeceue
jesceebÛe jesceebefÛele jÛevee jefÛele Meefòeâ Meeòeâ Mejo MeejoerÙe
jefle jle jceCe jceCeerÙe Meehe Meeefhele Meemeve Meeefmele
jnyej jnceefoue jeOee jeOesÙe Mejerj Meejerefjkeâ Meebelf e Meeble
jen jener efjneF& efjne Mebkeâe Mebkeâeueg Meerue efMe„
®efÛe ®efÛej ¤efÌ{ ¤Ì{ ßeæe ßeæeueg ßece ßeefcekeâ
jsle jsl eeruee ueb ie uebi eÌ[e ßeer ßeerc eeve ëe=bieej ëe=bieeefjkeâ
jespe jespeevee jesce jesef ceue Mekeâ Mekeäkeâer Meneole Menero
jen jener jme jmeeruee ëe= bKeuee ëe=bKeefuele MeesYee MeesefYele
jmeeÙeve jemeeÙeefvekeâ je#eme je#emeer mebOÙee meebOÙe mebheefòe meebhe fòekeâ
ueesYe uees Yeer uesKeve efueefKele mebK Ùee meebeqKÙekeâ mebIeele meebIeeeflekeâ
ueesne ueewn uebieesš uebi eesefš Ùee mebÛeÙe mebefÛele mebYeeJevee mebYeeefJele
uebhešlee ueb heš ueb ye ueb yee megjefYe megjefYele metÙe& meewj
uekeâÌ[er uekeâÌ[neje ueieve ueieeJeš
mLeeve mLeeveerÙe mveeÙeg mveeÙeefJekeâ
uebI eve uebef Iele ueb "F& ueb"
mcejCe mcejCeerÙe mce=elf e mce=le
ueÌ[keâheve ueÌ[keâe uee[ uee[uee
mJeie& mJeieeaÙe mJeemLÙe mJemLe
ueeJeCÙe ueJeCe ueeuee ueeueeefÙele
uebkeâe uebkesâMe ueppee ueefppele mebÙece mebÙeceer mebmeej meebmeeefjkeâ
ueIeg ueeIeJe ue#e Ce uee#eefCekeâ mebkeâesÛe mebkegâefÛele meb#eshe mebef#ehle
ueeYe ue#Ùe uee"er ue"wle mebleehe meblehle mebosn mebosnemheo
efJeÛeej JewÛeeefjkeâ efJemceÙe efJeeqmcele mejkeâej mejkeâejer eEmeOeg meQOeJe
efJepeÙe efJepeÙeer Je<e& Jeee|<ekeâ meer cee meerefcele meg Ke megK eer
Jeve JevÙe efJeJeskeâ efJeJeskeâer #eCe #eefCekeâ #eesYe #egyOe
efJemleej efJeml eerCe& efJeJeen JewJeeefnkeâ $eeCe $eelee $eeCe $eeef mele
efJeOeeve JewOeeefvekeâ JÙeJemeeÙe JÙeJemeeÙeer $eÙeer $eÙe $egefš $ege fšle
efJeÙeesie efJ eÙeesieer efJekeâeme efJekeâefmele lJeje lJeefjle %eele %eeleJÙe
efJeYeepeve efJeYeeefpele efJe<eeo efJe< eCCe %eeve %eeveer %eeheve %eeefhele
efJe<eÙe efJe< eÙeer JÙeeKÙee JÙeeKÙesÙe efmeæeble mewæeeqvlekeâ megiebOe megiebefOele
Jeso Jewefokeâ JeeÙeg JeeÙeJeerÙe mees vee megvenje mlegefle mleglÙe
JÙeeheej JÙeeheejer efJekeâej efJekeâejer m$eer m$ewCe megj megjeruee
efJeÅee efJ eÅeeJeeve efJejn efJejner
mJehve mJeefh veue mJeYeeJe mJeeYeeefJekeâ
efJe<Ceg Jew< CeJe efJeceeve Jewceeefvekeâ
Jemeble Jeemebleer JebMe JebMeerÙe mebÙeesie mebÙegòeâ mJeeo mJeeefo„
efJeOeJee JewOeJÙe efJeefOe JewOe meKee meKÙe mJeCe& mJee|Cece
efJeJeeo efJeJeeoemheo efJeM Jeeme efJeMJeemeer meeue meeueevee metÛ evee metefÛele
efJe<e efJe<eekeäle Jewef Ûe$e efJeefÛe$e mebMues<e mebeqMue„ mebmke=âefle meebmke=âeflekeâ
JeOe JeOÙe JÙeJemLee JÙeJeeqmLele mebkeâuhe mebkeâequhele mebYee<eCe mebYee<Ùe
JÙeekeâjCe JewÙeekeâjCe Jelme Jelmeue meYee meYÙe meceÙe meeceefÙekeâ
efJ eieueve efJeieefuele efJeÅegle JewÅegle mecej meeceefjkeâ mecegõ meecegefõkeâ
efJeueeÙele efJeueeÙeleer efJeMues<eCe efJeeqMue„ menkeâej menkeâejer meeiej meeiejerÙe
efJejesO e efJe®æ efJeOegjlee efJeOegj nsceble nscebleer njece njeceer
JÙeeKÙeeve JÙeeKÙeelee efJejece efJejle efnle efnlew<eer n<e& ne|<ele
efJeheÙe&Ùe efJehejerle efJeYeefòeâ efJeYeòeâ eEno efnvoer #ecee #ecÙe
Jesleve Jewleefvekeâ efJe%eeve Jew%eeefvekeâ nJee nJeeF& eEnmee eEnmekeâ
JÙeefòeâ JewÙeefòeâkeâ efJeÉeve Jewog<Ùe ùoÙe nee|okeâ nBmeer nBmeesÌ[

keâefleheÙe heoJeeÛekeâ efJ eMes<eCe ‘yeefÌ{Ùee’ Meyo efJeMes<eCe nw, pees efkeâ veewkeâjer (meb%ee) keâer efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~
4. ‘Skeâ Jeve ceW KetKB eej Mesj jnlee Lee’~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW efJeMes<eCe Meyo nw-
efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe efJeMes<Ùe efJeMes<eCe (a) Skeâ (b) Jeve
DeieeOe meeiej Deveghece ÂMÙe (c) Mesj (d) KetB Keej
DevegØeeefCele peerJeve Devegjòeâ ùoÙe Gòej–(d)
DeØelÙeeefMele Iešvee Deemegjer Meefòeâ
GppJeue YeefJe<Ùe GodYeš efJeÉeve ‘Skeâ Jeve ceW KetKB e j Mesj jnlee Lee’~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ’KetKeej’ B Meyo efJeMes<eCe
efvee|v eces<e Âef„ efveYeeakeâ Ùeesæe nw~ meb%ee DeLeJee meJe&veece MeyoeW keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeves Jeeues Meyo efJeMes<eCe
efvece&ce ùoÙe efveefJeÌ[ lece keânueeles nQ~
heerve heÙeesOej oÙee&õ efÛ eòe 5. ‘cesjer yenveeW keâer Úesšer DeeÙeg’ ceW efkeâme efJeMes<eCe keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw?
ØeÛeb[ ceeleË[ Øepeeleebef$ekeâ jepÙe (a) ieCeveeJeeÛekeâ (b) efveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ
Gvceerefuele ves $e Deceevegef<ekeâ JÙeJenej (c) ›eâceJeeÛekeâ (d) DeefveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ
JeebefÚle Jemleg efJeveceÇ yeeuekeâ Gòej–(d)
efJeM eeue ùoÙe efJeMJemle met $e
efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW ‘DeefveefMÛele mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ’ efJeMes<eCe nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ ‘Úesšer’ mes
efJe<eeòeâ JeeleeJejCe efJe£ue ceve
mebefÛele Oeve melele ØeÙeeme
efkeâmeer efveefMÛele DeeÙeg keâe yeesOe veneR nes jne nw~
meHeâue ceveesj Le met#ce Mejerj 6. ‘cegPes oes ope&ve kesâues oes’ ceW ØeÙegòeâ efJeMes<eCe nw-
eqmveiOe ùoÙe mvesnceÙeer Yeefieveer (a) iegC eJeeÛekeâ (b) mebK ÙeeJeeÛ ekeâ
mHegâefjle ves $e mJeeefo„ Yeespeve (c) meeJe&veeefcekeâ (d) keâeueyeesOekeâ
MemÙe-MÙeeceuee Yetefce ßeeble Mejerj Gòej–(b)
kebâ"iele ØeeCe keâšg JeÛeve efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe nw~ oes ope&ve mes mebKÙee keâe yeesOe nes
keâ®Ce ›ebâove keâuegef<ele ùoÙe jne nw~ pees Meyo meb%ee DeLeJee meJe&veece keâer mebKÙee keâe yeesOe keâjeles nQ, GvnW
keâeue keâuesJej kegâeqlmele peerJeve
mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe keânles nQ~
megkeâesceue ieele keäueeble Mejerj
ke=â<Ce kegâb leue ieieveÛegbyeer heJe&le 7. ‘Jen Oeerjs-Oeerjs šnuelee nw~’ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘Oeerj-s Oeerjs’ keäÙee nw?
ÚueveeceÙeer Øeke=âefle lejbefiele ùoÙe (a) ef ›eâÙee (b) efJeMes< eCe
DeYeÇYesoer efMeKej Deekegâue ùoÙe (c) ef ›eâÙee-ef J eMes < eCe (d) meJe& veece
GJe&je Yetefce Deespeeq mJeveer JeeCeer Gòej–(c)
kebâšefkeâle ceeie& keâCe&keâšg JeekeäÙe ‘Jen Oeerjs-Oeerjs šnuelee nw~’ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘Oeerjs-Oeerjs’ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe nw~
keâCe&Yesoer OJeefve keâuekebâ" keâesefkeâue efpeme Meyo mes ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee Øekeâš nes, Gmes ef›eâÙeeefJeMes<eCe keânles nQ~
leejebefkeâle ieieve ÂMÙe peiele
efvemleyOe efveMeerLe eEveefole keâeÙe& 8. heer.šer. G<ee lespe oewÌ[leer nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘lespe’ keäÙee nw?
(a) efJeMes< eCe (b) ef ›eâÙee
DeYÙeeme ØeMve (c) ef›eâÙee-efJeMes< eCe (d) DeJÙeÙe
1. efJeMes<eCe efkeâmekeâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ? Gòej–(c)
(a) meb% ee (b) efkeâmeer keâer veneR ‘heer.šer. G<ee lespe oew[Ì leer nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘lespe’ ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe nw, pees
(c) meJe& veece (d) (a) Deewj (c) ‘oewÌ[ves’ ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~
Gòej–(d) 9. ‘efhejeefce[ yengle yeÌ[s Deewj GBâÛes nQ’ ceW efkeâleves efJeMes<eCe Meyo nQ?
pees Meyo meb%ee Deewj meJe&veece keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ, GvnW efJeMes<eCe keânles nQ~ (a) Skeâ (b) leerve
(c) oes (d) Skeâ Yeer veneR
2. ‘keâeuee IeesÌ[e lespe oew[ Ì e’ ceW efJeMes<eCe keâe ÛegveeJe keâerefpeS- Gòej–(c)
(a) Iees Ì[e (b) lespe
(c) keâeuee (d) oewÌ[e ‘efhejeefce[ yengle yeÌ[s Deewj GBâÛes nQ’, JeekeäÙe cesb ‘yeÌ[s’ Deewj ‘GBâÛes’ oes efJeMes<eCe
Gòej–(c) Meyo nQ~
‘keâeuee’ Meyo efJeMes<eCe nw, pees IeesÌ[s keâer efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~ 10. ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeves Jeeues MeyoeW keâes keäÙee keânles nQ?
(a) efJeMes< eCe (b) DeJÙeÙe
3. ‘yeef{ Ì Ùee veewkeâjer mes ÚgÌ[ekeâj ueeÙee ntB’ JeekeäÙe ceW efJeMes<eCe yeleeFÙes? (c) ef›eâÙee-efJeMes< eCe (d) meJe& veece
(a) ÚgÌ[ekeâj (b) yeefÌ{Ùee Gòej–(c)
(c) veewkeâjer (d) ueeÙee
Gòej–(b) ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeves Jeeues MeyoeW keâes ‘ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe’ keânles nQ~

Deheef"le ieÅeebMe SJeb heÅeebMe
ieÅe
Deheef"le ieÅeebMe-heefjÛeÙe 1. Ùen ieÅeeJelejCe mecyeefvOele nw---
Deheef"le keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘pees heÌ{e veneR ieÙee nes’~ ØeeÙe: Deheef"le (a) Fefleneme mes (b) jepeveerelf e mes
(c) meceepeMeem$e mes (d) ieebOeerJeeo mes
ieÅeebMe meeefnlÙe, efJe%eeve, keâuee, mebmke=âefle, meeceeefpekeâ efJe%eeve, oMe&veMeem$e,
veerefleMeem$e Je DevÙe efkeâmeer Yeer ceeveefJekeâer efJe<eÙe keâe nes mekeâlee nw~ ieÅeebMe ØeeÙe: Gòej—(a)
ØeKÙeele uesKekeâeW keâer jÛeveeDeeW mes efueÙes ieÙes nesles nQ~ Fvemes mecyeefvOele ØeMve hetÚs GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeeJelejCe kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe° neslee nw efkeâ Fmekeâe mecyevOe
peeles nQ~ Fmemes Úe$eeW keâe ceeveefmekeâ JÙeeÙeece neslee nw Deewj meeLe ner Gvekeâer Fefleneme mes nw ve efkeâ meceepeMeem$e, jepeveerelf e Deewj ieebOeerJeeo mes~
JÙeefòeâiele ÙeesiÙelee Je DeefYeJÙeefòeâ keâer #ecelee keâer hejKe Yeer nesleer nw~ 2. Gòeâ ieÅeeJejCe kesâ uesKekeâ keâe GösMÙe---
Deheef"le ieÅeebMe hej DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele (a) YeejleerÙe mJelev$elee meb«eece keâer efJeMes<elee keâes Gpeeiej keâjvee nw~
yeeleeW keâe OÙeeve jKevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– (b) cenelcee ieebOeer kesâ Ùeesieoeve keâer ØeMebmee keâjvee nw~
1. efoS ieS ieÅeebMe keâes OÙeeve mes heÌ{vee ÛeeefnS~
(c) peveleebef$ekeâlee kesâ ueeYe yeleevee nw~
2. ieÅeebMe heÌ{les meceÙe cegKÙe yeeleeW keâes jsKeebekf eâle keâj osvee ÛeeefnS~
(d) Deb«espeer jepÙe kesâ oes<e efieveevee nw~
3. ieÅeebMe kesâ ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej osles meceÙe Yee<ee Skeâoce mejue nesveer ÛeeefnS~
Gòej—(a)
4. Gòej mejue, mebef#ehle Je menpe nesves ÛeeefnS~ Deheveer Yee<ee ceW Gòej osvee
ÛeeefnS~ Gòeâ ieÅeeJelejCe kesâ uesKekeâ keâe GösMÙe YeejleerÙe mJelev$elee meb«eece keâer
5. ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej keâce-mes-keâce MeyoeW ceW osves ÛeeefnS, meeLe ner ieÅeebMe ceW mes efJeMes<elee keâes Gpeeiej keâjvee nw~
ner Gòej Úebšves ÛeeefnS~ 3. Fme ieÅeeJelejCe ceW uesKekeâ ves cegKÙe ™he mes yeleeÙee nw efkeâ--
6. Gòej ceW efpelevee hetÚe peeÙe, kesâJeue Glevee ner efueKevee ÛeeefnS, Gmemes (a) nceW Deepeeoer kewâmes efceueer~
pÙeeoe Ùee keâce leLee DeveeJeMÙekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS DeLee&led Gòej Øemebie kesâ (b) iegueece osMe keâer keäÙee oMee Leer~
Devegmeej nesvee ÛeeefnS~ (c) je°êrÙe Deevoesueve keäÙee Lee~
7. cetueYeeJe kesâ DeeOeej hej Meer<e&keâ efueKevee ÛeeefnS~ (d) mJejepÙe mes ncekeâes keäÙee-keäÙee DeefOekeâej Øeehle ngS nQ~
DeYÙeeme ØeMve Gòej—(a)
ieÅeebM e-1 Fme ieÅeeJelejCe ceW uesKekeâ ves cegKÙe ™he mes yeleeÙee nw efkeâ nceW Deepeeoer
mJelev$elee meb«eece ceveg<Ùe ceW Gòece Deewj mhe=nCeerÙe efJeMes<eleeSb hewoe kewâmes efceueer~
keâjlee nw Deewj YeejleerÙe mJelev$elee meb«eece Yeer Fmekeâe DeheJeeo veneR nw~ cenelcee 4. YeejleerÙe mJelev$elee meb«eece keâer cegKÙe efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ--
ieebOeer kesâ vesle=lJe ceW Ùen Ùegæ efyevee efkeâmeer F&<Ùee&-És< e leLee Ketve-Kejeyes kesâ ueÌ[e (a) Ùen cenelcee ieebOeer kesâ vesle=lJe ceW ueÌ[e ieÙee~
ieÙee Lee~ ieebOeerpeer Fmes melÙee«en keânles Les~ Fmekesâ heerÚs Gvekeâer efMe#ee, Oeeefce&keâ (b) Fmekeâe ueeYe Oece&efvejhes#elee kesâ ™he ceW efceuee~
DeemLee leLee DevÙe GheueefyOeÙeeW keâe Glevee neLe veneR Lee efpelevee Gvekesâ (c) FmeceW keâesF& Ketve-Kejeyee veneR ngDee~
meoeÛejCe Deewj JÙeJenej keâe~ Fme mJeelev$Ùe Deevoesueve keâes mcejCe jKeves keâe (d) FmeceW osMe kesâ meYeer JeCeeX Deewj peeefleÙeeW kesâ ueesie meefcceefuele Les~
cegKÙe keâejCe Ùen nw efkeâ Ùen peveleebef$ekeâ Lee, DeLee&led FmeceW osMe kesâ nj Jeie& Gòej—(d)
Deewj peeefle kesâ ueesie meefcceefuele Les, Ûeens Jes Oeveer neW Ùee iejerye, vej neW Ùee veejer
YeejleerÙe mJelev$elee meb«eece keâer cegKÙe efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ Fme Deevoesueve ceW
neW DeLeJee efJeefYevve mecØeoeÙeeW kesâ~ Fmekesâ meeLe ner Ùen Skeâ Oece&evf ejhes#e Deewj
mJelev$elee keâefce&ÙeeW keâe mebIe<e&Meerue je°êrÙe Deevoesueve Lee~ mJelev$e Yeejle kesâ nj peeefle leLee Jeie& kesâ ueesie Meeefceue Les, Ûeens Jes Oeveer neW Ùee iejerye, vej neW
veeieefjkeâ kesâ ™he ceW nce Deepe peveleebef$ekeâlee Deewj Oece&evf ejhes#elee keâe ueeYe G"e Ùee veejer DeLeJee efJeefYevve mecØeoeÙeeW kesâ ueesie neW~
jns Les~ nce meesÛe veneR mekeâles efkeâ Fleves yeÌ[s osMe ceW Dehevee Meemeve keâjves kesâ 5. Oece&efvejhes#elee mes DeefYeØeeÙe nw--
efueS nce Dehevee ØeefleefveefOe veneR Ûegve mekeâles Les Ùee keâesF& ieboe keâevetve ueeiet keâj (a) Oece& keâer DeJe%ee (b) meYeer OeceeX keâe Deeoj
efoÙee peelee lees nce Gmekesâ efJe®æ DeeJeepe veneR G"e mekeâles Les Deewj nce (c) Oece& ceW nmle#eshe ve keâjvee (d) efJeOeceea
Deheveer jeÙe mJelev$eleehetJe&keâ JÙeòeâ veneR keâj mekeâles Les~ Gòej—(c)

DeJeueeskeâve mes mhe° neslee nw efkeâ Oece&efvejhes#elee mes DeefYeØeeÙe nw---‘Oece& ceW 2. Øeot< eCe kesâ keâejkeâeW keâes Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw-
nmle#eshe ve keâjvee’~ (a) Øeeke=âeflekeâ leLee DeØeeke=âeflekeâ ceW
6. kewâmes ceevee peeÙe efkeâ nceeje mJelev$elee meb«eece peveleebef$ekeâ Lee? (b) ceeveJeerÙe leLee DeceeveJeerÙe ceW
(a) FmeceW meYeer peeefleÙeeW, JeieeX, OeceeX kesâ ueesieeW ves Yeeie efueÙee Lee~ (c) keâeye&efvekeâ leLee Dekeâeye&efvekeâ ceW
(b) FmeceW efnvot Deewj cegmeueceeve meefcceefuele ngS Les~ (d) DeewÅeeseif ekeâ leLee DeveewÅeeseif ekeâ ceW
(c) Ùen mJelev$elee ØesefceÙeeW keâe Deevoesueve Lee~ Gòej-(c)
(d) Ùen cenelcee ieebOeer kesâ meodJÙeJenej Deewj meoeÛejCe keâe Øeleerkeâ Lee~
Gòej—(a) Øeot< ekeâ Jes keâejkeâ nQ, pees heÙee&JejCe keâes otef<ele keâjles nQ~ Fvekeâes keâeye&efvekeâ
leLee Dekeâeye&efvekeâ Øeot<ekeâeW ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
nceeje mJelev$elee meb«eece peveleebef$ekeâ Lee, DeLee&led FmeceW meYeer peeefleÙeeW,
JeieeX, OeceeX kesâ ueesieeW ves Yeeie efueÙee Lee~ 3. keâeye&efvekeâ leLee Dekeâeye&efvekeâ Øeot<ekeâeW Éeje Øeot< eCe keâye neslee nw?
7. efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW ceW keâewve-mee keâLeve ieuele nw? (a) Fvekesâ peue ceW Iegue peeves hej
(a) mJelev$elee-meb«eece kesâ heerÚs ieebOeerpeer keâer ØesjCee ØecegKe Leer~ (b) Fvekesâ JeeÙeg ceW efceue peeves hej
(b) mJelev$elee-meb«eece je°êrÙe SJeb Oece&-efvejhes#e Lee~ (c) Fvekesâ ceeveJe Mejerj ceW ØeefJe° nesves hej
(c) mJelev$elee-meb«eece meve 1857 ceW ØeejcYe ngDee Lee~ (d) Fvekesâ efJeIešveerkeâjCe keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW meef›eâÙe Yeeie uesves hej
(d) mJelev$elee-meb«eece Yeejle kesâ yeenj ueÌ[e ieÙee Lee~
Gòej-(d)
Gòej—(d)
keâeye&efvekeâ leLee Dekeâeye&efvekeâ Øeot< ekeâ peye efJeIešveer keâjCe keâer Øeef› eâÙee ceW
ieÅeebMe keâe DeJeueeskeâve keâjves mes mhe° nw efkeâ mJelev$elee meb«e ce Yeejle kesâ
yeenj veneR ueÌ[e ieÙee Lee~ Dele: Ùen keâLeve ieuele nw~ meef›eâÙe ™he mes Yeeie uesles nQ leye Øeot< eCe Ieefšle neslee nw~
ieÅeebM e-2 4. Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe GheÙegkeäle Meer<e&keâ keäÙee nesvee ÛeeefnS?
Øeot< eCe nJee, heeveer Deewj Yetefce keâer Yeewelf ekeâ, jemeeÙeefvekeâ Ùee pewefJekeâ (a) Øeot< eCe Skeâ mecemÙee (b) Øeot< eCe Deewj Øeot< ekeâ
efJeMes<eleeDeeW ceW Skeâ Ssmee DeveweÛf Úkeâ heefjJele&ve nw, pees ceeveJe peerJeve keâes, (c) Øeot< eCe kesâ Øekeâej (d) heÙee&JejCe Øeot< eCe
SsefÛÚkeâ mheerMeerpe keâes DeewÅeesefiekeâ Øeef›eâÙee keâes, jnves keâer heefjefmLeefleÙeeW keâes SJeb Gòej-(b)
meebmke=âeflekeâ henuegDeeW keâes yegjer lejn ØeYeeefJele keâj mekeâlee nw Ùee keâjsiee DeLeJee
Ùen nceejs keâÛÛes heoeLeeX keâer mecheoe keâes JÙeLe&/ ve° keâj osiee~ Øeot<eCe cegKÙele: Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe GheÙegkeäle Meer<e&keâ ‘Øeot<eCe Deewj Øeot<ekeâ’ nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Yeewelf ekeâ heoeLeeX SJeb DeYeewelf ekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ keâejCeeW mes nes mekeâlee nw~ ieÅeebM e-3
Øeot< ekeâ Jes keâejkeâ nQ, pees heÙee&JejCe keâes otef<ele keâjles nQ Fvekeâes keâeye&efvekeâ meeefnlÙekeâej keâer Yetecf ekeâe peerJeve Deewj Dece=le mes peg[Ì er nw, mebnej Deewj iejue
leLee Dekeâeye&efvekeâ Øeot<ekeâeW ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw Deewj Ùen keâF& Øekeâej
kesâ nes mekeâles nQ~ Skeâ GoenjCe Éeje Fmes Deewj mhe° keâjW~ ceeve ueerefpeS, Skeâ mes veneR~ mebnej Deewj iejue pees jepeveerefle%eeW kesâ efpecces nQ Deewj Jen yeKetyeer yeÌ[s
keâeiepe Deewj heuhe keâe GÅeesie nw Deewj Fme GÅeesie kesâ DeewÅeeseif ekeâ DeheefMe° kesâ Flceerveeve mes Ùen keâece keâj Yeer jns nQ, lees Deehe Gme Yeer[Ì ceW keäÙeeW peekeâj pegÌ[W?
Éeje Øeot< eCe neslee nw~ Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW oes<eer nQ, Dekeâeye&efvekeâ Øeot< ekeâ pewmes Deehe iejue ceW ner ®efÛe jKeles nQ, lees Deehekeâe lejerkeâe Gmemes efYevve nw~ Deehe iejue
meuheâeF[, jbie keâešves Jeeues lejue Deeefo Deewj keâeye&efvekeâ Øeot<ekeâ (pewmes, jsMes, keâe jmeeÙeve kesâ ™he ceW JÙeJenej keâjW, Gmes Gme ™he ceW oW, lees nceW keâesF& Slejepe
efkeâleeye, uekeâÌ[er, Ûeerveer Deewj keâeye&efvekeâ Decue)~ peye Ùes Øeot< ekeâ efJeIešveerkeâjCe veneR, Fme ™he ceW iejue Deew<eefOe yeve peelee nw~ Dele: Fme ™he ceW iejue meeefnlÙe ceW
keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW meef›eâÙe ™he mes Yeeie uesles nQ leye Øeot< eCe Ieefšle neslee nw~ mJeerke=âle nw~ hejvleg Deew<eefOe nw~ Jen cee$ee ceW oer peeleer nw~ Deew<eefOe mechetCe& Yeespeve veneR
1. Øeot< eCe keäÙee nw?
yeveeF& pee mekeâleer, Jen legef°-hegef° keâe œeesle yeve mekeâleer nw~
(a) heÙee&JejCe kesâ IeškeâeW ceW DevewefÛÚkeâ neefveØeo heefjJele&ve
(b) ceeveJeerÙe cetuÙeeW keâe otef<ele nesvee 1. peerJeve Deewj Dece=le mes efkeâmekeâer Yetecf ekeâe pegÌ[er nw?
(c) mJeÛÚ peue leLee KeeÅe heoeLeeX keâer DevegheueyOelee (a) F&MJej keâer (b) jemeeÙeefvekeâ keâer
(d) heÙee&JejCe hej ceeveJeerÙe Deelebkeâ (c) jepeveerelf e%e keâer (d) meeefnlÙekeâej keâer
Gòej-(a) Gòej—(d)
Øeot< eCe heÙee&JejCe kesâ IeškeâeW (nJee, heeveer FlÙeeefo) keâer Yeeweflekeâ, jemeeÙeefvekeâ meeefnlÙekeâej keâer Yetecf ekeâe peerJeve Deewj Dece=le mes pegÌ[er nw~
Ùee pewefJekeâ efJeMes<eleeDeeW ceW nesves Jeeuee DeveweÛf Úkeâ neefveØeo heefjJele&ve nw pees
ceeveJeeW, DevÙe ØeeefCeÙeeW leLee JeeleeJejCe keâes efJeveeMe keâer Deesj De«emej keâj 2. mebnej mes leelheÙe& nw-
jne nw~ (a) Ùeelevee (b) efJeveeMe
(c) efJeYeere<f ekeâe (d) efJeheefòe 1. he=LJeer hej heeoheeW leLee peerJeeW keâe efJelejCe efkeâmekesâ Éeje efveOee&ejf le neslee
Gòej—(b) nw?
(a) peueJeeÙeg Éeje (b) ceeveJe Éeje
mebnej mes leelheÙe& ‘efJeveeMe’ nw~ (c) F&MJej Éeje (d) Jew%eeefvekeâ heæefleÙeeW Éeje
3. iejue meeefnlÙe ceW efkeâme ™he ceW mJeerke=âle nw? Gòej-(a)
(a) efJe<e (b) jmeeÙeve he=LJeer hej heeoheeW leLee peerJeeW keâe efJelejCe cegKÙele: peueJeeÙeg Éeje efveOee&ejf le
(c) Deew<eefOe (d) jme neslee nw~
Gòej—(c) 2. efkeâmeer Yeer #es$e kesâ heeohe leLee ØeeCeer efkeâmemes DeblemeËyebefOele nesles nQ?
DevegÛÚso kesâ DeJeueeskeâve mes mhe° nw efkeâ iejue meeefnlÙe ceW Deew<eefOe kesâ ™he (a) KeeÅe heoeLeeX mes (b) peerJeve mes
(c) efJe%eeve mes (d) Yeewelf ekeâ heÙee&JejCe mes
ceW mJeerke=âle nw~
Gòej-(d)
4. Deew<eefOe mechetCe& Yeespeve veneR yeveeF& pee mekeâleer, keäÙeeWefkeâ--- efkeâmeer Yeer #es$e kesâ heeohe leLee ØeeCeer Deeheme ceW leLee Deheves Yeewelf ekeâ heÙee&JejCe
(a) Gmemes hesš veneR Yejlee~
mes DeblemeËyebefOele nesles nQ~
(b) cenbieer nesleer nw~
3. Oejeleue hej Skeâ efJeefMe° Øekeâej keâer Jevemheefle Ùee ØeeCeer peerJeve Jeeues
(c) DeØeehÙe nes mekeâleer nw~
efJeMeeue heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e keâes keäÙee keânles nQ?
(d) Gmekeâer cee$ee efveefMÛele nesleer nw~ (a) heÙee&JejCe (b) peerJeesce
Gòej—(d) (b) peerJeve leb$e (d) ØeeCeer mecegoeÙe
ieÅeebMe kesâ he"ve mes mhe° nw efkeâ Deew<eefOe efveefMÛele cee$ee ceW oer peeleer nw, Gòej-(b)
FmeefueS Jen mechetCe& Yeespeve veneR yeveeF& pee mekeâleer~ Oejeleue hej Skeâ efJeefMe° Øekeâej keâer Jevemheefle Ùee ØeeCeer peerJeve Jeeues efJeMeeue
heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e keâes ‘peerJeesce’ keânles nQ~
5. DevegÛÚso keâe GheÙegòeâ Meer<e&keâ nw---
(a) peerJeve Deewj Dece=le (b) meeefnlÙekeâej keâer Yetefcekeâe 4. Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe GheÙegòeâ Meer<e&keâ yeleeSb-
(a) peueJeeÙeg leLee peerJe efJelejCe
(c) mebnej Deewj iejue (d) jepeveerelf e%e keâer Yetefcekeâe
(b) heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e
Gòej—(b) (c) ceveg<Ùe Éeje heÙee&JejCe hej DelÙeeÛeej
DevegÛÚso keâe GheÙegòeâ Meer<e&keâ ‘meeefnlÙekeâej keâer Yetecf ekeâe’ nw~ (d) peerJeesce keâe DeLe&
Gòej-(b)
ieÅeebM e-4
he=LJeer hej heeoheeW leLee peerJeeW keâe efJelejCe cegKÙele: peueJeeÙeg Éeje efveOee&efjle Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe GheÙegòeâ Meer<e&keâ ‘heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e’ nesvee ÛeeefnS~
neslee nw~ efkeâmeer #es$e kesâ heeoheeW keâer Øeke=âefle keâeheâer no lekeâ Gme #es$e kesâ ØeeCeer ieÅeebM e-5
peerJeve keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjleer nw~ peye Jevemheefle yeoue peeleer nw, lees ØeeCeer peerJeve Jemlegle: meceÙe keâer ceebie keâes osKeles ngS Tpee& nceejer ØeeLeefcekeâlee lees nw, efkebâleg
Yeer yeoue peelee nw~ efkeâmeer Yeer #es$e kesâ heeohe leLee ØeeCeer Deeheme ceW leLee Deheves nce megj#ee kesâ henuet keâer Yeer Ghes#ee veneR keâj mekeâles~ peye nce megjef#ele ner veneR
jnWies, lees Tpee& nceejs efkeâme keâece keâer~ Ssmes ceW DeeJeMÙekeâlee Fme yeele keâer nw efkeâ
Yeewelf ekeâ heÙee&JejCe mes DeblemeËyebefOele nesles nQ Deewj Skeâ heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e keâe
megj#ee yeboesyemle keâes ueskeâj pevelee ceW efJeMJeeme peieeÙee peeS~ pevelee keâes efJeMJeeme ceW
efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ~ ceveg<Ùe Yeer Fme heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e keâe DeefJeefÛÚvve Yeeie nw~ uesves kesâ efueS leLee Gmekeâe efJeMJeeme peerleves kesâ efueS Yejesmes keâer Deblejje°êrÙe
ceeveJe kewâmes efkeâmeer mLeeve kesâ heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw? ceveg<Ùe SpeWefmeÙeeW Éeje kegâ[vekegâuece pewmes efJeJeeo«emle SJeb efJejesOe kesâ efMekeâej hejceeCeg mebÙeb$eeW
JevÙe peerJeve Deewj Jevemheefle keâes Deheves ueeYe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâjlee nw~ ceveg<Ùe keâe meJex#eCe keâjeÙee peeS~ Fmemes pevelee ceW efJeMJeeme peeie=le nesiee~ Ùeefo keâesF& Keeceer
Deheves ueeueÛe kesâ keâejCe Fve mebmeeOeveeW keâe DeefOekeâlece ØeÙeesie keâjlee nw~ Jen meeceves Deeleer nw, lees Gmes heâewjve otj efkeâÙee peeS~ Ssmee keâjves mes mLeeveerÙe pevelee
Je=#eeW keâes keâeš keâj Deewj peeveJejeW keâes ceej keâj heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e ceW Demeblegueve kesâ mebMeÙe keâe Yeer Meceve nesie ~ Yeejle keâes Ùeefo efJekeâemeMeerue osMe mes efJekeâefmele osMe
hewoe keâjlee nw~ heefjCeecemJe™he kegâÚ ØepeeefleÙeeW kesâ efJeueghle nesves keâe YeÙe neslee yevevee nw, lees hejceeCeg Tpee& mebhevvelee henueer pe™jle nw~ nceves Fme efoMee ceW meOes
nw~ Oejeleue hej Skeâ efJeefMe° Øekeâej keâer Jevemheefle Ùee ØeeCeer peerJeve Jeeues efJeMeeue ngS keâoce Yeer yeÌ{eS nQ~ DeÛÚs heefjCeeceeW kesâ efueS pevemenÙeesie DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ nceW
megj#ee meboYeeX ceW pevelee keâe efJeMJeeme peerlevee ner nesie ~ Gvekesâ Yeüce Deewj mebMeÙe keâes
heeefjefmLeeflekeâ leb$e keâes ‘peerJeesce’ (Biome) keânles nQ~ peerJeesce keâer henÛeeve heeohe
otj keâjvee nesiee Deewj Fmekesâ efueS JÙeeJeneefjkeâ henue keâjveer nesieer~ megj#ee Deewj
hej DeeOeeefjle nesleer nw~ Glheeove keâes meeLe ueskeâj Ûeuevee nesiee~
1. nceejer ØeeLeefcekeâlee nw- heÅeebMe-1
(a) pevelee keâe efJeMJeeme peerlevee (b) Tpee& kegâÚ osj ceQ heLe hej "nj,
(c) Glheeove (d) mLeeveerÙe pevelee Deheves ÂieeW keâes Hesâjkeâj,
Gòej-(b) uesKee ueiee ueBt keâeue keâe peye meeue Deeves keâes veÙee!
Tpee& nceejer ØeeLeefcekeâlee nw~ keäÙee meeue efheÚuee os ieÙee?
eEÛelee, peueve, heerÌ[e Jener,
2. Yeejle keâes Ùeefo efJekeâemeMeerue osMe mes efJekeâefmele osMe yevevee nw, lees henueer pees efvelÙe peerJeve ceW jner,
pe™jle nw- veJe ™he ceW ceQves mener,
(a) KeeÅeevve Je=efæ keâer
hej nes DemeåÙe G"er keâF& heefjefÛele efveieeneW keâer oÙee!
(b) hejceeCeg Tpee& mebhevvelee keâer
keäÙee meeue efheÚuee os ieÙee?
(c) pevemebKÙee Je=efæ keâer
oes-Ûeej yeBtoW hÙeej keâer
(d) Je=#eejesheCe keâer
yejmeeR, ke=âhee mebmeej keâer,
Gòej-(b) (ne, hÙeeme heejeJeej keâer)
Yeejle keâes Ùeefo efJekeâemeMeerue osMe mes efJekeâefmele osMe yevevee nw, lees henueer efpevekesâ menejs Ûeue jner nw eEpeoieer Ùen yesnÙee!
pe™jle hejceeCeg Tpee& mebhevvelee keâer nw~ keäÙee meeue efheÚuee os ieÙee?
1. Fme keâefJelee keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ keäÙee nesiee?
3. DeÛÚs heefjCeeceeW kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ nw-
(a) keäÙee meeue efheÚuee os ieÙee
(a) meJex#eCe (b) pevemenÙeesie
(b) Deeves Jeeuee veÙee meeue
(c) peveeboesueve (d) peveefJejesOe
(c) peerJeve keâer heerÌ[e
Gòej-(b)
(d) peerJeve keâe uesKee-peesKee
DeÛÚs heefjCeeceeW kesâ efueS pevemenÙeesie DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Gòej—(a)
4. GheÙeg&keäle ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ ÛegefveS- Fme keâefJelee keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ ‘keäÙee meeue efheÚuee os ieÙee’ nesiee~
(a) megj#ee SJeb Glheeove (b) hejceeCeg Tpee&
(c) megj#ee yeboesyemle (d) peveefJeMJeeme 2. GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee ceW keâefJe efkeâmekeâe cetuÙeebkeâve keâj jne nw?
Gòej-(b) (a) veÙes meeue keâe (b) yeerles meeue keâe
(c) peerJeve keâe (d) heerÌ[e keâe
GheÙeg&keäle ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ ‘hejceeCeg Tpee&’ nesiee~ Gòej—(b)
 heÅeebMeeheef"le heÅeebMe-heefjÛeÙe GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee ceW keâefJe yeerles meeue keâe cetuÙeebkeâve keâj jne nw~
Deheef"le heÅeebMe keâe DeLe& nw ‘Jen keâefJelee keâe DebMe Ùee keâefJelee, pees henues 3. GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee ceW keâefJe Deheves efvelÙe peerJeve ceW keäÙee veneR jnves keâer yeele
heÌ{er ve ieF& nes’~ Deheef"le heÅeebMe ceW efkeâmeer keâefJelee keâe Skeâ DebMe efoÙee peelee nw
keâjlee nw?
leLee Gme hej DeeOeeefjle ØeMve hetÚs peeles nQ~ Ùen keâefJelee ØeeÙe: efnboer kesâ ceneve
(a) eEÛelee (b) peueve
keâefJeÙeeW keâer keâeJÙe ke=âefleÙeeW mes ueer ieF& nesleer nw~ Fmes heÌ{keâj Fmemes mecyeefvOele hetÚs
(c) heerÌ[e (d) hÙeeme
ieS ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej osves nesles nQ~ Fmemes Úe$eeW keâer keâefJelee heÌ{ves Deewj mecePeves keâer
#ecelee keâe efJekeâeme neslee nw~ Fvekeâes nue keâjles meceÙe efvecveefueefKele yeeleeW keâe OÙeeve Gòej—(d)
osve DeefveJeeÙe& nw– GheÙe&gkeäle keâefJelee ceW keâefJe Deheves efvelÙe peerJeve ceW hÙeeme kesâ veneR jnves keâer yeele
1. keâefJelee keâes oes-leerve yeej heÌ{vee ÛeeefnS, efpememes Gmekeâe YeeJe Deewj DeLe& keâjlee nw~
DeÛÚer lejn mecePe ceW Dee peeS~
4. Fme keâefJelee ceW keâefJe keâneB "nj keâj keâeue keâe uesKee ueieelee nw?
2. keâefJelee keâes mecePekeâj Gòej osves ÛeeefnS~
(a) Iej hej (b) heLe hej
3. ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej keâefJelee keâer ueeFveeW ceW ØeÙegkeäle MeyoeW ceW ner veneR osves ÛeeefnS,
yeefukeâ Deheves MeyoeW ceW ieÅe ceW osves ÛeeefnS~ (c) Kes l e hej (d) hesÌ[ hej
4. Gòej keâes mejue, mhe° Deewj keâce MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ YeeJeeW kesâ meeLe
Gòej—(b)
JÙeòeâ keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ Fme keâefJelee ceW keâefJe heLe hej "nj keâj keâeue keâe uesKee ueieelee nw~
5. Fme keâefJelee ceW keâefJe Éeje Deheves ÂieeW keâes Hesâjves keâe keäÙee keâejCe nw? 4. mecnejefle ve meeBmegjer MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie FmeefueS efkeâÙee ieÙee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ-
(a) DeeBKeeW ceW oo& nesvee (a) ieesefheÙeeB ke=â<Ce keâes mebosMe efYepeJeevee Ûeenleer LeeR~
(b) Deemeceeve kesâ Ketyemetjle vepeejs osKevee (b) ieesefheÙeeB meeBme Yeer veneR jeskeâ hee jner LeeR~
(c) meceÙe keâe uesKee-peesKee keâjvee (c) ieesefheÙeeB DelÙeefOekeâ ogŠ Keer LeeR~
(d) yeerles Je<e& keâe uesKee-peesKee keâjvee (d) ieesefheÙeeB GæJe mes efceuevee Ûeenleer LeeR~
Gòej—(d) Gòej—(c)
Fme keâefJelee ceW keâefJe Éeje Deheves ÂieeW keâes Hesâjves keâe keâejCe yeerles Je<e& keâe mecnejefle ve meeBmegjer MeyoeW keâe ØeÙees ie FmeefueS efkeâÙee ieÙee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ
uesKee-peesKee keâjvee nw~ ieesefheÙeeB DelÙeefOekeâ ogŠ Keer LeeR~
heÅeebMe-2 5. ke=â<Ce kesâ efueS Ghenej kesâ ™he ceW oner, cekeäKeve, yeeBmegjer, ceesjhebKeer Deeefo
OeeF& efpele eflele leQ efyeoeF& nsleg GOeye keâer, JemlegSB ner keäÙeeW Yespeer pee jner LeeR?
ieesheer Yejer Deejefle mecnejefle ve meeBmegjer~ (a) keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùes JemlegSB ceLegje ceW veneR efceueleer Leer~
keânQ jlveekeâej ceÙetjheÛÚ keâesT efueS, (b) keäÙeeWefkeâ ke=â<Ce ves ÙeneR JemlegSB cebieJeeF& Leer~
keâesT iegbpe DeBpegefue Gceesn Øesce DeeBmegjer~~ (c) keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùes JemlegSB ieeskegâue ceW menpe megueYe Leer~
YeeJe Yejer keâesT efueS ™efÛej mepeeJe oner, (d) keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùes JemlegSB ke=â<Ce keâes efØeÙe LeeR~
keâesT cener cebpeg oeefye ouekeâefle heeBmegjer~ Gòej—(d)
heerleheš vebo pemegceefle veJeveerle ueÙees, ke=â<Ce kesâ efueS Ghenej kesâ ™he ceW oner, cekeäKeve, yeeBmegjer, ceesjhebKeer Deeefo
keâerjeflekegâceejer megKeejer oÙeer yeeBmegjer~~ JemlegSB Yespeer pee jner LeeR, keäÙeeWekf eâ Ùes JemlegSB ke=â<Ce keâes efØeÙe LeeR~
1. Fme keâefJelee keâe GheÙegkeäle Meer<e&keâ nw-
heÅeebMe-3
(a) GæJeMelekeâ
Ùen keâocye keâe hesÌ[ Deiej ceeB neslee Ùecegvee leerjs
(b) GæJe keâer efJeoeF&
ceQ Yeer Gme hej yew" keâvnwÙee yevelee Oeerjs-Oeerjs
(c) ieesheereJf ejn ues osleer Ùeefo cegPes yeeBmegjer legce oes hewmes Jeeueer
(d) metjmeeiej efkeâmeer lejn veerÛeer nes peeleer Ùen keâocye keâer [eueer
Gòej—(b) legcnW veneR kegâÚ keânlee, hej ceQ Ûeghekesâ-Ûeghekesâ Deelee
Gme veerÛeer [eueer mes Deccee TBÛ es hej ÛeÌ{ peelee
Fme keâefJelee keâe GheÙegkeäle Meer<e&keâ ‘GæJe keâer efJeoeF&’ nesiee~
JeneR yew" efHeâj yeÌ[s cepes mes ceQ yeeBmegjer yepeelee
2. GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee efkeâme Yee<ee ceW nw? Deccee-Deccee keân yebmeer kesâ mJej ceW legcnW yegueelee
(a) DeJeOeer megve cesjer yebmeer ceeB, legce efkeâlevee KegMe nes peeleer
(b) KeÌ[er yeesueer cegPes osKeves keâece ÚesÌ[keâj, legce yeenj lekeâ Deeleer
(c) yeÇpe legcekeâes Deeleer osKe, yeeBmegjer jKe ceQ Ûeghe nes peelee
(d) Yeespehegjer
Skeâ yeej ceeB keân, heòeeW ceW Oeerjs mes efÚhe peelee
Gòej—(c) 1. keâefJe Ùecegvee leerjs efkeâme hesÌ[ kesâ jnves keâer keâuhevee keâjlee nw?
(a) DeMeeskeâ kesâ
GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee yeÇpe Yee<ee keâer nw~
(b) Deece kesâ
3. Fme keâefJelee kesâ Devegmeej, ke=â<Ce keâer YeWš ceW yeeBmegjer efkeâmeves oer Leer? (c) keâocye kesâ
(a) jeOee (b) ÙeMeesoe (d) yejieo kesâ
(c) Skeâ ieesheer (d) vevo Gòej—(c)
Gòej—(a) keâefJe Ùecegvee leerjs keâocye kesâ hes[Ì kesâ jnves keâer keâuhevee keâjlee nw~
Fme keâefJelee kesâ Devegmeej ke=â<Ce keâer YeWš ceW yeeBmegjer jeOee (keâerjeflekegâceejer) ves 2. keâefJe hes[Ì hej yew" keâj keäÙee Oeerjs-Oeerjs yeveves keâer keâuhevee keâjlee nw?
oer Leer~ (a) yeboj (b) keâvnwÙee

(c) yeuejece (d) jece 1. Øemlegle heÅeebMe efkeâmekesâ peerJeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw?
Gòej—(b) (a) leguemeeroeme
(b) ueeue efiejOej
keâefJe hesÌ[ hej yew" keâj Oeerjs-Oeerjs keâvnwÙee yeveves keâer keâuhevee keâjlee nw~
(c) ceerjeyeeF&
3. keâefJe hesÌ[ hej yew" keâj keäÙee yepeeves keâer keâuhevee keâj jne nw? (d) keâyeerj
(a) leeueer
Gòej—(c)
(b) meeršer
Øemlegle heÅeebMe ceerjeyeeF& kesâ peerJeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~
(c) yeeBmegjer
(d) Ûegškeâer 2. ‘Øesce DeeBmet [ej-[ej Decej yesue yeesF&’ mes keäÙee DeefYeØeeÙe nw?
Gòej—(c) (a) Øesce ceW DeeBmet efvekeâueles nQ
(b) Øesce YeeJe Decej neslee nw
keâefJe hesÌ[ hej yew" keâj yeeBmegjer yepeeves keâer keâuhevee keâj jne nw~
(c) Øesce ceW efvekeâues DeeBmegDeeW mes Yeefòeâ keâer yesue keâes meeRÛee
4. keâefJe efkeâmekesâ mJej ceW Deheveer ceeB keâes yegueeves keâer keâuhevee keâjlee nw? (d) Decej yesue keâe Øesce DeeOeej nw
(a) keâesÙeue kesâ Gòej—(c)
(b) yeeBmegjer kesâ
Øemlegle hebefòeâ keâe DeefYeØeeÙe nw efkeâ ceerje ves ØeYeg Øesce ceW efvekeâues Deheves DeeBmegDeeW
(c) yeboj kesâ
mes Deheveer Yeefòeâ keâer Decej yesue keâes meeRÛee~
(d) yeÚÌ[s kesâ
Gòej—(b) 3. ceerje efkeâmemes Øesce keâjleer LeeR?
(a) ßeer ke=â<Ce mes
keâefJe yeeBmegjer kesâ mJej ceW Deheveer ceeB kesâ yegueeves keâer keâuhevee keâjlee nw~
(b) ßeer jece mes
5. GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee keâe Meer<e&keâ keäÙee nesiee? (c) efMeJe mes
(a) yeeBmegjer (d) efveiegC& e efvejekeâej F&MJej mes
(b) cesjer ceeB Gòej—(a)
(c) keâocye keâe hesÌ[
ceerjeyeeF& ØeYeg ßeerke=â<Ce mes Yeefòeâ ™heer Øesce keâjleer LeeR~
(d) keâvnwÙee
Gòej—(c) 4. Øemlegle heÅeebMe keâe YeeJe meej keäÙee nw?
(a) ceerjeyeeF& keâe Ûeefj$e-efÛe$eCe
GheÙeg&keäle keâefJelee keâe Meer<e&keâ ‘keâocye keâe hesÌ[’ nw~ (b) ceerjeyeeF& keâe Yeefòeâ YeeJe
heÅeebMe-4 (c) ceerjeyeeF& keâer F&MJej Øeeefhle
Deye lees cesje jece veece otmeje ve keâesF&~ (d) ceerjeyeeF& keâe mecehe&Ce YeeJe
ceelee ÚesÌ[er efhelee ÚesÌ[s ÚesÌ[s meiee YeeF&~~ Gòej—(b)
meeOeg mebie yew"-yew" ueeskeâ ueepe KeesF&~ Øemlegle heÅeebMe keâe YeeJe meej ‘ceerjeyeeF& keâe Yeefòeâ YeeJe’ nw~
meble osKe oewÌ[ DeeF&, peiele osKe jesF&~~
Øesce Deebmeg [ej [ej, Decej yesue yeesF&~ 5. Øemlegle heÅeebMe keâe GheÙegòeâ Meer<e&keâ ÛegefveS–
(a) ceerje kesâ ØeYeg efiejOej veeiej
ceejie ceW leejie efceues, meble jece oesF&~~
(b) ceerje keâe ke=â<Ce Øesce
meble meoe MeerMe jeKetb, jece ùoÙe nesF&~
(c) ceerjeyeeF&
Deble ceW mes leble keâeÌ{Ùees, heerÚs jner meesF&~~
(d) ØeYeg Yeòeâ ceerje
jeCes YespÙee efJe<e keâe hÙeeuee, heerJele cemle nesF&~
Gòej—(c)
Deye lees yeele Hewâue ieF&, peevew meye keâesF&~~
oeme ceerje ueeue efiejOej, nesveer nes mees nesF&~ Øemlegle heÅeebMe keâe GheÙegòeâ Meer<e&keâ ‘ceerjeyeeF&’ nesiee~

mebmke=âle Yee<ee
JÙeekeâjCe
GoenjCe ØeMve heeefCeefve ves mebmke=âle JeCe&ceeuee keâes Ûeewon met$eeW ceW Øeefleheeefole efkeâÙee nw~ Fve
met$eeW keâes ceensMJej met$e keânles nQ~
1. mebmke=âle Meyo keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
(a) heefj<ke=âle (b) efveoex<e 6. ØelÙeenej efkeâleves JeCeeX mes yevelee nw?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) Megæ (d) GheÙeg&òeâ meYeer
(c) 4 (d) 5
Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(a)
`mebmke=âle' (meced ke=â+keäle) Meyo keâe DeLe& heefj<ke=âle, efveoex<e, efvece&ue, Megæ
Deewj Deuebke=âle nw~ ØelÙeenej oes JeCeeX mes yevelee nw, pewmes–DeÛed, Fkedâ, ÙeCed, Deued, nued FlÙeeefo~
7. Øeemebefiekeâ ØelÙeenejeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer nw?
2. mebmke=âle Yee<ee keâes keâne peelee nw–
(a) 33 (b) 43
(a) osJ eYee<ee (b) osJ eJeeCeer
(c) 22 (d) 42
(c) ieerJ ee&CeJeeCeer (d) GheÙeg&òeâ meYeer
Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(d)
mebmke=âle keâes osJ eYee<ee, osJ eJeeCeer, ieerJee&CeJeeCeer Deeefo veeceeW mes JÙeJeùle efkeâÙee Øeemebefmekeâ ØelÙeenejeW keâer mebKÙee 43 nw~
peelee nw~ 8. JeCe& efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ?
(a) oes (b) leerve
3. Gòej ØeosMe jepÙe ceW mebÛeeefuele mebmke=âle efMe#eCe kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves mlej
(c) Ûeej (d) heebÛe
nQ?
(a) 3 (b) 4 Gòej–(a)
(c) 5 (d) 6 JeCe& oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–mJej leLee JÙe_peve~
Gòej–(b)
9. mJej kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
Gòej ØeosMe ceW mebmke=âle efMe#eCe kesâ cegKÙele: Ûeej mlej efvecveefueefKele nQ– 1. (a) 2 (b) 3
ØeeLeefcekeâ mlej (keâ#ee 3 mes 5 lekeâ),2. GÛÛelej ceeOÙeefcekeâ mlej (keâ#ee 6 (c) 4 (d) 5
mes 8), 3. ceeOÙeefcekeâ mlej (keâ#ee 9 mes 12) Deewj 4. GÛÛe mlej (mveelekeâ SJeb Gòej–(b)
DeefOemveelekeâ, hejemveelekeâ)~
mJej kesâ leerve Yeso nesles nQ–ÜmJe, oerIe& leLee huegle~
4. ØeeLeefcekeâ mlej hej mebmke=âle efMe#eCe kesâ keäÙee GösMÙe nQ?
(a) HeâueeW, JemlegDeeW, peeveJejeW, eEueie, JeÛeve SJeb meJe&veece keâes Úesšs-Úesšs 10. ÜmJe mJej efkeâmes keânles nQ?
JeekeäÙeeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes efmeKeevee (a) efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueies
(b) mebmke=âle keâe memJej hee" efmeKeevee (b) efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oes cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueies
(c) mebmke=âle kesâ ieÅe Je heÅe keâe DevegJeeo efmeKeevee (c) efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW leerve cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueies
(d) mebmke=âle kesâ met$eeW keâes kebâ"mLe keâjevee (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
ØeeLeefcekeâ mlej hej mebmke=âle efMe#eCe kesâ GösMÙe HeâueeW, JemlegDeeW, peeveJejeW, eEueie, efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueies Gmekeâes ÜmJe mJej
JeÛeve SJeb meJe&ve ce keâes Úesš-s Úesšs JeekeäÙeeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes efmeKeevee nw~ keânles nQ~
5. heeefCeefve ves mebmke=âle JeCe&ceeuee keâes efkeâleves met$eeW ceW Øeefleheeefole efkeâÙee nw? 11. ÜmJe mJej efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ?
(a) 12 met$eeW ceW (b) 14 met$eeW ceW (a) leerve (b) heebÛe
(c) 16 met$eeW ceW (d) 18 met$eeW ceW (c) meele (d) Dee"

ÜmJe mJej heebÛe Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– De, F, G, $e+, leLee ue=~ FvnW cetue mJej T<ce JÙe_peve nQ Med, <ed, med, n~
Yeer keânles nQ~ 18. mheMe& JeCe& keânueeles nQ–
12. oerIe& mJej efkeâmes keânles nQ? (a) keâ mes ce lekeâ (b) De mes De: lekeâ
(a) Ssmes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueielee nw (c) keâ mes %e lekeâ (d) De mes %e lekeâ
(b) Ssmes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oes cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueielee nw Gòej–(a)
(c) Ssmes meJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW leerve cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueielee nw `kedâ' mes `ced' lekeâ kesâ 25 JeCeeX keâes mheMe& JeCe& keânles nQ~
(d) Ssmes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Ûeej cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueielee nw
19. mebÙegòeâ JÙe_peve efkeâmes keânles nQ?
Gòej–(b)
(a) oes mJejeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves JeCe& keâes
efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oes cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueies Gmes oerIe& mJej (b) oes JÙe_peveeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves JeCe& keâes
keânles nQ~ (c) oes mJejeW Je oes JÙe_peveeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves JeCe& keâes
(d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
13. oerIe& mJej efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ?
(a) Ûeej (b) heebÛe Gòej–(b)
(c) Ú: (d) Dee" oes JÙe_peveeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves JeCe& keâes mebÙegòeâ JÙe_peve keânles nQ~
Gòej–(d) 20. ØeÙelve kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nesles nQ?
oerIe& mJej Dee" Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw– Dee, F&, T, $e+, S, Ss, Dees leLee Deew~ (a) 2 (b) 3
huegle mJej efkeâmes keânles nQ? (c) 4 (d) 6
14.
(a) Jes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueielee nw
Gòej–(a)
(b) Jes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oes cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueielee nw ØeÙelve kesâ oes Yeso nesles nQ- DeeYÙevlej leLee yee¢e~
(c) Jes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW leerve Ùee Gmemes DeefOekeâ cee$eeDeeW keâe 21. Jee¢e ØeÙelve kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
meceÙe ueielee nw (a) 8 (b) 10
(d) Jes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ Ùee oes cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueielee (c) 11 (d) 14
nw Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(c)
yee¢e ØeÙelve kesâ iÙeejn Yeso nQ- 1. efJeJeej, 2. mebJeej, 3. MJeeme, 4. veeo, 5.
efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW leerve Ùee Gmemes DeefOekeâ cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueies Iees<e, 6. DeIees<e, 7. DeuheØeeCe, 8. ceneØeeCe, 9. Goeòe, 10. Devegoeòe,
Gmes huegle mJej keânles nQ~ leLee 11. mJeefjle~
15. Ssmes mJej efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW veeefmekeâe keâer meneÙelee ueer peeleer nw, Gmes 22. efJeJeej keâe keäÙee DeLe& nw?
keäÙee keânles nQ? (a) cegKe keâe Keguevee (b) lespeer mes MJeeme ÚesÌ[vee
(a) Devegveeefmekeâ (b) Deveveg veeefmekeâ (c) Deóneme keâjvee (d) cegKe keâe yebo nesvee
(c) efvejvegveeefmekeâ (d) Deveg oeòe Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(a)
èfJeJeej' keâe DeLe& nw `cegKe keâe Keguevee'~
efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW veeefmekeâe keâer meneÙelee ueer peeleer nw Gmes
Devegveeefmekeâ mJej keânles nQ, pewmes–DeB, SB~ 23. DeuheØeeCe JeCe& efkeâmes keânles nQ?
(a) efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeeCeJeeÙeg keâe GheÙeesie veneR neslee
16. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve Deble:mLe JÙebpeveeW keâe mecetn nw? (b) efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeeCeJeeÙeg keâe Deuhe GheÙeesie neslee nw
(a) ued, Jed, Med, <ed (b) Ùed, jd, ued, Jed (c) efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeeCeJeeÙeg keâe DeefOekeâ GheÙeesie neslee nw
(c) Me, <e, me, n (d) #e, $ed, %e (d) efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ Øekeâej keâer ietpb e nesleer nw
Devle:mLe JÙe_peve nQ Ùed, jd, ued, Jed~ efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeeCeJeeÙeg keâe Deuhe GheÙeesie neslee nw Gvekeâe yee¢e
17. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve T<ce JÙe_peveeW keâe mecetn nw? ØeÙelve `DeuheØeeCe' keâne peelee nw~
(a) he, Heâ, ye, Ye, ce (b) Ùe, j, ue, Je 24. Goeòe mJej efkeâmes keânles nQ?
(c) Me, <e, me, n (d) De, F, G, $e+ (a) efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW veeefmekeâe keâer meneÙelee ueer peeleer nw
Gòej–(c) (b) efpeme mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oes cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueielee nw

(c) efpeve mJej keâer Glheefòe Deheves GÛÛeejCe mLeeve kesâ Thej kesâ Yeeie mes ceW `keâ' + `F&' ceW mebenf lee (DelÙevle meceerhelee) kesâ keâejCe meefvOe keâeÙe& keâjves
nesleer nw mes `JeeieerMe:' heo yevee nw~
(d) efpeve mJejeW keâer Glheefòe Deheves GÛÛeejCe mLeeve kesâ veerÛes kesâ Yeeie mes 30. efkeâmeer Yeer Meyo kesâ Debeflece mJej Deewj Gmekesâ yeeo Ùeefo keâesF& JÙe_peve nes
nesleer nw lees Gmes keäÙee keâne peelee nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) Ìe' (b) `šer'
efpeve mJejeW keâer Glheefòe Deheves GÛÛeejCe-mLeeve kesâ Thej kesâ Yeeie mes nesleer nw (c) efve‰e (d) mecØemeejCe
Gvekeâes Goeòe mJej (GÛÛew®oele:) keânles nQ~ Gòej–(b)
25. efkeâmeer JeCe& kesâ meeLe peye otmeje JeCe& efce$eJele heeme Deekeâj yew"keâj Gmemes efkeâmeer Yeer Meyo kesâ Deefvlece mJej Deewj Ùeefo Gmekesâ yeeo keâesF& JÙebpeve nes lees
mebÙegòeâ nes peelee nw, lees Jen keânueelee nw– Gmes èfš' (DeÛeesÓvlÙeeefo efš) keâne peelee nw, pewmes–cevemed ceW ced De ved De med
(a) Deeiece JeCe& (b) DeeosMe JeCe& Ùeneb oes mJej nQ, GveceW Deefvlece mJej `ved' kesâ yeeo Jeeuee `De' nw~
(c) GheOee JeCe& (d) meb Ùees ie 31. lejhed Deewj lecehed ØelÙeÙeeW keâer meb%ee keäÙee nesleer nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) Ìe' (b) `šer'
efkeâmeer JeCe& kesâ meeLe peye otmeje JeCe& efce$eJeled heeme Deekeâj yew"keâj Gmemes (c) meJeCe& (d) Øeeie=ÿe
mebÙegòeâ nes peelee nw leye Jen Deeiece (efce$eJeoeiece:) keânueelee nw~ Gòej–(a)
26. efkeâmeer JeCe& keâes nšekeâj peye keâesF& otmeje JeCe& Gmekesâ mLeeve hej Me$eg lejhed Deewj lecehed ØelÙeÙeeW keâer meb%ee Ìe' (lejhleceheew Ie:) nesleer nw~
keâer Yeebefle Dee yew"lee nw lees Jen keânueelee nw– 32. meb%ee kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
(a) DeeosMe JeCe& (b) Deeiece JeCe& (a) oes (b) leerve
(c) GheOee JeCe& (d) GheÛeej (c) Ûeej (d) Ú:
efkeâmeer JeCe& keâes nšekeâj peye keâesF& otmeje JeCe& Gmekesâ mLeeve hej Me$eg keâer meb%ee kesâ leerve Yeso nQ- JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee, peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee Deewj YeeJeJeeÛekeâ
YeeBelf e Dee yew"lee nw lees Jen DeeosMe (Me$egJeoeosMe:) keânueelee nw; pewmes–Ùeefo meb%ee~
+ Deefhe = ÙeÅeefhe, Ùeneb `F' kesâ mLeeve hej `Ùe' DeeosMe ngDee~ 33. Jen meb%ee efpememes iegCe, ef›eâÙee, oMee, DeJemLee SJeb JÙeeheej keâe yeesOe neslee
27. efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ Debeflece JeCe& mes henues kesâ (JeCe&) keâes keäÙee keânles nQ? nw, keäÙee keânles nQ?
(a) mecØemeejCe (b) meb efnlee (a) JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee (b) peeefleJeeÛ ekeâ meb%ee
(c) GheOee JeCe& (d) Deeiece JeCe& (c) YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb % ee (d) mJejeble meb%ee
efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ Deefvlece JeCe& mes henues kesâ (JeCe&) keâes GheOee (DevlÙeeoue: hetJeex YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee mes iegCe, ef›eâÙee, oMee, DeJemLee SJeb JÙeeheej keâe yeesOe neslee
JeCe&: GheOee) keânles nQ, pewmes–efÛevled ceW `le' Deefvlece JeCe& nw GmeceW JeCe& `ved' nw~ pewmes–ceOegjlee, megbojlee, Øemevvelee, efveOe&velee Deeefo~
GheOee nw~ cenled ceW Deefvlece JeCe& `led' mes hetJe&Jeleea `n' ceW efJeÅeceeve `De' GheOee 34. jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej meb%ee MeyoeW kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
meb%ekeâ nw~ (a) oes (b) leerve
28. efJemeie& kesâ mLeeve ceW `Me <ed med keâe ØeÙeesie keäÙee keânueelee nw? (c) Ûeej (d) Ú:
(a) Øeeefleheefokeâ (b) GheÛeej Gòej–(a)
(c) meb Ùees ie (d) DeeosMe jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej meb%ee MeyoeW kesâ oes Yeso nesles nQ–mJejevle meb%ee Meyo
Gòej–(b) Deewj JÙe_peveevle meb%ee Meyo~
efJemeie& kesâ mLeeve ceW `Med, <ed, med keâe ØeÙeesie GheÛeej keânueelee nw~ 35. meJe&veece kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
29. JeCeeX kesâ DelÙeble meceerhelee keâes keäÙee keânles nQ? (a) 7 (b) 8
(a) Deeiece (b) meb Ùees ie (c) 10 (d) 12
(c) meb efnlee (d) meenÛeÙe& Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(c) meJe&veece kesâ efvecveefueefKele Yeso nesles nQ– 1. heg®<e JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 2. oMe&keâ
JeCeeX kesâ DelÙevle meceerhelee keâes mebenf lee (hej:meefvvekeâ<e&: mebenf lee) keânles nQ~ meJe&veece, 3. efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 4. mecyevOe JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 5. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ
JeCeeX keâer mebenf lee keâer efmLeefle ceW ner meefvOe keâeÙe& nesles nQ; pewmes–Jeekedâ + F&Me: meJe&veece, 6. efveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 7. DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece~
36. efpeme meJe&veece kesâ Éeje Jeòeâe, ßeeslee Deewj DevÙe keâe yeesOe nes, Gmes keânles 42. mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW JeÛeve kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
nQ – (a) oes (b) leerve
(a) efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece (b) mebyebOeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece (c) Ûeej (d) heebÛe
(c) oMe&keâ meJe&veece (d) heg®<e JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(d)
mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW JeÛeve kesâ leerve Yeso nesles nQ–1. SkeâJeÛeve, 2. efÉJeÛeve leLee
efpeme meJe&veece kesâ Éeje Jeòeâe, ßeeslee Deewj DevÙe keâe yeesOe nes; Gmes heg®<e 3. yengJeÛeve~
JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece keânles nQ~ ÙeLee— Demceod, Ùeg<ceod Deewj leod~
43. meefvOe kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves Yeso nesles nQ?
37. efpeme meJe&veece kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer efveefMÛele Jemleg Ùee JÙeefòeâ keâer Deesj mebkesâle (a) leerve (b) Ûeej
veneR neslee nw, Gmes keânles nQ– (c) heebÛe (d) Dee"
(a) ØeMveJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece
Gòej–(a)
(b) efveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece
(c) DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece meefvOe kesâ cegKÙele: leerve Yeso nQ– mJej meefvOe Ùee DeÛed meefvOe, JÙe_peve meefvOe
(d) efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece Ùee nue meefvOe Deewj efJemeie& meefvOe~
Gòej–(c) 44. Ùeefo ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& mJej kesâ heMÛeeled meJeCe& ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& mJej
efpeme meJe&ve ce kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer efveefMÛele Jemleg Ùee JÙeefòeâ keâer Deesj mebkesâle veneR neslee DeeS lees oesveeW kesâ Ùeesie mes keâewve-mee meefvOe neslee nw?
nw; Gmes DeefveMÛeÙe JeeÛekeâ meJe&ve ce keânles nQ Gmes ÙeLee– efJeÅeeueÙes keâefMÛeled yeeuekeâ: (a) mJej meefvOe (b) JÙe_peve meefvOe
he"efle, meJexYÙe: «eecesYÙe: heg®<ee: efm$eÙe: Ûe Deeielee:~ (c) efJemeie& meefvOe (d) hejmeJeCe& meefvOe
38. mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW eEueie kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ? Gòej–(a)
(a) oes (b) leerve Ùeefo ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& mJej kesâ heMÛeeled meJeCe& ÜmJe DeLeJee oerIe& mJej Deelee
(c) Ûeej (d) heebÛe
nw lees oesveeWs kesâ Ùeesie keâes mJej meefvOe keânles nQ~
Gòej–(b)
45. `DeÅeeefhe' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW eEueie kesâ leerve Yeso nQ—hegefuuebie, m$eereEueie leLee vehegbmekeâeEueie~
(a) iegCe meefvOe (b) oerIe& meefvOe
39. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW mes keâewve-mee Skeâ hegefuuebie nw? (c) ÙeCe meefvOe (d) DeÙeeefo meefvOe
(a) %eeve (b) Yeef òeâ Gòej–(b)
(c) keâuee (d) efieefj
Gòej–(d) DeÅe + Deefhe = DeÅeeefhe ceW oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~
hegefuuebie Meyo kesâ efvecveefueefKele GoenjCe nQ- heekeâ:, lÙeeie:, keâj:, me_Ûej:, 46. `jefJevõ' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
ieesÛej:, ueeskeâ, ceeme, ieeshee, MebKeceOÙee, meescehee, OeÇtcehee, peueefOe, efieefj, (a) Je=efæ meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo meefvOe
meefhle, Jeef£ (Deeie), Deefive, jefJe (metÙe&) Deeefo~ (c) oerIe& meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe
Gòej–(c)
40. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW keâewve Skeâ m$eereuE eie keâe GoenjCe nw?
(a) oefOe (b) jefJe jefJe + Fvõ = jJeervõ ceW oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~
(c) yegefæ (d) Deeq ive èfJe<CetoÙe:' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
47.
Gòej–(c)
(a) oerIe& meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe
m$eereEueie Meyo kesâ efvecveefueefKele GoenjCe nQ- keâuee, efveMee, Oegefue (Oetj), (c) Je=efæ meefvOe (d) hej¤he meefvOe
ceefle, yegefæ, ieefle, Yeefòeâ, Meefòeâ, ßegelf e, mce=elf e, Meeefvle, veerelf e, jerefle, peeefle, Gòej–(a)
jeef$e, hebefòeâ Deeefo~
efJe<Ceg + GoÙe: = efJe<CetoÙe: ceW oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~
41. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve Skeâ vehegbmekeâeEueie keâe GoenjCe nw–
(a) ceefle (b) ieefle 48. `ceele=Ceced' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(c) oefOe (d) ßege fle (a) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (b) ÙeCe meefvOe
Gòej–(c) (c) oerIe& meefvOe (d) hetJe&¤he meefvOe
Gòej–(c)
vehegbmekeâeEueie Meyo kesâ efvecveefueefKele GoenjCe nQ- efce$e, cegKe, ve#e$e, yeerpe,
le=Ce (Ieeme), ieieve, %eeve, oefOe (oner)~ meefkeäLe, peeBIe, Deef#e (DeeBKe) Deeefo~ ceele= + $e+Ceced = ceele=Ceced ceW oerIe& mJej meefvOe nw~
49. ìepesvõ:' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 57. mJeeieleced ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) hetJe&¤he meefvOe (b) hej¤he meefvOe (a) ÙeCed meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo meefvOe
(c) Je= ef æ meef vOe (d) iegCe meefvOe (c) peMlJe meef vOe (d) iegCe meefvOe
Gòej–(d) Gòej–(c)
iepe + Fvõ: = iepesvõ: ceW iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ meg + Deeieleced = mJeeieleced ceW ÙeCed mJej meefvOe nw~
50. peerefJelesMJej: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 58. DeefvJeefle ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) oerIe& meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe (a) Je=efæ meefvOe (b) efJemeie& meefvOe
(c) Je=efæ meefvOe (d) ÙeCe meefvOe (c) ölJe meefvOe (d) ÙeCed meefvOe
peereJf ele + F&MJej: = peereJf elesMJej: ceW iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ Deveg + Fefle = DeefvJeefle ceW ÙeCed mJej meefvOe nw~
51. `he=‰esheefj' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 59. cee$es ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) hej¤he meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (a) „glJe meefvOe (b) hej¤he meefvOe
(c) oerIe& meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe (c) ÙeCed meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe
Gòej–(d) Gòej–(c)
he=‰ + Gheefj = he=‰esheefj ceW iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ ceele= + S = cee$es ceW ÙeCed mJej meefvOe nw~
52. ie”esokeâced ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 60. mebÛeÙe: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) iegCe meefvOe (b) Je=efæ meefvOe (a) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (b) JÙe_peve meefvOe
(c) efJemeie& meefvOe (d) MÛeglJe meefvOe (c) MÛeglJe meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe
ie”e + Gokeâced = ie”esokeâced ceW iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ mebÛes + De: = mebÛeÙe: ceW DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe nw~
53. `yeÇÿee|<e:' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 61. ieefÙekeâ: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe (a) iegCe meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo meefvOe
(c) Je=efæ meefvOe (d) oerIe& meefvOe (c) oerIe& meefvOe (d) hetJe&¤he meefvOe
yeÇÿe + $e+ef<e: = yeÇÿee|<e: ceW iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ iew + Fkeâ: = ieeefÙekeâ: ceW DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe nw~
54. leJeukeâej: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 62. heeJekeâ: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) oerIe& meefvOe (b) ÙeCe meefvOe (a) ÙeCe meefvOe (b) iegCe meefvOe
(c) iegCe meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe (c) Je=efæ meefvOe (d) DeÙeeefo meefvOe
Gòej–(c) Gòej–(d)
leJe + ue=keâej: = leJeukeâej: ceW iegCe mJej meefvOe nw~ heew + Dekeâ: = heeJekeâ: ceW DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe nw~
55. leLewJe ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 63. efJe<CeesÓJe ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) Je=efæ meefvOe (b) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (a) hetJe&¤he meefvOe (b) hej¤he meefvOe
(c) JÙe_peve meefvOe (d) oerIe& meefvOe (c) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe
leLee + SJe = leLewJe ceW Je=efæ mJej meefvOe nw~ efJe<Cees + DeJe = efJe<CeesÓJe ceW hetJe& ™he mJej meefvOe nw~
56. cenewpe: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? 64. ogMÛeefj$e: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) DeÙeeefo meefvOe (b) hetJe&¤he meefvOe (a) efJemeie& meefvOe (b) MÛeglJe meefvOe
(c) Je=efæ meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe (c) ölJe meefvOe (d) ÙeCe meefvOe
cene ± Deespe: = cenewpe: ceW Je=efæ mJej meefvOe nw~ ogmed + Ûeefj$e: = ogMÛeefj$e: ceW MÛeglJe meefvOe nw~
65. efJe<Ceg ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) MÛeglJe meefvOe (b) Je=efæ meefvOe Gòej–(d)
(c) „glJe meefvOe (d) efJemeie& meefvOe efJemeie& meefvOe kesâ ØecegKe Yeso nQ– 1. melJe meefvOe, 2. ®lJe meefvOe, 3. nefMe
Gòej–(c) Ûe, 4. KejJemeeveÙeeseJ| emepeveerÙe Jee Meefj, 5. jesefj, {ûeesheshetJe&mÙe oerIeexÓCe:~
efJe<ed + veg: = efJe<Ceg: ceW °glJe meefvOe nw~ 73. jece„erkeâles ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
efoioMe&veced ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? (a) melJe efJemeie& meefvOe (b) MÛeglJe meefvOe
66.
(c) hejmeJeCe& meefvOe (d) iegCe meefvOe
(a) heoevle peMlJe meefvOe (b) Deheoevle peMlJe meefvOe
Gòej–(a)
(c) MÛeglJe meefvOe (d) ölJe meefvOe
Gòej–(a) jece: + šerkeâles = jece„erkeâles ceW melJe efJemeie& meefvOe nw~
efokedâ + oMe&veced = efoioMe&veced ceW heoevle peMlJe meefvOe nw~ 74. òsJ ee ieÛÚefvle' ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) ÙelJe meefvOe (b) melJe meefvOe
67. yegefæ: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? (c) ölJe meefvOe (d) ÛelJe meefvOe
(a) heoevle peMlJe meefvOe (b) Deheoevle peMlJe meefvOe Gòej–(a)
(c) iegCe meefvOe (d) Je=efæ meefvOe
osJ ee: + ieÛÚefvle = osJ ee ieÛÚefvle ceW ÙelJe meefvOe nw~
Gòej–(b)
75. meceeme kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
yegOed + efOe: = yegefæ: ceW Deheoevle peMlJe meefvOe nw~ (a) Ûeej (b) heeBÛe
68. Glmeen: ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? (c) Ú: (d) Dee"
(a) ÙelJe meefvOe (b) ®lJe meefvOe Gòej–(a)
(c) ölJe meefvOe (d) ÛelJe meefvOe meceeme kesâ cegKÙe Ûeej Yeso nQ–1. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe, 2. lelheg®<e, 3. ÉvÉ SJeb 4.
Gòej–(d) yengJeÇerenf ~
God + meen: = Glmeen: ceW ÛelJe meefvOe nw~ 76. lelheg®<e meceeme kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
(a) 2 (b) 3
69. ke=â<Ceb Jevos ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(c) 4 (d) 5
(a) DevegmJeej meefvOe (b) heoevle peMlJe meefvOe
Gòej–(a)
(c) ÛelJe meefvOe (d) peMlJe meefvOe
Gòej–(a) lelheg®<e kesâ Devleie&le oes Yeso nQ–keâce&OeejÙe Deewj efÉieg~ FmeefueS keâYeer-keâYeer
meceeme kesâ Ú: Yeso ceeves peeles nQ~
ke=â<Ceced + Jevos = ke=â<Ceb Jevos ceW DevegmJeej meefvOe nw~
77. mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW meceeme kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nesles nQ?
70. meefvle ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw? (a) oes (b) leerve
(a) heoevle peMlJe meefvOe (b) ölJe meefvOe (c) Ûeej (d) heeBÛe
(c) MÛeglJe meefvOe (d) hejmeJeCe& meefvOe Gòej–(d)
Gòej–(d) mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW meceeme kesâ heebÛe Yeso nesles nQ– 1. kesâJeue meceeme, 2.
meb + efle = meefvle ceW hejmeJeCe& meefvOe nw~ DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme, 3. lelheg®<e meceeme, 4. ÉvÉ meceeme SJeb 5. yengJeÇerenf
meceeme~
71. leefÛÚuee ceW keâewve-meer meefvOe nw?
(a) melJe meefvOe (b) ÛelJe meefvOe 78. Ssmee meceeme efpemes efkeâmeer efJeMes<e veece mes DeefYeefnle ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nes Gmes
(c) ölJe meefvOe (d) DevegmJeej meefvOe
keâewve-mee meceeme keânles nQ?
(a) lelheg®<e meceeme (b) kesâJeue meceeme
Gòej–(c)
(c) ÉvÉ meceeme (d) yengJeÇerenf meceeme
leled + efMeuee = leefÛÚuee ceW ÚlJe meefvOe nw~ Gòej–(b)
72. efJemeie& meefvOe kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves Yeso nQ? Ssmee meceeme efpemes efkeâmeer efJeMes<e veece mes DeefYeefnle ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nes Gmes
(a) 2 (b) 3 kesâJeue meceeme keânles nQ~
79. efpeme meceeme keâe Gòej heo ØeOeeve neslee nw Gmes keâewve-mee meceeme keânles 85. ÉvÉ meceeme kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
nQ? (a) 2 (b) 3
(a) yeng y eÇ er enf meceeme (b) DeJÙeÙeer Y eeJe meceeme (c) 4 (d) 6
(c) lelheg®<e meceeme (d) efÉieg meceeme Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(c) ÉvÉ meceeme kesâ leerve Yeso nQ–1. Flejslej ÉvÉ, 2. meceenej ÉvÉ SJeb 3.
efpeme meceeme keâe Gòej heo ØeOeeve neslee nw, Gmes lelheg®<e meceeme keânles nQ~ SkeâMes<e ÉvÉ~
lelheg®<e meceeme ceW henuee Meyo efJeMes<eCe Deewj otmeje Meyo (Gòej heo) 86. peye meceeme ceW DeeS ngS oesveeW (Ùee DeefOekeâ neW lees meye) Meyo efceuekeâj
efJeMes<Ùe neslee nw~ efkeâmeer DevÙe Meyo kesâ efJeMes<eCe kesâ mJe¤he ceW jnles nQ lees Gmes keâewve-mee
80. JÙeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e meceeme kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves Yeso nQ? meceeme keânles nQ?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) yengyeÇerenf meceeme (b) lelheg®<e meceeme
(c) 6 (d) 8 (c) keâce&OeejÙe meceeme (d) efÉieg meceeme
JÙeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e meceeme kesâ ØecegKe Ú: Yeso nesles nQ— 1. efÉleerÙee peye meceeme ceW DeeÙes ngS oesveeW (Ùee DeefOekeâ nes lees meye) Meyo efceuekeâj efkeâmeer
lelheg®<e, 2. le=leerÙee lelheg®<e, 3. ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e, 4. hebÛeceer lelheg®<e, 5. DevÙe Meyo kesâ efJeMes<eCe kesâ mJe¤he ceW jnles nQ, lees Gmes yengJeÇerefn meceeme keânles
<e‰er lelheg®<e SJeb 6. mehleceer lelheg®<e~ nQ~ Fme meceeme ceW oesveeW ceW mes Skeâ Yeer heo ØeOeeve veneR neslee nw yeefukeâ oesveeW
efceuekeâj DevÙe leermejs (heo) keâer ØeOeevelee yeleeles nQ~
81. keâce&OeejÙe meceeme kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
(a) 2 (b) 3 87. yengyeÇerenf meceeme kesâ cegKÙele: efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 6
(c) 4 (d) 5
Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(a)
keâce&OeejÙe meceeme kesâ heebÛe Yeso nesles nQ—efJeMes<ehetJe&heo keâce&OeejÙe meceeme,
GheceevehetJe&heo keâce&OeejÙe meceeme, GheceeDeesòejheo keâce&OeejÙe meceeme, GYeÙeheo yeng›eerenf meceeme kesâ cegKÙele: oes Yeso nQ–1. meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf SJeb 2.
keâce&OeejÙe meceeme SJeb efÉieg meceeme~ JÙeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf ~
82. efpeme meceeme ceW ØeLece heo (Meyo) mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe nes Deewj otmeje 88. efkeâmeer Yeer Oeeleg Ùee Meyo kesâ yeeo pegÌ[ves Jeeues MeyoebMeeW keâes keäÙee keâne peelee
nw?
heo keâesF& meb%ee nes lees Gmes keâewve-mee meceeme keânles nQ–
(a) Ghemeie& (b) meceeme
(a) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme (b) efÉieg meceeme
(c) ØelÙeÙe (d) meceenej
(c) yengyeÇerenf meceeme (d) lelheg®<e meceeme
Gòej–(c)
Gòej–(b)
efkeâmeer Yeer Oeeleg Ùee Meyo kesâ yeeo pegÌ[ves Jeeues MeyoebMeeW keâes ØelÙeÙe keâne peelee
efpeme meceeme ceW ØeLece Meyo mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe nes Deewj otmeje heo keâesF& nw~
meb%ee, lees Gmes efÉieg meceeme keânles nQ~
89. ØelÙeÙe kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ?
83. efÉieg meceeme kesâ efkeâleves Yeso nQ? (a) oes (b) leerve
(a) oes (b) leerve
(c) Ûeej (d) Ú:
(c) Ûeej (d) Ú:
Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(b)
ØelÙeÙe kesâ oes Yeso nQ–1. ke=âled ØelÙeÙe Deewj 2. leefæle ØelÙeÙe~
efÉieg meceeme keâs Yeer leerve Yeso nesles nQ–1. meceenej efÉieg meceeme, 2.
leefæleeLe& efÉieg meceeme SJeb 3. Gòejheo efÉieg meceeme~ 90. efpeve ØelÙeÙeeW keâes OeelegDeeW ceW peesÌ[keâj meb%ee, efJeMes<eCe Deeefo heo yeveeS
peeles nQ, GvnW keânles nQ–
84. Øeefheleecen: ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? (a) leefæle ØelÙeÙe (b) ke=âled ØelÙeÙe
(a) Øeeefo lelheg®<e meceeme (b) Deuegkeâ lelheg®<e meceeme (c) uÙehe ØelÙeÙe (d) CJegue ØelÙeÙe
(c) DevÙe lelheg®<e meceeme (d) yengyeÇerenf meceeme Gòej–(b)
Gòej–(a)
efpeve ØelÙeÙeeW keâes OeelegDeeW ceW peesÌ[keâj meb%ee, efJeMes<eCe Deeefo heo yeveeS peeles
Øeiele: (yeÌ[s) efheleecen: = Øeefheleecen: ceW Øeeefo lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ nQ GvnW ke=âled ØelÙeÙe keânles nQ~
Yee<ee DeefOeiece Øeef›eâÙee
DeOÙeÙeve meece«eer (v) yeejbyeejlee SJeb mebe#f ehlelee-Yee<ee Depe&ve ceW Yee<eeF& ØeÙeesieeW keâer yeejbyeejlee
yeeuekeâ kesâ Yee<eeF& efJekeâeme ceW meneÙekeâ nw~ yeeuekeâ efpeve ™heeW keâes yeej-
Yee<ee keäÙee nw? yeej megvelee nw GvnW Jen peuoer meerKe ueslee nw~
 ceveg<Ùe kesâ efJeefYevve Jeekeâd DeJeÙeJeeW Deewj ceefmle<keâ keâer jÛevee kesâ keâejCe yeeuekeâ kesâ efJekeâeme ceW Yee<ee keâer Yetefcekeâe
ceveg<Ùe efJeefYevve Øekeâej keâer OJeefveÙeeW keâes Glhevve keâjves ceW meceLe& neslee nw  Meejerejf keâ Deewj ceeveefmekeâ Âef° mes mJemLe efMeMeg pevce kesâ ueieYeie Ún
Deewj Deheves efJeÛeejeW keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves keâer #ecelee Øeehle keâj ueslee nw~ Ùener ceen mes ner Oeerjs-Oeerjs Deheveer ceele=Yee<ee keâe Depe&ve keâjves ueielee nw~ oes mes
Yee<ee nw~ Yee<ee heejmheefjkeâ efJeÛeejeW kesâ Deeoeve-Øeoeve keâe Skeâ meeOeve nw~ {eF& Je<e& keâer DeeÙeg keâe efMeMeg Deheves ceeB-yeehe, Deheves Iej-heefjJeej leLee Deeme-
Yee<ee keâes mecemle ceeveefmekeâ MeefòeâÙeeW, YeeJeeW leLee efJeÛeejeW kesâ Deeoeve-Øeoeve heÌ[esme kesâ yeeue efce$eeW kesâ mebheke&â ceW Deeles ngS yeÌ[er lespeer mes Deheveer
keâe DeeOeej ceevee peelee nw~ Yee<ee mes ner meceepe keâe ie"ve SJeb mebmke=âefle keâe
ceele=Yee<ee keâe Depe&ve keâjlee nw~
efJekeâeme neslee nw~
 yeeuekeâ kesâ efJ ekeâeme kesâ cenòJehetCe& he#e-
Yee<ee Depe&ve SJeb mecyeefvOele leLÙe (i) ceeveefmekeâ efJekeâeme
 Yee<ee Depe&ve keâer Øeef›eâÙee Skeâ mJeeYeeefJekeâ, menpe Deewj DeveewheÛeeefjkeâ Øeef›eâÙee nw
(ii) mebJesieelcekeâ efJekeâeme
pees keâ#ee ceW Yee<ee kesâ DeefOeiece mes efYevve nw~ Fmekeâe DeeMeÙe Ùen nw efkeâ efMeMeg
(iii) vewelf ekeâ efJekeâeme
Deheves heefjJesMe mes ßeJeCe Deewj DevegkeâjCe keâer Øeef›eâÙee Éeje mJeÙeb Yee<ee meerKelee
(iv) meeceeefpekeâ efJekeâeme
nw~ Jen heeefjJeeefjkeâ heefjJesMe ces yeesueer peeves Jeeueer Yee<ee keâer OJeefveÙeeW keâes megvekeâj
(i) ceeveefmekeâ efJekeâeme-yeÛeheve kesâ DeejefcYekeâ efoveeW ceW efJeÛeej-efJeef veceÙe keâe
«enCe keâjlee nw Deewj GvnW JÙeòeâ keâjves keâer keâeseMf eMe Yeer keâjlee nw~
DeeOeej ceele=Yee<ee ner nw~ yeeuekeâ keâer mecemle ceeveefmekeâ MeefòeâÙeeW (keâuhevee,
 mJele: Yee<ee Depe&ve keâer Øeef›eâÙee oes Je<e& keâer DeJemLee lekeâ Ûeueleer jnleer nw
OÙeeve, mce=elf e, efÛebleve, ceveve FlÙeeefo) kesâ efJekeâeme keâe ceeOÙece ceele=Yee<ee ner
pees cegKÙele: ßeJeCe Deewj DevegkeâjCe keâer Øeke=âefle Øeoòe Meefòeâ hej efveYe&j nw~
nw~ Yee<ee kesâ DeYeeJe ceW yeeuekeâ keâe ceeveefmekeâ efJekeâeme DemebYeJe nw~
 ØecegKe Yee<ee Depe&ve Ùegeòf eâÙeeb efvecveefueefKele nQ-
(ii) mebJesieelcekeâ efJekeâeme-Yee<ee yeeuekeâ kesâ mebJesieeW keâer DeefYeJÙeefòeâ keâe ceeOÙece nw~
(i) menpelee (ii) DevegkeâjCe
Ùen meÛe nw efkeâ n<e&, ›eâesOe, YeÙe, Ie=Cee, efÛeblee Deeefo YeeJeeW keâer DeefYeJÙeefòeâ
(iii) DeefYeJÙeefòeâ keâer JÙe«elee (iv)DeYÙeeme
kegâÚ DevÙe mebkesâleeW mes Yeer mebYeJe nw~ hej meYeer YeeJeeW keâer mhe° DeefYeJÙeefòeâ
(v) yeejbyeejlee SJeb mebef#ehlelee
mebkesâleeW Éeje mebYeJe venerb nw, Gvekesâ efueS nceW Yee<ee keâe ner meneje uesvee
(i) menpelee-Yee<ee keâe ØeÙeesie efJeefMe° efmLeefleÙeeW SJeb meboYeeX ceW neslee jnlee nw~
heÌ[lee nw~ Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ Yee<ee yeeuekeâ kesâ mebJesieelcekeâ efJekeâeme keâe
yeeuekeâ Fve meboYeeX ceW ner Yee<eeF& ØeÙeesieeW keâes megvelee nw Deewj «enCe keâjlee nw~
DeeOeej ner veneR yeefukeâ mebJesieeW kesâ GoeòeerkeâjCe keâe Yeer ceeOÙece nw~
(ii) DevegkeâjCe-Yee<ee Depe&ve ceW meeceevÙele: DevegkeâjCe keâer ØeJe=efòe efoKeeF& osleer nw~
(iii) veweflekeâ efJekeâeme-Yee<ee kesâ ceeOÙece mes ner yeeuekeâ Deheves mebheke&â ceW Deeves Jeeues
DevegkeâjCe kesâ leerve ØecegKe he#e nQ-
ÚesšeW leLee yeÌ[eW kesâ Øeefle mvesn SJeb Deeoj Øekeâš keâjvee meerKelee nw~ melÙe
a. yeeuekeâ peye veÙes JÙeekeâjefCekeâ ™he megvelee nw, lees Jen Gvekeâe DeveeÙeeme
yeesueves Ùee DeÛÚs DeeÛejCe keâer efMe#ee Yeer DeejbYe mes heefjJeej kesâ ueesieeW mes
DevegkeâjCe keâjlee nw~
ner Gmes efceueleer nw~
b. Fve veÙes ™heeW keâes menpe DeYÙeeme Éeje Jen Deheves JÙeJenej ceW Meeefceue
(iv) meeceeefpekeâ efJekeâeme-yeeuekeâ Deheves heefjJeej leLee heÌ[esme kesâ DevÙe yeÛÛeeW kesâ
keâj ueslee nw~
c. Jen mejue ™heeW keâes henues Deewj peefšue ™heeW keâes yeeo ceW «enCe keâjlee
meeLe ueÌ[lee, PeieÌ[lee, Kesuelee jnlee nw~ Fve meye ef›eâÙeekeâueeheeW keâe
nw~ ceeOÙece Yee<ee ner nesleer nw~ Yee<ee kesâ ner ceeOÙece mes meeceeefpekeâ iegCeeW leLee
(iii) DeefYeJÙeefòeâ keâer JÙe«elee-veJeerve Yee<eeF& ØeÙeesieeW keâes meerKeles meceÙe yeeuekeâ JÙeJenej keâer kegâMeuelee keâe efJekeâeme neslee nw~
 efMeMeg kesâ Yee<ee efJekeâeme keâs DeOÙeÙeve kesâ Âef°keâesCe-efMeMeg kesâ Yee<eeF& efJekeâeme
meerKes ngS ØeÙeesieeW keâes ueieeleej oesnjeles jnles nQ~ Jemlegle: Fmekesâ cetue ceW
Deheves-Deehekeâes menpe DeefYeJÙeòeâ keâjves keâer JÙe«elee nesleer nw~ keâe DeOÙeÙeve cegKÙele: oes Âef°keâesCeeW mes efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw-DeeÙeg leLee
(iv) DeYÙeeme-Yee<ee Depe&ve ceW DeYÙeeme keâer cenòJehetCe& Yetefcekeâe nw~ heefjJeej ceW Yee<eeF& Ieškeâ~ Yee<eeF& IeškeâeW ceW Yee<ee keâer efJeefJeOe JÙeJemLeeDeeW keâes DeeOeej
ceelee-efhelee leLee DevÙe meomÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe efMeMeg Yee<eeF& ØeÙeesieeW keâes menpe ceevee pee mekeâlee nw pewmes-OJeefve, Meyo, DeLe& Deewj JÙeekeâjefCekeâ JÙeJemLee
™he ceW oesnjelee jnlee nw~ Deeefo~
 efMeMeg kesâ Yee<ee efJekeâeme kesâ ÛejCe-meeceevÙele: efMeMeg Yee<ee efJekeâeme kesâ efvecve JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw hej yeeo ceW Jen ‘vener’b , ‘cele’ Deewj ‘ve’ keâe ÙeLeeØemebie
ÛejCeeW mes iegpejlee nw- ØeÙeesie Yeer meerKe ueslee nw~
ØeLece 8-9 cenerves lekeâ - ›ebâove, efkeâuekeâvee, yeyeueevee Deeefo (iii) ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe-ØeejcYe ceW efMeMeg ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ YeeJe FMeejs mes DeLeJee
keâer ef›eâÙee Ûesnjs mes Øekeâš neslee nw~ henues Jes efkeâmeer ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâS
ØeLece Meyo - ueieYeie 9-12 cenerves mes efyevee cee$e Devegceeve kesâ menejs ner ØeMve yeveeles nQ hej yeeo ceW ØeMveeW kesâ
efÉMeyoerÙe JeekeäÙe - 1] 5 mes 2 Je<e& efJekeâeme ceW Skeâ ›eâce efoKeeF& osves ueielee nw~ efMeMeg henues ‘‘keâneb’’ Jeeues
leerve MeyoerÙe JeekeäÙe - 2.5 mes 3 Je<e& ØeMve yeveelee nw Fmekesâ yeeo ‘‘keäÙee’’ Deewj ‘‘keâewve’’ Jeeues ØeMve~ ‘‘keäÙeeW’’
mejue Úesšs JeekeäÙe - 4 Je<e& Jeeues ØeMve yeeo ceW efJekeâefmele nesles nQ~ oesnjs ØeMve mecePeves ceW leLee Gvekeâe
 efMeMeg Éeje ØeÙegòeâ JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Øekeâej- Gòej osves ceW Gmes keâef"veeF& nesleer nw~ Ûeej meeue lekeâ Jen ‘‘neb’’ Ùee
efMeMeg Deheves Yee<ee efJekeâeme kesâ ›eâce ceW Ûeej Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie ‘‘veneR’’ ceW ner Fve ØeMveeW keâe Gòej oslee nw~
(iv) Dee%eeLe&keâ JeekeäÙe-Dee%eeLe&keâ JeekeäÙe keâe efJekeâeme yengle ØeejbefYekeâ DeJemLee ceW
keâjlee nw-
ner osKee peelee nw~ Dee%eeLe&keâ YeeJe keâer DeefYeJÙeefòeâ ‘‘oes’’, ‘‘Dee’’ pewmes
(i) efveoxMekeâ JeekeäÙe
Skeâ MeyoerÙe JeekeäÙeeW ceW Yeer efceueleer nw~ DevegjesOe, Dee«en Jeeues JeekeäÙe Yeer
(ii) efve<esOeelcekeâ JeekeäÙe
ØeeÙe: osKeves keâes efceueles nQ~ yeeuekeâ DeeojeLe&keâ JeekeäÙe-KeeFS, DeeFS Deeefo
(iii) ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe yengle yeeo ceW ØeÙegòeâ keâjlee nw~
(iv) Dee%eeLe&keâ JeekeäÙe  JeekeäÙe mebjÛevee mlej-Fme mlej keâes nce ØeejefcYekeâ JeekeäÙe- efJevÙeeme mlej
(i) efveoxMekeâ JeekeäÙe-efMeMeg Éeje ØeÙegòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW efveoxMekeâ Ùee keâLeveelcekeâ Deewj Gòej-JeekeäÙe-efJevÙeeme mlej ceW efJeYeòeâ keâj mekeâles nQ~ ØeejefcYekeâ mlej
JeekeäÙeeW keâer mebKÙee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ ØeejefcYekeâ JeekeäÙe-efJekeâemeeJemLee hej yeeuekeâ Éeje efveefce&le Skeâ MeyoerÙe JeekeäÙe Deeles nQ~ FvnW JeekeäÙe FmeefueS
ceW efMeMeg Deheveer YeeJeeefYeJÙeefòeâ kesâ efueS Fme lejn kesâ yengle mes JeekeäÙe keâne peelee nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Ùes Skeâ Meyo nesles ngS Yeer JeekeäÙe keâer lejn hetje DeLe&
yeesuelee nw~ Ùes uecyeeF& ceW ›eâceMe: yeÌ{les peeles nQ, henues Skeâ Meyo, efheâj oes osles nbw~ pewmes-‘Deccee’ keâe DeLe& meboYe& Deewj FMeejs mes keâF& lejn keâe nes
Meyo, leerve Meyo~ ØeejbefYekeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW DeefvJeefle Deewj Meyo›eâce keâeheâer mekeâlee nw~ Fme meceÙe yeeuekeâ keâer DeeÙeg Skeâ Je<e& kesâ ueieYeie nesleer nw~
ueÛeeruee neslee nw Deewj meJe&veeceeW keâe ØeÙeesie yengle keâce neslee nw~ Fmekesâ yeeo Jen oes MeyoerÙe JeekeäÙe yeesuelee nw, GoenjCeeLe&- ‘‘yeeyee! DeVee
(ii) efve<esOeelcekeâ JeekeäÙe/vekeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙe-yeeuekeâ ceW vekeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe DeÛÚ e’’
efJekeâeme yengle MeerIeÇlee mes neslee nw~ ØeejbYe ceW Jen cegBn hesâj keâj vekeâejelcekeâ DeLee&le yeeyee Deveg DeÛÚe (yeÛÛee) nw~
JeCe& efJeÛeej
Yee<ee keâer meyemes Úesšer FkeâeF& keâes JeCe& keânles nQ~ heeefCeefve ves JeCe&ceeuee keâes 14 1. Dekedâ–De, F, G, $e+, ue=~
met$eeW ceW efJeYekeäle efkeâÙee nw~ Fve met$eeW keâes ceensMJej met$e keânles nQ~ 2. DeÛed–De, F, G, $e+, ue=, S, Dees, Ss, Deew~
1. DeFGCed, 2. $e+ue=keâd, 3. SDees*d, 4. SDeewÛed, 5. nÙeJejšd, 6. ueCed, 7. 3. Dešd–De, F, G, $e+, ue=, S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd~
_ece*Ceveced, 8. PeYe_ed, 9. Ie{Oe<ed, 10. peyeie[oMed, 11. KeHeâÚ"LeÛešleJed, 4. DeCed–De, F, G~
12. keâheÙed, 13. Me<emejd Deewj 14. nued~ 5. DeCed–De, F, G, $e+, ue=, S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued~
S<eecevlÙee Fle: DeLee&led Fve ceensMJej met$eeW kesâ Deefvlece JeCeeX keâer Fled meb%ee nesleer 6. Deced–De, F, G, $e+, ue=, S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced ved~
nw~ 7. Deued–De, F, G, $e+, è, S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d,
ØelÙeskeâ met$e kesâ Devle ceW nued JeCe& keâe ØeÙeesie ØelÙeenej yeveeves kesâ GösMÙe mes efkeâÙee Ced,ved, Pe, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied,[d, od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd,
ieÙee nw~ (pewmes–DeFGCed ceW `Ced' Fled JeCe& nw)~ FvnW ØelÙeenejeW kesâ Devleie&le Deeves hed, Med, <ed, med, nd~
Jeeues JeCeeX kesâ meeLe meefcceefuele veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 8. DeMed–De, F, G, $e+, è, S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d,
ØelÙeenej–ceensMJej met$eeW kesâ DeeOeej hej efJeefYevve ØelÙeenejeW keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, o~
pee mekeâlee nw~ ØelÙeenej oes JeCeeX mes yevelee nw, pewmes–DeÛed, Fkedâ, ÙeCed, Deued, 9. Fkeâd–d F, G, $e+, è~
nued FlÙeeefo~ Fve ØelÙeenejeW ceW Deeefo JeCe& mes ueskeâj Deefvlece JeCe& kesâ ceOÙe Deeves 10. FÛed–F, G, $e+, è, S, Dees, Ss, Deew~
Jeeues meYeer JeCeeX keâer ieCevee keâer peeleer nw~ ØelÙeenej kesâ Devleie&le Deeefo JeCe& lees 11. FCed–d F, G, $e+, è, S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued~
heefjieefCele neslee nw efkeâvleg Deefvlece JeCe& keâes ÚesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw~ Øeemeef”keâ 12. Gkeâd–G, $e+, è~
ØelÙeenejeW keâer mebKÙee 43 nw~ efJeJejCe efvecveefueefKele nw– 13. S*d–S, Dees~

14. SÛed–S, Dees, Ss, Deew~s (i) ÜmJe mJej–efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ cee$ee keâe meceÙe ueies Gvekeâes
15. SsÛed–Ss Deew~ ÜmJe mJej keânles nQ~ Ùes mebKÙee ceW heebÛe nQ–De, F, G, $e+, leLee ue=~ FvnW cetue
16. KeÙed–Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed~ mJej Yeer keânles nQ~
17. Kejd–Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med~ (ii) oerIe& mJej–efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW oes cee$eeDeeW keâe meceÙe ueies GvnW
18. *ced–*d, Ce, ved~ oerIe& mJej keânles nQ~ Fvekeâer mebKÙee Dee" nw–Dee, F&, T, $e+, S, Ss, Dees leLee
19. ÛeÙed–Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed~ Deew~ Deefvlece Ûeej JeCeeX keâes mebÙegòeâ JeCe& (mJej) Yeer keânles nQ, keäÙeeWekf eâ S, Ss, Dees
20. Ûejd–Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med~ leLee Deew oes mJejeW kesâ cesue mes yeves nQ–De + F = S, De + S = Ss, De + G =
21. ÚJed–Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led~ Dees, De + Dees = Deew~
(iii) huegle mJej–efpeve mJejeW kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW leerve Ùee Gmemes DeefOekeâ cee$eeDeeW
22. peMed–ped, yed, ied, [d, od~
23. PeÙed–Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, ped, yed, ied, [d, od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led,
keâe meceÙe ueies GvnW huegle keânles nQ~ peye efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ keâes otj mes hegkeâejles nQ
leye mecyeesOeve heo kesâ Deefvlece JeCe& keâes oerIe& mJej mes Yeer DeefOekeâ cee$ee keâe meceÙe
keâd, hed~
ueieekeâj yeesueles nQ~ Gmes ner huegle mJej keânles nQ~ pewmes–De3, jece3~
24. Pejd–Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd,
Devegveeefmekeâ (cegKeJeÛeveesÓvegveeefmekeâ:)–efpeme mJej kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW veeefmekeâe keâer
led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med~ meneÙelee ueer peeleer nw Gmes Devegveeefmekeâ mJej keânles nQ, pewmes–DeB, SB~
25. Peued–Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, 2. JÙe_peve (nued) –efpeve JeCeeX keâe GÛÛeejCe mJej keâer meneÙelee kesâ efyevee veneR
led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, nd~ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw GvnW JÙe_peve Ùee nued keânles nQ~ mJej jefnle JÙe_peve keâes
26. PeMed–Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od~ efueKeves kesâ efueS JeCe& kesâ veerÛes nued efÛeÖ ( d ) ueieeles nQ~ mechetCe& JÙe_peve efvecve
27. Pe<ed–Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed~ leeefuekeâe ceW oMee&S ieÙes nQ–
28. yeMed–yed, ied, [d, od~ kedâ, Ked, ied, Ied, *d keâJ eie&
29. Ye<ed–Yed, ied, [d, od~ Ûed, Úd, ped, Ped, _ed ÛeJeie&
30. ceÙed–ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, šd, "d, [d, {d, Ced šJeie&
"d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed~ led, Led, od, Oe, ved leJeie&
31. Ùe_ed–Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed~ hed, Heâd, yed, Yed, ced heJeie&
32. ÙeCed–Ùed, Jed, jd, ued~ Ùed, jd, ued, Jed Devle:mLe
33. Ùeced–Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved~ Med, <ed, med, nd T<ce
34. ÙeÙed– d Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, mheMe&–(keâeoÙeesceeJemeevee: mheMee&:) GheÙeg&òeâ `kedâ' mes `ced' lekeâ kesâ 25 JeCeeX keâes
od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed~ mheMe& keânles nQ~ Fvekesâ GÛÛeejCe kesâ meceÙe efpendJee cegKe kesâ efJeefYevve mLeeveeW keâe
35. Ùejd–Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d,
mheMe& keâjleer nw~ ØelÙeskeâ Jeie& kesâ Deefvlece JeCe&–*d, _ed, Ced, ved Deewj ced keâes
Devegveeefmekeâ Yeer keâne peelee nw~
od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, Led, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med~
Devle:mLe–(ÙeCeesÓvlÙemLee:) Ùed, jd, ue Deewj Jed JeCeeX keâes Devle:mLe keânles nQ,
36. j–jd, ued~
keäÙeeWefkeâ Fvekeâer ieCevee mheMe& SJeb T<ce JeCeeX kesâ ceOÙe keâer ieF& nw~ FvnW DeOe&mJej
37. jued–jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od, Ked,
Yeer keânles nQ~
Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med, nd~ DevegmJeej–Fmekeâe GÛÛeejCe mebmke=âle ceW `ved' Ùee `ced' keâer lejn neslee nw~ Fmes
38. Jeued–Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od,
`ved' Ùee `ced' kesâ mLeeve hej efÛeÖ (.) Éeje efueKee peelee nw–
Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med, nd~ (i) efJemeie& (:) –mebmke=âle ceW Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie mJej kesâ yeeo neslee nw~ Fmekeâe
39. JeMed–Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, od~ GÛÛeejCe efkeâef_Ûele nd kesâ meÂMe efkeâÙee peelee nw–jece:, osJe:, ieg®:~
40. Mejd–Med, <ed, med~ (ii) mebÙegòeâ JÙe_peve–oes JÙe_peveeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves JeCe& keâes mebÙegòeâ JÙe_peve
41. Meued–Med, <ed, med, nd~ keânles nQ–
42. nued–nd,Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, kedâ + <e = #e
[d, od, Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, keâd, hed, Med, <ed, med, nd~ led + j = $e
43. nMed–nd, Ùed, Jed, ued, _ed, ced *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, {d, Oed, ped, yed, ied, [d, ped + _e = %e
od~ GÛÛeejCe mLeeve–keâC", leeueg, cetOee&, ovle, Dees‰ SJeb veeefmekeâe keâes GÛÛeejCe
JeCe& oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–mJej leLee JÙe_peve~ mLeeve keânles nQ~ JeCeeX keâe GÛÛeejCe keâjves kesâ ef ueS HesâHeâÌ [s mes efvekeâueer
1. mJej–(DeÛed) pees (JeCe&) efkeâmeer DevÙe (JeCe&) keâer meneÙelee kesâ efyevee ner yeesues efve:MJeeme JeeÙeg Fve mLeeveeW keâes mheMe& keâjleer nw~ kegâÚ JeCeeX keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve
peeles nQ, GvnW mJej keânles nQ~ mJej kesâ leerve Yeso nesles nQ–ÜmJe, oerIe& leLee GÛÛeejCe Skeâ meeLe oes mLeeveeW mes Yeer neslee nw~ JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe mLeeveeW keâes
huegle~ Deef«ece leeefuekeâe mes mecePee pee mekeâlee nw–
mLeeve mJej JÙe_peve DeIees<e–efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ietbpe veneR nesleer nw, Gvekeâe ØeÙelve DeIees<e neslee nw~
keâC" De, Dee kedâ, Ked, ied, Ied, *d, nd : DeuheØeeCe–efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeeCeJeeÙeg keâe Deuhe GheÙeesie neslee nw
leeueg F, F& Ûed, Úd,ped, Ped, _ed Ùed Med Gvekeâe yee¢e Ùelve `DeuheØeeCe' keâne peelee nw~
cetOee& $e+, $e+= šd, "d, [d, {d, Ced jd <ed ceneØeeCe–efpevekesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW ØeeCeJeeÙeg keâe DeefOekeâ GheÙeesie neslee nw Gvekeâe
ovle ue= led, Led, od, Oed, ve ued med yeendÙe ØeÙelve ceneØeeCe keâne peelee nw~
Dees‰ G, T hed,Heâd,yed,Yed,ced Jeiee&Ceeb ØeLecele=leerÙehe_Ûecee: ÙeCeMÛeeuheØeeCee:~
veeef mekeâe *d, _ed, C ed, ved, ced Jeiee&Ceeb efÉleerÙeÛelegLeez MeueMÛe ceneØeeCee:~~
keâC" leeueg S, Ss Goeòe (GÛÛew®oele:) –efpeve mJejeW keâer Glheefòe Deheves GÛÛeejCe-mLeeve kesâ Thej
keâC"ew‰ De Deew kesâ Yeeie mes nesleer nw Gvekeâer Goeòe meb%ee nesleer nw~
ovlees‰ Jed Devegoeòe (veerÛewjvegoeòe:)–efpeve mJejeW keâer Glheefòe Deheves efveOee&efjle GÛÛeejCe
ØeÙelve–HesâHeâÌ[s mes efvekeâueer efve:MJeeme JeeÙeg keâes cegKe, veeefmekeâe leLee keâC" Deeefo mLeeve kesâ veerÛes kesâ Yeeie mes nesleer nw GvnW Devegoeòe keânles nQ~
mLeeveeW mes mheMe& keâjeles ngS ceveg<Ùe Éeje DeYeer„ JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe efkeâS ieS mJeefjle (meceenej: mJeefjle:)–Goeòe Deewj Devegoeòe keâe peneB meceenej (mebÙeesie)
Ùelve keâes ØeÙelve keânles nQ~ ØeÙelve kesâ oes Yeso nesles nQ, DeeYÙevlej leLee yee¢e~ nes Gmes mJeefjle keânles nQ~
JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe keâeue ceW cegKe kesâ Deboj ceveg<Ùe keâer Ûes„ehejkeâ ef›eâÙee keâes yee¢e ØeÙelveeW kesâ DeeOeej hej JeCeeX keâe efJeYeepeve efvecve meejCeer mes mecePee pee
DeeYÙevlej ØeÙelve keânles nQ, Fmekesâ heeBÛe Yeso nQ–1. mhe=°, 2. F<eodmhe=°, mekeâlee nw–
3. F&<eodefJeJe=le, 4. efJeJe=le 5. mebJe=le~ DeeYÙevlej mhe° F&<eled F&<eod efJeJe=led efJeJe=le mebJe=le
yee¢e ØeÙelve–JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe keâe Jen Ùelve pees HesâHeâÌ[s mes keâC" lekeâ neslee nw ØeÙelve mhe=°
Gmes yee¢e ØeÙelve keânles nQ~ Fmekesâ iÙeejn (11) Yeso nQ– meb%ee mheMe& Devle:mLe T<ce mJej
1. efJeJeej, 2. mebJeej, 3. MJeeme, 4. veeo, 5. Iees<e, 6. DeIees<e, 7. DeuheØeeCe, 8. keâd Ked Ied *d De S
ceneØeeCe, 9. Goeòe, 10. Devegoeòe, leLee 11. mJeefjle~ Ûed Úd Ped _e Ùed Med nd F Dees
efJeJeej–èfJeJeej' keâe DeLe& nw `cegKe keâe Keguevee'~ šd "d [d Ced {d Jed <e G Ss
mebJeej–efpeve JeCeeX keâe GÛÛeejCe keâjles meceÙe cegKe ve Kegues, Gve JeCeeX keâe yee¢e led Led od ved Oed jd me $e+ Deew
hed Heâd yed ced Yed ued ue=
ØeÙelve `mebJeej' neslee nw~
De.Øee. ce.Øee. De.Øee. ce.Øee. De.Øee. ce.Øee.
MJeeme–efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW MJeeme Ûeuelee nw, Gvekeâe yee¢e ØeÙelve MJeeme
yee¢e efJeJeej efJeJeej mebJeej mebJeej mebJeej efJeJeej mebJeej Goeòe
neslee nw~
ØeÙelve MJeeme MJeeme veeo veeo veeo MJeeme veeo Devegoeòe
Iees<e–efpeve JeCeeX kesâ GÛÛeejCe ceW Skeâ Øekeâej keâer ietpb e nesleer nw Gvekeâe ØeÙelve
DeIees<e DeIees<e Iees <e Iees <e Iees <e DeIees<e Iees <e mJeefjle
Iees<e neslee nw~
meb%ee, meJe&veece leLee efuebie

meb %ee 1. JÙeefòeâ JeeÛekeâ meb%ee–efpeve MeyoeW ceW Skeâ ner Jemleg, JÙeefòeâ SJeb mLeeve Deeefo
meb%ee–efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ, mLeeve, ØeeCeer, iegCe, keâeÙe&, YeeJe DeLeJee Jemleg kesâ veece keâes keâe yeesOe neslee nw Gmes JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee keânles nQ~ pewmes–uelee, jcesMe:, ke=â<Ce:,
meb%ee keânles nQ~ efpemekeâe DeefmlelJe neslee nw Ùee nesves keâer keâuhevee keâer pee mekeâleer jeceeÙeCe:, ceneYeejle:, keâeocyejer Deeefo~
nw Gmes Jemleg keânles nQ~ Fme Øekeâej veece DeLeJee meb%ee meceeveeLeea Meyo nQ~ 2. peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee–peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee Jen veece nw pees Skeâ Jeie& Ùee Skeâ
JÙeekeâjCe ceW meb%ee Meyo ØeÛeefuele nw `veece' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Jemleg Øekeâej kesâ efJeefYevve JÙeefòeâÙeeW, JemlegDeeW Ùee mLeeveeW keâes meceeve ¤he mes efoÙee peeÙes~
mJeÙeb meb%ee veneR nesleer Deefheleg Jemleg keâe veece meb%ee neslee nw~ meb%ee keâe veece pewmes–YeÇelee, ceelee-efhelee~
De«eefueefKele nw– 3. YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee–YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee Jen nw ef pememes iegCe, ef›eâÙee, oMee,
1. JÙeefòeâ keâe veece–MÙeece:, ke=â<Ce:, meesnve:, jcee, nefj: DeJemLee SJeb JÙeeheej keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ pewmes–ceOegjlee, megbojlee, Øemevvelee,
2. mLeeve keâe veece–ØeÙeeie:, Deeieje, ceLegje, ueKeveT efveOe&velee Deeefo~
3. ØeeCeer keâe veece–DeMJe:, SsjeJele:, keâekeâ:, Jeevej: jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej meb%ee MeyoeW kesâ Yeso
4. iegCe SJeb YeeJe–MewMeJeeJemLee, yeeuÙeeJemLee, ÙegJeeJemLee, megvojlee jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej meb%ee MeyoeW kesâ oes Yeso nQ–1. mJejevle meb%ee Meyo Deewj 2.
meb%ee kesâ Yeso–meb%ee leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ– JÙe_peveevle meb%ee Meyo~
1. mJejevle meb%ee Meyo–mJejevle meb%ee Gmes keânles nQ efpemekesâ Devle ceW keâesF& 1. Denb DeeheCeb ieÛÚeefce~
mJej neslee nw; pewmes–MÙeece, jece, meKee, ceele=, efhele=, uelee, jcee, veoer, Jeeefj, 2. DeeJeeced «eeceb ieÛÚeJe:~
JeOet, Oesveg Deeefo~ 3. JeÙeb GheJeveb ieÛÚece:~
2. JÙebpeveevle meb%ee Meyo –Ùen Jen Meyo nesles nQ efpemekesâ Devle ceW keâesF& JÙebpeve 4. lJeb hegmlekebâ he"~
neslee nw; pewmes–YeieJeled, YetYe=le, Deelceved, keâefjved, peieled, efoMed Deeefo~
5. ÙegJeeced peueb efheyeleced~
meJe&veece 6. ÙetÙeced meeÙebkeâeues ›eâer[Le~
meb%ee kesâ mLeeve hej pees Meyo ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ Gmes meJe&veece keânles nQ~ meJe&veece 7. me: ie=nb DeeieÛÚefle~
Meyo oes MeyoeW meJe& + veece mes efceuekeâj yevee nw~ meJe& keâe DeLe& nw–meye Ùee meYeer 8. leew efJeÅeeueÙeb DeeieÛÚle:~
Deewj veece keâe DeLe& nw meb%ee~ Fme Øekeâej Jes Meyo pees meYeer meb%eeDeeW kesâ yeoues 9. les efÛeefkeâlmeeueÙeb DeeieÛÚefvle~
hetJee&hej mecyevOe kesâ meeLe ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ, meJe&veece keânueeles nQ ÙeLee– 2. oMe&keâ meJe&veece–efpeme meJe&veece keâe ØeÙeesie Jemleg, mLeeve Deeefo oMee&ves kesâ
jece: oMejLemÙe, heg$e:, Deemeerled~ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw Gme oMe&keâ keâes meJe&veece keânles nQ; GoenjCe kesâ efueS~
me: ceneved ÙeesieMJej: Deemeerled~
S<e: cece efJeÅeeueÙe:~
Fme GoenjCe ceW otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW jece: kesâ efueS me: ØeÙegòeâ ngDee Deewj hetJee&hej
Fob Heâueced Deefmle~
mecyevOe kesâ meeLe Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ `me:' `jece:' mes mecyeefvOele nw efpemekeâe
S<ee uelee Deefmle Deeefo~
henues GuuesKe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
3. efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece–efpeme meJe&veece keâe ØeÙeesie Jeòeâe Ùee ßeeslee Deheves efueS
hetJee&hej Meyo hetJe& + Dehej mes efceuekeâj yevee nw~ hetJe& keâe DeLe& nw henues Dehej keâe
DeLe& nw yeeo keâe~ keâjlee nw, Gme efvepeJeeÛekeâ Meyo keâes meJe&veece keânles nQ~ ÙeLee–
Fme Øekeâej peye meJe&veece keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw leye henues Deewj yeeo kesâ jece: mJeÙeb he"efle~
mecyevOe keâes OÙeeve ceW jKee peelee nw; ÙeLee– jsKeebefkeâle Meyo efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece nw~
``Yeejles iebiee, Ùecegvee, vece&oe, Ûe Fefle Deveskeâe: veÅe: meefvle~ iebiee veoer<eg ßes‰e~ 4. mecyevOeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece–efpeme meJe&veece kesâ ceeOÙece mes JeekeäÙe keâe hejmhej
iebiee efnceeueÙeeled ØeYeJeefle, meeiejb Øeefle Jenefle Ûe~ ceeiex DevÙee: veÅe: iebieeÙee: mecyevOe Øekeâš neslee nw Gmes mecyevOe JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece keânles nQ~ ÙeLee–
ØeJeensCe efceueefvle~ lJeb ÙemÙe Keeoefme lemÙe keâeÙe&ceefhe kegâ®~ me: keâefj<Ùeefle, me: he"efle, me: Yeefj<Ùeefle~
Dele: iebieeÙee: hee$eb efJemle=leb YeJeefle~~''
Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo mecyevOe JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Ùes oesveeW JeekeäÙeeW
``Yeejles iebiee: Ùecegvee vece&oe Ûe Fefle Deveskeâe: veÅe: meefvle~ mee veoer<eg veoer<eg
ceW mecyevOe Øekeâš keâjles nQ~
ßes‰e~ me efnceeueÙeeled ØeYeJeefle meeiejb Øeefle Jenefle Ûe~ ceeiex DevÙee: veÅe: lemÙee:
5. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece–ØeMve hetÚves kesâ efueS efpeme meJe&veece keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ
ØeJeensCe efceueefvle, Dele: lemÙee: hee$eb efJemle=leb YeJeefle~''
ØeLece GoenjCe ceW ìebiee' Meyo heebÛe yeej DeeÙee nw~ Skeâ ner Meyo keâer Ûeej yeej Gmes ØeMveJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece keânles nQ~
hegvejeJe=efòe DevegefÛele ueieleer nw~ Dele: otmejs GoenjCe ceW iebiee kesâ mLeeve hej `me' efJeÅeeueÙeb keâ: ieÛÚefle?
Deewj `lemÙee:' Meyo DeeS nQ~ meb#eshe ceW meJe&veece Meyo meb%ee MeyoeW keâer hegvejeJe=efòe me: meeÙebkeâeues eEkeâ keâjesefle?
jeskeâves ceW meneÙekeâ nesles nQ~ Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo ØeMveJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece nQ~
meJe&veece kesâ Yeso–meJe&veece kesâ efvecveebefkeâle Yeso nesles nQ– 6. efveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece–efpeme meJe&veece kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer efveefMÛele Jemleg Ùee
1. heg®<e JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 2. oMe&keâ meJe&veece, 3. efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 4. JÙeefòeâ keâer Deesj mebkesâle efkeâÙee peelee nw Gmes efveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece keânles nQ;
mecyevOe JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 5. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, 6. efveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece, ÙeLee–
7. DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece~
DeÙeb cece «eece:~ cece ceneefJeÅeeueÙe:
1. heg®<e JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece–heg®<e JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece Gmes keânles nQ efpeme meJe&veece kesâ
Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo efveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ efJeÅeeueÙe
Éeje Jeòeâe, ßeeslee, Deewj DevÙe (efpeme mecyevOe ceW yeeleÛeerle nes jner nes) keâe yeesOe
efveefMÛelelee Ùee efveMÛeÙe keâe metÛekeâ nw~
nes; ÙeLee–
7. DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece–DeefveMÛeÙe JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece Gmes keânles nQ efpeme
Demceod, Ùeg<ceod Deewj leod heg®<e JeeÛekeâ meJe&veece nw efpevekesâ ¤he ›eâceMe: Gòece
heg®<e, ceOÙece heg®<e Deewj DevÙe heg®<e ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ– meJe&veece kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer efveefMÛele Jemleg Ùee JÙeefòeâ keâer Deesj mebkesâle veneR neslee nw;

ÙeLee– DeeefOe, JÙeeefOe, meceeefOe FlÙeeefo Meyo Yeer efJeefOe kesâ meceeve ner Fkeâejevle hegeuq uebie
efJeÅeeueÙes keâefMÛeled yeeuekeâ: he"efle nesles nQ~
meJexYÙe: «eecesYÙe: heg®<ee: efm$eÙe: Ûe Deeielee:~ Deelcee Meyo efnvoer ceW m$eereEueie ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw eEkeâleg mebmke=âle ceW Ùen Meyo
Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo `keâef MÛeled Deewj meJexYÙe:' DeefveMÛeÙe JeeÛekeâ hegeuq uebie nw, Ùen OÙeeve ceW jKevee ÛeeefnS~
meJe&veece nQ~ Ssmes Meyo efpevekeâer GheOee ceW kedâ, šd, Ced, Led, ved, hed, Yed, ced, Ùed, jd, <ed, med ceW mes
meJe&veece Meyo kesâ ¤he–efnvoer ceW `meJe&veece' Meyo keâe DeLe& nw–èfkeâmeer meb%ee kesâ keâesF& De#ej nes Deewj Ùeefo Jes Dekeâejevle neW lees ØeeÙe: hegequuebie nesles nQ–
mLeeve hej DeeÙee ngDee Meyo nw~ eEkeâleg mebmke=âle ceW meJe&veece Meyo Ssmes 35 MeyoeW mleJekeâ:, keâukeâ:, Ieš:, heš:, iegCe:, hee<eeCe:, GodieerLe:, jLe:, Fve: Hesâve:,
keâe yeesOe neslee nw pees `meJe&' Meyo mes ØeejcYe nesles nQ Deewj efpevekesâ ¤he ØeeÙe: Skeâ Ùethe:, oerhe:, mlecYe:, kegâcYe:, meesce:, Yeerce:, nÙe:, #egj:, Debkegâj:, Je=he:, Jelme:,
mes Ûeueles nQ~ Je#e:, JeeÙeme:, ceneveme:~
ÉvÉ meceeme keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Ùeefo DevÙe efkeâmeer meceeme kesâ Devle ceW Ùes meJe& FlÙeeefo osJ e, Demegj, Deelce, mJeie&, veKe, kesâMe, ovle, mleve, Yegpe, keâC", Ke[die, he¿,
meJe&veece Meyo neW lees Gvekeâer Yeer meJe&veece ner mebKÙee nesleer nw~ pees ØecegKe meJe&veece ›eâleg, keâheesue, ieguHeâ, cesIe, jefMce, efoJeme–Ùes Meyo leLee Fvekesâ DeLe& yeleeves Jeeues
Fme Øekeâej nQ–meJe&, GYe, GYeÙe, Flej, leod, Ùeod, Sleod, Foced, Deomed, Ùeg<ceod Meyo ØeeÙe: hegequuebie kesâ nesles nQ~
Demceod, YeJeled Deewj efkeâced FlÙeeefo~ FveceW mes Ùeod, leod, Sleod, Foced, meJe& Deeefo oej, De#ele, ueepe, Demeg Meyo hegeuq uebie ceW leLee meoe yengJeÛeve ceW nesles nQ–
meJe&veeceeW kesâ ¤he hegeuq uebie, m$eereEueie Deewj vehegbmekeâeEueie ceW nesles nQ, peyeefkeâ oeje:, De#ele:, ueepee:, DemeJe:~
Demceod Deewj Ùeg<ceod meJe&veeceeW kesâ ¤he ceW leerveeW eEueieeW ceW meceeve nesles nQ~ Fve m$eereuE eie Meyo –keâuee, efveMee, Oegefue (Oetj), ceefle, yegefæ, ieefle, Yeefòeâ, Meefòeâ,
meYeer meJe&veeceeW kesâ ¤he ØeLecee mes mehleceer efJeYeefòeâ lekeâ nesles nQ~ ßegelf e, mce=elf e, Meeefvle, veerefle, jerefle, peeefle, jeef$e, hebefòeâ, ieerefle, vešer, he=LJeer,
eEueie Yeso hebÛeJešer, Ûecet (mesvee), keâke&âvOet (yej), JeeCeer, efJeÅegle, Ùeesef<ele, jppeg, mejÙeg, leveg,
eEueie keâe DeLe& nw–efÛeÖ DeLee&led efpemekesâ Éeje Ùen helee Ûeues efkeâ Decegkeâ meb%ee efØeÙebieg, DeJeefve:, Ûecet:, iueeefve:, ke=âefle:, ue#ceer: kegâ®:, Jeecees¤:, efJeÅee, Depee,
Meyo m$eer peeefle kesâ efueS Deewj Decegkeâ heg®<e peeefle kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw, Gmes keâvÙee Deeefo~
eEueie keânles nQ– veesš–efnvoer ceW ceefncee, keâeefuecee Deeefo Meyo m$eereEueie ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâS peeles nQ,
efnvoer ceW oes eEueie nesles nQ efkeâvleg mebmke=âle ceW leerve efueÁ nesles nQ–m$eereEueie Deewj eEkeâleg mebmke=âle ceW hegeuq uebie ceW Fmekeâe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS~
hegeuq uebie Deewj meejs heoeLe& JeeÛekeâ Meyo Ûeens Ûesleve neW DeleJee DeÛesleve FvneR oes  Dehmejmed Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie yengOee yengJeÛeve ceW ner neslee nw~
eEueieeW ceW efJeYeòeâ nesles nQ~ mebmke=âle ceW Fve oes eEueieeW kesâ Deefleefjòeâ Skeâ Deewj neslee  DeMeefve, YejefCe, DejefCe, ßeesefCe, Ùeesefve Deewj Te|ce m$eereEueie Deewj
nw, efpemes vehegbmekeâeEueie keânles nQ~ meejer meb%eeSB FvneR leerve eEueieeW ceW efJeYeòeâ nQ, hegeuq uebie oesveeW nesles nQ~
keâesF& hegeuq uebie keâesF& m$eereEueie Deewj keâesF& vehegbmekeâeEueie~ Skeâ ner Jemleg keâe yeesOe  ßeer, Yet:, Yetefce, veoer, Jeuueer, nlÙee, heefJe$elee Deewj pevelee Deeefo~
keâjeves Jeeuee keâesF& Meyo hegeuq uebie ceW nw, lees keâesF& m$eereEueie ceW DeLeJee vehegbmekeâeEueie  19 (SkeâesveeEJeMeefle:) mes ueskeâj 99 (veJeveJeefle:) lekeâ mebKÙeeJeeÛeer
ceW pewmes–leveg: (m$eer.), osn: (heg.) Deewj Mejerjced (vehegb.) meYeer MejerjJeeÛeer nQ, meYeer Meyo m$eereEueie kesâ nesles nQ~
òeje:' Meyo hegeuq uebie nesles ngS Yeer m$eer keâe DeLe& yeleelee nw, òsJ elee' Meyo vehegbmekeâeEueie Meyo–efce$e, cegKe, ve#e$e, yeerpe, le=Ce (Ieeme), ieieve, %eeve, oefOe
mebmke=âle ceW m$eereuE eie ceW nesles ngS Yeer osJ e (heg®<e) keâe DeLe& yeleelee nw~ (oner)~ meefkeäLe, peeBIe, Deef#e (DeeBKe) oe® (keâe") peeveg (Iegšvee) peleg (ueeKe)
hegequuebie Meyo –heekeâ:, lÙeeie:, keâj:, iej:, me_Ûej:, ieesÛej:, ueeskeâ, ceeme, pe$eg (kebâOeeW keâer meefvOe), leeueg, ceOeg (Meno), mJeeog, Deßeg, peleg, $eheg, ceOeg,
ieeshee, MebKeceOÙee, meescehee, OeÇtcehee, peueefOe, efieefj, meefhle, Jeef£ (Deeie), Deefive, meeveg, keâmes®, Jemleg, keâe‰, efmekeäLe, GkeäLe, .... legenf ve, Deefpeve, Jesleve, Meemeve,
jefJe (metÙe&)~ meesheeve, efceLegve, peIeve, keâeveve, Jeve Je=efpeve, Jesleve, Meemeve, meesheeve, efceLegve,
veesš –efJeefOe (efJeOeeve, lejkeâerye kesâ DeLe& ceW) efnvoer ceW m$eereEueie nw~ eEkeâleg mebmke=âle ceW MceMeeve, jlve, heehe, ¤he, G[ghe, leuhe, efMeuhe, heg<he, meceerhe, Devlejerhe, DeeceÇ,
Ùener Meyo hegeuq uebie ceW nw Fmekeâe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS~ efJeefOe, GoefOe, peueefOe, heJe&, nefJe, keâhe, Ûece& Denb Deeefo~

JeÛeve
mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW JeÛeve leerve nesles nQ–1. SkeâJeÛeve, 2. efÉJeÛeve leLee 3. Yeer ØeeÙe: mebmke=âle ceW SkeâJeÛeve ceW ner ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw ÙeLee–ves$eÉÙeced, heoÙegieced,
yengJeÛeve~ ÛejCe Ùegieueced, keâjÙegiceced Deeefo~
SkeâJeÛeve–SkeâJeÛeve Gmes keânles nQ, pees Meyo kesâ efpeme ¤he mes Gmekesâ Skeâ nesves 3. Jeie&, iegCe, mecegoeÙe, $eÙe, Ûeleg„Ùe Deeefo Meyo yenglJe yeesOekeâ nesves hej
keâe yeesOe nes; pewmes–yeeuekeâ:, efJeMJehee:, keâefJe:, heefle:, meKee, ØeOeer:, Yeeveg, SkeâJeÛeve ceW ØeÙeesie nesles nQ; pewmes–Úe$eieCe:, DeOÙeehekeâ Jeie&, Jeso Ûeleg„Ùeced,
mJeÙecYet:, efhelee, ieew:, veoer, ceelee Deewj hevLee: (ieeÙe, keâuece, leeueeye) Deeefo~ iegCe$eÙeced Deeefo~
efÉJeÛeve–Meyo kesâ efpeme ¤he mes Gmekesâ oes nesves keâe yeesOe nes Gmes efÉJeÛeve keânles 4. mebmke=âle ceW keâj, ÛejCe, Deef#e, ves$e, keâCe& Meyo meoe efÉJeÛeve ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
nQ–yeeuekeâew, efJeMJeheew, keâJeer, heleer, meKeeÙeew, ØeOÙeew, Yeevet, mJeÙecYegJeew, efhelejew, peelee nw~
ieeJeew, veÅeew, ceelejew, hevLeeveew (oes ieeÙe, oes keâuece, oes leeueeye) Deeefo~ 5. mebmke=âle ceW efÉ Deewj GYe Meyo Yeer efÉJeÛeveevle ner nesles nQ Deewj Deheves efJeMes<Ùe
yengJeÛeve–efpeme Meyo kesâ Éeje oes mes DeefOekeâ Ùee Deveskeâ nesves keâe yeesOe nes Gmes ceW eEueie JeÛeve kesâ Devegmeej ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ÙeLee–Éw ves$es, Éew vejew,
yengJeÛeve keânles nQ, pewmes–yeeuekeâe:, efJeMJehee:, keâJeÙe:, heleÙe:, meKeeÙe:, ØeOÙe:, GYeew SJeb jeceke=â<Ceew~
YeeveJe:, mJeÙecYegJe:, efhelej:, ieeJe:, veÅe:, ceelej:, hevLeeve: (ieeÙeW, keâueceW, 6. mebmke=âle ceW ocheefle (heefle-helveer) Meyo hegeuq uebie efÉJeÛeve ceW ner nw~
leeueeyeeW) Deeefo~ 7. oej (m$eer), De#eled (ÛeeJeue) leLee Demeg (ØeeCe) ueepe Ùes Meyo mebmke=âle Yee<ee
SkeâJeÛeve yeeuekeâ: he"elfe ceW efvelÙe hegeuq uebie yengJeÛeve ceW ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
eÉfJeÛeve yeeuekeâew he"le: 8. mebmke=âle ceW Dehed (heeveer), mecee (Je<ee&), efmekeâlee (jsle/yeeuet), Je<ee& Deeefo Meyo
yengJeÛeve yeeuekeâe: he"evfle yengJeÛeve ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
9. ØeeCe Meyo mebmke=âle ceW hegequuebie yengJeÛeve ceW ner Deelee nw~
JeÛeve kesâ ØeÙeesie keâer efJeMes<eleeSB–JeÛeve kesâ Ø eÙeesie kesâ efueS kegâÚ efJeMes<eleeSB
efvecveefueefKele nQ– 10. mebmke=âle ceW Dehmejmed Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie m$eereEueie ceW meowJ e yengJeÛeve ceW ner
1. peeefleJeeÛekeâ DeLe& ceW ØeeÙe: SkeâJeÛeve keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ keâYeer-keâYeer yengJeÛeve
neslee nw~
11. keâefle (efkeâleves), Ùeefle (efpeleves) SJeb leefle (Gleves) efvelÙe yengJeÛeveeble nQ~
keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie neslee nw, ÙeLee–
12. mebmke=âle ceW DeeÛeeÙe&, ieg®, efhele=, ceele= Deeefo JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ MeyoeW kesâ meeLe
leLeeefhe, eEmen: heMegjsJe veevÙe:~ (SkeâJeÛeve)
yeÇeÿeCee: JesoeOÙeÙeveb kegâÙeg&:~ (yengJeÛeve) `ÛejCe'DeLeJee `heeo' Meyo peesÌ[keâj Deeoj oMee&ves kesâ efueS yengJeÛeve keâe ØeÙeesie
2. mebmke=âle ceW keâefleheÙe Meyo meowJ e oes JemlegDeeW DeLeJee ØeeefCeÙeeW keâe yeesOe keâjeles
neslee nw–DeeÛeeÙe&heeoe:, ieg®ÛejCee: Deeefo~
13. mebmke=âle ceW osMeJeeÛekeâ Meyo JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ veece hej efueS peeves kesâ keâejCe
nQ ÙeLee–ocheefle (heefle-helveer), efhelejew (ceelee-efhelee), YeÇelejew (YeeF&-yenve) Deeefo~
Fmeer Øekeâej peesÌ[er kesâ DeLe& ceW–ÉÙe, Ùegie, Ùegieue SJeb efÉleerÙe keâe yeesOe keâjeves hej yengJeÛeve ceW ØeÙeesie nesles nQ, pewmes–ceieOee:, efJeoYee&:, keâeEueiee: Deeefo~
meefvOe
meefvOe 3. efJemeie& meefvOe~
meefvOe keâe DeLe&–JeCee&veeb mevOeeveb meefvOe:~ oes JeCeeX kesâ cesue keâes meefvOe keânles nQ mJej meefvOe Ùee DeÛed meefvOe–mJej meefvOe meefvOe kesâ ØecegKe Yeso Fme Øekeâej nQ–
Dele: Ùen keâne pee mekeâlee nw efkeâ oes JeCeeX kesâ heejmheefjkeâ cesue mes pees JeCeeX ceW 1. oerIe& mJej meefvOe, 2. iegCe mJej meefvOe, 3. Je=efæ mJej meefvOe, 4. ÙeCed mJej
heefjJele&ve neslee nw, Gmes meefvOe keânles nQ, pewmes–efJeÅee + DeLeea = efJeÅeeLeea~ ÙeneB meefvOe, 5. DeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe, 6. hetJe&¤he mJej meefvOe SJeb 7. hej¤he meefvOe~
efJeÅee keâe Deefvlece mJej `Dee' leLee DeLeea keâe ØeLece mJej `De' Fleves efvekeâš Dee oerIe& mJej meefvOe (met$e- Dekeâ: meJeCex oerIe&:) –Dekeâd DeLee&led ÜmJe Ùee oerIe& De,
ieÙes nQ efkeâ meefvOe keâer efmLeefle DeefveJeeÙe& nes ieÙeer nw~ ÙeneB oesveeW (Dee + De) F, G, $e+, è kesâ yeeo meJeCe& (meceeve) mJej Deeves hej hetJe& SJeb hej kesâ mLeeve hej
efceuekeâj `Dee' yeve ieÙes nQ~ oerIe& SkeâeosMe nes peelee nw~
meefvOe kesâ Yeso GoenjCe–(keâ) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo De Ùee Dee = Dee
meefvOe cegKÙele: leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw– DeÅe + Deefhe = DeÅeeefhe
1. mJej meefvOe Ùee DeÛed meefvOe, hegmlekeâ + DeeueÙe: = hegmlekeâeueÙe:
2. JÙe_peve meefvOe Ùee nued meefvOe, he_Ûe + Deeveveced = he_Ûeeveveced
Mem$e + Deeieej: = Mem$eeieej: nesle= + $e+keâej: = neslȩkeâej:/nesle=keâej:
efnce + DeeueÙe: = efnceeueÙe: ke=â + $e+keâej: = keâ¸keâej:
efJeÅee + DeeueÙe: = efJeÅeeueÙe: ceele= + $e+keâej: = ceele¸keâej:
efJeÅee + Deelegj: = efJeÅeelegj: efhele= + $e+Ceced = efhele¸Ceced
Ùeoe + DeYeJeled = ÙeoeYeJeled iegCe mJej meefvOe (met$e-DeeodiegCe:) –Ùeefo DeJeCe& De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo keâesF& Yeer mJej
owlÙe + Deefj: = owlÙeeefj: DeeJes lees hetJe& SJeb hej kesâ mLeeve hej iegCe DeeosMe nes peelee nw~
efJeÅee + DeYÙeeme: = efJeÅeeYÙeeme: (keâ) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo F Ùee F& neW lees oesveeW efceuekeâj `S' nes peeles nQ–
cene + Deelcee = cenelcee iepe + Fvõ: = iepesvõ:
megj + DeeueÙe: = megjeueÙe: ieCe + F&Me: = ieCesMe:
megKe + DeLeea = megKeeLeea jepee + Fvõ: = jepesvõ
MegYe + Deeieceveced = MegYeeieceveced leLee + Fefle = leLesefle
Jeso + Devle: = Jesoevle: jepee + F&Me: = jepesMe:
DeveeLe + DeeueÙe: = DeveeLeeueÙe: cene + F&Me: = censMe:
(Ke) F Ùee F& kesâ yeeo F Ùee F& = F& jcee + F&Me: = jcesMe:
jefJe + Fvõ: = jJeervõ megj + Fvõ: = megjsvõ:
cegevf e + Fvõ: = cegveervõ: efove + F&Me: = efovesMe:
keâefhe + F&Me: = keâheerMe: megj + F&Me: = megjsMe:
ieewjer + F&Me: = ieewjerMe: Ghe + Fvõ: = Ghesvõ:
meleer + Fvõ: = meleervõ: YegJeve + F&Me: = YegJevesMe:
ßeer + F&Me: = ßeerMe: Oece& + Fvõ: = Oecexvõ:
efieefj + F&Me: = efiejerMe: Keie + Fvõ: = Keiesvõ:
Fefle + Foced = Fleeroced osJ e + Fvõ: = osJesvõ
he"efle + Foced = he"leeroced ve + Foced = vesoced
jefJe + F&Me: = jJeerMe: ie”e + F&MJej: = ie”sMJej:
ef#eefle + F&Me: = ef#eleerMe: F&<Ùee + FJe = F&<ÙesJe
megOeer + F&Me: = megOeerMe: keâceue + F&Me: = keâceuesMe:
cener + Fvõ: = cenervõ: FJe + F<eJe: = F&Jes<eJe:
(ie) G Ùee T kesâ yeeo G Ùee T = T F&<Ùee& + FJe = F&<ÙexJe
efJeOeg + GoÙe: = efJeOetoÙe: keâceue + Fvog: = keâceuesvog:
ieg® + GheosMe: = ieg¤heosMe: keâevlee + FJe = keâevlesJe
meeOeg + Gkeäleced = meeOetkeäleced Keie + F&Me: = KeiesMe:
Yeeveg + GoÙe: = YeevetoÙe: ie”e + F&Me: = ie”sMe:
ueIeg + Te|ce: = ueIete|ce: ÚeÙee + FJe = ÚeÙesJe
JeOet + GlmeJe: = JeOetlmeJe: efpele + FefvõÙe: = efpelesevf õÙe:
efJe<Ceg + GoÙe: = efJe<CetoÙe: peereJf ele + F&MJej: = peereJf elesMJej:
meeOeg + GÛeg: = meeOetÛeg: Ûe + FÙeced = ÛesÙeced
Ûecet + Tpe&: = Ûecetpe&: meJe& + F&Me: = meJexMe:
(Ie) $e+ Ùee $e+ kesâ yeeo $e+ Ùee $e+= = $e+= melÙe + Fvõ: = melÙesvõ:
ceele= + $e+Ceced = ceele¸Ceced mee + FJe = mesJe
(Ke) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo G Ùee T = Dees Oeve + S<eCee = Oevew<eCee
he=‰ + Gheefj = he=‰esheefj osJ e + SsMJeÙe&ced = osJ ewMJeÙe&ced
meJe& + GoÙe: = meJeexoÙe: cele + SskeäÙeced = celewkeäÙeced
Ûevõ + GoÙe: = ÛevõesoÙe: cee + SJeced = cewJeced
ie”e + Gokeâced = ie”esokeâced uelee + SJe = uelewJe
jepee + GJeeÛe = jepeesJeeÛe uelee + S<ee = uelew<ee
hej + Ghekeâej: = hejeshekeâej: meoe + SJe = meowJ e
cene + GlmeJe = ceneslmeJe heÛÛe + Sles = he_Ûewles
efnle + GheosMe: = efnleesheosMe: efJeÅee + SsMJeÙe&ced = efJeÅewMJeÙe&ced
heMÙe + Gheefj = heMÙeesheefj ke=â<Ce + SkeâlJeced = ke=â<CewkeâlJeced
heerve + T®: = heervees®: ie”e + S<ee = ie”w<ee
ke=â<Ce + G®: = ke=â<Cees®: De$e + Skeâ: = De$ewkeâ:
peve + GheosMe: = peveesheosMe: heMÙe + Sleced = heMÙewleced
peue + Te|ce: = peueese|ce: (Ke) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo Dees Ùee Deew = Deew
leš + Gheefj = lešesheefj peue + DeesIe: = peueewIe:
oÙee + GoÙe: = oÙeesoÙe: Jeve + Deeskeâme: = Jeveewkeâme:
vej + Gòeced = vejesòeced heg<he + DeesIe: = heg<heewIe:
veJe + G{e = veJees{e G<Ce + Deesoveced = G<Ceewoveced
(ie) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo $e+ = Dejd Jeve + Deew<eefOe: = Jeveew<eefOe:
osJ e + $e+ef<e: = osJ e |<e: osJ e + DeewoeÙe&ced = osJ eewoeÙe&ced
mehle + $e+ef<e: = mehlee|<e: ie”e + DeesIe: = ie”ewIe:
osJ e + $e+Ceced = osJ eCe&ced cene + Dees<eOeced = cenew<eOeced
cene + $e+ef<e: = cene|<e: hejced + Deew<eefOe: = hejceew<eefOe:
jepee + $e+ef<e: = jepee|<e: cene + Deespe: = cenewpe:
«eer<ce + $e+leg: = «eer<celeg&: cene + Deew<eefOe: = cenew<eefOe:
yeÇÿe + $e+ef<e: = yeÇÿee|<e: ÙeCed mJej meefvOe (met$e FkeâesÙeCeefÛe)–Fkeâd (F, G, $e+, è) kesâ mLeeve hej ÙeCed
ke=â<Ce + $e+efæ: = ke=â<Cee|æ: (Ùed, Jed, jd, ued) nes peeS mJej hejs nesves hej DeLee&led Ùeefo Fkeâd kesâ yeeo keâesF& Yeer
cene + $e+efæ: = cenee|æ: mJej nes lees Fkeâd kesâ mLeeve hej ÙeCed nes peelee nw~
veejo + $e+ef<e: = veejoe|<e: (keâ) F Ùee F& kesâ yeeo keâesF& Demeceeve mJej Deeves hej = Ùed
hegCÙe + $e+efæ: = hegCÙee|æ: cegevf e + De$e = cegvÙe$e
(Ie) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo ue= = Deued Ùeefo + Deefhe = ÙeÅeefhe
leJe + ue=keâej: = leJeukeâej: Fefle + Deeefo = FlÙeeefo
leJe + ue=ovle: = leJeuovle: Fefle + Gkeäleced = FlÙegkeäleced
cece + ue=keâej: = ceceukeâej: Fefle + SJeced = FlÙesJeced
cece + ue=JeCe&: = ceceuJeCe&: veoer + Deefhe = veÅeefhe
Je=efæ mJej meefvOe (met$e Je=efæjsefÛe)–Deeled DeLee&led DeJeCe& De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo SÛed DeefYe + GoÙe: = DeYÙegoÙe:
(S, Dees, Ss, Deew) DeeJes lees hetJe& SJeb hej kesâ mLeeve hej Je=efæ SkeâeosMe nes peelee nw~ megOeer + GheemÙe: = megOÙegheemÙe:
(keâ) De Ùee Dee kesâ yeeo S Ùee Ss = Ss veoer + Te|ce: = veÅetec| e:
ve + SJeced = vewJeced Øeefle + Skeâ: = ØelÙeskeâ:
Fefle + De$e = FlÙe$e (Ke) Ss + mJej = DeeÙed
Fefle + Deen = FlÙeen vew + Dekeâ: = veeÙekeâ:
veoer + Deew = veÅeew Mew + Dekeâ: = MeeÙekeâ:
(Ke) G Ùee T kesâ yeeo Demeceeve mJej JeCe& Deeves hej = Jed owJ e + Dekeâ: = oeÙekeâ:
meg + Deeieleced = mJeeieleced iew + Fkeâ: = ieeefÙekeâ:
ceOeg + Deefj: = ceOJeefj: iew + Dekeâ: = ieeÙekeâ:
he"leg + De$e = he"lJe$e (ie) Dees + mJej = DeJed
ueIeg + DeeoeÙe = ueOJeeoeÙe hees + Deve: = heJeve:
JeOet + Deeieceveced = JeOJeeieceveced Yees + Deveced = YeJeveced
Deveg + DeÙe: = DevJeÙe: ßees + DeCeced = ßeJeCeced
ieg® + Dee%ee = iegJee&%ee iees + Deveced = ieJeveced
ieg® + DeeosMe: = iegJee&osMe: iees + F&Me: = ieJeerMe:
JeOet + Deew = JeOJeew mlees + Deveced = mleJeveced
ieg® + DeeosMe: = iegJee&osMe: hees + F$e: = heefJe$e:
oefOe + De$e = oOÙe$e (Ie) Deew + mJej = DeeJed
heew + Dekeâ: = heeJekeâ:
meeOeg + Fefle = meeefOJeefle
ßeew + Dekeâ: = ßeeJekeâ:
(ie) $e+ Ùee $e+ kesâ yeeo Demeceeve mJej JeCe& Deeves hej = jd
Sleew + Deefhe = SleeJeefhe
ceele= + DebMe: = cee$ebMe:
Yeew + Dekeâ: = YeeJegkeâ:
efhele= + Dee%ee = efhe$ee%ee
ßeew + Fkeâe = ßeeefJekeâe
ceele= + Dee%ee = cee$ee%ee
Éew + SJe = ÉeJesJe
efhele= + Dee = efhe$ee
hetJe& ¤he mJej meefvOe (S*d:heoevleeoefle) –Ùeefo heoevle S*d (S, Dees) kesâ yeeo
ceele= + S = cee$es Deled (ÜmJe De) nes lees hetJe& SJeb hej kesâ mLeeve hej hetJe&¤he SkeâeosMe nes peelee nw~
(Ie) ue= kesâ yeeo Demeceeve mJej JeCe& Deeves hej = ued pewm es–
ue= + Deeke=âefle: = ueeke=âefle: njs + DeJe = njsÓJe
ue= + Deekeâej: = ueekeâej: efJe<Cees + DeJe = efJe<CeesÓJe
ue= + DeeosMe: = ueeosMe: njs + De$e = njsÓ$e
ue= + DevegyevOe: = uevegyevOe: ueeskesâ + Deefmceve = ueeskesâÓefmceved
DeeÙeeefo mJej meefvOe (met$e–SÛeesÓÙeJeeÙeeJe:) –Ùeefo S, Ss, Dees, Deew kesâ yeeo keâesF& ueeskeâes + DeÙeced + ueeskeâesÓÙeced
mJej Deelee nw, leye `S' kesâ mLeeve ceW `DeÙed', `Dees' kesâ mLeeve ceW `DeJed', `Ss' kesâ les + Deefhe = lesÓefhe
mLeeve hej `DeeÙed', `Deew' kesâ mLeeve ceW `DeeJed' DeeosMe nes peelee nw~ keâJes + De$e = keâJesÓ$e
(keâ) S + mJej = DeÙed hej¤he mJej meefvOe (Sef*hej¤heced)–DeJeCee&vle Ghemeie& kesâ yeeo S*eefo (S,
Ûes + Deveced = ÛeÙeveced Dees) Oeeleg nes lees hetJe& SJeb hej kesâ mLeeve hej hej¤he SkeâeosMe nes peelee nw~ pewmes–
me_Ûes + Deveced = me_ÛeÙeveced Øe + Speles = Øespeles
ves + Deveced = veÙeveced Ghe + Dees<eefle = Ghees<eefle
Mes + Deveced = MeÙeveced Øe + Dees<eefle = Øees<eefle
nj + S = njÙes JÙe_peve Ùee nued meefvOe–JÙe_peve JeCe& Ùee nued ØelÙeenej kesâ yeeo efkeâmeer JÙe_peve
keâJes + S = keâJeÙes Ùee mJej JeCe& kesâ Dee peeves hej GveceW pees efJekeâej neslee nw, Gmes JÙe_peve meefvOe
pes + De: = peÙe: keânles nQ~
mebÛes + De: = mebÛeÙe: DeLeJee
Ûes + De: = ÛeÙe: JÙe_peve kesâ yeeo mJej Ùee JÙe_peve Deeves hej JÙe_peve meefvOe nesleer nw–
JÙe_peve meefvOe kesâ ØecegKe Yeso–JÙe_peve meefvOe kesâ efvecveefueefKele Yeso nesles nQ– <ešd + ceeme: = <eCceeme:
1. MÛeglJe meefvOe, 2. °glJe meefvOe, 3. peMlJe meefvOe, 4. ÛelJe meefvOe SJeb 5. ueYed + Oe: = ueyOe:
DevegmJeej meefvOe~ Gled + Ùeesie = GÅeesie:
MÛeglJe meefvOe (mlees:MÛegveeMÛeg:)–mekeâej Ùee leJeie& keâe Mekeâej Ùee ÛeJeie& kesâ meeLe cenled + peerJeveced = cenppeerJeveced
Ùeesie nesves hej me keâes Me leLee leJeie& keâes ÛeJeie& nes peelee nw~ pewmes– he=Lekedâ + Yetefce: = he=LeiYetefce
DeLeJee ÛelJe meefvOe (Keefj Ûe)–Ùeefo Peued (Jeie& kesâ henues, otmejs, leermejs Deewj ÛeewLes JeCe&)
jecemed + Ûe = jeceMÛe kesâ yeeo Jeie& keâe henuee Ùee otmeje JeCe& Ùee Me <e me Deelee nw lees Gvekesâ mLeeve hej
keâmed + efÛeled = keâefMÛeled Ûejd (Deheves Jeie& keâe ØeLece JeCe&) nes peelee nw; pewmes–
ogmed + Ûeefj$e: = ogMÛeefj$e: meod + keâej = melkeâej:
nefjmed + Mesles = nefjMMesles ueYed + mÙeles: = uehmÙeles:
leled + Ûe = leÛÛe God + mLeeveced = GlLeeveced
meled + efÛeled = meefÛÛeled God + hevve: = Glhevve:
meled + Ûeefj$e: = meÛÛeefj$e: leod + hej: = lelhej:
Gled + ÛeejCeced = GÛÛeejCeced leod + ke=âleced = lelke=âleced
meod + peve: = meppeve: DevegmJeej meefvOe (ceesvegmJeej) –heoevle ced kesâ yeeo keâesF& nued (JÙe_peve) nes lees ced
God + pJeue: = GppJeue: keâes DevegmJeej (.) nw peelee nw~ pewmes–
„glJe meefvOe („gvee „g:)–med Ùee le Jeie& kesâ henues Ùee yeeo ceW <e Ùee š Jeie& nes ke=â<Ceced + Jevos = ke=â<Ceb Jevos
lees med Deewj le Jeie& keâes ›eâceMe: <ed Deewj š Jeie& nes peelee nw~ pewmes– nefjced + Jevos = neEj Jevos
F<ed + le: = F„: ieg®ced + veceefle = ieg®b veceefle
hes<ed + lee = hes„e Oece&ced + Ûej = OeceË Ûej
keâced + efÛeled = kebâefÛele
og< ed + le: = og„:
melÙeced + Jeo = melÙeb Jeo
leled + šerkeâe = leóerkeâe Meced + keâj: = Mebkeâj:
celed + šerkeâe = ceóerkeâe mJeÙeced + SJe = mJeÙecesJe
jecemed + <e‰: = jece< <e": hejmeJeCe& meefvOe (DevegmJeejmÙe ÙeefÙe hejmeJeCe&:)–Ùeefo efkeâmeer heo kesâ ceOÙe ceW
peMlJe meefvOe (Peueeb peMeesÓvles)–heo kesâ Devle ceW efmLele Peued ØelÙeenej kesâ JeCe& efmLele DevegmJeej kesâ yeeo ÙeÙed (ØelÙeenej keâe JeCe&) DeeÙes lees DevegmJeej kesâ mLeeve
keâes peMed ØelÙeenej keâe JeCe& nes peeÙes~ pewmes– hej meowJ e Gme Jeie& keâe he_Ûece JeCe& nes peele nw; pewmes–
efokedâ + oMe&veced = efoioMe&veced Meeb + le: = Meevle:
peieled + F&Me: = peieoerMe: Deb + efkeâle: = Deef¿le:
Jeekedâ + oeveced = Jeeioeveced meb + efle = meefvle
Jeekedâ + F&Me: = JeeieerMe: Deb + efÛele: = Deef_Ûele:
DeÛe + Devle: = Depevle: ieb + lee = ievlee
leled + SJeced = leosJ eced ÚlJe meefvOe (MeMÚesÓefš) –Ùeefo PeÙed ØelÙeenej kesâ JeCe& kesâ yeeo Med nes Deewj Med
kesâ yeeo Dešd ØelÙeenej keâe JeCe& nes lees Med keâes Úd efJekeâuhe mes nes peelee nw~ pewmes–
meghedd + Devle: = megyevle:
leod + efMeJe: = leefÛÚdJe, (leefÛMeJe:)
efÛeled + Deevevo: = efÛeoevevo:
leod + Mueeskesâve = leÛÚdueeskesâve (leÛedMueeskesâve)
Deheoevle peMlJe meefvOe–Ùeefo Deheoevle ceW efkeâmeer Jeie& kesâ henues Ùee leermejs JeCe& kesâ GÛed + MJeeme = GÛÚJeeme
yeeo efkeâmeer Jeie& keâe heebÛeJeeB JeCe& DeeÙes lees henuee Ùee leermeje JeCe& heebÛeJeeB JeCe& leled + efMeuee = leefÛÚuee
DeLee&led Devegveeefmekeâ nes peelee nw; pewmes– meled + Meerue: = meÛÚerue:
Jeekedâ + ceÙe: = Jee*dceÙe efMeJe + ÚeÙee = efMeJeÛÚeÙee
peieled + veeLe = peievveeLe Je=#e + ÚeÙee = Je=#eÛÚeÙee
le® + ÚeÙee = le®ÛÚeÙee efMeJe ® + DeÛÙe&:
Deveg + Úso: = DevegÛÚso: efMeJe G + DeÛÙe&:
heefj + Úso: = heefjÛÚso: GlJe meefvOe (Deleesjes®huegleeohuegles)–Ùeefo `®' kesâ henues Dehuegle `De' nes leLee
uelJe meefvOe (leeseu| e) –Ùeefo leJeie& kesâ yeeo ued JeCe& DeeÙes lees leJeie& kesâ mLeeve hej ued `®' kesâ yeeo Yeer Dehuegle `De' nes lees `®' kesâ mLeeve hej `G' nes peelee nw~ pewmes–
nes peelee nw; pewmes– efMeJe me + DeÛÙe&:
leled + ueÙe: = leuueÙe: efMeJe ® + DeÛÙe&: (memepeg<ees ®)
Je=#eeled + ueieg[ced = Je=#eeuueieg[b ced efMeJe G + DeÛÙe&: (Deleesjesjhuegleeohuegles)
efJeÉeved + efueKeefle = efJeÉeefuueBKeefle efMeJees + DeÛÙe&: (Deeod iegCe:)
efJemeie& meefvOe efMeJeesÓÛÙe&: (hetJe&¤he S*dheoevleeoefle)
peye efJemeieeX kesâ meeLe mJej Ùee JÙe_peve kesâ efceueves mes pees efJekeâej neslee nw Gmes nefMe Ûe–Ùeefo `®' kesâ henues Dehuegle `De' nes leLee `®' kesâ yeeo nMed ØelÙeenej
efJemeie& meefvOe keânles nQ~ efJemeie& meefvOe kesâ ØecegKe Yeso nQ– keâe JeCe& nes lees `®' keâes `G' nes peelee nw~ pewmes–
1. melJe meefvOe, 2. ®lJe meefvOe, 3. nefMeÛe, 4. KejJemeeveÙees e|JemepeveerÙe
efMeJees JevÅe: = efMeJe: + JevÅe:
Jee Meefj, 5. jesefj, {ûeesheshetJe&mÙe oerIeexÓCe:~ efMeJeme + JevÅe: (efJemepe&veerÙemÙe me:)
melJe efJemeie& meefvOe–(efJemepe&veerÙemÙe me:) Ùeefo efJemeie& (:) kesâ yeeo Kejd (Ked, Heâd, efMeJe ® + JevÅe: (memepeg<ees ®:)
Úd, "d Led, Ûed, šd, led, kedâ, hed, Med, <ed, med) ØelÙeenej kesâ JeCe& DeeÙes lees efJemeie& kesâ efMeJe G + JevÅe: (Deeod iegCe:)
mLeeve hej `med' nes peelee nw~ (Med Ùee ÛeJeie& kesâ yeeo ceW nes lees MÛeglJe meefvOe) efMeJees JevÅe:
pewm es– ÙelJe meefvOe (YeesYeieesDeIeesDehetJe&mÙeÙeesÓefMe)–Ùeefo `®' kesâ hetJe& Yees, Yeiees, DeIees,
leLee `De' Ùee `Dee' nes lees `®' kesâ yeeo ceW DeMed ØelÙeenej (De, F, G, $e+, ue=,
nefj: + Ûejefle
S, Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued, _ed, ced, *d, Ced, ved, Ped, Yed, Ied, od, Oed, ped,
nefjmed + Ûejefle (efJemepe&veerÙemÙe me:)
yed, ied, [d, od) keâe JeCe& nes lees `®' kesâ mLeeve hej `Ùe' DeeosMe nes peelee nw~
nefjMed + Ûejefle (mlees:MÛegveeMÛeg:) nefjMÛeefjle
pewm es–
jece: + š¿ejÙeefle
Yeesmed + osJ ee:
jecemed + š¿ejÙeefle (efJemepe&veerÙemÙe me:)
Yees ® + osJ ee:
jece<ed + š¿ejÙeefle („gvee„g:) = jece„¿ejÙeefle
Yees Ùe + osJ ee
jece: + šerkeâe = jece„erkeâe
Yees osJ ees: + (nefue meJex<eeced)
veesš –(keâ) Ùeefo efJemeie& (:) kesâ hetJe& `F' Ùee `G' nes leLee yeeo ceW kedâ, Ked Ùee hed,
osJ ee: + ieÛÚefle = osJ ee ieÛÚefvle
Heâd ceW mes keâesF& JeCe& nes lees efJemeie& (:) kesâ mLeeve hej <ed nes peelee nw; pewmes–
veesš–nefuemeJex<eeced–Ùeefo Ùed kesâ hetJe& Yees, Yeiees, DeIees DeJeCe& De Ùee Dee ceW mes keâesF&
efve: + keâheš: = efve<keâheš:
JeCe& DeeÙes nes leLee Ùed kesâ yeeo nued (JÙe_peve) nes lees meYeer DeeÛeeÙeeX kesâ Devegmeej
og: + keâce&: = og< keâce&:
`Ùe' keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw~
efve: + Heâue: = efve<Heâue: (efveMHeâue:)
KejJemeeveÙeeseJf emepe&veerÙe:–memepeg<ees ®: Fme met$e mes `me' kesâ mLeeve hej `®'
1. Ùeefo vece: Deewj hegj: kesâ yeeo kedâ, Ked Ùee hed, Heâd DeeÙes lees efJemeie& (:) keâe med nes
Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW Deieuee met$e ØeJe=òe nw efpemes KejJemeeveÙees efJemepe&veerÙe: Fmekesâ
peelee nw; pewv me c es–e : + k e â e j : = v e c e m k e â e j :  Devegmeej efkeâmeer heo kesâ Devle ceW `®' (j) nes peelee nw Deewj Fmekesâ yeeo `Kejd'

 v e c e m h e gj m e e is e l& Ù e e :s
h e gj : + k e â e j : = h e gj m k e â e j :  ØelÙeenej (Ked, Heâd, Úd, "d, Led, Ûed, šd, led, kedâ, hed, Med, <ed, med) keâe JeCe& nes DeLeJee
Jee Meefj–Ùeefo efJemeie& kesâ yeeo `Mejd' (Med, <ed, med) ØelÙeenej keâe JeCe& DeeÙes lees keâesF& Yeer JeCe& ve nes Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW `j' kesâ mLeeve hej efJemeie& (:) nes peelee nw~
efJemeie& kesâ mLeeve hej efJemeie& efJekeâuhe mes nes peelee nw~ pewmes– jecemed + he"efle
nefj: + Mesles = nefj: Mesles, nefjMMesles jece ® + he"efle
jece: + <e‰: = jece: <e‰:, jece<<e<" : = jece: he"efle
®lJe efJemeie& meefvOe (memepeg<ees ®:)–heo kesâ Devle ceW DeeÙes `me' leLee mepeg<ed kesâ jesefj (jsHeâ ueeshe efJeefOe met$eced) –Ùeefo `j' kesâ yeeo `j' nes lees henues `j' keâe ueeshe
`<ed' kesâ mLeeve hej ® nes peelee nw~ nes peelee nw Fmekesâ yeeo Deef«ece met$e {ûeeshes hetJe&mÙe oerIeexÓCe: ØeJe=òe neslee nw
efMeJeesÓÛÙe&: Deewj Ùen Yeer keânlee nw efkeâ efkeâmeer heo ceW {d Ùee jd keâe ueeshe ngDee lees Gmekesâ hetJe&
efMeJe: + DeÛÙe&: ceW efJeÅeceeve (DeCed - De F G) keâe oerIe& nes peelee nw~
efMeJemed + DeÛÙe&: keâJeerjcÙee = keâefJejd + jcÙee (jesejf )
keâefJe + jcÙee ({ûeeshes.) = keâJeer jcÙee me + DeÙeced + meesÓÙeced
hegvejd + jceles = hegvee jceles S<e: + Deefhe = S<eesÓefhe
megueeshe meefvOe (Sleòeoes: megueesheesÓkeâesjve_edmeceemes nefue) –me: Deewj S<e: kesâ jesÓmegehf e–Denved Meyo kesâ yeeo meghed ØelÙeÙe veneR nes lees Denved kesâ `ve' kesâ mLeeve
efJemeie& keâe ueeshe neslee nw, yeeo ceW keâesF& nued (JÙe_peve) nes lees~ (mekeâ:, S<ekeâ:, hej `j' DeeosMe nes peelee nw efkeâvleg meghe nes lees veneR~
Deme:, Deves<e: kesâ efJemeie& keâe ueeshe veneR nesiee); pewmes– Denved + Den:
me: + he"efle = me he"efle Denjd + Den:
me: + efueKeefle = me efueKeefle = Denjn:
veesš –me:, S<e: kesâ yeeo `De' nesiee lees `DeesÓ' nesiee; pewmes– Denved + ieCe: = Denie&Ce:
meceeme
meceeme 1. kesâJeue meceeme, 2. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme, 3. lelheg®<e meceeme, 5. ÉvÉ meceeme
meceeme keâe DeLe&–(mecemeveb meceeme:) meceeme (meced Ie_ed + Demed) peye oes heo SJeb 5. yengJeÇerenf meceeme~
Deeheme ceW Ssmes efceue peeÙe efkeâ Gvekesâ Deekeâej ceW keâceer Dee peeÙe Deefheleg DeLe& ceW 1. kesâJeue meceeme (efJeMes<emeb%ee efJeefveceg&ekf eäle: kesâJeue meceeme:)–Ssmee meceeme efpemes
heefjJele&ve ve nes~ meceeme mes DeefYeØeeÙe meb#esheerkeâjCe mes nw; pewmes–meYeeÙee: heefle: efkeâmeer efJeMes<e veece mes DeefYeefnle ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nes Gmes kesâJeue meceeme keânles nQ~
= meYeeheefle:~ meceemeeW ceW Fmekeâer ieCevee meJe&ØeLece keâer peeleer nw; pewmes–
ÙeneB `meYeeheefle:' keâe Jener DeLe& nw pees `meYeeÙee: heefle:' keâe, efkeâvleg oesveeW keâes meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en DeLe&
meeLe keâj osves mes `meYeeÙee:' Meyo kesâ efJeYeefkeälemetÛekeâ ØelÙeÙe (*dme:) keâe ueeshe YetlehetJe&: hetJeË Yetle: pees henues ngDee nes
nes ieÙee nw Deewj Fme keâejCe Meyo `meYeeheefle:' meYeeÙee: heefle: mes Deekeâej ceW JeeieLee&efJeJe JeeieLeezFJe Meyo leLee DeLe& kesâ meceeve JeeCeer
keâceer Dee ieF&~ 2. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme (ØeeÙesCe hetJe&heoØeOeeveesÓJÙeÙeerYeeJe) –`DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe' Meyo keâe
peye oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie Ùee cesue mes pees veÙee Meyo yevelee nw Gmes Ùeewefiekeâ DeLe& nw–pees DeJÙeÙe veneR Lee, Gmekeâe DeJÙeÙe nes peevee~ Ùen DeLe& ner
meeceeefmekeâ Meyo keânles nQ~ meeceeefmekeâ Meyo keâes mecemle Meyo Yeer keânles nQ~ Fme meceeme keâer Skeâ Øekeâej mes kegbâpeer nw~ DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme ceW ØeeÙe: oes heo
efkeâmeer mecemle Meyo keâes lees[Ì keâj Gmekeâe hetJe&keâeue keâe ¤he o svee èfJe«en' jnles nQ–FveceW mes ØeLece ØeeÙe: DeJÙeÙe jnlee Deewj otmeje meb%ee Meyo~ oesveeW
keânueelee nw~ efJe«en keâe DeLe& nw–šgkeâÌ[s-šgkeâÌ[s keâjvee, mecemle Meyo kesâ šgkeâÌ[s efceuekeâj DeJÙeÙe nes peeles nQ efkeâmeer Yeer DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe kesâ ¤he veneR Ûeueles nQ,
keâjkesâ ner hetJe& ¤he efoKeeÙee pee mekeâlee nw; FmeefueS Jen efJe«en nw~ GoenjCeeLe&– Deefvlece Meyo vehegbmekeâ eEueie SkeâJeÛeve ceW ¤he yeveekeâj mechetCe& heo keâes jKe efoÙee
ÒeveJeelee&' keâe efJe«en ÒevemÙe Jeelee&' ngDee~ [e@. Deeueeskeâ kegâceej jmleesieer kesâ peelee nw~
MeyoeW ceW ``meeceeefmekeâ MeyoeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâ mecyevOe keâes mhe„ keâjvee, meceeme efpeme meceeme keâe henuee heo ØeOeeve neslee nw Deewj mechetCe& ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe neskeâj
efJe«en nw~'' GoenjCeeLe&–jepeheg®<e: Skeâ meeceeefmekeâ Meyo nw Fmekeâe efJe«en nw– DeJÙeÙe keâer YeeBelf e ØeÙegkeäle neslee nw, Jen DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme neslee nw~ meceeme nesves
je%e: heg®<e: (jepee keâe heg®<e) Deewj Fmekeâe meceeme yeveeves ceW <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle keâe hej hetje heo DeJÙeÙe yeve peelee nw leLee vehegmebkeâeEueie SkeâJeÛeve ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
ueeshe ngDee~ peelee nw; pewmes–Gheketâueced = ketâuemÙe meceerheced (efkeâveejs kesâ meceerhe)~ ÙeneB meceerhe
meceeme kesâ cegKÙe Ûeej Yeso nQ–1. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe, 2. lelheg®<e, 3. ÉvÉ SJeb 4. DeLe& Øekeâš keâjves kesâ efueS `Ghe' DeJÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
yengJeÇerenf ~ lelheg®<e kesâ Devleie&le oes Øeefmeæ meceeme Deewj nQ–1. keâce&OeejÙe Deewj `DeJÙeÙeb efJeYeefkeälemeceerhemece=efæJe=æÙeLee&YeeJeelÙeÙeemecØeefleMeyoØeeogYee&JeheMÛeeÅeLeeÓÓveghetJÙe&-
efÉieg, FmeefueS keâYeer-keâYeer meceeme kesâ Ú: Yeso heeS peeles nQ Fve Ú: YesoeW keâe ÙeewieheÅemeeÂMÙemecheefòemeekeâuÙeevleJeÛeves <eg~'
veece Fme Mueeskeâ ceW Deeles nQ– 1. efJeYeefkeäle, 2. meceerhe, 3. mece=eæ f , 4. JÙe=efæ, 5. DeLee&YeeJe, 6. DelÙeÙe, 7.
ÉvÉew efÉiegjefhe Ûeenb ceodiesns efvelÙeceJÙeÙeerYeeJe:~ DemecØeefle (DevegeÛf ele), 8. Meyo keâer DeefYeJÙeefkeäle, 9. heMÛeele, 10. ÙeLee, 11.
lelheg®<e keâce&OeejÙe Ùesveenb mÙeecyengJeÇerenf :~~ Deveg›eâce, 12. ÙeewieheÅe (Skeâ meeLe nesvee), 13. meeÂMÙe, 14. mecheefòe, 15 .
[e@. keâefheueosJ e efÉJesoer ves meceeme kesâ Ú: Yeso yeleeÙes nQ– meekeâuÙe leLee 16. Devle~ Fve meesuen DeLeeX ceW Jele&ceeve DeJÙeÙe keâe megJevle kesâ
1. DeJÙeÙeer YeeJe, 2. lelheg®<e, 3. keâce&OeejÙe meceeme, 4. efÉieg, 5. ÉvÉ SJeb 6. meeLe efvelÙe meceeme neslee nw Deewj Jen DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme keânueelee nw~
yengJeÇerenf ~ GheÙeg&keäle met$eeW ceW efoÙes ieÙes meesuen heoeW kesâ DeLe& kesâ Devegmeej meceeme efJe«en keâes
efmeæevle keâewcegoer kesâ Devegmeej meceeme kesâ heebÛe (5) Yeso nesles nQ– meeefjCeer kesâ ceeOÙece mes efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
›eâce DeLe& meeceeefmekeâ heo efJe«en heo efnvoer ceW DeLe& 3. veoerefYeMÛe–veoer efJeMes<e JeeÛekeâ MeyoeW kesâ meeLe mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ MeyoeW kesâ meceeme
1. efJeYeefkeäle kesâ DeLe& ceW DeefOenefj njew Fefle nefj kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW nesves hej mecemle heo `mecetn' keâe yeesOekeâ neslee nw, Gmes DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme
(nefj kesâ DeOeerve) keânles nQ, pewmes–he_Ûeie”ced, efÉÙecegveced Deewj mehleefmevOeg: Deeefo~
2. meceerhe DeLe& ceW Gheie”ced ie”eÙee: meceerheced ie”e kesâ meceerhe DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme kesâ DevÙe cenòJehetCe& GoenjCe
3. mece=eæ f DeLe& ceW megceõced ceõeCeeb mece=eæ f : ceõ osMe keâer mece=efæ
meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en
4. JÙe=efæ DeLe& ceW ogÙe&veJeveced ÙeJeveeveeb JÙeefæ: ÙeJeveeW keâer DeJeveefle
Deef Oeieesh eced ieesheer Fefle
(veeMe) Gheke=â <Ceced ke=â<CemÙe meceerheced
5. DeLee&YeeJe DeLe& ceW efvece&ef#ekeâced ceef#ekeâeCeeb ceefkeäKeÙeeW keâe DeYeeJe efvece&M ekeâced ceMekeâeveeceYeeJe:
DeYeeJe: ØelÙeLe&ced DeLeË DeLeË Øeefle
6. DeòÙeÙe DeLe& ceW Deefle fnceced efncemÙe DelÙeÙe: efnce keâe veeMe nesves hej ÙeLeekeâeueced keâeueced Deveefle›eâcÙe
7. DemecØeef l e DeLe& ceW Deefleefveõced efveõe mecØeefle efveõe kesâ DevegeÛf ele GheMejoced Mejo: meceerheced
ve ÙegpÙeles meceÙe ceW Ghepejmeced pejeÙee: meceerheced
8. Meyo ØeeogYee&Je DeLe& ceW Feflenefj: nefj MeyomÙe nefj Meyo keâe GheÛece&ced Ûece&Ce: meceerheced
ØekeâeMe: GÛÛeejCe Gheefieefj efiejs: meceerheced
9. heMÛeeled DeLe& ceW DevegeJf e<Ceg efJe<Cees: efJe<Ceg kesâ heerÚs DeOÙeelceced Deelceefve DeefOe
heMÛeeled ÙeLeeÙeesiÙeced ÙeesiÙeced Deveefle›eâcÙe
10. ÙeLee DeLe& ceW Deepeer Jeveced peerJevemÙe heÙe&vleced
Fmekesâ Ûeej DeLe& nQ– GhemeefceOeced/Ghemeefcele meefceOe: meceerheced
(keâ) ÙeesiÙelee DeLe& ceW Deveg¤ heced ¤hemÙe ÙeesiÙeced ¤he kesâ Ùeesie lelheg®<e meceeme
(Ke) Jeerhmee DeLe& ceW Øeefleefoveced efoveb efoveb Øeefle ØelÙeskeâ efove (ØeeÙesCe GòejheoeLe&ØeOeevemlelheg®<e:)–efpeme meceeme keâe Gòej heo ØeOeeve neslee
(ie) Deveefle›eâceCe ÙeLeeMeefkeäle Meefkeäleced Deveefle›eâcÙe Meefkeäle kesâ Devegmeej
nw, Gmes lelheg®<e meceeme keânles nQ~ lelheg®<e meceeme Gmes keânles nQ efpemeceW ØeLece
DeLe& ceW
Meyo efÉleerÙe Meyo keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeÙes~ lelheg®<e meceeme ceW ØeLece Meyo efJeMes<eCe
(Ie) meeÂMÙe DeLe& ceW menefj: njs: meeÂMÙeced nefj kesâ meeÂMÙe
keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw Deewj otmeje (Gòej heo) efJeMes<Ùe neslee nw Deewj Jen ØeOeeve
11. DeveghetJÙe& DeLe& ceW Devegkeâefve‰ced keâefve‰mÙe DeeveghetJÙexCe keâefve‰ kesâ Devegmeej
neslee nw~ pewmes–je%e: heg®<e: = jepeheg®<e: = Ùeneb `je%e:' Skeâ Øekeâej mes
12. Ùeewie heÅe DeLe& ceW meÛe›eâced Ûe›esâCe Ùegieheod Ûe›eâ kesâ meeLe
`heg®<e' keâe efJeMes<eCe nw~
13. meeÂMÙe DeLe& ceW memeefKe meKÙee meÂMe: meefKe kesâ meceeve
lelheg®<e Meyo kesâ oes DeLe& nes mekeâles nQ 1. lemÙe heg®<e: = lelheg®<e: Deewj 2. me:
14. mecheefòe DeLe& ceW me#e$eced #e$eeCeeb mecheefòe: #eef$eÙeeW keâer mecheefòe
15. meekeâuÙe DeLe& ceW mele= Ceced le=CeceefheDeheefjlÙepÙe eflevekeâe Yeer ve
heg®<e: = lelheg®<e:~ Fve oes DeLeeX kesâ Devegmeej ner lelheg®<e meceeme kesâ oes Yeso
ÚesÌ[keâj (meye keâes nQ–1. JÙeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e SJeb 2. meceeveeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e (keâce&OeejÙe meceeme)
Meeefceue keâj uesvee) 1. JÙeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e meceeme–Fme meceeme keâe ØeLece leLee efÉleerÙe heo oesveeW
16. Devle DeLe& ceW meeefive Deefive«evLeheÙe&vleced Deefive «evLe lekeâ efYevve-efYevve efJeYeefkeäleÙeeW (je%e: heg®<e: = jepeheg®<e: Fmekesâ ØeLece heo `je%e:' ceW
(Devle lekeâ) <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nw leLee efÉleerÙe heo `heg®<e:' ceW ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle nw~) ceW nes Gmes
JÙeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e meceeme keânles nQ Fmekesâ ØecegKe Ú: Yeso nesles nQ 1. efÉleerÙee
efJeMes<e–DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme yeveeles meceÙe DeOeeseuf eefKele efveÙece keâes OÙeeve ceW jKevee
lelheg®<e, 2. le=leerÙee lelheg®<e, 3. ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e, 4. hebÛeceer lelheg®<e, 5. <e‰er
ÛeeefnS–
lelheg®<e meceeme SJeb 6. mehleceer lelheg®<e meceeme~
1. DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme ceW Ùeefo otmejs Meyo keâe Deefvlece JeCe& oerIe& nes lees ÜmJe nes
1. efÉleerÙee lelheg®<e (efÉleerÙeeefßeleeleerleheefleleieleelÙemleØeehleehevvew:) –efßele, Deleerle,
peelee nw, pewmes–
heeflele, iele, DelÙemle, Øeehle, Deehevve Fve MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW efÉleerÙee lelheg®<e
Ghe + veoer (veÅee: meceerhes) = Gheveefo
Ghe + JeOet (JeOJee: meceerhes) = GheJeOeg meceeme neslee nw; pewmes–
2. Ùeefo Devle ceW `S' DeLeJee `Ss' nes Gmekesâ mLeeve hej `F&' Deewj Ùeefo `Dees' heo meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en DeLe&
DeLeJee `Deew' Gmekesâ mLeeve hej ÜmJe (G) keâj osles nQ; pewmes– efßele ke=â<Ceefßele: ke=â<Ceb efßele: ke=â<Ce kesâ Deeefßele
Ghe + iees (iees: meceerhes) = Gheieg Deleer le og:Keeleerle: og:Keceleerle: og:Ke mes Deleerle
Ghe + veew (veeJe meceerhes) = Gheveg heeflele vekeâjheeflele: vejkebâ heeflele: vejkeâ ceW heeflele
iele mJeie& iele: mJeieË iele: mJeie& keâes ieÙee ngDee mleeskeâeefvlekeâotjeLe&ke=âÛÚeefCe keä lesve–DeLee& led mleeskeâ (Lees[Ì e), Deefvlekeâ (meceerhe)
DelÙemle ketâ heelmÙele: ketâheced DelÙemle: ketâhe ceW Hesâkeâe ngDee otjeLe&JeeÛekeâ Meyo leLee ke=âÛÚ^ (keâ„) heoeW keâe `keäle' ØelÙeÙeevle heoeW kesâ meeLe
Øeehle peerJeveØeehle: peerJeveb Øeehle: peerJeve heeÙee ngDee he_Ûeceer lelheg®<e neslee nw, Deefheleg he_Ûeceer keâe ueeshe veneR neslee; pewmes–
Deehevveb keâ„eh evve: keâ„ced Deehevve: keâ„ heeÙee ngDee meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en efnvoer ceW DeLe&
le=leerÙe lelheg®<e meceeme–peye lelheg®<e meceeme keâe ØeLece Meyo le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle mleeskeâevlecegkeäle: mleeskeâeled cegkeäle: LeesÌ[s mes cegkeäle ngDee
ceW nes lees Gmes le=leerÙee lelheg®<e meceeme keânles nQ; pewmes– Deefvlekeâeoeiele: Deefvlekeâeled Deeiele: heeme mes DeeÙee ngDee
meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en otjeoeiele: otjeled Deeiele: otj mes DeeÙee ngDee
nefj$eele: nefjCee $eele: ke=âÛÚê oeiele: ke=âÛÚeled Deeiele: keâ„ mes DeeÙee ngDee
veKeef Yevve: veKew: efYevve:
<e‰er lelheg®<e meceeme–peye Fme meceeme keâe ØeLece Meyo <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle ceW nes
yeeCeenle: yeeCesve Deenle:
Deewj meceeme keâjves hej <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw; pewmes–
ves$enerve: ves$eeYÙeeb nerve:
ceemehetJe&: ceemesve hetJe&: meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en efnvoer ceW DeLe&
heeoKe_pe: heeosve Ke_pe: jepeheg®<e: je%e: heg®<e: jepee keâe Deeoceer
iegC eefceßeced iegCesve efceßeced jeceoeme: jecemÙe oeme: jece keâe oeme
efhele=Ùegkeäle: efhe$ee Ùegkeäle: Jevemheefle: JevemÙe heefle Jeve keâe heefle
mehe&o„: mehexCe o„: Je=#eÛÚeÙee Je=#emÙe ÚeÙee Je=#e keâe ÚeÙee
MejefJeæ: MejsCe efJeæ: DeOe&efh ehheueer DeOeËefhehheuÙee: efhehheueerkeâ keâe DeeOee Yeeie
ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e meceeme–efpeme meceeme keâe ØeLece Meyo ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle ceW jns, mehleceer lelheg®<e meceeme–FmeceW hetJe& heo mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle keâe neslee nw Deewj
lees Gmes ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e meceeme keânles nQ~ meceeme keâjves hej efJeYeefkeäle keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw; Ùen meceeme Yeer efJeMes<e oMeeDeeW
Ùetheoe® ÙetheeÙe oe® ceW ner neslee nw~ kegâÚ Ùes nQ–
kegâcYece=eòf ekeâe kegâcYeeÙe ce=eòf ekeâe mehleceer MeewC[s:–peye mehlecÙevle Meyo MeewC[ (Ûelegj), Oetle&, efkeâleJe (Me"),
ÛelegLeea leoLee&Le&yeefueefnlemegKejef#elew:–ÛelegLÙe&vle Meyo leoLe&, yeefue, efnle, megKe ØeJeerCe, mebJeerle (Yetef<ele), Devlej, DeefOe, heš, heefC[le, kegâMeue, Ûeheue, efvehegCe,
leLee jef#ele kesâ meeLe Yeer ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e yeveeles nQ; pewmes– efmeæ, Meg<keâ, hekeäJe, Deewj yevOe Fve MeyoeW ceW mes efkeâmeer kesâ meeLe DeeJes; pewmes–
DeLe& meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en heo efnvoer ceW DeLe& De#es<eg MeewC[: = De#eMeewC[:
DeLe& (kes â ef ueÙes) Ùeth eoe® Ùeth eeÙe o e¤ Ùe%e mlecYe kesâ ØesefcCe Oetle&: = ØesceOetle&:
ef ueS uekeâÌ[ er Åetles efkeâleJe = ÅetleefkeâleJe:
yeefue Yetley eefue: YetlesYÙe: yeefue: YetleeW kesâ efueS yeefue meYeeÙeeb heefC[le: = meYeeheefC[le:
efnle ieesenf leced ieesYÙe: efnleced ieeÙeeW kesâ efnle kesâ efueS Deelehes Meg<keâ: = DeeleheMeg<keâ:
meg Ke ieesmegKeced ieJes megKeced ieeÙe kesâ megKe kesâ efueS keâšens hekeäJe: = keâšenhekeäJe:
jef#ele ieesjef #eleced ieesYÙe: jef#eleced ieeÙeeW kesâ efueS jef#ele Ûe›esâ yevOe: = Ûe›eâyevOe:
peye OJee*d#e (keâewJee) Meyo DeLeJee Fmekesâ meceeve DeLe& jKeves Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ meeLe
he_Ûeceer lelheg®<e meceeme (he_Ûeceer YeÙesve)–peye lelheg®<e meceeme keâe ØeLece Meyo
efvevoe keâjves kesâ efueS mehleceer DeeJes; pewmes–
he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle ceW DeeJes leye Gmes he_Ûeceer lelheg®<e keânles nQ Deewj meceeme keâjves
leerLex OJee*d#e: = leerLe&OJee*d#e: (leerLe& keâe keâewJee DeLee&led ueesueghe)
hej he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw~
ßeeæs keâekeâ: = ßeeækeâekeâ:
cegKÙe ¤he mes Ùen meceeme leye neslee nw, peye he_ÛecÙevle Meyo YeÙe, Yeerefle Deewj
efokeâmebKÙes meb%eeÙeeced–meb%ee DeLe& ceW ØeÙegkeäle efoMeeJeeÛekeâ leLee mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ
Yeer (YeÙeYeerleYeerelf eYeereYf eefjefle JeeÛÙeced) kesâ meeLe DeeJes; pewmes–
MeyoeW ceW mehleceer lelheg®<e meceeme neslee nw; pewmes–
ÛeewjYeÙeb Ûeewjeod YeÙeb efoMeeJeeÛekeâ hetJex<egkeâeceMeceer hetJee& F&<egkeâeceMeceer ØeeÛeerve veiejer keâe veece
mves leYeer le: mvesveeod Yeerle: mebK ÙeeJeeÛ ekeâ mehle<e&Ùe: mehle Ûe les $e+<eÙe: mehle $e+ef<e
Je=keâYeerefle: Je=keâeod Yeerefle: veesš–peye mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ leLee efoMeeJeeÛekeâ Meyo meb%ee DeLe& ceW veneR ngS nes lees
DeÙeMeesYeer: DeÙeMeme: Yeer: JeneB lelheg®<e meceeme veneR nesiee~
meceeveeefOekeâjCe lelheg®<e meceeme (keâce&OeejÙe meceeme) DeLeJee
efJeMes<eCeb efJeMes<ÙesCe yengueced–Ùen lelheg®<e meceeme keâe GheYeso nw~ Fmekeâe hetJe& heo efpeme meceeme ceW henues GhecesÙe Deewj yeeo ceW Gheceeve nes lees Gmes Gheceeveesòejheo
efJeMes<eCe Deewj Gòej heo efJeMes<Ùe neslee nw~ efJe«en keâjles meceÙe efJeMes<Ùe kesâ efue” keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keânles nQ; pewmes–
efJeYeefkeäle Deewj JeÛeve kesâ Devegmeej efJeMes<eCe ceW efue”, JeÛeve Deewj efJeYeefkeäle keâe cegKeÛevõ: cegKeced FJe Ûevõ: Ûevõcee kesâ meceeve cegKe
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ keâce&OeejÙe meceeme kesâ heeBÛe Yeso nesles nQ– ceg Kekeâceueced keâceueced FJe cegKeced keâceue kesâ meceeve cegKe
heg®<eJÙeeIeÇ: heg®<e: JÙeeIeÇ FJe JÙeeIeÇ kesâ meceeve heg®<e
GYeÙeheo efJeMes<eCe keâce&OeejÙe meceeme–peye efJeMes<eCe keâe efJeMes<Ùe kesâ meeLe meceeme
efJeMes<eCe hetJe& heo Gheceeve hetJ e& heo Gheceeve Gòej heo GYeÙeheo efÉ ieg meceeme efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye Gmes GYeÙeheo efJeMes<eCe keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keâne peelee nw,
keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keâce&OeejÙe meceeme ke âc e&OeejÙe meceeme pewm es–
efJeMes<eCe hetJe& heo keâce&OeejÙe–peye ØeLece Meyo efJeMes<eCe nes otmeje efJeMes<Ùe (meb%ee) heerleke=â<Ce: heerleÛeemeew ke=â<Ce: heeruee Deewj keâeuee
nes lees Gmes efJeMes<eCe hetJe& heo keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keânles nQ; pewmes– MJesle ke=â<Ce: MJesle Ûeemeew ke=â<Ce: meHesâo Deewj keâeuee
meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en efnvoer ceW DeLe& ÛejeÛejced Ûejb Ûe DeÛejced Ûe Ûej Deewj DeÛej
ke= âleeke=âleced ke=âleced Ûe Deke=âleb Ûe efkeâÙee ngDee Deewj ve efkeâÙee ngDee
jkeä lekeâceueced jkeäleb Ûe leled keâceueced ueeue nw pees keâceue
heerleecyejced heerleced Decyejced heeruee keâheÌ[e efÉieg meceeme
ceOegjHeâueced ceOegjb Ûe lele Heâueced ceOegj nw pees Heâue mebKÙeehetJeexefÉieg:–efpeme meceeme ceW ØeLece Meyo mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe nes Deewj
megvojyeeuekeâ: megvoj: Ûeemeew yeeuekeâ: megvoj nw pees yeeuekeâ otmeje keâesF& meb%ee, lees Gmes efÉieg meceeme keânles nQ~ efÉieg meceeme kesâ meeceeefmekeâ
ke=â<Cemehe&: ke=â<Ce: mehe&: keâeuee mehe& heo ØeeÙe: vehegbmekeâeEueie ceW nesles nQ~ efÉieg meceeme keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keâe ner Skeâ
veer ueeslheueced veerueb Ûe leled Glheueced veeruee nw pees Glheue
ßes‰heg®<ee: ßes‰e: Ûe leled heg®<ee: ßes‰ nw pees heg®<e GheYeso nw~ Fmemes meceenej Ùee mecetn keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ efÉieg meceeme kesâ Yeer
efJeMes<e–eEkeâ #eshe–èfkeâced' Meyo keâe DeLe& nw peye `Kejeye' yegje neslee nw, lees Fme leerve Yeso nesles nQ–
heo keâe meceeme efkeâmeer meb%ee mes neskeâj hetje keâce&OeejÙe meceeme nes peelee nw~ yegjs 1. meceenej efÉieg meceeme, 2. leefæleeLe& efÉieg meceeme SJeb 3. Gòejheo efÉieg
kesâ DeLe& ceW kegâeflmele Meyo kesâ mLeeve hej `kegâ' leLee DeÛÚs kesâ DeLe& ceW megvoj kesâ meceeme~
mLeeve hej `meg' nes peelee nw, pewmes– meceenej efÉieg meceeme–peye efÉieg meceeme DeLe& mecetn JeeÛekeâ neslee nw leLee
kegâeflmele: heg$e: eEkeâheg$e:
kegâeflmele: heg®<e: eEkeâheg®<e: mechetCe& heo vehegbmekeâeEueie SkeâJeÛeve ceW nes leye meceenej efÉieg meceeme neslee nw;
kegâeflmele: osMe: eEkeâosMe: pewm es–
kegâeflmele: meKee eE keâmeKee he_ÛeieJeced he_Ûeeveeb ieJeeb meceenej: heeBÛe ieeÙeeW keâe mecetn
kegâeflmele: ØeYeg eEkeâØeYeg: he_Ûe«eececed he_Ûeeveeb «eeceeCeeb meceenej: heeBÛe «eeceeW keâe mecetn
GheceevehetJe&heokeâce&OeejÙe meceeme (Gheceeveeefve meeceevÙe JeÛevew:) –efpeme keâce&OeejÙe he_Ûehee$eced he_Ûeeveeb hee$eeCeeced meceenej: heeBÛe hee$eeW keâe mecetn
meceeme ceW Gheveece keâe henues ØeÙeesie nes Gmes GheceevehetJe&heo keâce&OeejÙe meceeme ef$eYegJeveced $eÙeeCeeb YegJeveeveeb meceenej: leerve YeJeveeW keâe mecetn
keânles nQ, Fmekeâe efJe«en keâjles meceÙe `FJe', Deeefo GheceeveJeeÛekeâ MeyoeW keâe ÛelegÙe& Ùegieced ÛelegCeeË Ùegieeveeb meceenej: Ûeej ÙegieeW keâe mecetn
ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes–
efÉje$eced ÉÙees: je$eÙees: meceenej: oes jeleeW keâe mecetn
meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en efnvoer ceW DeLe& Meh leMeleer Mehleeveeb Meleerveeb meceenej: meele meleeW keâe mecetn
IeveMÙeece: Ieve: FJe MÙeece: cesIe kesâ meceeve MÙeece JeCe& Jeeuee leefÉleeLe& efÉieg meceeme–peye efÉieg meceeme kesâ Gòej heo ceW keâesF& leefæle ØelÙeÙe
Ûevõendueeokeâ: Ûevõ: FJe Deendueeokeâ: Ûevõcee kesâ meceeve Deendueeokeâ
neslee nw leye Gmes leefæleeLe& efÉieg meceeme keânles nQ~ FmeceW efoMee leLee mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ
keâceuecegKeced keâceue: FJe cegKeced keâceue kesâ meceeve cegKe
Meyo hetJe&heo ceW Deeles nQ, pewmes–
ÛevõcegKeced Ûevõ: FJe cegKeced Ûevõcee kesâ meceeve cegKe
heewJe& Meeue: hetJe&mÙeeb MeeueeÙeeb YeJe hetJe& keâer Meeuee ceW Glhevve
vejeE men: vej: FJe eEmen eEmen kesâ meceeve ceveg<Ùe
Gheceeveesòejheo keâce&OeejÙe meceeme (Gheefceleb JÙeeIeÇeefoefYe: meeceevÙe ØeÙeesies)–peye hebÛekeâheeue hebÛemeg keâheeues<eg: mebmke=âle: (hegjes[eMe:) heeBÛe keâheeueeW mes
Gheefcele (efpeme Jemleg keâer Ghecee keâer peeÙe) Deewj Gheceeve (efpememes Ghecee oer <eeCceelegj: <e<Ceeb ceele=Ceeced DehelÙeb hegceeved keâee|lekesâÙe yeveeÙee ieÙee hegjes[eMe
peeÙes) - oesveeW meeLe-meeLe DeeJes, leye Gme keâce&OeejÙe meceeme keâes Gheceeveesòejheo Gòejheo efÉieg meceeme–lelheg®<e meceeme ceW Gòejheo hejs jnles efvelÙe meceeme
keâce&OeejÙe keânles nQ; keäÙeeWekf eâ ÙeneB Gheceeve ØeLece Meyo ve neskeâj efÉleerÙe neslee nw~ neslee nw; pewmes–

he_ÛeieJeOeveb he_ÛeieeJees Oeveb ÙemÙe heeBÛe ieeÙeW efpemekeâe Oeve nw Deuegkedâ lelheg®<e meceeme–efpeveceW hetJe& heo keâer efJeYeefkeäle keâe ueeshe veneR neslee nw
efÉheg®<eßegleced ÉeYÙeeb heg®<eYÙeebßegleced oes heg®<eeW mes megvee ngDee Gvekeâes Deuegkedâ lelheg®<e meceeme keânles nQ; pewmes–
ef$eceeme peele: $eÙeeCeeb ceemeeveb peele: leerve ceemeeW ceW Glhevve cevemeeiehlee (efkeâmeer m$eer keâe veece), peveg<eevOe: (pevceevOe), hejmcewheoced, Deelcevesheoced,
ef$eheLeiee ef$eefYe: heefLeefYe: ieÛÚefle leerve heLeeW ceW peeves Jeeueer otjeoeiele:, osJeeveebefØeÙe: (cetKe&), [osJ eefØeÙe: (osJeleeDeeW keâes efØeÙe) <e‰er lelheg®<e
he_ÛeKešdJee he_Ûeeveeb KešdJ eeveeb meceenej: heeBÛe KeešeW keâe mecetn meceeme Yeer yevelee nw, hej efYevve DeLe& ceW], heMÙeleesnj: (osKeles-osKeles Ûegjeves
veesš –Fme meceeme keâe hetJe&heo lees efÉleerÙe neslee nw, hejvleg mechetCe& heo efkeâmeer DevÙe Jeeuee, DeLee&led megveej Ùee [eketâ), Ùeg efOeef‰j: (Ùegæ ceW efmLej jnves Jeeuee),
meceeme mes mecyevOe jKelee nw~ DevlesJeemeer (efMe<Ùe), mejefpemeced (keâceue), KesÛej: (he#eer, osJ e, efmeæ Deeefo
DevÙe lelheg®<e meceeme DeekeâeMe ceW Ûeueves Jeeues), JeeÛemheefle: FlÙeeefo~
ve_ed lelheg®<e meceeme–peye lelheg®<e ceW ØeLece Meyo `ve' (ve_ed) jns Deewj otmeje ceOÙeceheoueesheer lelheg®<e meceeme (Meekeâheee|LeJe meceeme) –efpeme lelheg®<e meceeme ceW
keâesF& meb%ee Ùee efJeMes<eCe jns lees Gmes Ùen veece efoÙee peelee nw~ Ùen `ve' JÙe_peve hetJe&heo keâe Gòej Yeeie ieeÙeye nes ieÙee nes, efpemes meeOeejCe oMee ceW jnvee ÛeeefnS
kesâ hetJe& `De' ceW Deewj mJej kesâ hetJe& `Deved' ceW yeoue peelee nw; pewmes– Lee, `ceOÙeceheoueesheer meceeme' kesâ veece mes yeesues peeles nQ; pewmes–
ve yeÇeÿeCe = DeyeÇeÿeCe: Ssmee ceveg<Ùe pees yeÇeÿeCe ve nes MeekeâefØeÙe: heee|LeJe = Meekeâhee|LeJe:
ve ieoYe&: = Deieo&Ye: Ssmee peeveJej pees ieone ve nes osJ ehetpekeâ: yeÇeÿeCe: = osJ eyeÇeÿeCe:
ve Deypeced = Deveypeced pees keâceue ve nes ceÙetjJÙebmekeâeefo lelheg®<e meceeme–efpeveceW efveÙeceeW keâe ØelÙe#e GuuebIeve nw, Gvekeâes
ve melÙeced = DemelÙeced heeefCeefve ves ceÙetjJÙebmekeâeefo veece oskeâj Deueie keâj efoÙee nw; pewmes–
ve Ûejced = DeÛejced JÙebmekeâ: ceÙetj: = ceÙetKÙebmekeâ: (Ûeeueekeâ ceesj)
ve ke=âleced = Deke=âleced DevÙees jepee = jepeevlejced
ve Deeieleced = Deveeieleced DevÙees «eece: = «eeceevlejced
Øeeefo lelheg®<e meceeme (kegâieefle ØeeoÙe:) –peye lelheg®<e ceW ØeLece Meyo kegâ Meyo nes Gokedâ Ûe DeJeekedâÛeself e = GÛÛeeJeÛeced
DeLeJee `Øe' Deeefo GhemeieeX ceW mes keâesF& nes DeLeJee ieeflemeb%ekeâ keâesF& heo nes, leye efveefMÛeleb Ûe Øeefle Fefle = efveMÛeØeÛeced efÛeosJ e Fefle efÛevcee$eced
Gmes `Øeeefo' lelheg®<e keânles nQ; pewmes– veesš–jepeevlejced, efÛeosJ e FlÙeeefo meceeme èfÉpeeLe&' kesâ YeeBelf e ner efvelÙe meceeme
kegâeflmele: heg®<e: = kegâheg®<e: nw, keäÙeeWekf eâ Fvekeâe Deheves heoeW mes efJe«en veneR neslee nw~ FvnW mebmke=âle JewÙÙeekeâjCeeW
Øeiele: (yengle efJeÉeved) DeeÛeeÙe&: = ØeeÛeeÙe&: ves ceÙetjJÙebmekeâ meceeme kesâ Devleie&le jKee~ Fmekesâ Deefleefjkeäle efpevekeâe efJe«en neslee
Øeiele: (yeÌ[s) efheleecen: = Øeefheleecen: ner veneR Jes Yeer efvelÙe meceeme keânueeles nQ; pewmes–peercetlemÙesJe
Deefle›eâevle: ceÙee&oeced = DeefleceÙee&o: (efpemeves no heej keâj oer nes) ÉvÉ meceeme
Godiele: (Thej hengBÛee) Jesueeced (efkeâveeje) = GÉsue: ÛeeLexÉvÉ:–efpeme meceeme ceW oes Ùee DeefOekeâ heo jKes peeles nQ, leLee efJe«en keâjves
DeJe›egâ„: keâesefkeâueÙee = DeJekeâese fkeâue: (keâesekf eâuee mes GÛÛeejCe efkeâÙee ngDee– hej `Ûe' Meyo mes pegÌ[s ngS neW, leye Gme meceeme keâes ÉvÉ keânles nQ~
cegi Oe) ØeeÙesCe GYeÙeheoeLe&ØeOeevees ÉvÉ:–efpeme meceeme ceW oesveeW heo ØeOeeve jnles nQ
heefjiueeveesÓOÙeÙeveeÙe = heÙe&OÙeÙeve: (heÌ{ves mes Lekeâe ngDee) DeLeJee Gvekesâ mecetn keâe ØeOeevelJe jnlee nw~ ÉvÉ meceeme leerve Øekeâej keâe neslee
efveie&le: ie=neled = efveie=n& : (Iej mes efvekeâuee ngDee) nw–1. Flejslej ÉvÉ, 2. meceenej ÉvÉ SJeb 3. SkeâMes<e ÉvÉ~
ieefle lelheg®<e meceeme–Tjer Deeefo efveheele ef›eâÙee kesâ Ùeesie ceW ieefle keânueeles nQ~ Flejslej ÉvÉ meceeme–peye meceeme ceW DeeÙes ngS oesveeW heo Dehevee ØeOeevelJe Deewj
efÛJe leLee [eÛed ØelÙeÙeeW mes Ùegkeäle Meyo ieefle keânueeles nQ; pewmes– JÙeefkeälelJe jKeles nQ, lees Gmes Flejslej ÉvÉ meceeme keânles nQ; pewmes–
Gjerke=âlÙe, MetkeäueerYeÙet, veerueerke=âlÙe, mJeerke=âlÙe, hešhešeke=âlÙe `Yet<eCe' DeLe&JeeÛeer meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en
nesves hej `Deueced' keâer Yeer ieefle meb%ee nesleer nw; pewmes–Deueb ke=âlJee = Deuebke=âlÙe jeceke= â<Ceew jeceMÛe ke=â<CeMÛe
Deeoj leLee Deveeoj DeLe& ceW `meled' Deewj `Demeled' Yeer ›eâceMe: ieefle keânueeles nQ; jeceue#ceCeew jeceMÛe ue#ceMÛe
pewm es–melke=âlÙe~ ceeleeef helejew ceelee Ûe efhelee Ûe
Gheheo lelheg®<e meceeme nesleeheesleejew neslee Ûe heeslee Ûesefle
kegâcYeb keâjeself e Fefle kegâcYekeâej: efce$eeJe®Ceew efce$eMÛe Je®CeMÛe
ÛeceË keâjeself e Fefle Ûece&keâej: meceenej ÉvÉ meceeme–efpeme ÉvÉ meceeme ceW Ssmeer meb%eeSb DeeJeW pees `Ûe' mes
mJeCeË keâjeself e Fefle mJeCe& keâej: pegÌ[er ngF& nesves hej Dehevee DeLe& yeleueeleer nQ, hej ØeOeeveleÙee Skeâ meceenej

(mecetn) keâe yeesOe keâjeleer nQ, leye Gmes meceenej ÉvÉ meceeme keânles nQ~ Fme kesâ ›eâce mes Deeves ÛeeefnS; pewmes–
meceeme keâes meoe vehegbmekeâeEueie SkeâJeÛeve ceW ner jKeles nQ~ pewmes–DeenejMÛe efveõe yeÇeÿeCeMÛe #eef$eÙeMÛe = yeÇeÿeCe#eef$eÙeew
Ûe YeÙe_Ûe = DeenejefveõeYeÙeced jeceMÛe ue#ceCeMÛe = jeceue#ceCeew (ue#ceCejeceew veneR)
ØeeCeer, JeeÅe, mesvee kesâ DebieeW, mJeeYeeefJekeâ yewj jKeves Jeeues ØeeefCeÙeeW leLee DeØeeefCeJeeÛekeâ yengJeÇerefn meceeme
peeefle JeeÛekeâ MeyoeW ceW Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes–
DeveskeâcevÙeheoeLex (ØeeÙesCeevÙeheoeLe&ØeOeeves yeÇngyeÇerenf :) –peye meceeme ceW DeeÙes ngS oesveeW
DeØeeCeerJeeÛekeâ peeefle Denesje$e: DenMÛe jeef$eMÛe efove Deewj jele
(Ùee DeefOekeâ nes lees meye) Meyo efceuekeâj efkeâmeer DevÙe Meyo kesâ efJeMes<eCe mJe¤he jnles
ØeeCeer kesâ Debie heeefCeheeoced heeCeer Ûe heeoew Ûe neLe Deewj hewj
nQ, lees Gmes yengJeÇ er fn meceeme keânles nQ~ yengJeÇerefn Meyo keâe Ùeeweif ekeâ DeLe& nw–yeng:
JeeÅe kesâ Debie ceeo&ef”keâheeCeefJekeâced ceeo&ef”keâeMÛe ce=obie Deewj ØeCeJe
heeefCekeâeMÛe yepeeves Jeeues JeÇer nf : (OeevÙeb) ÙemÙe Deefmle me: yengJeÇerenf : (efpemekesâ heeme yengle ÛeeJeue neW)~ FmeceW oes
Je=#eeoewefJeMes<eeCeecesJe «enCeced (Jeee|lekeâ) –Je=#e, OeevÙe, JÙe_peve leLee heMeg Deeefo kesâ Meyo nQ–`yeng' Deewj `JeÇerefn'~ ØeLece Meyo otmejs Meyo keâe efJeMes<eCe nw Deewj oesveeW
veece Yeer meceenej ÉvÉ ceW ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes– efceuekeâj efkeâmeer leermejs keâe efJeMes<eCe nQ~ FmeefueS Fme Øekeâej kesâ meceemeeW keâe veece
Je=#e DeeceÇevf ecyeced DeeceÇMÛe efvecyeMÛe Deece Deewj veeRyet `yengJeÇer fn' heÌ[e~
OeevÙe yeÇerenf ÙeJeced yeÇerneMÛe ÙeJeeMÛe Oeeve Deewj peew Fme meceeme ceW oesveeW ceW mes Skeâ Yeer heo ØeOeeve veneR jnlee oesveeW efceuekeâj DevÙe
JÙe_peve oefOeIe=leced oefOe Ûe Ie=leb Ûe oefOe Deewj Ieer leermejs (heo) keâer ØeOeevelee nesleer nw Fmekeâe efJe«en keâjves hej `Ùeled' Meyo kesâ ¤heeW
heMeg ieesceefn<eced iees Ûe ceefn<eMÛe ieeÙe Deewj YeQme ceW (ÙemÙe, Ùesve) Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
SkeâMes<e ÉvÉ meceeme–peye oes Ùee DeefOekeâ MeyoeW ceW mes ÉvÉ meceeme ceW kesâJeue
Fme meceeme kesâ cegKÙe oes Yeso nQ–1. meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf SJeb 2. JÙeefOekeâjCe
Skeâ ner Mes<e jn peeÙe, leye Gmekeâes SkeâMes<e ÉvÉ meceeme keânles nQ; pewmes–
yengJeÇerenf ~
meeceeefm ekeâ heo efJe«en
meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme kesâ efJe«en ceW
efhelejew ceelee Ûe efhelee Ûe
oesveeW heoeW ceW ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle ner jnleer nw Deewj Ùeled meJe&veece kesâ mener ¤he keâe
MJeMegjew MJeßetMÛe MJeMegjMÛe
ØeÙeesie DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw DeLee&ledd efpeme yengJeÇerenf meceeme kesâ oesveeW heoeW ceW meceeve
yeÇeÿeCeew yeÇeÿeCeer Ûe yeÇeÿeCeMÛe
Metõew Metõer Ûe MetõMÛe efJeYeefkeäleÙeeb nesleer nQ Gmes meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme keânles nQ~ Fme meceeme
Dep eew DepeMÛe Depee Ûe kesâ efÉleerÙee mes mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle heÙe&vle Ú: Yeso nesles nQ; pewmes–
Ûeškeâew ÛeškeâMÛe Ûeškeâe Ûe efÉleerÙee meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–Øeehleesokeâes «eece: = Øeehleb Gokebâ Ùeb me:
Je›eâoC[MÛe  keâgefš ueoC[MÛe (efpemekeâes peue Øeehle nes ieÙee nw, Ssmee ieeBJe)
 le=leerÙee meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–T{jLeesÓve[dJeeve–T{: jLe: Ùesve me:
DeLeJee 
keâgešf ue  oC[ew (efpemeves jLe ÛeueeÙee nw Ssmee yewue)
efpeleeefve FefvõÙeeefCe Ùesve me: efpelesevf õÙe: (heg®<e:) efpemeves FefvõÙeeW keâes JeMe ceW
Iešew Ùee keâueMeew IešMÛe keâueMeMÛe
nbm eew nbmeer Ûe nbMeMÛe keâj jKee nes~ oleb efÛeòeb Ùesve me: oòeefÛeòe: (heg®<e:) Ssmee heg®<e pees efÛeòe efoÙes
nes ueieeÙes nes~
veesš –Ùeefo meceeme ceW hegefuue” Meyo leLee m$eerefue” Meyo oesveeW efceues neW, lees
ÛelegL eea meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇeer fn meceeme
meceeme hegefuue” ceW jnsiee~
Gheùle: heMeg: Ùemcew me Gheùle heMeg: (®õ:) –efpemekesâ efueS heMeg ueeÙee ieÙee nes~
ÉvÉs efIe–efIe meb%ekeâ (ÜmJe Fkeâejevle, Gkeâejevle) Meyo ØeLece jKevee ÛeeefnS;
oòe jepÙeb Ùemcew me: = oòejepÙe: (efoÙee nw jepÙe efpemekesâ efueS Ssmee heg®<e)
pewm es–
he_Ûeceer meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–GodOe=leced Deesoveb ÙemÙee: mee = GodOe=leewovee
nefjMÛe njMÛe = nefjnjew
(Leeueer) Ssmeer yešueesF& efpememes Yeele efvekeâeue efueÙee ieÙee nes~
nefjMÛe njMÛe ieg®MÛe = nefjnjiegjJe: Ùee nefjieg®nje:
efveie&leb Oeveb Ùemceeled me efveOe&ve: (heg®<e:) pees Oevenerve nes ieÙee nw Jen
DeuheeÛedlejced (Jeee|lekeâ) –efpeme Meyo ceW keâce De#ej neW, Jen henues Deevee ÛeeefnS;
efveie&leb yeueb Ùemceeled me efveye&ue: (heg®<e:)
pewm es–
efMeJeMÛe kesâMeJeMÛe = efMeJekesâMeJeew <e‰er meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–heerleced Decyejb ÙemÙe me: heerleecyej:
JeCee&veeceeveghetJÙexCe YeüelegpÙee&Ùeme: (Jeeefle&keâ)–JeCeeX kesâ leLee YeeFÙeeW kesâ veece pÙes‰ (nefj:) (efpemekeâe Jem$e heeruee nes Ssmes nefj)~ cenevleew yeent ÙemÙe me: ceneyeeng:

mehleceer meceeveeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–Jeerje: heg®<ee: Ùeefmceve me: Jeerjheg®<e: oerIe&mekeäLe: oerIex meefkeäLeveer ÙemÙe me: efpemekeâe T® yeÌ[s neW Jen
(«eece:) Ssmee ieeBJe efpemeceW Jeerj heg®<e neW~ efÉcetOe&: Éew cetOee&veew ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ oes efmej neW, Jen
JÙeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf meceeme–JÙeefOekeâjCe yengJeÇerenf kesâ oesveeW Meyo ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle efJeOeJee efJeiele: OeJe: (heefle:) efpemekeâe heefle efJeiele nes ieÙee nw
ceW veneR jnles, kesâJeue Skeâ jnlee nw, otmeje <e‰er Ùee mehleceer ceW jnlee nw, pewmes– ÙemÙee mee Jen
ÛevõMesKej: Ûevõ: MesKejs ÙemÙe me: (efMeJe:) Ûevõ nw efMeKej hej efpemekesâ Devleueexce: Devleie&le efve ueesce efve ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ ueesce Yeerlej neW, Jen
Ûe›eâheeefCe Ûe›ebâ heeCeew ÙemÙe me: (Ûe›eâ nw heeefCe ceW efpemekesâ Jen) yeefnuee&Ye: yeefnie&le efve ueesce efve ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ ueesce yeenj neW, Jen
ce=i eveÙeveer ce=iemÙe veÙeves FJe veÙeves ÙemÙee mee (m$eer) JÙeeIeÇheeled JÙeeIeÇmÙe FJe heeoew ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ heeo JÙeeIeÇ kesâ meceeve neW
(ce=ie kesâ veÙeveeW kesâ meceeve nw veÙeve efpemekesâ Jen) efÉheeled Éew heeoew ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ oes hewj neW, Jen
heerÙet<eheeefCe: heerÙet<e: heeCeew ÙemÙe me: (heerÙet<e nw heeefCe ceW efpemekesâ Jen) efveOeve: efJeieleb Oeveb ÙemÙe me: efpemekeâe Oeve efJeiele nes ieÙee nw Jen
yengJeÇerefn meceeme kesâ DevÙe GoenjCe JÙet{esjmkeâ: JÙet{ced Gj: ÙemÙe me: Ûeew[Ì e nw Gj efpemekeâe Jen
meeceeefmekeâ efJe«en efnvoer ceW DeLe& meneLe&k eâ yengJeÇerenf meceeme–FmeceW men yengJeÇerefn meceeme Yeer keânles nQ~ Fme
heo meceeme ceW `men' Ùee `meefnle' kesâ DeLe& ceW `me' henues ueielee nw Deewj efJe«en
¤heJeodYeeÙe&: ¤heJeleer YeeÙee& ÙemÙe me: efpemekeâer YeeÙee& ¤heJeleer nw Jen le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle ceW neslee nw; pewmes–
efÛe$eieg: efÛe$ee ieeJees ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ efÛelekeâyejer ieeÙeW neW meyeevOeJe = yeevOeJew: men
efJe%eÚe$e: efJe%ee: Úe$ee: Ùeefmceved me: efJe%e nQ Úe$e efpemeceW Ssmee efJeÅeeueÙe meheg$e = heg$esCe men
ØeheCe&: Øeheefleleeefve heCee&efve ÙemÙe me: efpemekesâ heòes efiej ieS nQ Ssme Je=#e meevegpe: = Devegpesve meefnle: men Jee
DeJeuee DeefJeÅeceeveb yeueb ÙemÙee mee efpemekeâe yeue efJeÅeceeve ve nes Jen DevÙe GoenjCe–
Deheg$e: DeefJeÅeceeve: heg$eesÙemÙe me: efpemekeâe heg$e efJeÅeceeve ve nes Jen mee«epe:, meefJeveÙeced, meeojced, meevegjesOeced, meepeg&ve: Deeefo~
ØelÙeÙe
``ØeleerÙeles efJeOeerÙeles Fefle ØelÙeÙe:''–DeLee&led efpemekeâe efkeâmeer Oeeleg Ùee Meyo mes keâefleheÙe ØecegKe ke=âled ØelÙeÙeeW keâe heefjÛeÙe ÙeneB efoÙee pee jne nw–
efJeOeeve efkeâÙee peelee nw, Gmes ØelÙeÙe keânles nQ~ otmejs MeyoeW ceW efkeâmeer Yeer Oeeleg Ùee 1. keälJee ØelÙeÙe (keâjkesâ DeLe& ceW) –JeekeäÙe kesâ cegKÙe ef›eâÙee mes hetJe& efkeâS ieS keâeÙe&
Meyo kesâ yeeo pegÌ[ves Jeeues MeyoebMeeW keâes ØelÙeÙe keâne peelee nw~ ØelÙeÙe oes Øekeâej ceW hetJe&keâeefuekeâ ef›eâÙee keâes JÙekeäle keâjves kesâ efueS Oeeleg ceW keälJee ØelÙeÙe keâe Ùeesie
kesâ nesles nQ–1. ke=âled ØelÙeÙe Deewj 2. leefæle ØelÙeÙe~ efkeâÙee peelee nw, GoenjCe–ceÙetj: cesIeb Â„dJee ve=lÙeefle~ ÙeneB Â„Jee ceW ÂMed Oeeleg
ke=âled ØelÙeÙe–efpeve ØelÙeÙeeW keâes OeelegDeeW ceW peesÌ[keâj meb%ee, efJeMes<eCe Ùee Deeefo heo ceW keälJee ØelÙeÙe keâe Ùeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
yeveeS peeles nQ GvnW ke=âled ØelÙeÙe keânles nQ~ Fvekeâer mebKÙee meele nw–leJÙeled, leJÙed, DevÙe GoenjCe–
DeveerÙejd, Ùeled, <Ùeled, keäÙehed Deewj kesâefueScejd~ ke=â + keälJee = ke=âlJee
Ùes ØelÙeÙe meowJe YeeJeJeeÛÙe Deewj keâce&JeeÛÙe ceW ner ØeÙegkeäle nesles nQ, keâle=J& eeÛÙe ceW veneR~ ieced + keälJee = ielJee
(keâ) DeJÙeÙe yeveeves kesâ OeelegDeeW ceW keälJee, uÙehed, legcegved ØelÙeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee veced + keälJee = velJee
peelee nw~ hee + keälJee = heerlJee
(Ke) Oeeleg mes efJeMes<eCe yeveeves kesâ efueS Mele=, MeeveÛed, leJÙeled, DeveerÙejd, Ùeled, ßeg + keälJee = ßeglJee
Deeefo ØelÙeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ÂMed + keälJee = Â„Jee
(ie) Yetlekeâeefuekeâ ef›eâÙee–kesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ efueS keäle, keäleJeleg SJeb keâjvee ÛeeefnS ef›eâÙee nved + keälJee = nlJee
kesâ JeeÛekeâ leJÙeled, DeveerÙejd Deewj Ùeled ØelÙeÙe nQ~ ØeÛÚd + keälJee = he=<šdJ ee
(Ie) Oeeleg mes meb%ee yeveeves nsleg le=Ûed, efkeäleved, CJegue, uÙegšd Deeefo ØelÙeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie lÙeped + keälJee = lÙekeälJee
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mhe=Med + keälJee = mhe=„Jd ee
uÙehed ØelÙeÙe–hetJe&keâeefuekeâ ef›eâÙee kesâ DeLe& ceW uÙehed ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ peneb Oeeleg + ØelÙeÙe hegeuq ue” m$eer efue” vehegbmekeâefue”
hej Oeeleg mes hetJe& keâesF& Ghemeie& ueiee neslee nw JeneB keälJee kesâ mLeeve hej uÙehed ØelÙeÙe he"d + Mele= (Deled) he"ved he"vleer he"led
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uÙehed ØelÙeevle Meyo Yeer DeJÙeÙe nesles nQ~ Fmekesâ ¤he efueKed + Mele= efueKeved efueKevleer efueKeled
ceW Yeer heefjJele&ve veneR neslee nw~ nmed + Mele= nmeved nmevleer nmeled
GoenjCe– mesJed + MeeveÛed mesJeceeve: mesJeceevee mesJeceeveced
Øe + veced + uÙehed = ØeCecÙe cegod + MeeveÛed ceesoceeve: ceesoceevee ceesoceeveced
efJe + %eeve + uÙehed = efJe%eeÙe Je=led + MeeveÛed Jele&c eeve: Jele&c eevee Jele&ceeveced
Dee + ieced = uÙehed = DeeielÙe JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie keâjles ngS Mele= MeeveÛed ØelÙeevle MeyoeW ceW Gmeer efue”, efJeYeefkeäle
Dee + oe + uÙehed = DeeoeÙe Deewj JeÛeve keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw efpeme efue”, efJeYeefkeäle leLee JeÛeve keâe efJeMes<Ùe
Dee + veer + uÙehed = DeeveerÙe neslee nw~
efJe + mce= + uÙehed = efJemce=lÙe ÙeLee–efhelee ieÛÚvleb heg$eb YeespeveeÙe keâLeÙeefle~
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ heg$e keâes Yeespeve kesâ efueÙes keâne pee jne nw~ Fmekesâ
legcegved ØelÙeÙe–(efveefceòeeLe&keâ) `kesâ efueS' DeLee&led èf›eâÙee keâes keâjves kesâ efueS' Fme
Gòej ceW peeles ngS heg$e keâes nw~ Dele: heg$eced kesâ efJeMes<eCe ¤he ceW ieÛÚled Meyo ceW
DeLe& ceW Oeeleg kesâ meeLe legcegved ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peye oes ef›eâÙee heoeW
efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie neskeâj ieÛÚvleced heo yevee~
keâe keâlee& Skeâ neslee nw leLee Skeâ ef›eâÙee otmejer ef›eâÙee keâe ØeÙeespeve Ùee efveefceòe
nesleer nw lees efveefceòeeLe&keâ ef›eâÙee heo ceW legcegved ØelÙeÙe neslee nw~ Oeeleg + ØelÙeÙe DeLe& heg. m$eer. vehegb.
ÙeLee–megjsMe: heef"legb efJeÅeeueÙeb ieÛÚefle~ JeekeäÙe ceW heÌ{vee Deewj peevee oes ef›eâÙee ieced + Mele= = ieÛÚled peelee ngDee ieÛÚved ievÚvleer ieÛÚled
heo nQ efpeveceW heÌ{vee ef›eâÙee ØeÙeespeve nw~ efpemekesâ efueS megjsMe efJeÅeeueÙe peelee nw~ ÂMed + Mele= = heMÙeled osKelee ngDee heMÙeved heMÙevleer heMÙeled
Dele: heÌ{vee/heef"legced ceW legcegved ØelÙeÙe nw~ hee + Mele= = efheyeled heerlee ngDee efheyeved efheyevleer efheyeled
meceÙe, yesuee Deeefo keâeueJeeÛeer MeyoeW kesâ meeLe legcegved ØelÙeÙe neslee nw~ ÙeLee–mveelegb Yet + Mele= = YeJeled neslee ngDee YeJeved YeJevleer YeJeled
JesueeÓefmle heef"legb meceÙeesÓefmle~ heÛed + Mele= = heÛeled hekeâelee ngDee heÛeved heÛevleer heÛeled
he=ÛÚd + Mele= = he=ÛÚled hetÚlee ngDee he=ÛÚved he=ÛÚvleer he=ÛÚled
legcegved ØelÙeÙeevle Meyo Yeer DeJÙeÙe nesles nQ~ Fvekeâe ¤he veneR yeouelee nw~
Ùeped + MeeveÛed = Ùepeceeve Ùepeve keâjlee ngDee Ùepeceeve: Ùepeceeve Ùepeceeveced
ieced + legcegved = ievlegced
ueYed + MeeveÛed = ueYeceeve Øeehle keâjlee ngDee ueYeceeve: ueYeceevee ueYeceeveced
nved + legcegved = nvlegced
mend + MeeveÛed = menceeve menve keâjlee ngDe menceeve: menceevee menceeveced
hee + legcegved = heelegced
peved + MeeveÛed = peeÙeceeve hewoe keâjlee ngDe peeÙeceeve: peeÙeceevee peeÙeceeveced
mvee + legcegved = mveelegced
Meer + MeeveÛed = MeÙeeve meesle ngDee MeÙeeve: MeÙeevee MeÙeeveced
oe + legcegved = oelegced
keäle, keäleJeleg ØelÙeÙe–keäle Deewj keäleJeleg ØelÙeÙe Yetlekeâeue ceW nesles nQ keäle keâe le Deewj
ØeÛÚ + legcegved = Øe„gced keäleJeleg keâe leJeled Mes<e jnlee nw~ keäle ØelÙeÙe keâce&JeeÛÙe Ùee YeeJeJeeÛÙe ceW nesle nw,
ÂMed + legcegved = õ„gced keäleJeleg keâle=Je ÛÙe ceW~ Oeeleg ceW iegCe Ùee Je=efæ veneR nesleer nw, yeefukeâ mebØemeejCe neslee nw~
nmed + legcegved = nefmelegced Fmekesâ ¤he leerveeW efue”eW ceW Ûeueles nQ, hegeuq ue” ceW jece keâer lejn, m$eerefue” ceW
Mele=-MeeveÛed ØelÙeÙe–Skeâ keâeÙe& keâes keâjles ngS peye (meeLe ner meeLe) DevÙe keâeÙe& Yeer jcee keâer lejn Deewj vehegbmekeâefue” ceW ie=n keâer lejn Ûeueles nQ–
efkeâÙes pee jns nes lees keâjlee ngDee/keâjleer ngF&, Ûeuelee ngDee/Ûeueleer ngF&, heÌ{lee ngDee/ Oeeleg + ØelÙeÙe hegeuq ue” m$eer efue” vehegbmekeâefue”
heÌ{leer ngF& FlÙeeefo DeLeeX keâes yeleeves kesâ efueS hejmcewheoer OeelegDeeW ceW Mele= ØelÙeÙe leLee ieced + keäle iele: ielee ieleced
Deelcevesheoer OeelegDeeW ceW MeeveÛed ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ke=â + keäle ke=â le: ke=â lee ke=âleced
Mele= kesâ `Med' Deewj `De' keâe ueeshe neskeâj Oeeleg ceW Deled pegÌ[lee nw leLee MeeveÛed kesâ hee + keäle heerle: heerlee heerleced
Med keâes `ced' DeeosMe Deewj `Ûe' keâe ueeshe neskeâj Oeeleg kesâ meeLe ceeve pegÌ[lee nw~ ßeg + keäle ßegle: ßeg lee ßegl eced
Mele=-MeeveÛed ØelÙeÙeeW mes yeves ngS Meyo efJeMes<eCe ¤he ceW ØeÙegkeäle nesles nQ~ Dele: ›eâer + keäle ›eâerle: ›eâerl ee ›eâerleced
Fvekesâ leerveeW efue”eW ceW Ûeueles nQ~ hegequuebie ceW jece kesâ meceeve, m$eereuf e” ceW jcee kesâ Ye#ed + keäle Yeef# ele: Yeef# elee Yeef#eleced
meceeve Deewj vehegbmekeâ efue” ceW ie=n kesâ meceeve ¤he ÛeueWies~ F<e + keäle F„: F„e F„ced

mesJe + keäle mesefJ ele: mesefJ elee meseJf eleced pewmes–ceÙee «evLe: heef"leJÙe:~ ceÙee hegefmlekeâe heef"leJÙee~ ceÙee hegmlekebâ heef"leJÙeced
ÂMe + keäle Â„: Â„e Â„ced Fve ØelÙeÙeeW ceW keâlee& ceW le=leerÙee leLee keâce& ceW ØeLecee keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw leLee ef›eâÙee
ieced + keäleJeleg ieleJ eeved ieleJ eleer ieleJeled keâce& kesâ Devegmeej nesleer nw–
ke=â + keäleJeleg ke=âleJeeved ke=âleJeleer ke=âleJeled pewmes–yeeuekesâve hee": heef"leJÙe:
veesš –keäleJeleg ØelÙeÙeevle Meyo kesâ ¤he hegequue” ceW jece, m$eereuf e” ceW veoer Deewj yeeuekesâve keâLee heef"leJÙee
vehegbmekeâefue” ceW peieled kesâ meceeve Ûeueles nQ~ keäle Deewj keäleJeleg Fve oesveeW ØelÙeÙeeW yeeuekesâve hegmlekeâced heef"leJÙeced
ef›eâÙee kesâ ¤he ceW Fve ØelÙeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie `ÛeeefnS' kesâ DeLe& ceW leLee efJeMes<eCe kesâ
keâer èfve‰e' meb%ee nesleer nw~
¤he ceW Fve ØelÙeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie `ÙeesiÙe' kesâ DeLe& ceW neslee nw–
efve‰e Meyo keâe Ùeeweif ekeâ DeLe& nw–`meceeefhle'~
pewmes–Úe$esCe heef"leJÙeced~ hee"b heef"leJÙeced
jecesCe hegmlekebâ heef"leced (keâce& JeeÛÙe) Fme JeekeäÙe ceW `hee"ced' mes hetJe& `heef"leJÙeced' efJeMes<eCe kesâ ¤he ceW nw leLee yeeo ceW
Úe$ew: keâLee heef"lee (keâce& JeeÛÙe) ØeÙegkeäle `heef"leJÙeced' ef›eâÙee kesâ ¤he ceW nw Dele: Fmekeâe DeLe& ngDee–
ceÙee he$eb heef"leced (keâce& JeeÛÙe) Úe$e kesâ Éeje heÌ{ves ÙeesiÙe hee" keâes heÌ{e peevee ÛeeefnS~
les ve nef meleced (YeeJeJeeÛÙe) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe–Fme ØelÙeÙe kesâ leerve ¤he Âef„ieesÛej nesles nQ–
les ve ieleced (YeeJeJeeÛÙe) 1. Ùele, 2. CÙeled leLee 3. keäÙehed~ ÙeÅeefhe leerveeW ØelÙeÙeeW keâe `Ùe' ner Mes<e jnlee nw
keäle ØelÙeÙeÙegkeäle ef›eâÙee kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW keâlee& ØeeÙe: le=leerÙeevle leLee keâce& ØeLeceevle leLee leerveeW Skeâ ner DeLe& (ÛeeefnS DeLeJee ÙeesiÙe) DeLe& ceW ØeÙegkeäle nesles nQ~ hejvleg
neslee nw~ ef›eâÙee kesâ efue” JeÛeve Yeer keâce& kesâ Devegmeej nesles nQ~ Fvekesâ ØeÙeesie mLeue efYevve-efYevve nesles nQ~
leJÙeled leLee DeveerÙejd ØelÙeÙe–`ÛeeefnS Ùee ÙeesiÙe' DeLeeX ceW Oeeleg ceW leJÙeled (leJÙe) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe–Depevle OeelegDeeW kesâ meeLe Ùeled ØelÙeÙe ØeÙegkeäle neslee nw Deewj DeefOekeâebMele:
leLee DeveerÙejd (DeveerÙe) ØelÙeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Oeeleg kesâ `Fkeâej' keâes `S' `Gkeâej' keâes Dees Deewj `DeJed' nes peelee nw~ Ùeled keâe `Ùe'
ieced + leJÙeled = ievleJÙe Mes<e jnlee nw~ leerveeW efue”eW ceW ¤he Ûeueles nQ~
he"d + leJÙeled = heef"leJÙe Oeeleg + ØelÙeÙe hegeuq ue” m$eer efue” vehegbmekeâefue”
nmed + leJÙeled = nefmeleJÙe efpe + Ùeled pesÙe: pesÙee pesÙeced
j#ed + leJÙeled = jef#eleJÙe efÛe + Ùeled ÛesÙe: Ûes Ùee ÛesÙ eced
efpe + leJÙeled = pesleJÙe oe + Ùeled osÙe: osÙee osÙeced
veer + Ùeled ves Ùe: ves Ùee vesÙ eced
oe + leJÙeled = oeleJÙe
iew + Ùeled ies Ùe: ies Ùee iesÙ eced
ke=â + leJÙeled = keâle&JÙe
ßeg + Ùeled ßeJÙe: ßeJÙee ßeJÙeced
ÂMe + leJÙeled = Â„JÙe Yet + Ùeled YeJÙe: YeJÙee YeJÙeced
ieced + DeveerÙejd = ieceveerÙe mLee + Ùeled mLes Ùe: mLes Ùee mhesÙeced
he"d + DeveerÙejd = he"veerÙe CÙeled ØelÙeÙe–$e+keâejevle leLee nuevle OeelegDeeW mes hejs `ÛeeefnS' leLee `ÙeesiÙe' DeLe&
nmed + DeveerÙejd = nmeveerÙe keâes yeleeves kesâ efueS CÙeled ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj CÙeled mes hetJe& $e+
j#ed + DeveerÙejd = j#eCeerÙe keâer Je=efæ nes peeleer nw~ nuevle Oeeleg keâer GheOee ceW Ùeefo De nes Gmes oerIe& nes peelee
efpe + DeveerÙejd = peÙeveerÙe nw~ Fvekesâ ¤he leerveeW efue”eW ceW Ûeuelee nw~
oe + DeveerÙejd = oeveerÙe Oeeleg + ØelÙeÙe hegeuq ue” m$eer efue” vehegbmekeâefue”
ke=â + DeveerÙejd = keâjCeerÙe mce= + CÙeled (Ùe) mceeÙe&: mceeÙee& mceeÙe& ced
ÂMe + DeveerÙejd = oMe&veerÙe efueKed + CÙeled (Ùe) uesK Ùe: uesKÙee ues KÙeced
ßeg + DeveerÙejd = ßeJeCeerÙe he"d + CÙeled (Ùe) hee"dÙe: hee"Ùee: hee"dÙeced
lÙeped + CÙeled (Ùe) leepÙe: leepÙee leepÙeced
mvee + DeveerÙejd = mveeveerÙe
JeÛed + CÙeled (Ùe) JeeÛÙe: JeeÛÙee JeeÛÙeced
efueKed + DeveerÙejd = uesKeveerÙe ke=â + CÙeled (Ùe) keâeÙe&: keâeÙee& keâeÙe& ced
JeekeäÙe ceW leJÙeled leLee DeveerÙejd ØelÙeÙeeW mes Ùegkeäle MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW keâlee& le=leerÙeevle ù + CÙeled (Ùe) neÙe&: neÙee& neÙe&ced
leLee keâce& ceW ØeLeceevle neslee nw~ mesJed + CÙeled (Ùe) mesJÙe: mesJ Ùee mesJÙeced
mekeâce&keâ OeelegDeeW mes leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe ueieeves hej yeves MeyoeW kesâ ¤he leerveeW efue”eW ceW Ûegjd + CÙeled (Ùe) ÛeewÙ ee&: ÛeewÙee& ÛeewÙ e&ced
Ûeuelee nw~ «end + CÙeled (Ùe) «ee¢e: «ee¢ee «ee¢eced
efCeefve (Fved) ØelÙeÙe–keâlee& DeLe& ceW «end Deeefo OeelegDeeW mes efCeefve (Fved) keâe ØelÙeÙe leefæle ØelÙeÙeevle MeyoeW ceW keâejkeâ efJeYeefkeäleÙeeB ueieleer nQ~ efJeefYevve DeLeeX ceW
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ØelÙegkeäle nesves Jeeues leefæle ØelÙeÙe Deveskeâ nQ~ keâefleheÙe ØecegKe leefæle ØelÙeÙeeW keâe
ie=nd + efCeefve = «eeefnved = «eener heefjÛeÙe ÙeneB efoÙee pee jne nw~
mLee + efCeefve = mLeeefÙeved = mLeeÙeer celeghed (celed) ØelÙeÙe–celeghed ØelÙeÙe `Jeeuee' DeLee&led `Fmekesâ heeme nw' Fme DeLe& ceW
CJegued leLee le=Ûed ØelÙeÙe (keâle=&JeeÛekeâ)–keâlee& DeLe& ceW efkeâmeer Yeer Oeeleg mes CJegued (Jeg) mJejevle MeyoeW mes `celeghed ØelÙeÙe' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ `Ghed' keâe ueeshe
leLee le=Ûed (le=) ØelÙeÙeeW keâe Ùeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw `Jeg' keâes `Dekeâd' nes peelee nw~ neskeâj MeyoeW mes kesâJeue `celed' pegÌ[lee nw–
CJegued kesâ ueieeves hej Oeeleg kesâ Deeefo mJej keâer Je=efæ nesleer nw~ GoenjCe–
GoenjCe– Meefkeäle + celeghed = Meefkeäleceled (Meefkeäleceeved) MeefkeäleJeeuee
heÛed + CJegued (Dekedâ) = heeÛekeâ: ßeer + celeghed = ßeerceled (ßeerceeved) ßeerJeeuee
ßeg + CJegued (Dekedâ) = ßeeJekeâ: Oeer + celeghed = Oeerceled (Oeerceeved) yegefæJeeuee
he"d + CJegued (Dekedâ) = hee"keâ: Jeleghed (Jeled) ØelÙeÙe–Jeleghed ØelÙeÙe `Jeeuee' Ùee `Fmemes Ùegkeäle' DeLe& ceW Dekeâejevle
ve=led + CJegued (Dekedâ) = vele&keâ: leLee Deveskeâ nuevled MeyoeW mes `Jeleghed' (Jeled) ØelÙeÙe neslee nw~
efkeäleved (efle) ØelÙeÙe (YeeJeJeeÛekeâ)–YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee yeveeves kesâ efueÙes Oeeleg kesâ meeLe `Meyoevle' Ùee `GheOee' ceW De Dee Ùee ced nesves hej celeghed kesâ mLeeve hej `Jeleghed'
efkeäleved (efle) ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ efkeäleved ØelÙeÙeevle Meyo efvelÙe m$eerefue” ØelÙeÙe ueielee nw~
nesles nQ~ Fvekesâ ¤he `ceefle' Meyo keâer YeeBelf e Ûeueles nQ~ Fefve (Fved) Fefve ØelÙeÙe Jeeuee Ùee Ùegkeäle DeLe& ceW Dekeâejevle MeyoeW ceW `Fefve' (Fved)
GoenjCe– ØelÙeÙe keâe Ùeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ßeg + efkeäleved = ßegelf e: GoenjCe–
Yeer + efkeäleved = Yeerelf e: jLe + Fefve = jefLeved (jLeer) jLe Jeeuee Ùee jLe mes Ùegkeäle
ke=â + efkeäleved = ke=âefle: oC[ + Fefve = oefC[ved (oC[er) oC[ Jeeuee Ùee oC[ mes Ùegkeäle
Yeped + efkeäleved = Yeefkeäle: yeue + Fefve = yeefueved (yeueer) yeueJeeuee Ùee yeue mes Ùegkeäle
Ie_ed ØelÙeÙe (YeeJes Ie_ed) hegequue”–Fme ØelÙeÙe ceW kesâJeue `De' ner pegÌ[lee nw Fmekesâ lejhed (lej) ØelÙeÙe
¤he meowJe hegequue” ceW Ûeueles nQ, Fme ØelÙeÙe mes yeves MeyoeW kesâ meeLe keâce& <e‰er òe' ceW efkeâmeer Skeâ keâe DeefleMeÙe Øekeâš keâjves kesâ efueS `lejhed' ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie
efJeYeefkeäle ceW ner Deeleer nQ efpeme Oeeleg kesâ Devle ceW `mJej' nes Gmemes Ie_ed ØelÙeÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw–
peesÌ[ves hej Oeeleg kesâ mJej ceW Je=efæ DeeosMe nes peelee nw~ Ie_ed ØelÙeevle Meyo
GoenjCe–
GhemeieeX kesâ meeLe yengle ØeÛeefuele nQ~ pewmes–
ßes‰ + lejhed = ßes‰lej: Ûelegj + lejhed = Ûelegjlej:
DeefOe + F + Ie_ed = DeOÙeeÙe:
ieg® + lejhed = ieg®lej: oerIe& + lejhed = oerIe&lej:
DeefYe + ue<ed + Ie_ed = DeefYeuee<e:
DeJe + le= + Ie_ed = DeJeleej: ueIeg + lejhed = ueIeglej: megvoj + lejhed = megvojlej:
Dee + ef#ehe + Ie_ed = Dee#eshe: ÙeLee–ue#ceCeeled jece: ßes‰lej: Deemeerled~ iepeeled nefmleve: DeMJe: leerJeÇlej:~
Dee + Ûejd + Ie_ed = DeeÛeej: meesnveeled:d ceesnve: hešglej:~ lecehedd (lece)
Gled + heo + Ie_ed = Glheeo: ØelÙeÙe–oes mes DeefOekeâ ceW efkeâmeer Skeâ keâe meJee&efleMeÙe Øekeâš keâjves kesâ efueS
Gled + mend + Ie_ed = Glmeen: `lecehed' ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe (Ùeg = Deve) –YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee yeveeves kesâ efueS Oeeleg mes uÙegšd (Ùeg = GoenjCe–
Deve) ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme ØelÙeÙe kesâ (Ùeg = Deve) keâes Oeeleg kesâ GÛÛe + lecehed = GÛÛelece:
meeLe peesÌ[e peelee nw~ uÙegšd ØelÙeÙeevle Meyo vehegbmekeâefue” ceW nesles nQ Fvekesâ ¤he ßes‰ + lecehed = ßes‰lece:
`Heâue' Meyo kesâ ¤heeW keâer lejn Ûeuelee nw~ ieg® + lecehed = ieg®lece:
GoenjCe– ueIeg + lecehed = ueIeglece:
Yet + uÙegšd (Ùeg = Deve) YeJeveced
hešg + lecehed = hešglece:
hee + uÙegšd (Ùeg = Deve) heeveced
ceÙešd (ceÙe) ØelÙeÙe–
ßet + uÙegšd (Ùeg = Deve) ßeJeCeced
ØeÛegjlee kesâ DeLe& ceW ceÙešd (ceÙe) ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
leefæle ØelÙeÙe
meb%ee, efJeMes<eCe leLee ke=âovle Deeefo (Øeeefleheefokeâ) MeyoeW kesâ meeLe ueiekeâj DeLe& JemlegJeeÛekeâ MeyoeW mes (KeeÅe JemlegDeeW keâes ÚesÌ[keâj) efJekeâej DeLe& ceW Yeer ceÙešd
heefjJele&ve keâjves Jeeues ØelÙeÙeeW keâes leefæle ØelÙeÙe keânles nQ~ ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–

GoenjCe– lJe ØelÙeÙeevle–Meyo vehegbmekeâefue” ceW nesles nQ~ Fvekesâ ¤he Heâue Meyo keâer lejn
Meeefvle + ceÙešd = MeeefvleceÙe: Ûeueles nQ~
Deevevo + ceÙešd = DeevevoceÙe: `lee' ØelÙeevle Meyo m$eerefue” ceW nesles nQ Fvekesâ ¤he jcee Meyo keâer lejn Ûeueles
megKe + ceÙešd = megKeceÙe: nQ~
lespe: + ceÙešd = lespeesceÙe: Ùeled ØelÙeÙe–Mejerj kesâ DeJeÙeJeJeeÛeer MeyoeW mes `nesves Jeeuee' Fme DeLe& ceW Ùeled ØelÙeÙe
ce=led + ceÙešd = ce=CceÙe: keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mJeCe& + ceÙešd = mJeCe&ceÙe: keâC" + Ùeled = keâC"s YeJeced keâC"Ùeced
ueewn + ceÙešd = ueewnceÙe: ovle + Ùeled = ovles YeJeced ovlÙeced
DeCed (De) ØelÙeÙe Dees‰ + Ùeled = Dees‰s YeJeced Dees‰dÙeced
DehelÙe (heg$e Ùee heg$eer) DeLe& ceW Meyo mes DeCed ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Leeued (Lee) ØelÙeÙe
DeCed ØelÙeÙe keâjves hej Deeefo mJej keâer Je=efæ nesleer nw~ efkeâced Deeefo meJe&veeceeW mes `Øekeâej' DeLe& ceW `Leeued' ØelÙeÙe keâe Ùeesie efkeâÙee peelee
GoenjCe– nw~ Leeued keâe `Lee' Mes<e jnlee nw~
JemegosJ e + DeCed = JeemegosJe: Ùeod + Leeued = ÙeLee
JeefMe‰ + DeCed = JeeefMe‰: leod + Leeued = leLee
efJeMJeeefce$e + DeCed = JewMJeeefce$e: meJe&d + Leeued = meJe&Lee
DeMJeheefle + DeCed = DeeMJeheleced: GYeÙe + Leeued = GYeÙeLee
Ùeog + DeCed = ÙeeoJe: leefæle ØelÙeÙe keâe efJeMes<e met$e
"kedâ (Fkedâ) ØelÙeÙe–MeyoeW mes YeeJe DeLe& ceW "kedâ ØelÙeÙe keâe efJeOeeve efkeâÙee peelee DeeÙeved SÙed F&ved F&Ùed FÙed
nw~ "kedâ keâes Fkeâ nes peelee nw leLee Meyo kesâ Deeefo mJej keâer Je=efæ nesleer nw~     
GoenjCe– Heâd {d Ked Úd Ied
JeeÛe + "kedâ = JeeefÛekeâ {kedâ ({d) ØelÙeÙe (m$eerYÙees "keâd, veoeoerYÙees {kedâ)
Oece& + "kedâ = Oeee|cekeâ Fme met$eevegmeej m$eer ØelÙeÙeevle MeyoeW ceW DehelÙe DeLe& `veoer' Deeefo MeyoeW ceW {kedâ
veiej + "kedâ = veeieefjkeâ ØelÙeÙe pees[Ì e peelee nw leye Deieuee met$e ØeJe=efòe neslee nw–
DeOÙeelce + "kedâ = DeeOÙeeeqlcekeâ Heâd  DeeÙeved
mebmke=âefle + Dekedâ = meebmke=âeflekeâ {d  SÙed
FleÛed (Fle) ØelÙeÙe– Ked  F&ved
meefnle Ùee Ùegkeäle DeLe& ceW leejkeâ Deeefo MeyoeW mes FleÛed ØelÙeÙe keâe Ùeesie efkeâÙee Ú  F&Ùed
peelee nw~ Ied  FÙed
GoenjCe– Fme met$eevegmeej {d kesâ mLeeve hej SÙed DeeosMe keâj oslee nw~
leejkeâ + FleÛed = leejefkeâle: efJevelee + {kedâ
efheheemee + FleÛed = efheheeefmele: efJevelee + S
yegYeg#ee + FleÛed = yegYegef#ele: efJevelee + SÙed = JewvesleÙe:
keâCškeâ + FleÛed = keâCšefkeâle: veoer + {kedâ = veeosÙe:
kegâmegce + FleÛed = kegâmegecf ele: JeejeCemeer + {kedâ = JeejeCemesÙe:
lJe, leued ØelÙeÙe–YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee yeveeves kesâ efueS MeyoeW mes `lJe' Deewj `leued' Heâkedâ (DeeÙeved) ØelÙeÙe–Heâkedâ keâe kesâJeue Heâd pegÌ[lee Deewj cegKÙe met$e DeeÙeved SÙed,
(lee) ØelÙeÙeeW keâe Ùeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ F&ved, F&Ùed, FÙed mes–
GoenjCe– ieeiÙe& + Heâkeâd
cetKe& + lJe = cetKe&lJeced ieeiÙe& + DeeÙeved = ieeiÙee&ÙeCe
efJeÉmed + lJe = efJeÉlJeced Ked (F&ved) ØelÙeÙe–peele (heg$e) DeLe& keâe yeesOekeâ keâjeves kesâ efueS `DeJeejheej' mes Ked
cenled + lJe = cenòJeced ØelÙeÙe pees[Ì e peelee nw; pewmes–
heefJe$e + lJe = heefJe$elJeced DeJeejheej + Ked = DeJeejheeCeerÙe
heMeg + lJe = heMeglJeced «eece + Ked = «eeceerCe
Úd (F&Ùed) ØelÙeÙe–Fme ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie nce Je=efæ meb%ekeâ MeyoeW kesâ meeLe keâjles leheefmJeved + *erhed (F&) = leheefmJeveer
nQ; pewmes– iegeCf eved + *erhed (F&) = iegeCf eveer
meeued + Ú = MeeueerÙe oefC[ved + *erhed = oefC[veer
ie=n + Ú = ie=nerÙe Ùeesefieved + *erhed = Ùeesefieveer
efpe£ecetue + Ú = efpe£ecetueerÙe jesefieved + *erhed = jesieveer
Ie (FÙed) ØelÙeÙe (je„êÓJeej-heejeo-Ie-Keew)–Øemlegle met$e mes je„^ Meyo kesâ jepeved + *erhed = je%eer
meeLe Ìe' ØelÙeÙe pegÌ[siee Deewj ØeOeeve met$e (DeeÙeved, SÙed, F&ved, F&Ùed, FÙed) Ìe' kesâ met$e (GefieleMÛe)–Gefieled DeLee&ledd Gkedâ – G $e+ leLee ue= efpemekesâ Fled nes, Ssmes
mLeeve hej FÙe DeeosMe nes peelee nw; pewmes– ØelÙeÙe efpeme Øeeefleheefokeâ kesâ Devle ceW nes, GmeceW m$eerlJe yeesOeve kesâ efueS *erhed
je„^ + Ie ØelÙeÙe neslee nw–YeJeleer, YeJevleer, heÛevleer, oerJÙevleer Deeefo~
je„^ + FÙe efšºeCe_ÉÙemeped-oOve_ed-cee$eÛed-leÙehed-"keâd-"_ed-keâ_ed-keäJejhe:
jeef„ ^Ùe: Deveghemepe&ve (pees ieewCe ve nes) efšovle Dekeâejevle Øeeefleheefokeâ Deewj {, DeCed,
m$eer ØelÙeÙe De_ed, ÉÙemeÛe, oOve_ed, cee$eÛed, leÙehed, "kedâ, "_ed keâ_ed Deewj keäJejhed ØelÙeÙeeW kesâ
hegeuq ue” MeyoeW ceW efpeve ØelÙeÙeeW keâes ueieekeâj m$eerefue” Ùee m$eer JeeÛekeâ Meyo Devle nesves Jeeues ØeeefleheokeâeW mes m$eerefue” ceW *erhed ØelÙeÙe nes~
yeveeS peeles nQ GvnW m$eer ØelÙeÙe keânles nQ~ èfšled' ØelÙeÙeevle–kegâ®Ûejer, veoer, Ûeesjer, osJ eer, ceõÛejer
Dee (šehed, [ehed, Ûeehed) `{' ØelÙeÙeevle–Ssvõer,
F& (*erhed, [er<ed, *erved) `De_ed' ØelÙeÙeevle–Deewlmeer
šehed ØelÙeÙe (DepeeÅele„ehed)–Dekeâejevle hegeuq ue” kesâ MeyoeW ceW m$eerefue” Meyo `ÉÙemeÛed' ØelÙeÙeevle–G®ÉÙemeer
yeveeves kesâ efueS šehed (Dee) ØelÙeÙe ueieeÙee peelee nw– òOve_ed' ØelÙeÙeevle–T®oOveer
DeMJe + šehed (Dee) = DeMJee `cee$eÛed' ØelÙeÙeevle–De®Ùee$eer
megled + šehed (Dee) = meglee leÙehed ØelÙeÙeevle–he_ÛeleÙeer
mejue + šehed (Dee) = mejuee "keâd ØelÙeÙeevle–Deeef# ekeâer
ØeLece + šehed (Dee) = ØeLecee `"_ed' ØelÙeÙeevle–ØeeefmLekeâer, ueeJeefCekeâer
S[keâ + šehed (Dee) = S[keâe `keâ_ed' ØelÙeÙeevle–ÙeeÂMeer
yeeue + šehed (Dee) = yeeuee `keäJejhed' ØelÙeÙeevle–FlJejer
Gef<Cend + šehed (Dee) = Gef<Cene (Ùe_MÛe) –Ùe_ed ØelÙeÙeevle Øeeefleheefokeâ mes m$eerefue” ceW *erhed ØelÙeÙe neslee nw,
iebie + šehed (Dee) = iebiee pewmes– ieeieea
Ùeefo hegeuq ue” Meyo kesâ Devle ceW Dekeâ nes lees `Dee' ØelÙeÙe ueieves hej Fkeâ nes
(JeÙeefme ØeLeces)–DeJemLee keâe ØeLece Yeeie nesves hej m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *erhed
peelee nw–
ØelÙeÙe keâe efJeOeeve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ DeJemLeeSb leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ–1. keâewceej
yeeuekeâ + Dee = yeeefuekeâe
2. ÙeewJeve 3. mLeeefJej (yegÌ{ehee)
cet<ekeâ + Dee = cete<f ekeâe
efMe#ekeâ + Dee = efMeef#ekeâe kegâceej + *erhed = kegâceejer
meeOekeâ + Dee = meeefOekeâe efkeâMeesj + *erhed = efkeâMeesjer
ieeÙekeâ + Dee = ieeefÙekeâe JeOet + *erhed = JeOetšer (ÙegJeefle)
veeÙekeâ + Dee = veeefÙekeâe efÛejCšd + *erhed = efÛejCšer (ÙegJeefle)
keâejkeâ + Dee = keâeefjkeâe met$e-efÉiees:–efÉieg meceeme ceW m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *erhed ØelÙeÙe nes–
Ûeehed ØelÙeÙe–(metÙee&od osJ eleeÙeeb Ûeeyeb JekeäleJÙe)–osJ elee DeLe& ceW metÙe& Meyo mes `Ûeehed' ef$eheeo + *erhed = ef$eheeoer
ØelÙeÙe neslee nw–metÙe& + Ûeehed = metÙee&~ De„eOÙeeÙe + *erhed = De„eOÙeeÙeer
*erhed ØelÙeÙe he_ÛeJešd + *erhed = he_ÛeJešer
oMejLed + *erhed = oMejLeer
$e+vvesYÙees *erhed–$e+keâejevle SJeb vekeâejevle hegeuq ue” MeyoeW keâes m$eerefue” Meyo ceW
yeoueves kesâ efueS *erhed ØelÙeÙe ueieeÙee peelee nw~ GoenjCe– *er<ed ØelÙeÙe
keâle=& + *erhed (F&) = keâ$eea met$e-ef<eodieewjeefoYÙeMÛe–efpemekeâe <ekeâej Fled meb%ekeâ nes leLee ieewjeefoieCe ceW
oele= + *erhed (F&) = oe$eer he"efle ØeeefleheefokeâeW mes m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *er<ed ØelÙeÙe neslee nw; pewmes–
Oeele= + *erhed (F&) = Oee$eer vele&keâ + *er<ed = vele&keâer
megvoj + *er<ed = megvojer Je®Ce + *er<ed = Je®Ceeveer
vešd + *er<ed = vešer YeJe + *er<ed = YeJeeveer
ieewj + *er<ed = ieewjer MeJe& + *er<ed = MeJee&Ceer
ieeiÙee&Ùeve + *er<ed = ieeiÙee&ÙeCeer ®õ + *er<ed = ®õeCeer
JeesleesiegCeJeÛeveele–ÜmJe Gkeâejevle iegCeJeeÛeer MeyoeW mes m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *er<ed ce=[ + *er<ed = ce=[eveer
ØelÙeÙe neslee nw, pewmes– efnce + *er<ed = efnceeveer
leveg + *er<ed = levJeer DejCÙe + *er<ed = DejCÙeeCeer
hešg + *er<ed = hešJeer ÙeJe + *er<ed = ÙeJeeveer
ueIeg + *er<ed = ueIeJeer ÙeJeve + *er<ed = ÙeJeveeveer
he=Leg + *er<ed = he=LJeer ceelegue + *er<ed = ceelegueeveer
DeeÛeeÙe& + *er<ed = DeeÛeeÙee&Ceer
meeOeg + *er<ed = meeOJeer
Fvõ, Je®Ce, YeJe, MeJe&, ®õ, ce=[, efnce, DejCÙe, ÙeJe, ÙeJeve ceelegue Deewj
met$e–yendJeeefoYÙeMÛe–yeng Deeefo ieCe ceW heef"le MeyoeW mes m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW
DeeÛeeÙe& Fve 12 MeyoeW mes m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *er<ed ØelÙeÙe keâe efJeOeeve efkeâÙee
efJekeâuhe mes *er<ed ØelÙeÙe nes, pewmes–
peelee nw leLee MeyoeW Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW Deevegkeâd keâe Deeiece keâjles nQ~
yeng + *er<ed = yendJeer/yeng: met$e-›eâerleeled keâjCe hetJee&led–d `›eâerled' Meyo efpemekesâ Devle ceW nes leLee keâjCe JeeÛekeâ
meJe&leesÓefkeälevveeLee&eof lÙeskesâ *er<ed–efkeäleved ØelÙeevle mes efYevve efkeâmeer Yeer Fovle ØeejcYe ceW nes lees m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *er<ed ØelÙeÙe neslee nw~
Øeeefoheefokeâ mes m$eerlJe keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *er<ed ØelÙeÙe neslee nw~ Jem$ekeâerled + *er<ed = Jem$e›eâerleer
Mekeâš + *er<ed = Mekeâšer met$e-Flees ceveg<Ùepeeles–ceveg<Ùe peeefleJeeÛekeâ ÜmJe Fkeâejevle Øeeefoheefokeâ m$eereuf e”
FvõJe®CeYeJeMeJe&®oce=[efnceejCÙeÙeJeÙeJeveceelegueeÛeeÙee&Ceeceevegkeâ *er<ed mÙeele– keâer efJeJe#ee ceW *er<e ØelÙeÙe neslee nw~
Fvõ + Deevegkedâ + *er<ed oeef#e + *er<ed = oe#eer
Fvõ + Deeve = *er<ed efle ØelÙeÙe (Ùetveefmle:)–ÙegJeved Meyo ceW efle ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes–
Fvõ + *er<ed = FvõeCeer ÙeJeved + efle = ÙegJeefle: (ÙegJee m$eer)
Ghemeie& leLee JeeÛÙe

Ghemeie& Ghemeie& DeLe& GoenjCe
Øe DeefOekeâ, Øekeâ<e& Øekeâ<e&:, Øemeej:, ØeÛeej:, ØeceeCeced,
Ghemeie&–(22) Oeeleg leLee DevÙe heoeW mes hetJe& ØeÙegkeäle neskeâj Gvekesâ DeLe& keâes
ØeYeJeefle, ØeÙelve:, Øeefle‰e:,
heefjJele&ve keâjves Jeeues MeyoebMeeW keâes Ghemeie& keânles nQ–
heje efve<esOe, efJejesOe hejepeÙe:, heje›eâce:, hejekeâe‰e:,
GhemeiexCe OeelJeLeex yeueeovÙe$e veerÙeles~ hejepeÙeles,
Øenejenej–mebnej–efJenej–heefjnejJeled~~ Dehe nervelee, vÙetvelee SJeb yegje Dehekeâej:, DeheJeeo:, Dehejnefle,
GhemeieeX mes Ùegkeäle nesves hej heo keâe DeLe& yeoue peelee nw~ ÙeLee–nej Meyo keâe Dehekeâjesefle
DeLe& nw–`ceeuee' hejvleg peye GmeceW `Øe' Ghemeie& ueielee nw lees Gmekeâe DeLe& neslee meced DeÛÚe mebmkeâjeself e, mebieÛÚles, mecÙekedâ,
nw–ceejvee~ Fmeer Øekeâej `Dee' Ghemeie& ueieves hej `Deenej' yevelee nw, efpemekeâe mebkeâuhe:, mevleehe:~
DeLe& nw–Yeespeve~ Fmeer Øekeâej Ùeefo `nej' Meyo ceW `meced' Ghemeie& pegÌ[lee nw lees Deveg heerÚs DevegieÛÚefle, Devegnej:, DevegÛej:,
DevegkeâjCeced~
`mebnej' Meyo yevelee nw efpemekeâe DeLe& nw ve„ keâjvee, hejvleg Fmeer Meyo ceW èfJe'
DeJe otj, nervelee SJeb efvecvelee DeJeleej:, DeJeceeve:, DeJeiegCe:,
Ghemeie& ueieves hej èfJenej' Meyo yevelee nw efpemekeâe DeLe& neslee nw–Ietcevee-
DeJeieÛÚefle, DeJelejefle, DeJepeeveefle~
efHeâjvee~ Fmeer lejn heefj Ghemeie& pegÌ[keâj `heefjnej' Meyo yevelee nw efpemekeâe efvejd efve<esOe efveie&ÛÚefle, efvejekeâjesefle, efvejhejeOe:,
DeLe& neslee nw–megOeej keâjvee~ Fme Øekeâej nceves osKee efkeâ Deueie-Deueie GhemeieeX efveoex<e:~
kesâ pegÌ[ves mes MeyoeW kesâ DeLeeX ceW heefjJele&ve Dee peelee nw~ efvemed efve<esOe efve<keâejCeced, efvemmejefle, efvemmeej:~
ogmed keâef"ve yegje ogmlej:, og< keâj:, og:men:, Devegmeej neslee nw~ efpeme efue” heg®<e leLee JeÛeve ceW keâce& neslee nw, Gmeer efue”
ogmlÙeepÙe:, og< ØeÙeespeveced~ heg®<e leLee JeÛeve ceW ef›eâÙee keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ ÙeLee–(i) jecesCe ie=nb iecÙeles~
ogjd keâef"ve yegje ogy e Os& Ùe:, ogue&Ye:, ogjeÛeej:~ (ii) efJeÅeee|Levee hee": he"dÙeles~
efJe efyevee Deueie SJeb efJeefMe„ efJepeÙeles, efJenjefle, efJeÙeesie: efJecevee:, (iii) ceÙee efÛe$eb ÂMÙeles~
efJe%eeveced, efJeMeejo:~ Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW ›eâceMe: ie=nced, hee": leLee efÛe$eb keâce& nw Dele: ØeLece oes JeekeäÙeeW ceW
Dee*d heÙe&vle, efJejesOe DeekeâC"ced, DeepeerJeveced Deepevce, keâce& SkeâJeÛeve ceW leLee leermejs ceW efÛe$eb ceW SkeâJeÛeve kesâ keâejCe ef›eâÙee Yeer
Deeoeveced~ SkeâJeÛeve ceW ØeÙegkeäle nw~
efve efve<esOe veerÛes efveJeejCeced, efveheele:, efveieoefle, efveheleefle (iii) YeeJeJeeÛÙe–YeeJeJeeÛÙe kesâ keâlee& ceW le=leerÙee keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ YeeJe JeeÛÙe ceW
DeefOe DeefOekeâej, Thej SJeb ßes‰ DeefOejepeles, DeefOeMesles, DeefOejepe:, ef›eâÙee keâe DeLe& Ùee YeeJe ner ØeOeeve neslee nw ef›eâÙee ØeLece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve ceW ner
Deefhe Yeer DeefheOeeveced, ØeÙegkeäle nesleer nw Yeues ner keâlee& SkeâJeÛeve ceW nes Ùee yengJeÛeve~
Deefle DelÙevle Deefle›eâce:, DeefleJeeo:, ÙeLee–ceÙee/lJeÙee/ÙegJeeYÙeeced/DeeJeeYÙeeb/DemceeefYe:/lew:/meghÙeles/DeemÙeles Jee~
DelÙeeÛeej:, Deefleefveõe:~ GheÙeg&keäle GoenjCe ceW ef›eâÙee kesâJeue YeeJe keâes Øekeâš keâj jner nw~ Dele: ef›eâÙee
meg DeÛÚe mJeeiele:, megkeâce&:, megheg$esCe, megMeesYeles~ SkeâJeÛeve ceW ner ØeÙegkeäle nw~
Gled Thej, TbÛee Glheefòe:, Glkeâ<e&:, G[d[erÙeles, JeeÛÙe heefj Jele&ve kesâ efveÙece
Glheeflele:~ keâle=&JeeÛÙe ceW Jele&ceevekeâeue keâer ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâes Ùeefo keâce&JeeÛÙe ceW heefjJee|lele efkeâÙee
DeefYe ÛeejeW Deesj, meeceves DeefYe%eeveced, DeefYecegKeced, DeefYeieÛÚefle, peelee nw lees ef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW Fme Øekeâej heefjJele&ve neslee nw~
DeYÙeeiele:~ GoenjCeced–
Øeefle efJe®æ meeceves SJeb nj Skeâ Øeefleketâueced, ØelÙe#eced, Øeefleceemeced, keâle=&JeeÛÙe keâer ef›eâÙee keâce&/YeeJeJeeÛÙe keâer ef›eâÙee
ØelÙeghekeâej, ØelÙeJeoled~ he"efle he"dÙeles
heefj Deeme-heeme ÛeejeW Deesj heefjlees<e:, heefjle:, heefjlÙepeeefce, efueKeefle efueKÙeles
heefjJele&veced~ Keeoefle KeeÅeles
Ghe meceerhe DecegKÙe SJeb Úesše GheieÛÚefle, Ghenjefle, Gheketâueced, YeJeefle YetÙeles
Gheie”ced, Gheveeced, GheJeveced~ OeeJeefle OeeJÙeles
nmeef le nmÙeles
JeeÛÙe heefjJele&ve keâjeself e ef›eâÙeles
DeefYeJÙeefkeäle Ùee keâLeve kesâ ØekeâšerkeâjCe keâer efJeOee keâes JeeÛÙe keânles nQ~ mebmke=âle ceW
veÙeefle veerÙeles
JeeÛÙe leerve lejn kesâ nesles nQ~
ieÛÚefle iecÙeles
(i) keâle=&JeeÛÙe–Fme JeeÛÙe ceW keâlee& ØeOeeve neslee nw leLee ef›eâÙee keâlee& kesâ Devegmeej
ØeÙegkeäle nesleer nw~ Fmekesâ keâlee& ceW ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle leLee keâce& ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle Glheleefle GlhelÙeles
keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ jesefoefle ®Oeles
ÙeLee–jece: ie=nb ieÛÚefle~ (ii) Yetlekeâeue keâer ef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW keâle=J& eeÛÙe ceW peneB keäJeJeleg ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW jece: keâlee& ie=nced keâce& nw Fmekeâer ef›eâÙee ieÛÚefle keâlee& `jece' kesâ nw JeneB keâce&JeeÛÙe ceW `keäle' ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ meeLe-ner-meeLe keâlee& ceW
Devegmeej SkeâJeÛeve keâer nw~ le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~
yeeefuekeâe hee"b heef"leJeleer~ ÙeLee–me: Heâueeefve KeeefoleJeeved~ (keâle=&J eeÛÙe)
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW `yeeefuekeâe' keâlee& leLee `hee"ced' keâce& leLee heef"leJeleer ef›eâÙee nQ~ lesve Heâueeefve Keeefoleeefve~ (keâce& JeeÛÙe)
mewevf ekeâ: osMeb j#eefle~ Denced «evLeeved heef"leJeeved~ (keâle=&J eeÛÙe)
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW mewevf ekeâ: keâlee& osMeced keâce& leLee j#eefle ef›eâÙee nw~ ceÙee «evLee: heef"lee:~ (keâce& JeeÛÙe)
(ii) keâce&JeeÛÙe–keâce&JeeÛÙe ceW keâce& keâer ØeOeevelee nesleer nw Dele: keâce& ceW ØeLecee leLee
JeÙeced ieg®ced hetefpeleJevle:~ (keâle=&J eeÛÙe)
keâlee& ceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ ÙeneB ef›eâÙee keâe ØeÙeesie keâce& kesâ
DemceeefYe: ieg®: hetefpele:~ (keâce& JeeÛÙe)
keâejkeâ leLee efJeYeefòeâ
keâejkeâ, efJeYeefkeäle SJeb efÛeÖ keâlee& keâejkeâ : ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle
ef›eâÙeeefvJelJebkeâejkeâlJeb keâejkeâ (ke=â + CJegued = ke=â + Dekeâ = keâejkeâ) meb%ee Ùee ØeeefleheefokeâeLe&efue”heefjceeCeceJeÛevecee$esØeLecee– efveÙele GheefmLele Jeeues DeLe& keâes
meJe&veece kesâ efpeme ¤he mes Gvekeâe mecyevOe ef›eâÙee kesâ meeLe peevee peelee nw, Gmes ØeeefoheefokeâeLe& keâne peelee nw~ `cee$e' Meyo keâe ØelÙeskeâ mes mecyevOe nw~ kesâJeue
keâejkeâ keânles nQ~ otmejs MeyoeW ceW keâne pee mekeâlee nw efkeâ pees ef›eâÙee keâes Glhevve ØeeefleheefokeâeLe& ceW, efue”cee$eeefOekeäÙe ceW, heefjceeCe ceW leLee JeÛevecee$e ceW ØeLecee
keâjves Jeeues lelJe nw Jes keâejkeâ nQ~ DeLee&ledd ef›eâÙee mes efpemekeâe meerOee mecyevOe neslee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~
nw Jener keâejkeâ keânueeles nQ~ keâejkeâ cegKÙeleÙee Ú: Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–1. keâlee&, 1. ØeeefleheefokeâeLe&cee$e kesâ GoenjCe Jes Meyo nQ efpevekeâe keâesF& efue” veneR nw
2. keâce&, 3. keâjCe, 4. mecØeoeve, 5. Deheeoeve, 6. DeefOekeâjCe~ DeLeJee efpevekeâe efue” efveefMÛele nes~ ÙeLee–GÛÛew:, veerÛew:, ke=â<Ce:, ßeer: %eeveced~
mecyevOe leLee mecyeesOeve oes Ghekeâejkeâ nQ~ FvnW keâejkeâ veneR ceevee ieÙee nw keäÙeeWekf eâ 2. `DeefveÙeleefue”' Meyo efue”cee$e kesâ DeefOekeäÙe kesâ GoenjCe nQ pewmes–leš:,
Fve oesveeW keâe mee#eeled mecyevOe ef›eâÙee kesâ meeLe veneR neslee;
lešer, lešced~
keâlee& keâce& Ûe keâjCeb mecØeoeveb leLewJe Ûe~
3. `heefjceeCecee$e' keâer DeefOekeâlee ceW (ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle keâe GoenjCe) õesCees
DeheeoeveeefOekeâjCes FlÙeeng: keâejkeâeefCe <ešd~~
JeÇerenf :~ Fmekeâe DeLe& nw õesCe¤he heefjCeece mes veehee ngDee OeevÙe (JeÇerenf )~
ÙeLee–ìeesefJevo kesâ ueÌ[kesâ ieesheeue keâes meeiej ves heerše'–Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW ceW heeršves keâer
4. JeÛeve keâe DeLe& mebKÙee nw; pewmes–Skeâ: Éew, yenJe:~ (mebKÙee ¤he) DeLe& Gkeäle
ef›eâÙee mes meerOee mecyevOe ieesheeue (efpemekeâes heerše) Deewj meeiej (efpemeves heerše) keâe
nw, ieeseJf evo keâe kegâÚ mecyevOe veneR nw~ FmeerefueS ìeesefJevo kesâ' keâes keâejkeâ veneR nesves mes efJeYeefkeäle Øeehle ve nesves kesâ keâejCe met$e ceW `JeÛeve' «enCe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
keân mekeâles~ ieesefJevo keâe mecyevOe ieesheeue mes nw, efkeâvleg heeršves keâer ef›eâÙee kesâ mecyeesOeves Ûe–ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle keâe GheÙeesie mecyeesOeve keâjves ceW Yeer neslee nw; pewmes–
mecØeoeve ceW Gmekeâe (ieeseJf evo keâe) keâesF& GheÙeesie veneR neslee~ Dele: mecyevOe ceW ns yeeuekeâe:? (ns yeeuekeâes), ns keâvÙee:? (ns keâvÙeeDees) Deeefo~
keâer ieÙeer <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle keâejkeâ efJeYeefkeäle veneR ceeveer peeleer Fmeer Øekeâej mecyeesOeve keâce& keâejkeâ : efÉleerÙ ee efJeYeefkeäle
ceW ØeLecee efJeYeefkeäle kesâ Deeves mes keâesF& Deueie keâejkeâ veneR ceeveles~
keâleg&jereqhmeleleceb keâce&–`èfkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes ieÙes heoeLeeX ceW mes efpemekeâes
Fme Øekeâej keâlee&, keâce&, keâjCe, mecØeoeve, Deheeoeve Deewj DeefOekeâjCe Ùes Ú:
keâlee& meyemes DeefOekeâ Ûeenlee nw Gmes keâce& keânles nQ'', heeefCeefve ves keâce& keâejkeâ keâer
keâejkeâ ngS~
Fme Øekeâej heefjYee<ee oer nw~
efJeYeefkeäle
`mebKÙeekeâejkeâ yeesOeefÙe$eer efJeYeefkeäle'–DeLee&led pees mebKÙee (ØeLecee, efÉleerÙee Deeefo) `èfpeme Jemleg Ùee heg®<e kesâ Thej ef›eâÙee keâe Heâue meceehle neslee nw, Gmes keâce&
Deewj keâejkeâ keâe yeesOe keâjeleer nw Gmes efJeYeefkeäle keânles nQ~ efJeYeefkeäle ØecegKe ¤he mes keânles nQ,'' pewmes–jece: DeeheCeeled Heâueced DeeveÙeefle~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW keâlee& Je ef›eâÙee
Skeâ Øekeâej keâe efÛeÖ nw pees keâejkeâeW leLee Gvekesâ JeÛeveeW keâe %eeve keâjeleer nw~ kesâ Deefleefjkeäle yeepeej leLee Heâue Ùes oes heoeLe& nQ efkeâvleg keâlee& (jece) keâes DeveeÙeve
keâejkeâ leLee efJeYeefkeäle kesâ mecyevOe keâes efvecveeef¿le meejCeer kesâ Éeje mecePee pee ef›eâÙee Éeje `Heâueced' ner DeYeer„ nw Dele: Heâue keâer `keâce&' meb%ee nesieer~
mekeâlee nw– efpememes keâce& meb%ee oer peeÙeieer, Jen heoeLe& keâlee& keâer ef›eâÙee Éeje Gme (keâlee&)
efJeYeefkeäle keâejkeâ efÛeÖ DeYeer„lece nesvee ÛeeefnS, DeLee&ledd Ùeefo Gmeer ef›eâÙee mes keâesF& heoeLe& Ssmes mecyeæ
neW efpeve meYeer keâer meeceevÙe Ûeenvee keâlee& jKelee nw lees Gve meyeeW ceW meyemes
ØeLecee keâlee& (ef›eâÙee kesâ mecheeokeâ) ves
DeefOekeâ F&efhmele nesiee, Jener keâce&meb%ee Øeehle keâjsiee, otmejs veneR~ pewmes–`heÙemee
efÉleerÙee keâce& (ef›eâÙee keâe keâce&) keâes
Deesoveb Yegkeäles' (otOe mes Yeele Keelee nw)–Fme JeekeäÙe ceW otOe Yeer Yeele ner keâer lejn
le=leerÙee keâjCe (ef›eâÙee keâe mecheeove mes, kesâ Éeje
efpemekeâer meneÙelee mes nes) keâlee& keâes efØeÙe nw, hej keâlee& Deheves Yeespeve JÙeeheej Éeje efpemekeâes meyemes DeefOekeâ
ÛelegLeea mecØeoeve (ef›eâÙee efpemekesâ efueS nes) kesâ efueÙes, keâes Ûeenlee nw, Jen Yeele nw, ve efkeâ otOe~ keäÙeeWefkeâ otOe hesÙe nw, YeespÙe veneR, Jen lees
he_Ûeceer Deheeoeve (ef›eâÙee efpememes efvekeâues Ùee mes (Deueie) kesâJeue Yeespeve ef›eâÙee kesâ mecheeove ceW meneÙekeâ nw~
efpememes otj nes) keâce&eCf e efÉleerÙee–Devegkeäle keâce& Deewj keâce& keâejkeâ ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~
<e‰er mecyevOe keâe keâer, kesâ, je, js, pewmes–Yekeäle nefj keâes Yepelee nw~ FmeceW `nefj keâes' keâce& nw FmeefueS nefj Meyo ceW
jer, vee, veer, ves efÉleerÙee keâjveer nesieer–
mehleceer DeefOekeâjCe (ef›eâÙee efpeme mLeeve hej nes) ceW, hej, hew, Thej Yekeälees neEj Yepeefle~
mecyeesOeve mecyeesOeve Yees, ns, Dejs, Dees yeÇÿeÛeejer Jesoced DeOeerles~
leLeeÙegkeäleb Ûeeveereqhmeleced–kegâÚ heoeLe& Ssmes Yeer nesles nQ p ees efkeâ keâlee& Éeje 11. ceLed (ceLevee) –jcee ogiOeb Ie=leb ceLeveeefle~ (jcee otOe mes Ieer ceLeleer nw~)
Deveerefhmele nesles ngS Yeer F&ehf mele ner keâer lejn ef›eâÙee mes mešs jnles nQ~ Gvekeâer Yeer 12. ceg<ed (Ûegjevee)–Ûeewj: osJ eoòeb Meleb ceg<Ceeefle~ (Ûeesj osJ eoòe kesâ meew ®heÙes
keâce&meb%ee nesleer nw; pewmes–`Deesoveb Yeg_peevees efJe<eb Yegkeäles' Fme JeekeäÙe ceW èfJe<e' Ûegjelee nw~)
DelÙevle Deveerefhmele nw, hejvleg `Deesove' (pees Yeespeve ef›eâÙee Éeje keâlee& keâe 13. veer (ues peevee) –osJ eJeÇle: «eececed Depeeb veÙeefle~ (osJ eJeÇle ieeBJe keâes yekeâjer ues
F&efhmeleleced nw) keâer ner lejn Jen Yeer Gmeer ef›eâÙee mes meše ngDee nw Deewj Deesove peelee nw~)
Yeespeve kesâ meeLe Gmekesâ Yeespeve keâe Yeer jnvee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~ Dele: èfJe<e' Yeer 14. ù (njCe keâjvee) –jeJeCe: meerleeced Denjled~ (jeJeCe ves meerlee keâe njCe
keâce&meb%ekeâ nes peeSiee~ keâj efueÙee Lee~)
Fmeer Øekeâej `«eeceb ieÛÚved le=Ceb mhe=Meefle'–Fme JeekeäÙe ceW `le=Ce' keâce&meb%ekeâ nesiee~ 15. ke=â<ed (Keesokeâj (KeeRÛevee) efvekeâeuevee)–pevee: JemegOeeb jlveeefve keâ<e&efvle~
DekeâefLeleb Ûe–Deheeoeve FlÙeeefo kesâ Éeje DeefJeJeef#ele keâejkeâ `DekeâefLele' keâce& (ceveg<Ùe Yetecf e mes jlve efvekeâeueles nQ~)
keânueelee nw~ mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW kegâÚ Oeeleg efÉkeâce&keâ nesleer nQ~ keâlee& keâe ØeOeeve 16. Jend ({eskeâj ues peevee) –Ye=lÙe: «eeceb Yeejb Jenefle~ (veewkeâj ieeBJe keâes yeesPee ues
DeYeerehq mele lees cegKÙe `keâce&' nw Deewj DekeâefLele heoeLe& ieewCe keâce& keânueelee nw~ peelee nw~)
keâce& keâejkeâ ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie neslee ner nw meeLe ner Deheeoeve keâer veesš–Fve meesuen OeelegDeeW kesâ DeLe& Jeeueer DevÙe OeelegSb Yeer pees efÉkeâce&keâ nQ GveceW
efJeJe#ee ve nesves hej Gme ieewCe keâce& ceW Yeer efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle ueieleer nw~ `DekeâefLeleb Ûe' met$e mes efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~
mebmke=âle ceW efpeve meesuen OeelegDeeW ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw DeefOeMeer*dmLeemeeb keâce&–Meer, mLee leLee Deemed OeelegDeeW kesâ hetJe& Ùeefo `DeefOe' Ghemeie&
Jes De«eefueefKele nQ– ueiee nes lees Fve ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâe DeeOeej keâce& keânueelee nw, pewmes–
ognd ÙeeÛed heÛed oC[d ®Oed ØeÛÚd efÛe yeÇt Meemed efpe ceLed ceg<eeced~ Meer*–d osJ eJeÇle: MeÙÙeeced DeefOeMesles–osJ eJeÇle Keeš hej meeslee nw~
keâce&Ùegkedâ mÙeeokeâefLeleb leLee mÙeevedveerùke=â<edJeneced~~ mLee–yeeuekeâ: ie=nced DeefOeefle‰efle–yeeuekeâ Iej ceW eqmLele nw~
1. ognd (ognvee)–ieesheeue: Oesvegb ogiOeb oesefiOe~ (ieesheeue ieeÙe mes otOe ognlee nw)– Deemed–Yetheefle: eEmenemeveced DeOÙeemles–jepee eEmenemeve hej yew"e nw~
FmeceW ogiOe cegKÙe keâce& nw~ ìeeÙe mes' FmeceW cegKÙe ¤he mes Deheeoeve keâejkeâ veesš–efpeve OeelegDeeW ceW `DeefOe' Ghemeie& ve ueiee neslee lees DeeOeej kesâ DeefOekeâjCe ceW
he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle jKeer peeveer ÛeeefnS Leer efkeâvleg ieewCe keâce& nesves kesâ keâejCe nesves kesâ keâejCe GmeceW mehleceer nesleer–
`DekeâefLeleb Ûe' met$e mes FmeceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Fmeer Yetheefle: eEmenemeves Deemles~
Øekeâej DevÙe OeelegDeeW keâes mecePevee ÛeeefnS~ DeefYeefveefJeMeMÛe–DeefYe leLee efve Ghemeie& peye Skeâ meeLe efJeMed Oeeleg mes henues Deeles
2. ÙeeÛed (ceeBievee) –yeeuekeâ: pevekebâ ceesokebâ ÙeeÛeefle~ (yeeuekeâ efhelee mes ue[d[t nQ lees efJeMed Oeeleg keâe DeeOeej keâce& keâejkeâ neslee nw; pewmes–mevceeie&ced DeefYeefveefJeMeles–
ceeBielee nw~) Jen DeÛÚs ceeie& keâe DevegmejCe keâjlee nw~
3. heÛed (hekeâevee)–uelee levogueeved Deesoveb heÛeefle~ (uelee ÛeeJeueeW mes Yeele hekeâeleer OevÙee mee keâeefceveer Ùeeced YeJevceveesÓefYeefveefJeMeles–Jen m$eer OevÙe nw, efpemekesâ Thej
nw~) Deehekeâe ceve ueiee nw~
4. oC[d (oC[ osvee) –vÙeeÙeeOeerMe: Ûeewjb Meleb oC[Ùeefle~ (vÙeeÙeeOeerMe Ûeesj keâes veesš–Ùeefo efJeMed Oeeleg mes henues `DeefOe' leLee èfve' Ghemeie& Skeâ meeLe ve Deekeâj
meew ®heÙes keâe oC[ oslee nw~) Deueie-Deueie Skeâ ner DeeÙee nes lees GmeceW mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle nesieer~
5. ®Oed (Iesjvee) –me: Oesvegb JepeÇced DeJe®Ceefæ~ (Jen ieeÙe keâes JeÇpe ceW Iesjlee nw~) GheevJeOÙee*dJeme:–Ùeefo Jemed Oeeleg kesâ hetJe& Ghe, Deveg, DeefOe, Dee* ceW mes keâesF&
6. ØeÛÚd (hetÚvee) –DeOÙeehekeâ: Úe$eb ØeMveb he=ÛÚefle~ (DeOÙeehekeâ Úe$e mes ØeMve Ghemeie& ueiee nes lees Jemed Oeeleg ceW ef›eâÙee DeeOeej keâce& (efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle) nesleer nw;
hetÚlee nw~) pewm es– nejf :yewkeâCg"ced GheJeMeelfe 

7. efÛed (Ûegvevee)–meerlee Je=#eb heg<heeefCe efÛeveesefle (meerlee Je=#e mes HetâueeW keâes Ûegveleer
nejf : yewkeâCg"ced DevegJeMeefle 
nw~)  nefj yekw eâgC" ce Ws Jeeme keâjles nQw ~
nejf : yewkeâgC"ced DeefOeJemeefle 
8. yeÇt (yeesuevee) –DeeÛeeÙe&: efMe<Ùeb OeceË yeÇtles~ (DeeÛeeÙe& efMe<Ùe keâes Oece& keâe GheosMe 
nejf :yewkeâgC"ced DeeJemeefle 
oslee nw~) 
9. Meemed (Meemeve keâjvee) –ve=he: Øepeeb Meemeveb keâjeself e~ (jepee Øepee hej Meemeve veesš–Ùeefo Fve GhemeieeX ceW mes keâesF& Ghemeie& `JeMed' Oeeleg mes henues ve ueiee nes lees
keâjlee nw~) GmeceW mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–nefj: yewkegâC"s Jemeefle~
10. efpe (peerlevee) –osJ eJeÇle: osJ eoòeb Meleb peÙeefle~ (osJeJeÇle osJ eoòe mes meew ®heÙes Fme Øekeâej `Jemeefle' keâe DeeOeej `yewkegâC"' keâce& veneR ngDee keäÙeeWekf eâ `Jemeefle' kesâ
peerlelee nw~) hetJe& Ghe, Deveg, DeefOe, Dee ceW mes keâesF& Ghemeie& veneR ueiee nw~
DeYegkedâlÙeLe&mÙe ve (Jeee|lekeâ) –peye `GheJemed' keâe `GheJeeme keâjvee, ve Keevee' neslee ù›eâesjvÙelejmÙeeced–ù SJeb ke=â OeelegDeeW kesâ DeefCepevle ¤heeW kesâ keâlee& efCepevle ¤heeW
nw, leye `GheJemed' keâe DeeOeej keâce& veneR neslee DeefOekeâjCe ner jnlee nw; pewmes– ceW efJekeâuhe mes keâce& neslee nw; pewmes–`njefle keâšb Ye=lÙe:' keâe efCepevle ceW nejÙeefle
meeOeg: Jeves GheJemeefle–meeOeg Jeve ceW GheJeeme keâjlee nw~ keâšb Ye=lÙeb Ye=lÙesve Jee nes peeÙeiee~
GYemeJe&lemees: keâeÙee&eOf eiegheÙee&efo<eg ef$e<eg~ peuheefleØeYe=leerveeceghemebKÙeeveced (Jeee|lekeâ) –Fme Jeee|lekeâ kesâ Devegmeej peuhe, Yee<e,
efÉleerÙeeceÇse[f leevles<eg, leleesÓvÙe$eeefhe ÂMÙeles~~
FlÙeeefo kesâ Yeer Øeke=âle oMee kesâ keâlee& ØesjCeeLe&keâ ceW keâce& nes peeles nQ; pewmes–`heg$ees
GYeÙele:, meJe&le:, efOekedâ, GheÙegh& eefj, DeOeesÓOe: leLee DeOÙeefOe MeyoeW keâe efpememes
OeceË peuheefle Yee<eles Jee' keâe `heg$eb OeceË peuheÙeefle Yee<eÙeefle Je' nesiee~
mebÙeesie nes lees GmeceW efÉleerÙee nesleer nw; pewmes–
GYeÙele: ke=â<Ceb ieeshee: ke=â<Ce kesâ oesveeW Deesj iJeeues nQ~ keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙeÙegkeäles efÉleerÙee–keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe kesâ Ùeesie ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~
meJe&le: ke=â<Ceb ieeshee: ke=â<Ce kesâ meYeer Deesj iJeeues nQ~ Devegue&#eCes–peye efkeâmeer efJeMes<e ue#eCe keâes ueef#ele keâjves ceW `Deveg' keâce&JeÛeveerÙe
efOekedâ efheMegveced ÛegiegueKeesj keâes efokeäkeâej nw~ meb%ee nesleer nw, pewmes–
GheÙeg&heefj ueeskebâ nefj: nefj ueeskeâ kesâ "erkeâ Thej nQ~ peheced Deveg ØeeJe<e&led pehe meceehle nesles ner Je<ee& ngF&~
DeOeesÓOees ueeskebâ heeleeue: heeleeue ueeskeâ kesâ "erkeâ veerÛes nw~ le=leerÙeeLex–peye `Deveg' mes le=leerÙee (meneLe&) keâe DeLe& Øekeâš neslee nes lees `Deveg' keâer
veJeeved cesIeeved DeOeesÓOe: veÙes yeeoueeW kesâ "erkeâ veerÛes~ keâce& ØeJeÛeveerÙe meb%ee nesleer nw Deewj Gmemes mecyeæ Meyo ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle
DelÙeefOe ueeskeâced mebmeej kesâ "erkeâ Thej~ nesleer nw; pewmes–veoerced DevegJeefmelee mesvee~
DeefYele:heefjle:meceÙeeefvekeâ<eeneØeefleÙeesiesÓefhe ( Jeee|lekeâ) nerves–peye `Deveg' mes nerve DeLe& Øekeâš neslee nes lees Gmekeâer keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe meb%ee
DeefYele:–(ÛeejeW Deesj Ùee meye Deesj), heefjle: (meye Deesj), meceÙee (meceerhe), nesleer nw leLee Gmemes mecyeæ Meyo ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw, pewmes–
efvekeâ<ee (meceerhe) ne, Øeefle (Deesj, lejHeâ) Meyo efpeme Meyo kesâ mecyevOe ceW ØeÙegkeäle Deveg neEj megje:–osJ elee nefj kesâ yeeo ner Deeles nQ~
neW, GmeceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes– GheesÓefOe kesâ Ûe–`DeefOekeâ' leLee `nerve' DeLe& keâe JeeÛekeâ nesves hej `Ghe' Yeer
«eececed DeefYele: Je=#ee: meefvle ieebJe kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj Je=#e nQ~ keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe keânueelee nw~ efkeâvleg peye Jen `nerve' DeLe& keâe Åeeslekeâ neslee nw leye
ogieË heefjle: heefjKee Deefmle efkeâues kesâ meye Deesj KeeF& nw~ efÉleerÙee nesieer Deewj peye DeefOekeâ DeLe& keâe Åeeslekeâ nesiee lees mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle
jece: uebkeâeb meceÙee jeJeCeb JÙeeheeoÙeled jece ves uebkeâe kesâ meceerhe ner jeJeCe keâes
nesieer; pewmes–
ceeje Lee~
GheneEj megje: osJ elee nefj mes Gvveerme heÌ[les nQ~
efJeÅeeueÙeb efvekeâ<ee GheJeveb Deefmle efJeÅeeueÙe kesâ meceerhe GheJeve nw~
GhehejeOex njsiegC& ee: hejeOe& mes DeefOekeâ (Thej) ner nefj kesâ iegCe neWies~
ne ke=â<CeeYekeäleced! ke=â<Ce kesâ DeYekeäle keâes efOekeäkeâej nw
meerlee jeceb Øeefle DeheMÙeled meerlee ves jece keâer lejHeâ osKee~ ue#eCeslLebYetl eeKÙeeveYeeieJeerhmeemeg ØeefleheÙe&veJe:–FlLebYetl eeKÙeeve (Ùen Fme Øekeâej
DevlejeÓvlejsCe Ùegkeäles–Devleje (yeerÛe ceW) DevlejsCe (efJe<eÙe ceW, efyevee, ÚesÌ[keâj) keâe nw Ùee yeleueevee) Yeeie leLee Jeerhmee DeLeeX ceW Øeefle, heefj leLee Deveg keâer
Meyo efpeme Meyo kesâ mecyevOe ceW ØeÙegkeäle neW, GmeceW efÉleerÙee keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe keâns peeles nQ Deewj efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesieer; ÙeLee–
pewm es– Je=#eb Øeefle efJeÅeesleles, efJeÅegled (hesÌ[ hej efyepeueer Ûecekeâ jner nw~)
Devleje lJeeb ceeb nefj: legcnejs nceejs yeerÛe ceW nefj nQ~ Yekeälees efJe<Cegb Øeefle heÙe&veg Je (efJe<Ceg kesâ Ùes Yekeäle nQ~)
%eeveced DevlejsCe vewJe megKeced %eeve kesâ efyevee megKe veneR ue#ceer: neEj Øeefle (ue#ceer efJe<Ceg kesâ efnmmes ceW heÌ[eR~)
keâeueeOJeveesjlÙevlemebÙeesies–peye keâesF& ef›eâÙee ueieeleej kegâÚ meceÙe lekeâ nesleer jns Je=#eb Øeefle efme_Ûeefle (ØelÙeskeâ Je=#e meeRÛelee nw~)
Ùee keâesF& Jemleg kegâÚ otjer lekeâ ueieeleej nes lees meceÙe Deewj ceeie&JeeÛekeâ Meyo ceW DeefYejYeeies–Yeeie keâes ÚesÌ[keâj DevÙe meYeer GheÙeg&keäle DeLeeX ceW `DeefYe' keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe
efÉleerÙee nesleer nw; pewmes–
keânueelee nw; pewmes–`nefjceefYeJele&les, Yekeälees nefjceefYe, osJ eb osJeceefYeef<e_Ûeefle' Fve
cecelee hebÛeJe<ee&efCe JÙeekeâjCeced Dehe"led –cecelee ves heebÛe Je<e& lekeâ JÙeekeâjCe heÌ{e~
ØeÙeesieeW ceW ›eâceMe: ue#eCe FlLebYetleeKÙeeve Deewj Jeerhmee DeLe& Åeeslekeâ `DeefYe' keâer
jece: Ûelego&MeJe<ee&efCe Jeves DeJemeled jece Ûeewon Je<e& lekeâ Jeve ceW jns~
iebiee veoer ›eâesMeb kegâefšuee iebiee veoer keâesme Yej lekeâ šsÌ{ er nw~ keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe meb%ee nesves mes `nefjced' ceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle ngF& nw~
Svehee efÉleerÙee–Svehed ØelÙeevle Meyo keâe efpeme Meyo mes mecyevOe neslee nw, GmeceW Deeflejefle›eâceCes Ûe–Deefle›eâceCe leLee hetpee DeLe& ceW `Deefle' keâer keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe meb%ee
efÉleerÙee Ùee <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes– neskeâj efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; ÙeLee–
«eeceb «eecemÙe Je oef#eCesve-ieebJe kesâ oef#eCe keâer Deesj~ Deefle osJeeved efJe<Ceg: efJe<Ceg osJeleeDeeW ceW yeÌ{keâj nQ~

keâjCe keâejkeâ : le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle heg$e: efhe$ee mececed DeeheCeb ieÛÚefle heg$e efhelee kesâ meeLe yeepeej peelee nw~
meeOekeâleceb keâjCeced–ef›eâÙee keâer ef meefæ ceW pees keâejkeâ meyemes DeefOekeâ meneÙekeâ Denced lJeÙee meeOe&ced heef"<Ùeeefce ceQ legcnejs meeLe heÌ{tbiee~
neslee nw, Gmes keâjCe keânles nQ~ efpemekeâer meneÙelee mes keâlee& Dehevee keâeÙe& hetCe& Ùesvee”efJekeâej:–efpeme Debie kesâ Éeje Mejerj ceW keâesF& efJekeâej Øekeâš neslee nw Gme
keâjlee nw, GmeceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; ÙeLee–osJ eoòe: ves$eeYÙeeb heMÙeefle Debie ceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
(osJeoòe ves$eeW mes osKelee nw)~ FmeceW osKeves keâe keâeÙe& ves$eeW keâer meneÙelee mes nes osJ eJeÇle: De#Cee keâeCe: Deefmle osJ eJeÇle DeeBKe mes keâevee nw~
jne nw~ Dele: FmeceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle ngF&~ osJ eoòe: efMejmee KeuJeešesÓefmle osJ eoòe efmej keâe iebpee nw~
keâle&=keâjCeÙeesmle=leerÙee–Devegkeäle keâlee& (keâce&JeeÛÙe leLee YeeJeJeeÛÙe ceW keâlee& Devegkeäle jeOee keâCexve yeefOej: Deefmle jeOee keâeve mes yenjer nw~
neslee nw) leLee keâjCe ceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~ jcesMe: heeosve Ke_pe: jcesMe hewj mes uebieÌ[e nw~
`Devegkeäles keâle&ejf le=leerÙee' keâe GoenjCe–
megjsMe: keâšdÙee kegâype: megjsMe keâcej keâe kegâyeÌ[e nw~
jecesCe jeJeCe: DenvÙele nlees Jee keâce& JeeÛÙe
he=LeefiJeveeveeveeefYemle=leerÙeeÓvÙelejmÙeeced–he=Lekedâ (Deueie), efJevee, veevee MeyoeW kesâ
jecesCe meghÙeles, ceÙee peerJÙeles YeeJeJeeÛÙe
meeLe le=leerÙee, efÉleerÙee leLee he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäleÙeeW ceW mes keâesF& Skeâ nes mekeâleer nw,
`keâjCes le=leerÙee' keâe GoenjCe–
ÙeLee–
jece: peuesve cegKeb Øe#eeueÙeefle
jece: jeJeCeb yeeCesve nleJeeved jecesCe, jeceb, jeceeod efJevee oMejLees veepeerJeled (jece kesâ efyevee oMejLe veneR efpeÙes~)
efoJe: keâce& Ûe–efoJed (Kesuevee) Oeeleg kesâ meeOekeâlece keâejkeâ keâer efJekeâuhe mes ßeceb, ßecesCe, ßeceeled efJevee efJeÅee ve megueYee heefjßece kesâ efyevee efJeÅee megueYe
keâce&meb%ee Yeer nesleer nw; ÙeLee–De#ew: De#eeved Jee oerJÙeefle–heemeeW mes Kesuelee nw~ veneR nw~
meb%eesÓvÙelejmÙeeb keâce&efCe–meced hetJe&keâ %ee Oeeleg kesâ keâce& keâer efJekeâuhe mes keâjCe veevee veejeR efve<Heâuee ueeskeâÙee$ee m$eer kesâ efyevee ueeskeâÙee$ee Ùee peerJeve
meb%ee nesleer nw, ÙeLee–efhe$ee efhelejb Jee mebpeeveerles–efhelee kesâ cesue ceW jnlee nw~ efve<Heâue nw~
Øeke=âlÙeeefoYÙe GhemebKÙeeveced–Øeke=âefle Deeefo (mJeeYeeefJekeâ) MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW le=leerÙee nsleew–efpeme keâejCe Ùee ØeÙeespeve mes keâesF& keâeÙe& efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùee neslee nw GmeceW
efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; ÙeLee– le=leerÙee nesleer nw; ÙeLee–
Øeke=âlÙee oÙeeueg: mJeYeeJe mes oÙeeueg~ hegCÙesve Â„es nefj: hegCÙe kesâ keâejCe nefj efoKeeF& heÌ[s~
megKesve peerJeefle megKe mes DeLee&led megKehetJe&keâ peerlee nw~ DeOÙevesve Jemeefle DeOÙeÙeve kesâ ØeÙeespeve mes jnlee nw~
Depeg&ve: mejueleÙee he"efle Depeg&ve Deemeeveer mes heÌ{ ueslee nw~ Oeveb heefjßecesCe YeJeefle Oeve heefjßece mes neslee nw~
DeheJeiex le=leerÙee–HeâueØeeefhle DeLeJee keâeÙe&efmeefæ keâes `DeheJeie&' keânles nQ; Deewj yegefæ: efJeÅeÙee JeOe&les yegefæ efJeÅee mes yeÌ{leer nw~
DeheJeie& keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS keâeueJeeÛeer leLee ceeie&JeeÛeer MeyoeW ceW le=leerÙee
efJeÅeÙee ÙeMe: YeJeefle efJeÅee mes ÙeMe neslee nw~
nesleer nw DeLee&led efpeleves `meceÙe' ceW Ùee efpelevee `ceeie&' Ûeueles-Ûeueles keâesF& keâeÙe&
FlLebYetleue#eCes–efpeme ue#eCe Ùee efÛeÖ mes efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle Ùee Jemleg keâe %eeve nes,
efmeæ nes peelee nw Gme meceÙe Deewj ceeie& ceW le=leerÙee nesleer nw; ÙeLee–
GmeceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; ÙeLee–pešeefYemleeheme: – pešeDeeW mes lehemJeer
ceemesve JÙeekeâjCeced DeOeerleJeeved cenerves Yej ceW JÙeekeâjCe heÌ{ efueÙee~
peeve heÌ[lee nw~
›eâesMesve hegmlekebâ heef"leJeeved keâesme Yej ceW hegmlekeâ heÌ{ ueer~
Ùeneb ceeme (keâeueJeeÛekeâ) ›eâesMe (ceeie& JeeÛekeâ) MeyoeW ceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle ngF&~ veesš–`yeÌ{ peevee', `meÂMe nesvee' DeLe& ceW ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeueer ef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW efpeme
menÙegkeälesÓØeOeeves–men kesâ Ùeesie ceW DeØeOeeve [DeLee&led pees ØeOeeve (ef›eâÙee kesâ keâlee&) iegCe ceW yeÌ{ peeves Ùee meÂMe nesves keâer yeele keâner peeleer nw GmeceW le=leerÙee nesleer nw;
keâe meeLe oslee nw] ceW le=leerÙee nesleer nw~ `meeLe' DeLe& jKeves Jeeues (men, meekeâced, ÙeLee–
mececed, meeOe&ced) MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, jece: mJee«epe: iegCew: DeefleMesles jece Deheves yeÌ[s YeeF& mes iegCeeW ceW yeÌ{keâj nw~
ÙeLee– Oeveosve mecemlÙeeies lÙeeie ceW kegâyesj kesâ meceeve nw~
jecesCe men meerlee Deefhe Jeveced jece kesâ meeLe meerlee Yeer Jeve keâes ieÙeeR~ Ùepes: keâce&Ce: keâjCemeb%ee mecØeoevemÙe Ûe keâce&meb%ee (Jeee|òekeâ) –Ùeped Oeeleg kesâ keâce&
DeieÛ Úled keâer keâjCe meb%ee nesleer nw Deewj mecØeoeve keâer keâce& meb%ee nesleer nw, ÙeLee–
jece: peevekeäÙee meekebâ ieÛÚefle jece peevekeâer kesâ meeLe peeles nQ~ heMegvee ®õb Ùepeless ®õ keâes heMeg oslee Ùee ÛeÌ{lee nw~
mecØeoeve keâejkeâ : ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle heefj›eâÙeCes mecØeoevecevÙelejmÙeeced–efveefMÛele keâeue kesâ efueS Jesleve FlÙeeefo hej
keâce&Cee ÙeceefYeØewefle me mecØeoeveced–oeve keâce& kesâ Éeje keâlee& efpemes meowJ e kesâ efueS efkeâmeer keâes jKevee Ùee ueieevee Gmekeâe heefj›eâÙeCe keânueelee nw~ Gme heefj›eâÙeCe ceW
Jemleg oskeâj mevleg„ keâjlee nw GmeceW mecØeoeve keâejkeâ ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pees keâjCe neslee nw, Jen efJekeâuhe mes mecØeoeve neslee nw~ ÙeLee–
ÙeLee–ve=he: efJeØeeÙe ieeb ooeefle–jepee yeÇeÿeCe keâes ieeÙe oslee nw~ FmeceW jepee osJ eJeÇle: Melesve/MeleeÙe Jee heefj›eâerle: osJe›ele meew ®heÙes kesâ Jesleve hej jKee ieÙee nw~
yeÇeÿeCe keâes ieeÙe meowJe kesâ efueS oslee nw FmeefueS èfJeØeeÙe' ceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nw~ leeoLÙex ÛelegLeea JeeÛÙee (Jeee|òekeâ) –efpeme ØeÙeespeve kesâ efueS keâesF& keâeÙe& efkeâÙee peelee
ÛelegLeea mecØeoeves–DeLee&led mecØeoeve kesâ efueS ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee nw Gme (ØeÙeespeve) ceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
peelee nw; ÙeLee–jepee yeÇeÿeCeeÙe Oeveb ooeefle–jepee yeÇeÿeCe keâes Oeve oslee nw~ cegkeäleÙes neEj Yepeefle cegekf eäle kesâ efueS nefj keâes Yepelee nw~
ef›eâÙeÙee ÙeceefYeØewefle meesÓefhe mecØeoeveced (Jeee|lekeâ) –efkeâmeer efJeMes<e ef›eâÙee kesâ Éeje ØelÙee*dYÙeeb YegJe: hetJe&mÙe keâlee&–Øeefle Deewj Dee hetJe&keâ ßeg Oeeleg kesâ Ùeesie ceW Øeefle%ee keâes
pees DeefYeØesle nes, GmeceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; ÙeLee–mee helÙes Mesles–Jen heefle ØeJee|òele keâjves Jeeues ÙeeÛevee FlÙeeefo JÙeeheej kesâ keâlee& keâer mecØeoeve meb%ee nesleer
kesâ efueS meesleer nw~ FmeceW heefle kesâ efueS ef›eâÙee mechevve ngF& Dele: `helÙes' ceW ÛelegLeea nw;pewmes–
efJeYeefkeäle ngF&~ ve=he: efJeØeeÙe Oeveb Øeefleße=Ceesefle DeeßeCeeself e jepee yeÇeÿeCe keâes Oeve osves keâer
®ÛÙeLee&veeb ØeerÙeceeCe:–®Ûed Oeeleg leLee ®Ûed (DeÛÚe ueievee) kesâ meceeve DeLe& Øeefle%ee keâjlee nw~
Jeeueer OeelegDeeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW Øemevve nesves Jeeuee mecØeoeve keânueelee nw~ ÙeLee– keäue=ehf emebheÅeceeves Ûe (Jeee|lekeâ)–Ùeefo keâesF& keâeÙe& efkeâmeer DevÙe heefjCeece keâer Øeeefhle
osJ eoòeeÙe jesÛeles Yeefkeäle: osJ eoòe keâes Yeefkeäle DeÛÚer ueieleer nw~ kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peeS lees Gmekeâe heefjCeece ÛelegLeea nesleer nw; pewmes–
yeeuekeâeÙe ceesokebâ jesÛeles ueÌ[kesâ keâes ue[d[t DeÛÚs ueieles nQ~ Yeefkeäle: %eeveeÙe keâuheles, mecheÅeles, peeÙeles = Yeefkeäle %eeve kesâ efueS nesleer nw
Oeejs®òeceCe&:–efCepevled Oe= (GOeej uesvee, keâpe& uesvee) Oeeleg kesâ Ùeesie ceW cenepeve DeLee&led Yeefkeäle mes %eeve neslee nw~
keâpe& osves Jeeues keâer mecØeoeve meb%ee nesleer nw; pewmes– Glheelesve %eeefheles Ûe (Jeee|lekeâ) –Yeewelf ekeâ GlheeleeW mes meteÛf ele Jemleg ceW ÛelegLeea
MÙeece: DeMJeheleÙes Meleb OeejÙeefle MÙeece ves DeMJeheefle mes Skeâ meew keâpe& efueÙee nw~ efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
osJeJeÇle: osJeoòeeÙe ueb#eb OeejÙeefle osJeJeÇle ves osJ eoòe mes Skeâ ueeKe GOeej efueÙee nw~ JeeleeÙe keâefheuee efJeÅegled–jkeäleeYe efJeÅegle DeebOeer keâer metÛevee osleer nw~
MueeIendveg* mLeeMeheeb %eerhmÙeceeve:–MueeIed (mlegelf e keâjvee), ndveg*d (efÚheevee), efnleÙeesies Ûe (Jeee|lekeâ)–efnle Deewj megKeÙeesie ceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
mLee ("njvee), Mehed (Gueenvee osvee) OeelegDeeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW keâlee& efpeme hej Dehevee
yeÇeÿeCe efnleb megKeb Jee~
YeeJe Øekeâš keâjvee Ûeenlee nw GmeceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; ÙeLee–ieesheer
vece:mJeefmlemJeenemJeOeeÓuebJe<e[dÙeesieeÛÛe–vece: (vecemkeâej), mJeefmle (keâuÙeeCe),
mcejeled ke=â<CeeÙe MueeIeles ndvegles efle‰les Mehelees Jee~ FmeceW ieesheer GheeuecYe Éeje
mJeene (Deengelf e), mJeOee (efhelejes) Deueb leLee Je<ešd kesâ Ùeesie ceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle
ke=â<Ce hej Dehevee YeeJe Øekeâš keâjleer nw~ FmeceW ke=â<Ce ner %eerhmÙeceeve heoeLe& nQ~
nesleer nw; pewmes–
Dele: FmeceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nw~
lemcew ßeeriegjJes vece: Gve ieg®peer keâes vecemkeâej~
›egâOedõg½ns<Ùee&metÙeeLee&veeb Ùeb Øeefle keâeshe:–›egâOed (›eâesOe keâjvee), õgnd (õesnd keâjvee),
ØepeeYÙe: mJeefmle Øepee keâe keâuÙeeCe nes~
F&<Ùee& leLee DemetÙee (iegCeeW ceW oes<e efvekeâeuevee) OeelegDeeW leLee Fvekeâer meceeveeLe&keâ
DeiveÙes mJeene Deefive keâes Ùen Deengelf e nw~
OeelegDeeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW efpemekesâ Thej ›eâesOe Deeefo efkeâÙee peeS Jen mecØeoeve meb%ekeâ
neslee nw leLee GmeceW ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; ÙeLee– veesš–peye veced Oeeleg keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw leye efpemes vecemkeâej efkeâÙee peelee nw
mJeeceer Ye=lÙeeÙe ›egâOÙeefle ceeefuekeâ veewkeâj hej ›eâesOe keâjlee nw~ GmeceW efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle keâe ner ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes–me: jeceb veceefle - Jen jece
kebâme: ke=â<CeeÙe F&<Ùe&efle mce kebâme ke=â<Ce mes F&<Ùee& keâjlee nw keâes vecemkeâej keâjlee nw~
ogÙeexOeve: heeC[JesYÙe: DemetÙeefle ogÙeexOeve heeC[JeeW ceW oes<e efvekeâeuelee Lee~ cevÙekeâce&CÙeveeojs efJeYee<eeÓØeeefCe<eg–Deveeoj DeLeJee eflejmkeâej Øekeâš keâjves ceW ceved
Me"e: meJexYÙees õg¢eefvle Me" ueesie meyemes õesn keâjles nQ~ (ceevevee) Oeeleg kesâ keâce& ceW Ùeefo Jen ØeeCeer ve nes lees efJekeâuhe mes ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle
›egâOedõgnes¤heme=„Ùees: keâce&–Ùeefo ›egâOed leLee õgnd OeelegDeeW kesâ hetJe& Ghemeie& ueiee nes nesleer nw; pewmes–jece: jeJeCeb le=Ceb le=CeeÙe JeeÓcevÙeled–jece jeJeCe keâes eflevekesâ kesâ
leye efpemekesâ Øeefle ›eâesOe nes Gmekeâer keâce& meb%ee neskeâj efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; leguÙe Yeer veneR mecePeles Les~
ÙeLee– veesš–Deveeoj ve efoKeekeâj leguevee cee$e efoKeeF& nes lees kesâJeue efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle
Keuee: meJee&ved DeefYe›egâOÙeefvle og„ ueesie meYeer hej ›eâesOe keâjles nQ~ keâe ner ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes–lJeeb le=Ceb cevÙes–ceQ legcnW le=CeJeled mecePelee ntB~
mhe=nsjerehf mele:–mhe=nd (Ûeenvee) Oeeleg kesâ Ùeesie ceW F&efhmele (Ûeene ngDee) heoeLe& keâer jeOeer#ÙeesÙe&mÙe efJeØeMve:–`MegYeeMegYekeâLeveb' DeLe& ceW efJeÅeceeve jeOed Deewj F&#ed OeelegDeeW
mecØeoeve meb%ee nesves kesâ keâejCe ÛelegLeea efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes– kesâ Ùeesie ceW efpemekesâ efJe<eÙe ceW ØeMve efkeâÙee peelee nw Gmekeâer mecØeoeve meb%ee nesleer
jeOee heg<hesYÙe: mhe=nÙeefle jeOee HetâueeW keâes Ûeenleer nw~ nw; pewmes–ke=â<CeeÙe jeOÙeefle F&#eles Jee ieie&:~
Deheeoeve keâejkeâ : he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle veesš–ÙeneB hej ke=â<Ce Deheves keâes `ceelee' mes efÚheelee nw FmeefueS `ceelee mes'
OeÇgJeceheeÙesÓheeoeveced–Deheeoeve keâejkeâ keâe efÛeÖ `mes' (Deueie) nw efpemeceW ØelÙe#e Deheeoeve keâejkeâ ngDee~
Ùee hejes#e ¤he mes keâesF& Jemleg Deueie nesleer nw, JeneB Deheeoeve keâejkeâ neslee nw~ DeeKÙeeleesheÙeesies–efpeme ieg® Ùee DeOÙeehekeâ Ùee ceveg<Ùe mes keâesF& Ûeerpe efveÙecehetJe&keâ
Deheeoeve ceW he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes– heÌ{er peeleer nw DeLeJee ceeuetce keâer peeleer nw; Jen ieg® Ùee DeOÙeehekeâ Ùee DevÙe
Je=#eeled he$eeefCe heleefvle Je=#e mes heòes efiejles nQ~ ceveg<Ùe Deheeoeve neslee nw, pewmes–
MÙeece: YeJeveeled Deheleled MÙeece-YeJeve mes efiej heÌ[e~ GheeOÙeeÙeeod DeOeerles DeOÙeehekeâ mes heÌ{lee nw~
DeLeJee pevekeâleg&: Øeke=âefle:–peved (Glhevve nesvee) Oeeleg kesâ keâlee& keâe cetue keâejCe Deheeoeve
DeheeÙe efJeMues<e (Deueie nesvee) keâes keânles nQ~ GmeceW pees OeÇgJe Ùee DeJeefOeYetled meb%ee neslee nw; pewmes–
(DeLee&led peneB mes efJeMues<e nes) neslee nw, Jen Deheeoeve keânueelee nw~ ÙeneB ›eâceMe: keâeceel›eâesOeesÓefYepeeÙeles keâece mes ›eâesOe hewoe neslee nw~
Je=#e mes heòeeW keâe leLee YeJeve mes jece keâe Deueie nesvee Øekeâš nes jne nw Dele: yeÇeÿeCe: Øepee: ØepeeÙevles yeÇÿee mes ØepeeSb Glhevve ngFË~
Je=#eeled leLee YeJeveeled ceW he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~ YegJe: ØeYeJe:–Glhevve nesves Jeeues keâe pees ØeYeJe (Glheefòe mLeeve) neslee nw GmeceW
Deheeoeves he_Ûeceer–Deheeoeve keâejkeâ ceW he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nQ, pewmes–osJ eoòe:, he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, pewmes–
«eeceeled ieÛÚefle-osJ eoòe ieebJe mes peelee nw~ FmeceW ieebJe mes Deueie nesvee JÙekeäle nesves iebiee efnceeueÙeeled ØeYeJeefle iebiee efnceeueÙe mes efvekeâueleer nw~
mes he_Ûeceer nw~ DevÙeejeefolelexefokedâMeyoe_ÛetòejheoepeeefnÙegkeäles–DevÙe, Deejeled, (otj Ùee meceerhe),
pegieghmeeefJejeceØeceeoeLee&veeceghemebKÙeeveced (Jeee|lekeâ) –pegieghmee (Ie=Cee), efJejece (yevo Flej (DevÙe), $e+les (efyevee), efokedâ (hetJee&eof ) Meyo, De_Ûed Oeeleg mes Ùegkeäle efokedâJeeÛekeâ
nes peevee, Deueie nes peevee, ÚesÌ[ osvee, nšvee), Øeceeo (Yetue Ùee DemeeJeOeeveer ØelÙekedâ, Gokedâ, ØeYe=elf e, oef#eCee, Gòeje ØeYe=efle SJeb oef#eCeeefn, Gòejeefn ØeYe=efle
keâjvee) kesâ meceeveeLe&keâ MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes– MeyoeW kesâ Ùeesie ceW he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
ceneheg®<e: heeheeled pegieghmeles ceneve heg®<e heehe mes Ie=Cee keâjlee nw~ efMeJeeled DevÙe:, efYevve:, Flej: Jee ve keâesÓefhe j#ekeâ:~
me: melÙeeled ve efJejceles Jen melÙe mes veneR nšlee nw~ Deejeled yeveeled veoer yenefle~
osJ eJeÇle: Oecee&led ve Øeceoles osJ eJeÇle Oece& mes Øeceeo veneR keâjlee nw~ %eeveeod $e+les ve megKeced~
Yeer$eeLee&veeb YeÙensleg:–efpememes [j ceeuetce nes DeLeJee efpemekesâ [j kesâ keâejCe j#ee «eeceeled hetJe&: efJeÅeeueÙe:~
keâjveer nes Gme keâejkeâ keâes Deheeoeve keânles nQ; pewmes– «eeceeled Øeekedâ, oef#eCee Gòejeefn Jee~
Ûeewjeod efJeYesefle Ûeesj mes [jlee nw~ he_ÛecÙehee*dheefjefYe:–keâce& ØeJeÛeveerÙe-meb%ekeâ, Dehe, Dee*d Deewj heefj kesâ Ùeesie ceW
mehee&od YeÙeced mehe& mes [j nw~ he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–Dehe heefj Jee YeieJele: mebmeej:~
j#e ceeb vejkeâheeleeled vejkeâ ceW efiejves mes cegPes yeÛeeDees~ Deeheefjlees<eeod efJeog<eeced
veesš –FveceW YeÙe kesâ keâejCe `Ûeesj Deewj meebhe' nQ, FmeefueS Deheeoeve nw~ Dehehejer Jepe&ves–Jepe&ve DeLe& ceW `Dehe' leLee `heefj' keâer keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe meb%ee nesleer
hejepesjmees{:–heje Ghemeie& hetJe&keâ èfpe' (peerlevee) Oeeleg kesâ Ùeesie ceW DemendveerÙe nw, pewmes–
heoeLe& keâer Deheeoeve meb%ee nesves mes he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes– Dehe njs:, heefj njs: mebmeej: nefj keâes ÚesÌ[keâj pevce cejCeeefo ¤he megKe
megjsMe: DeOÙeÙeveeled hejepeÙeles megjsMe DeOÙeÙeve mes Yeeielee nw~ og:Keelcekeâ mebmeej nw~
Me$etved hejepeÙeles Me$egDeeW keâes hejeefpele keâjlee nw~ Dee*dceÙee&oe JeÛeves–ceÙee&oe DeLe& ceW Dee*d (Dee) keâer keâce&ØeJeÛe&veerÙe meb%ee nesleer nw~
JeejCeeLee&veeceerehq mele:– JeejeCeeLe&keâ (efveJeejCe, jeskeâvee) OeelegDeeW kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW ØeefleefveefOeØeefleoeves Ûe Ùemceeled–ØeefleefveefOe SJeb Øeefleoeve (efJeefveceÙe) kesâ DeLe& ceW
F&efhmele Jemleg keâer (DeLee&led efpememes nševes keâer Ûeen nes) Deheeoeve meb%ee nesleer nw keâce&ØeJeÛeveerÙe meb%ee Øeehle keâjves Jeeues `Øeefle' kesâ Ùeesie he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw;
DeLee&led efpememes keâesF& Jemleg Ùee heg®<e otj efkeâÙee peelee nw Ùee cevee efkeâÙee peelee nw, pewm es–
Jeneb Deheeoeve neslee nw, pewmes– ØeÅegcve: ke=â<Ceeled Øeefle ØeÅegcve ke=â<Ce kesâ ØeefleefveefOe nQ~
ÙeJesYÙees ieeb JeejÙeefle peew mes ieeÙe keâes jeskeâlee nw~ efleuesYÙe: Øeefle ÙeÛÚefle cee<eeved efleueeW kesâ yeoues ceW GÌ[o oslee nw
efce$eb heeheeled efveJeejÙeefle efce$e keâes heehe mes otj jKelee nw~ (DeLee&led efleue mes GÌ[o yeouelee nw)~
DevleOeezÙesveeoMe&veefceÛÚefle–peye keâesF& Deheves keâes efkeâmeer mes efÚheelee nw lees efpememes efJeYee<eeiegCesÓefm$eÙeeced–nsleg Ùee keâejCe Øekeâš keâjves Jeeues iegCeJeeÛekeâ Dem$eerefue”
efÚheelee nw Jen Deheeoeve neslee nw~ Meyo efJekeâuhe mes le=leerÙee Ùee he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
ceelege|ueveer Ùeles ke=â<Ce: ke=â<Ce Deheveer ceelee mes efÚhelee nw~ pee[dÙesve pee[dÙeele Jee Jeæ Jen Deheveer cetKe&lee kesâ keâejCe hekeâÌ[e ieÙee~
veesš –iegCeJeeÛekeâ kesâ nesves kesâ Dem$eerefue” nesles ngS Yeer le=leerÙee ner nesieer; pewmes–
keâCe&hegjb ØeÙeeiemÙe ØeÙeeieeod Jee meceerheced–keâevehegj ØeÙeeie mes (kesâ) meceerhe nw~
Oevesve kegâueced~ Fmeer Øekeâej iegCeJeeÛekeâ nesles ngS Yeer m$eereuf e” nesves hej le=leerÙee ner
%eesÓefJeoLe&mÙe keâjCes–%eeve mes efYevve DeLe& jKeves Jeeueer `%ee' Oeeleg kesâ keâjCe ceW
nesieer; pewmes– <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–mee|he<ees %eeveced – Ie=le kesâ Éeje nesves Jeeueer ØeJe=efòe
yegodOÙee cegkeäle:–Jen Deheveer yegefæ kesâ keâejCe ÚesÌ[ efoÙee ieÙee~ nw~ Dele: Fmeer keâejCe FmeceW <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle ngF&~
otj eefvlekeâeÙexYÙees efÉleerÙee Ûe–otj leLee Deefvlekeâ (meceerhe) DeLe& Jeeues MeyoeW ceW DeOeerieLe&oÙes<eeb keâce&eCf e–DeefOekeâ hetJe&keâ `F' Oeeleg (mcejCe keâjvee), oÙed (oÙee
efÉleerÙee, le=leerÙee SJeb he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
keâjvee), F&Med (meceLe& nesvee) leLee Fmekeâer meceeveeLe&keâ OeelegDeeW kesâ keâce& ceW <e‰er
«eecemÙe otjb otjsCe otjeled Jee ieebJe mes otj~
nesleer nw; pewmes–
veesš –Ùeneb otj DeLe& Jeeues Meyo ceW efÉleerÙee, le=leerÙee leLee he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle nw~
ceeleg: mcejefle – ceelee keâes Ùeeo keâjlee nw~
Fmeer Øekeâej `Deefvlekeâ' Meyo ceW mecePeveer ÛeeefnÙes~
keälemÙe Ûe Jele&ceeves–peye keäleØelÙeÙeevle Meyo (pees Yetlekeâeue keâe yeesOekeâ neslee nw)
mecyevOe keâejkeâ : <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle pewmes–me: iele: = Jen ieÙee) Jele&ceeve kesâ DeLe& ceW ØeÙegkeäle neslee nw, lees <e‰er nesleer
<e‰er Mes<es–Fme met$e keâe DeLe& Ùen nw efkeâ pees yeele Deewj efJeYeefkeäleÙeeW ceW veneR nw; pewmes–
yeleueeF& pee mekeâleer, Gvekeâes yeleueeves kesâ efueS <e‰er nesleer nw~ Jes mecyevOe efJeMes<e Denb je%ees celees yegæ: hegefpelees Jee–cegPes jepee ceeveles nQ, peeveles nQ DeLeJee hetpeles
nQ peneb mJeeceer leLee Ye=lÙe, pevÙe leLee pevekeâ, keâeÙe& leLee keâejCe FlÙeeefo nQ~ Ùeneb hej cele, yegæ leLee hetefpele ceW pees keäle ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee nw Jen
mecyevOe efoKeeÙes peeles nQ Jeneb <e‰er nesleer nw; pewmes– Jele&ceeve DeLe& ceW nw; Fme JeekeäÙe keâer JÙeeKÙee ÙeeW nesieer–
je%e: heg®<e:–jepee keâe heg®<e (mJeeceer leLee Ye=lÙe mecyevOe)
ceeb jepee cevÙeles, yegOÙeles, hetpeÙeefle Jee~
yeeuekeâmÙe ceelee–yeeuekeâ keâer ceeb (pevÙe leLee pevekeâ keâe mecyevOe)~
ke=âlÙeeveeb keâòe&efj Jee–efpeve MeyoeW kesâ Devle ceW ke=âlÙe ØelÙeÙe ueies jnles nQ, Gvekeâe
ce=efòekeâeÙee: Ieš:–efceóer keâe IeÌ[e (keâjCe leLee keâejCe keâe mecyevOe)~
ØeÙeesie nesves hej keâlee& ceW le=leerÙee Ùee <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
<e‰er nslegØeÙeesies–peye `nsleg' Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw lees pees Meyo keâejCe Ùee
ØeÙeespeve jnlee nw, Jen Deewj `nsleg' Meyo –oesveeW <e‰er ceW jKes peeles nQ; pewmes– ie® g : ceÙee hetpÙe :
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DevÙemÙe nslees: Jemeefle–Jen Devve kesâ Jeemles jnlee nw DeLee&led DevÙe heeves kesâ Ùee  ieg® peer cesjs hep t Ùe nQw ~

ØeÙeespeve mes jnlee nw~ ÙeneB jnves kesâ keâejCe Ùee ØeÙeespeve `Devve' nw, FmeefueS ie® g : cece heptÙe : 
`DevÙemÙe' Deewj `nslees:' oesveeW ceW <e‰er nw~ <e‰er Ûeeveeojs–efpemekeâe Deveeoj Ùee eflejmkeâej keâjkesâ keâesF& keâeÙe& efkeâÙee peelee
meJe&veecveemle=leerÙee Ûe–peye nsleg Meyo kesâ meeLe efkeâmeer meJe&veece keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; GmeceW <e‰er Je mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–®ole: heg$emÙe ®oefle heg$es
nw, lees meJe&veece Deewj nsleg Meyo –oesveeW ceW le=leerÙee, he_Ûeceer Ùee <e‰er nesleer nw, Jee Jeeb ØeeJeÇepeerled–jesles ngS heg$e keâe eflejmkeâej keâjkesâ Jen mebvÙeemeer nes ieÙee~
pewmes–keâmÙe nslees: keâmceeled nslees: kesâve nslegvee Jee De$e Jemeefle~
JÙeùheCees: meceLe&Ùees:–meceeve DeLe& Jeeueer JÙeÙe (efJe + DeJe) hetJe&keâ ù leLee heCed
efveefceò eheÙee&ÙeØeÙeesies meJee&meeb ØeeÙeoMe&veced (Jeee|lekeâ)–èfveefceòe' Meyo keâe DeLe&
OeelegDeeW kesâ keâce& ceW <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw (pegDee leLee ›eâÙe-efJe›eâÙe-JÙeJenej DeLe&
jKeves Jeeues (keâejCe, nsleg, ØeÙeespeve Deeefo) MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie nesves hej meJe&veece ceW
ceW Ùes OeelegSB meceeveeLe&keâ nesleer nQ); pewmes–MelemÙe JÙeJenjCeb Jee–meew keâe JÙeJenej
leLee efveefceòe keâe DeLe& jKeves Jeeues MeyoeW ceW ØeeÙe: meYeer efJeYeefkeäleÙeeB nesleer nQ~
Ùee pegDee~
<e‰dÙelemeLe&ØelÙeÙesve–DelemegÛed (lemed) ØelÙeÙe ceW Devle nesves Jeeues MeyoeW (oef#eCele:,
efoJemleoLe&mÙe–Åetled SJeb ›eâÙeefJe›eâÙe-JÙeJenej DeLe& ceW efoJed Oeeleg kesâ keâce& ceW Yeer
Gòejle: Deeefo) leLee Fme ØelÙeÙe keâe DeLe& jKeves Jeeues ØelÙeÙeeW ceW Devle nesves Jeeues
MeyoeW (Gheefj, DeOe:, De«es, Deeoew, hegj: Deeefo) keâe efpeme Meyo kesâ meeLe mebÙeesie <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
nes GmeceW <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–«eecemÙe oef#eCele:~ ÙeLemÙeesheefj, jLemÙe MelemÙe oerJÙeefle–meew keâe pegDee Kesuelee nw~
Gheefj„eled~ Je=#emÙe DeOe:, Je#emÙe DeOemleeled~ veesš–Deefheleg efoJed GheÙeg&keäle DeLe& ve nesves hej keâce& ceW efÉleerÙee ner nesleer nw, pewmes–
veesš –Gheefj, DeefOe, DeOe: peye oesnje keâj peeles nQ; leye GmeceW <e‰er keâe ØeÙeesie yeÇeÿeCeb oerJÙeefle–yeÇeÿeCe keâer mlegelf e keâjlee nw~
veneR neslee Deefheleg efÉleerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~ leguÙeeLe&wjlegueesheceeYÙeeb le=leerÙeejvlejmÙeece–`leguee' leLee `Ghecee' Fve oes MeyoeW
otj eefvlekeâeLez: <e‰ÙevlejmÙeeced–otj leLee Deefvlekeâ (meceerhe) DeLe& Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Mes<e meye leguÙe (meceeve, yejeyej) keâe DeLe& yeleeves Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ
Ùeesie ceW he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle leLee efJekeâuhe mes <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes– Ùeesie le=leerÙee DeLeJee <e‰er efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
Jeveb «eecemÙe «eeceeod Jee otjced – pebieue ieebJe mes otj nw~ jecemÙe, jecesCe, Jee leguÙe, meÂMe: mecees Jee–jece kesâ yejeyej Ùee meceeve~
DeefOekeâjCe keâejkeâ : mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle ÙeleMÛeefveOee&jCeced–Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jemleg keâe Deheves mecegoeÙe keâer DevÙe JemlegDeeW mes
efkeâmeer efJeMes<eCe Éeje keâesF& efJeMes<e efveoxMe efkeâÙee peelee nw, DeLee&led efJeefMe„lee
DeeOeejesÓefOekeâjCeced–keâlee& Deewj keâce& kesâ mecyevOe mes ef›eâÙee keâe DeeOeej `DeefOekeâjCe'
efoKeeF& peeleer nw lees Jen mecegoeÙe JeeÛekeâ Meyo mehleceer DeLeJee <e‰er ceW jKee
keânueelee nw~ YeeJe Ùen nw efkeâ DeefOekeâjCe keâejkeâ ef›eâÙee keâe mee#eeled DeeOeej ve
neskeâj keâlee& SJeb keâce& kesâ Éeje ef›eâÙee keâe DeeOeej yevelee nw~ peelee nw; pewmes–
mehlecÙeefOekeâjCes Ûe–DeefOekeâjCe keâejkeâ ceW mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw~ keâefJe<eg, keâJeerveeb Jee keâeefueoeme: ßes‰: = keâefJeÙeeW ceW keâeefueoeme meyemes yeÌ[s nQ~
DeeOeej leerve Øekeâej keâe neslee nw– iees<eg, ieJeeb Jee ke=â<Cee yeng#eerje = ieeÙeeW ceW keâeueer ieeÙe yengle otOe osves Jeeueer nesleer nw~
(i) DeewheMuese<f ekeâ DeeOeej–keâšs Deemles Úe$es<eg, Úe$eeCeeb Jee cew$e: hešg: = efJeÅeee|LeÙeeW ceW cew$e lespe nw~
(ii) Jew<eefÙekeâ DeeOeej–ceesPes FÛÚefle mehleceerhe_ÛecÙeew keâejkeâceOÙes–oes keâejkeâ MeefkeäleÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâ keâeue Deewj mLeeve
(iii) DeefYeJÙeehekeâ DeeOeej–efleues<eg lewueced~ kesâ JeeÛekeâ Meyo mehleceer Ùee he_Ûeceer efJeYeefkeäle ceW jKes peeles nQ; pewmes–DeÅe
keälemÙesevf Je<eÙemÙe keâce&CÙeghemebKÙeeveced–keäled ØelÙeÙeevle Meyo ceW Fved ØelÙeÙe ueiekeâj YegkeällJeeÓÙeb $eŸeÖs $eŸe£eÉe Yeeskeälee = Deepe Keekeâj efHeâj leerve efove ceW KeeSiee~
yeves ngS Meyo kesâ Ùeesie ceW Gmekesâ keâce& ceW mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–DeOeerleer ØeefmeleeslmegkeâeYÙeeb le=leerÙee–Øeefmele (FÛÚgkeâ Ùee DeefYeuee<egkeâ) leLee Glmegkeâ MeyoeW
JÙeekeâjCes~ kesâ Ùeesie mehleceer Ùee le=leerÙee efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
meeOJemeeOegØeÙeesies Ûe (Jeee|lekeâ)–meeOeg Deewj DemeeOeg kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle efveõeÙeeb efveõÙee Je Øemeefle Glmekeâes Jee–veeRo keâe FÛÚgkeâ~
nesleer nw; pewmes–`meeOeg: ke=â<Cees ceeleefj' (ke=â<Ce Deheveer ceeb kesâ efueS DeÛÚs Les), ÙemÙe Ûe YeeJesve YeeJeue#eCeced–peye efkeâmeer keâeÙe& kesâ nes peeves hej otmejs keâeÙe& keâe
DemeeOeg: ke=â<Cees ceelegues (Deheves ceecee kesâ efueS yegjs)~ nesvee Øeleerle neslee nw lees pees keâeÙe& nes Ûegkeâlee nw Gmekeâes mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle ceW
efveefceòeelkeâce&Ùeesies (Jeee|lekeâ) –efpeme efveefceòe mes DeLee&led efpeme Heâue keâer Øeeefhle kesâ jKeles nQ; pewmes–
efueS keâesF& ef›eâÙee keâer peeleer nw, Jen efveefceòe Ùee Heâue Ùeefo Gme ef›eâÙee kesâ keâce& mes
metÙex Demleb ieles ieeshee: ie=nced DeieÛÚleved = metÙe& kesâ Demle nes peeves hej iJeeues
Ùegkeäle DeLeJee meceJesle nes lees GmeceW mehleceer efJeYeefkeäle nesleer nw; pewmes–
Deheves Iej Ûeues ieÙes~
Ûece&eCf e Éerefheveb nefvle–Ûece& kesâ efueS JÙeeIeÇ keâes ceejlee nw~
jeces Jeveb ieles oMejLe: ØeeCeeved lelÙeepe = jece kesâ Jeve Ûeues peeves hej oMejLe peer
ovleÙeesn&evf le kegâ_pejced–oeBleeW kesâ efueS neLeer keâes ceejlee nw~
kesâMes<eg ÛecejeR nefvle–kesâMeeW kesâ efueS Ûecejer veecekeâ ce=ie keâes ceejlee nw~ ves Dehevee ØeeCe lÙeeie efoÙee~
meerefcve heg<keâuekeâes nle:–DeC[keâesMe kesâ efueS heg<keâue ce=ie (keâmletjer ce=ie) keâes veesš–Ùeneb hej metÙe& kesâ Demle nesves hej iJeeueeW keâe Iej peevee, jece kesâ Jeve peeves hej
ceejlee nw~ oMejLe keâe ØeeCe lÙeeie keâjvee, FmeefueS metÙex Deewj jeces Ùes meye mehleceer ceW nQ~
Oeeleg™he, uekeâej, keâeue leLee JeÛeve

Oeeleg¤he ieCeJeej OeelegDeeW keâer mebKÙee keâe JeCe&ve efkeâÙee Lee~ pees Fme Øekeâej nQ–
meeceevÙe heefjÛeÙe OeelegDeeW kesâ ome ieCe
mebmke=âle keâer mechetCe& OeelegDeeW keâes 10 efJeYeeieeW ceW yeebše ieÙee nw~ GvnW ieCe keânles
nQ, Deefheleg 10 ieCe nQ~ Oeeleg Deewj efle*d (eflehed, lemed efPe) ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW nesves ›eâ.meb. ieCe keâe veece ieCe keâer ØeLece Oeeleg keâe veece ieCe keâer kegâue Oeeleg mebKÙee
Jeeues De, G, ve Deeefo keâes efJekeâjCe keânles nQ~ Fvekesâ DeeOeej hej ner ieCe yeveeÙes 1. YJeeefo ieCe Yet-YeJed 1035
ieÙes nQ~ Dele: ieCe kesâ keâejCe Devlej Yeer uešd Deeefo Ûeej uekeâejeW ceW ner nesles nQ~ 2. Deoeefo ieCe Deod 72
2. ØelÙeskeâ ieCe ceW leerve Øekeâej keâer OeelegSb nesleer nQ~ Fvekesâ veece Deewj henÛeeve Ùes 3. pegneslÙeeefo ng 24
nQ – 4. efoJeeefoieCe efoJed 240
1. hejmcewheoer (efle: le: Devle Deeefo) 5. mJeeef oieCe legod 35
2. Deelcevesheoer (les Sles Devles Deeefo) 6. legoeefoieCe meg 157
3. GYeÙeheoer (oesveeW Øekeâej kesâ ¤he) 7. ®Oeeef oieCe ®Oed 25
3. efpeve MeyoeW kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer keâece keâe keâjvee Ùee nesvee heeÙee peelee nw, Gmes 8. leveeefoieCe leved 10
ef›eâÙee keânles nQ, pewmes–jece: hegmlekebâ he"efle–jece hegmlekeâ heÌ{lee nw~ 9. ef›eâÙeeefo ›eâer 61
heeefCeefve ves meJe&ØeLece OeelegDeeW kesâ ome ieCeeW kesâ veece SJeb Gvekeâer ØeLece OeelegSB Deewj 10. Ûegjeefo iegCe Ûegjd-Ûeesj 411

›eâce ieCe keâe veece efJeke âjCe efJeMes<eleeSB GoenjCe
mebKÙee
1. YJee efoieC e Mehed (De) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ ye erÛe ceW `De' ueiesiee Yet-YeJe + De = YeJee fle
2. Oeeleg kesâ Deefvlece mJej keâes iegC e nesi ee DeLee&led F, F&, keâes, S, G, T
keâes Dees, $e+ $e+ keâes, Dejd nesiee~ Oeeleg kesâ Deefvlece De#ej mes hetJe& F&,
keâes S, G keâe s Dees, $e+ keâes Dejd nesiee~
3. iegCe nesves kesâ yeeo Oeeleg kesâ Deefvlece S keâes DeÙe Dee wj Dees ke âes DeJ e
nes peelee nw~
2. DeoeefoieCe Mehed keâe uee she 1. Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW keâesF& efJekeâjCe veneR ueiesiee~ Oeeleg ceW Deod + efle = Deefòe
kesâJeue efl e: le: Deeefo ueieWies~
2. uešd, uee sšd, ue*d, efJeefOeefu e*d ceW Oeeleg keâes SkeâJeÛeve ceW iegCe neslee
nw, DeÙev$e ven eR~
3. pegneslÙeeefoieCe efJeke âjCe kegâÚ veneR 1. Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW uešd Deeefo ceW efJeke âjCe veneR uei elee~ oe + efle = ooeefle
2. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg efÉlJe nesiee~
3. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg keâes Ske â ceW iegCe neslee nw, DevÙe$e veneR~
4. efoJeeefo ieCe MÙev ed (Ùe) 1. Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW uešd Deeefo ceW `Ùe' ueielee nw~ efoJed + Ùe + efle = efoJÙee fle
2. Oeeleg keâes uešd Deeefo ceW iegCe veneR neslee~
3. ue=šd Deeefo ceW iegCe nesle nw~
5. mJeeefoieCe Mveg (ve) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ ye erÛe ceW `ve' ueielee nw~ efÛe + veg + Je: = efÛevegJe:
meg + ve + efle = megveese fle
2. Oeeleg keâes iegC e veneR neslee nw~
3. veg keâe s hejmcewheoer SkeâJeÛ eve ceW ØeeÙe: `vees’ neslee nw
6. legoeefo ieCe Me (De) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ ye erÛe ceW `De' ueielee nw~ leg + De + efle = lego efl e
2. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg keâes iegCe veneR neslee nw~
3. ue=šd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg keâes iegCe nesiee~
7. ®Oeeefo ieCe Mveced (ve) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg kesâ ØeLece mJej kesâ yeeo `ve' ueielee nw~ Fme ve ®Oe + ve + efæ = ®Ceefæ
keâes keâYeer ved Yeer nes peelee nw~
2. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg keâes iegCe veneR neslee~
8. leveeefo ieCe G 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ ye erÛe ceW `G' ueielee nw~ leved + G + efle = leveesefle
2. Fme G keâes SkeâJ eÛeve Deeefo ceW `Dees' nes peelee nw~
9. ef›e âÙeeefoieCe Mvee (vee) Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW `vee' keâe `veer' Yeer nes peelee nw~ ›eâer + vee + efle = ›eâerCeee fle
1 0. ÛegjeefoieCe efCeÛed DeÙe 1. meYeer uekeâejeW ceW Oeeleg kesâ yeeo efC eÛ ed (DeÙe) ueielee nw~ Ûegjd - Ûeesjd + DeÙe + efl e =
ÛeesjÙeefle
2. Oeeleg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW `DeÙed' efJeke âjCe ueielee nw~
veesš–uešd, ueesšd, efJeefOeefueÁ Fve Ûeej uekeâejeW ceW ner efJekeâjCe ueieles nQ~
uekeâej 5. uesšd uekeâej–Mele& ueieevee Deewj DeeMebkeâe (Jeso ceW)
6. ueesšd uekeâej–(efJeefOe, ØesjCee, Dee%ee osvee) Deeefo~
ef›eâÙee kesâ keâeue keâes meteÛf ele keâjves kesâ efueS uekeâej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
7. ue*d uekeâej–DeveÅeleve Yetlekeâeue~
FmeceW ùe' JeCe& kesâ hetJe&Jeleea nesves kesâ keâejCe Yeer Fmes uekeâej kesâ veece mes peevee
8. efue*d uekeâej–(keâ) efJeefOe~
peelee nw~ JewÙeekeâjCeeW ves Yeer keâeue Ùee Je=efòe keâes uekeâej ner ceevee nw~ mebmke=âle
(Ke) DeeMeerJee&o~
Yee<ee ceW ØelÙeskeâ Oeeleg kesâ ¤he uekeâej kesâ Devegmeej Ûeueles nQ~ mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW 10
9. ueg*d uekeâej–meeceevÙe Yetle~
uekeâej nQ~
10. ue=*d uekeâej–nslegnslegceodYeeJe Deeefo efue*d kesâ DeLe& ceW peye ef›eâÙee keâer
1. uešd uekeâej–Jele&ceeve keâeue~
2. efuešd uekeâej–hejes#e DeveÅeleve Yetlekeâeue~
Deefmeefæ nes~
3. uegšd uekeâej–DeveÅeleve YeefJe<Ùeled keâeue~ uešd Jele&ceeves uesšd Jesos Yetle ueg*, efue*d, efuešd leLee~
4. ue=šd uekeâej–meeceevÙe YeefJe<Ùeled~ efJeOÙeeefMe<eesÓmleg efue*d ueesšew uegšd ue=šd–ue=*d Ûe YeefJe<Ùele:~~
DeLee&led Jele&ceeve ceW uešd, uesš, Yetlekeâeue ceW ueg*d, ue* leLee efuešd efJeefOeefue” ceW uekeâejeLe&–keâeueyeesOekeâ Ûe›eâ
efue*d, DeefMe#ee DeLee&led Dee%eekeâeue ceW ueesš leLee YeefJe<Ùele keâeue ceW uegšd, ue=šd keâeue uekeâej GoenjCe
Deewj ueg*d keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 1. Jele& ceeve uešd me: ieÛÚefle
Jele&ceeve keâeue ceW uešd uekeâej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uesš uekeâej keâe ØeÙeesie 2. YeefJe<Ùeled
Jeso ceW ner neslee nw~ (keâ) meeceevÙe ue=šd me: ieefce<Ùeefle
keâeue–keâeue meceÙe keâes keânles nQ~ ef›eâÙee efpeme meceÙe ceW nesleer nw Jen ef›eâÙee keâe (Ke) DeveÅeleve uegšd MJees ievlee–keâue peeÙesiee
keâeue keânueelee nw~ keâeue leerve Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~ 1. Jele&ceeve, 2. YeefJe<Ùeled 3. Yetle (keâ) meeceevÙe ueg *d meesÓieceled
Deewj 3. Yetle~ (Ke) DeveÅeleve ue*d meesÓieÛÚled
Jele&ceeve keâeue–ef›eâÙee kesâ Gme keâeue keâes keânles nQ efpemeceW ef›eâÙee keâe ØeejcYe nesvee (ie) hejes#e efuešd me peieece
lees heeÙee peelee nw, hej meceehle veneR~ pewmes–`me: ieÛÚefle–Jen peelee nw~' Fme heg®<e
JeekeäÙe ceW ieceve (peevee) ef›eâÙee keâe ØeejbYe nesvee heeÙee peelee nw, hej meceehle veneR mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW leerve heg®<e nesles nQ–1. ØeLece heg®<e, 2. ceOÙece heg®<e Deewj 3.
Dele: Ùen Jele&ceeve keâeue keâe ØeÙeesie nw~ Gòece heg®<e~
YeefJe<Ùeled keâeue–ef›eâÙee keâe Jen keâeue nw efpemeceW ef›eâÙee keâe ØeejcYe nesvee ve heeÙee 1. ØeLece heg®<e (DevÙe heg®<e)–Ùeg<ceod Meyo kesâ keâlee&DeeW leLee Demceod Meyo kesâ
peeÙe Deefheleg Deeies nesvee heeÙee peeÙe~ pewmes–`me ieefce<Ùeefle–Jen peeÙesiee~' Fme keâlee&DeeW keâes ÚesÌ[keâj DevÙe efpeleves Yeer keâlee& nQ, Jes meye ØeLece heg®<e kesâ Devleie&le
JeekeäÙe ceW ieceve (peevee) ef›eâÙee keâe Deeies nesvee heeÙee peelee nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ Éeje ner Deeles nQ~
ceeuetce heÌ[lee nw efkeâ ef›eâÙee DeYeer ØeejcYe veneR ngF&~ Dele: Ùen YeefJe<Ùeled keâeue keâe 2. ceOÙece heg®<e–FmeceW kesâJeue Ùeg<ceod Meyo kesâ leerve keâlee& (lJeced, ÙegJeeced, ÙetÙeced)
ØeÙeesie nw~ ner ØeÙeesie nesles nQ~
Yetlekeâeue–ef›eâÙee kesâ Gme keâeue keâes keânles nQ efpemeceW ef›eâÙee keâer meceeefhle heeF& 3. Gòece heg®<e–FmeceW kesâJeue Demceod Meyo kesâ leerve keâlee& (Denced, DeeJeeced,
peeÙe DeLee&led ef›eâÙee DeejcYe neskeâj meceehle nes Ûegkeâer nes~ pewmes–`meesÓieceled–Jen JeÙeced) ner ØeÙeesie nesles nQ~
ieÙee~' Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ieceve (peevee) ef›eâÙee keâer meceeefhle heeF& peeleer nw~ Dele: Jen JeÛeve
Yetlekeâeue keâe ØeÙeesie nw~ mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW leerve JeÛeve nesles nQ–1. SkeâJeÛeve, 2. efÉJeÛeve Deewj 3.
DeveÅeleve–Gme keâeue keâes keânles nQ pees Deepe keâe ve nes~ Deepe yeejn yepes jele yengJeÛeve~
kesâ yeeo otmejer jele kesâ yeejn yepes lekeâ DeLeJee Øeele:keâeue mes jeef$e keâer meceeefhle 1. SkeâJeÛeve–efpemeceW Skeâ Jemleg keâe yeesOe neslee nw, Gmes SkeâJeÛeve keânles nQ~
lekeâ keâne peelee nw~ Ùeefo Fleves meceÙe kesâ Devoj ef›eâÙee ngF& lees Jen DeÅeleve 2. efÉJeÛeve–efpemeceW oes JemlegDeeW keâe yeesOe nes Gmes efÉJeÛeve keânles nQ~
keâeue keâner peeleer nw Deewj Ùeefo Fmekesâ yeeo nes lees DeveÅeleve keâeue keâer~ 3. yengJeÛeve–efpemeceW oes mes DeefOekeâ JemlegDeeW keâe yeesOe nes, Gmes yengJeÛeve keânles
Yetle Deewj YeefJe<Ùeled oes keâeue DeveÅeleve Yeer nesles nQ Jele&ceeve ceW lees DeÅeleve Deewj nQ~
DeveÅeleve keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR heÌ[leer nw~ ØelÙeskeâ uekeâej kesâ leerve heg®<e nesles nQ ØelÙeskeâ heg®<e kesâ leerve JeÛeve nesles nQ~ Fme
hejes#e–Gme keâeue keâes keânles nQ efpemeceW ef›eâÙee keâjves Jeeues keâe ØelÙe#e nesvee ve
Øekeâej ØelÙeskeâ Oeeleg kesâ veew ¤he nes peeles nQ~
heeÙee peeÙe~ pewmes–ÙegeOf eef‰jes yeYetJe–ÙegeOf eef‰j ngDee~' Fme JeekeäÙe ceW nesvee ef›eâÙee
JeÛeve, heg®<e leLee ef›eâÙee keâes meejCeer kesâ ceeOÙece mes oMee&Ùee pee mekeâlee nw–
keâe keâjves Jeeuee ÙegefOeef‰j Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW keâjves Jeeues kesâ Øeefle
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ØelÙe#e veneR Jen ÙegeOf eef‰j keâes osKe veneR jne nw~ osJ eoòees peieece–osJ eoòe ieÙee~
ØeLece heg®<e yeeuekeâ:, me:, yeeuekeâew, leew, les, Fces, YeJevle:
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW peevee ef›eâÙee keâe keâlee& osJ eoòe peye pee jne Lee leye Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ
DeÙeced, YeJeeved Fceew, YeJevleew
ØeÙeesie keâjves Jeeues ves veneR osKee~
hejes#e keâe mecyevOe kesâJeue Yetlekeâeue mes neslee nw~ Jele&ceeve hejes#e veneR neslee Deewj
ceOÙece heg®<e lJeced (legce) ÙegJeeced (legce oesveeW) ÙetÙeced (legce meye)
YeefJe<Ùeled meoe hejes#e ner jnlee nw~ FmeefueS Fmekeâe mecyevOe kesâJeue Yetlekeâeue mes
Gòece heg®<e Denced (ceQ) DeJeeced (nce oesveeW) JeÙeced (nce meye)
ner nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Yetlekeâeue hejes#e Deewj Dehejes#e oesveeW Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~
heo efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS DeLe& ceW)
mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW leerve heo nesles nQ–1. hejmcewheo, 2. Deelcevesheo leLee 3. SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
GYeÙeheo ØeLece heg®<e Sled Sleeced SÙeg: he"sled he"sleeced he"sÙeg:
1. hejmcewheo ceOÙece heg®<e Ss: Sleced Sle he"s: he"sleced he"sle
mebmke=âle keâer OeelegDeeW keâes leerve YeeieeW ceW efJeYekeäle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, efpeve ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâe Gòece heg®<e SÙeced SJe Sce he"sÙeced he"sJe he"sce
Heâue keâlee& keâes Øeehle ve neskeâj efkeâmeer DevÙe efJeYeefkeäle keâes efceuelee nw, Gmes 2. Deelcevesheo
hejmcewheo keânles nQ~ hejmcewheo keâer OeelegDeeW ceW heg®<e leLee JeÛeve kesâ Devegmeej efpeve ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâe Heâue keâlee& mJeÙeb Øeehle keâjlee nw, Gmes Deelcevesheoer ef›eâÙeeSB
efvecveefueefKele ØelÙeÙe peesÌ[s peeles nQ~ keânles nQ~ Deelcevesheoer Oeeleg ceW heg®<e leLee JeÛeveevegmeej efvecveefueefKele ØelÙeÙe
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve peesÌ[s peeles nQ–
ØeLece heg®<e eflehed lemed ef Pe heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e efmehed Lemed Le ØeLece heg®<e le Deeleeced Pe
Gòece heg®<e efcehed Jemed cemed ceOÙece heg®<e Lee DeeLeeced OJeced
Ùener ØelÙeÙe meYeer uekeâej ceW Deueie-Deueie Øekeâej mes pegÌ[keâj ef›eâÙee keâe ¤he Gòece heg®<e F[d Jeefn ceefn
OeejCe keâj uesles nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ uekeâej ceW he=Lekeâ-he=Lekeâ ¤he mes ueieves Jeeues ØelÙeÙeeW
Ùes ØelÙeÙe ner OeelegDeeW kesâ yeeo peg[Ì keâj efYevve-efYevve uekeâejeW keâer ef›eâÙeeSb yeveeles nQ~
keâes efueKee peelee nw~ FvneR ØelÙeÙeeW kesâ DeeOeej hej hejmcewheoer DevÙe OeelegDeeW kesâ
ØelÙeÙe leLee ueYed Oeeleg ¤he efvecveefueefKele nQ–
¤he `he"d' Oeeleg kesâ meceeve yevee efueS peeles nQ~ ØelÙeÙe leLee `he"d' Oeeleg kesâ ¤he
efvecveefueefKele nQ– uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue) SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Deles Sles Devles ueYeles ueYesles ueYevles
ØeLece heg®<e Deefle Dele: Deef vle he"efle he"le: he"efvle ceOÙece heg®<e Demes SsLes DeOJes ueYemes ueYesLes ueYeOJes
ceOÙece heg®<e Deef me DeLe: DeLe he"efme he"Le: he"Le Gòece heg®<e S DeeJens Deecens ueYes ueYeeJens ueYeeYens
Gòece heg®<e Deeef ce DeeJe: Deece: he"eefce he"eJe: he"ece: ue*d uekeâej (Yetlekeâeue)
ue*d uekeâej (Yetlekeâeue) SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Dele Sleeced Devle DeueYeled DeueYesleeced DeueYevle
ØeLece heg®<e Deled Deleeced Deved Dehe"led Dehe"leeced Dehe"ved ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeLee:SÙeeced DeOJ eced DeueYeLee: DeueYesLeeced DeueYeOJeced
ceOÙece heg®<e De Deleced Dele Dehe": Dehe"leced Dehe"le Gòece heg®<e Ss DeeJeefn Deeceefn DeueYes DeueYeeJeefn DeueYeeceefn
Gòece heg®<e Deced DeeJe Deecedd Dehe"ced Dehe"eJe Dehe"eced
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele keâeue)
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue)
SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ØeLece heg®<e F<Ùeefle F<Ùele: F<Ùeefvle heef"<Ùeefle heef"<Ùele: heef"<Ùeefvle ØeLece heg®<e mÙeles mÙes les mÙevles uehmÙeles uehmÙesles uehmÙevles
ceOÙece heg®<e F<Ùeefme F<ÙeLe: F<ÙeLe heef"<Ùeefme heef"<ÙeLe: heef"<ÙeLe ceOÙece heg®<e mÙemes mÙes Les mÙeeOJes ueh mÙemes uehmÙesLes uehmÙeOJes
Gòece heg®<e F<Ùeeefce F<ÙeeJe: F<Ùeece: heef"<Ùeeefce heef"<ÙeeJe: heef"<Ùeece: Gòece heg®<e mÙes mceeJens mÙeecens uehemÙes uehmÙeeJens ueh mÙeecens
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ)
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ)
SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ØeLece heg®<e Deleeced Sleeced Devleeced ueYeleeced ueYesleeced ueYevleeced
ØeLece heg®<e Deleg Deleeced Devleg he"leg he"leeced he"vleg
ceOÙece heg®<e De Deleced Dele he" he"leced he"le ceOÙece heg®<e DemJe SsLeeced DeOJ eced ueYemJe ueYesL eeced ueYeOJeced
Gòece heg®<e Deeef ve DeeJe Deece he"eefve he"eJe he"ece Gòece heg®<e Ss DeeJenw Deecenw ueYew ueYeeJenw ueYeecenw

efJeefOeefue*d (ÛeeefnS DeLe& ceW) ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ØeLece heg®<e Sle SÙeeleeced Sjved ueYesled ueYesÙeeleeced ueYes jved ØeLece heg®<e Denmeled Denmeleeced Denmeved
ceOÙece heg®<e SLee:SÙeeLeeced SOJeced ueYes Lee: ueYesÙeeLeeced ueYesO Jeced ceOÙece heg®<e Denme: Denmeleced Denmele
Gòece heg®<e SÙe SJeefn Sceefn ueYesÙe ueYes Jeefn ueYesceefn Gòece heg®<e Denmeced DenmeeJe Denmeeced
3. GYeÙeheo ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele)
pees OeelegSB hejmcewheo leLee Deelcevesheo oesveeW ceW ØeÙeesie nesleer nQ Gmes nce heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
GYeÙeheoer OeelegSB keânles nQ; pewmes–veer, ke=â, ù, FlÙeeefo OeelegSB GYeÙeheoer nQ~ Fve ØeLece heg®<e nefme< Ùeefle nefme< Ùele: nefme<Ùeefvle
OeelegDeeW keâe ¤he oesveeW ceW Ûeueles nQ~ ceOÙece heg®<e nef me<Ùeefme nefme< ÙeLe: nefme<ÙeLe
YJeeefoieCe Gòece heg®<e nefm e<Ùeeefce nefme< ÙeeJe: nefme< Ùeece:
Yet (nesvee) uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue) ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ØeLece heg®<e YeJeefle YeJele: YeJeefvle ØeLece heg®<e nmeleg nmeleeced nmevleg
ceOÙece heg®<e YeJeefme YeJeLe: YeJeLe ceOÙece heg®<e nme nmeleced nmele
Gòece heg®<e YeJeeefce YeJeeJe: YeJeece: Gòece heg®<e nmeeef ve nmeeJe nmeece
ue*d uekeâej (Yetlekeâeue, DeveÅeleve) efJeefOe efue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
ØeLece heg®<e DeYeJeled DeYeJeleeced DeYeJeved ØeLece heg®<e nmes led nmesleeced nmes Ùeg:
ceOÙece heg®<e DeYeJe: DeYeJeleced DeYeJele ceOÙece heg®<e nmes: nmesleced nmesle
Gòece heg®<e DeYeJeced DeYeJeeJe DeYeJeece Gòece heg®<e nmesÙeced nmesJe nmesce
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele) he"d Oeeleg (heÌ{vee) hejmcewheo
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e YeefJe<Ùeefle YeefJe<Ùele: YeefJe<Ùeefvle heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e YeefJe<Ùeefme YeefJe<ÙeLe: YeefJe<ÙeLe ØeLece heg®<e he"efle he"le: he"efvle
Gòece heg®<e YeefJe<Ùeeefce YeefJe<ÙeeJe: YeefJe<Ùeece: ceOÙece heg®<e he"efme he"Le: he"Le
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&) Gòece heg®<e he"eefce he"eJe: he"ece:
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e YeJeleg YeJeleeced YeJevleg heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e YeJe YeJeleced YeJele ØeLece heg®<e Dehe"led Dehe"leeced Dehe"ved
Gòece heg®<e YeJeeefve YeJeeJe YeJeece ceOÙece heg®<e Dehe": Dehe"leced Dehe"le
efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&) Gòece heg®<e Dehe"ced Dehe"eJe Dehe"ece
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele)
ØeLece heg®<e YeJesled YeJesleeced YeJesÙeg: heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e YeJes: YeJesleced YeJesle ØeLece heg®<e heef"<Ùeefle heef"<Ùele: heef"<Ùeefvle
Gòece heg®<e YeJesÙeced YeJesJe YeJesce ceOÙece heg®<e heef"<Ùeefme heef"<ÙeLe: heef"<ÙeLe
nmed Oeeleg (nBmevee) Gòece heg®<e heef"<Ùeeefce heef"<ÙeeJe: heef"<Ùeece:
uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue) ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
ØeLece heg®<e nmeef le nmele: nmeefv le ØeLece heg®<e he"leg he"leeced he"vleg
ceOÙece heg®<e nmeef me nmeLe: nmeLe ceOÙece heg®<e he" he"leced he"le
Gòece heg®<e nmeeef ce nmeeJe: nmeece: Gòece heg®<e he"eefve he"eJe he"ece

efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&) ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele)
ØeLece heg®<e he"sled he"sleeced he"sÙeg: ØeLece heg®<e Jeefo<Ùeefle Jeefo<Ùele: Jeefo<Ùeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e he"s: he"sleced he"sle ceOÙece heg®<e Jeefo<Ùeefme Jeefo<ÙeLe: Jeefo<ÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e he"sÙeced he"sJe he"sce Gòece heg®<e Jeefo<Ùeeefce Jeefo<ÙeeJe: Jeefo<Ùeece:
ieced (peevee) hejmcewheo ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue) heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Jeoleg Jeoleeced Jeovleg
ØeLece heg®<e ieÛÚefle ieÛÚle: ieÛÚefvle ceOÙece heg®<e Jeo Jeoleced Jeole
ceOÙece heg®<e ieÛÚ efme ieÛÚLe: ieÛÚLe Gòece heg®<e Jeoeefve JeoeJe Jeoece
Gòece heg®<e ieÛÚeefce ieÛÚeJe: ieÛÚece: efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue) heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Jeosled Jeosleeced JeosÙeg:
ØeLece heg®<e DeieÛ Úled DeieÛÚ leeced DeieÛ Úved ceOÙece heg®<e Jeos: Jeosleced Jeosle
ceOÙece heg®<e DeieÛÚ: DeieÛÚ leced DeieÛÚle Gòece heg®<e JeosÙeced JeosJe Jeosce
Gòece heg®<e DeieÛ Úced DeieÛÚeJe DeieÛ Úece j#ed (j#ee keâjvee) hejmcewheo
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele)
uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e ieefce<Ùeefle ieefce<Ùele: ieefce<Ùeefvle
ØeLece heg®<e j#eefle j#ele: j#eefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e ieefce<Ùeefme ieefce<ÙeLe: ieefce<ÙeLe
ceOÙece heg®<e j#eefme j#eLe: j#eLe
Gòece heg®<e ieefce<Ùeeefce ieefce<ÙeeJe: ieefce<Ùeece:
Gòece heg®<e j#eeefce j#eeJe: j#eece:
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e ieÛÚleg ieÛÚleeced ieÛÚvleg
ØeLece heg®<e Dej#eled Dej#eleeced Dej#eved
ceOÙece heg®<e ieÛÚ ieÛÚleced ieÛÚle
ceOÙece heg®<e Dej#e: Dej#eleced Dej#ele
Gòece heg®<e ieÛÚeefve ieÛÚeJe ieÛÚece
efJeefOe efue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&) Gòece heg®<e Dej#eced Dej#eeJe Dej#eece
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve uešd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele)
ØeLece heg®<e ieÛÚsled ieÛÚsl eeced ieÛÚsÙeg: heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e ieÛÚs: ieÛÚsleced ieÛÚsle ØeLece heg®<e jef#e<Ùeefle jef#e<Ùele: jef#e<Ùeefvle
Gòece heg®<e ieÛÚsÙeced ieÛÚsJ e ieÛÚsce ceOÙece heg®<e jef#e<Ùeefme jef#e<ÙeLe: jef#e<ÙeLe
Jeod (yeesuevee) hejmcewheo Gòece heg®<e jef#e<Ùeeefce jef#e<ÙeeJe: jef#e<Ùeece:
ØeLece heg®<e Jeoefle Jeole: Jeoefvle ØeLece heg®<e j#eleg j#eleeced j#evleg
ceOÙece heg®<e Jeoefme JeoLe: JeoLe ceOÙece heg®<e j#e j#eleced j#ele
Gòece heg®<e Jeoeefce JeoeJe: Jeoece: Gòece heg®<e j#eeefve j#eeJe j#eece
ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue) efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
ØeLece heg®<e DeJeoled DeJeoleeced DeJeoved ØeLece heg®<e j#esled j#esleeced j#esÙeg:
ceOÙece heg®<e DeJeo: DeJeoleced DeJeole ceOÙece heg®<e j#es: j#esleced j#esle
Gòece heg®<e DeJeoced DeJeoeJe DeJeoece Gòece heg®<e j#esÙeced j#esJe j#esce
heÛed (hekeâevee) hejmcewheo efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e heMÙesled heMÙes leeced heMÙesÙeg:
ØeLece heg®<e heÛeefle heÛele: heÛeefvle ceOÙece heg®<e heMÙes: heMÙes leced heMÙesle
ceOÙece heg®<e heÛeefme heÛeLe: heÛeLe Gòece heg®<e heMÙes Ùeced heMÙesJe heMÙesce
Gòece heg®<e heÛeeefce heÛeeJe: heÛeece: mLee (®keâvee, "njvee) hejmcewheo
ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue) uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e DeheÛ eled DeheÛeleeced DeheÛ eved ØeLece heg®<e efle‰efle efle‰le: efle‰efvle
ceOÙece heg®<e DeheÛe: DeheÛeleced DeheÛele ceOÙece heg®<e efle‰ef me efle‰Le: efle‰Le
Gòece heg®<e DeheÛ eced DeheÛeeJe DeheÛ eece Gòece heg®<e efle‰eefce efle‰eJe: efle‰ece:
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&) ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e heÛeleg heÛeleeced heÛevleg ØeLece heg®<e Deefle‰led Deef le‰leeced Deefle‰ved
ceOÙece heg®<e heÛe heÛeleced heÛele ceOÙece heg®<e Deefle‰: Deefle‰leced Deefle‰le
Gòece heg®<e heÛeeefve heÛeeJe heÛeece Gòece heg®<e Deefle‰ced Deefle‰eJe Deefle‰ece
efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&) ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e heÛesled heÛesleeced heÛesÙeg: ØeLece heg®<e mLeemÙeefle mLeemÙele: mLeemÙeef vle
ceOÙece heg®<e heÛes: heÛesleced heÛesle ceOÙece heg®<e mLeemÙeef me mLeemÙeLe: mLeemÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e heÛesÙeced heÛesJe heÛesce Gòece heg®<e mLeemÙeeefce mLeemÙeeJe: mLeemÙeece:
ÂMe (osKevee) hejmcewheo ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e efle‰leg efle‰leeced efle‰vleg
ØeLece heg®<e heMÙeefle heMÙele: heMÙeefvle ceOÙece heg®<e efle‰ efle‰leced efle‰le
ceOÙece heg®<e heMÙeefme heMÙeLe: heMÙeLe Gòece heg®<e efle‰eefve efle‰eJe efle‰eced
Gòece heg®<e heMÙeeefce heMÙeeJe: heMÙeece: efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
ue*d uekeâej (Yetlekeâeue) heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e efle‰sled efle‰sleeced efle‰sÙeg:
ØeLece heg®<e DeheMÙeled DeheMÙeleeced DeheMÙeved ceOÙece heg®<e efle‰s: efle‰s leced efle‰sle
ceOÙece heg®<e DeheMÙe: Deh eMÙeleced DeheMÙele Gòece heg®<e efle‰sÙece efle‰sJe efle‰sce
Gòece heg®<e DeheMÙeced DeheMÙeeJe Deh eMÙeece hee (heervee) hejmcewheo
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùekeâeue) uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e õ#Ùeefle õ#Ùele: õ#Ùeefvle ØeLece heg®<e efheyeefle efheyele: efheyeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e õ#Ùeefme õ#ÙeLe: õ#ÙeLe ceOÙece heg®<e efheyeefme efheyeLe: efheyeLe
Gòece heg®<e õ#Ùeeefce õ#ÙeeJe: õ#Ùeece: Gòece heg®<e efheyeeefce efheyeeJe: efheyeece:
ØeLece heg®<e heMÙeleg heMÙeleeced heMÙevleg ØeLece heg®<e Deefheyeled Deefheyeleeced Deefheyeved
ceOÙece heg®<e heMÙe heMÙeleced heMÙele ceOÙece heg®<e Deefheye: Deefheyeleced Deefheyele
Gòece heg®<e heMÙeeefve heMÙeeJe heMÙeece Gòece heg®<e Deefheyeced DeefheyeeJe Deefheyeece

ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue) Ûejd (efJeÛejCe keâjvee) hejmcewheo
ØeLece heg®<e heemÙeefle heemÙele: heemÙeefvle ØeLece heg®<e Ûeefjle Ûejle: Ûejefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e heemÙeefme heemÙeLe: heemÙeLe ceOÙece heg®<e Ûejefle ÛejLe: ÛejLe
Gòece heg®<e heemÙeeefce heemÙeeJe: heemÙeece: Gòece heg®<e Ûejeefce ÛejeJe: Ûejece:
ØeLece heg®<e efheyeleg efheyeleeced efheyevleg ØeLece heg®<e DeÛejled DeÛejleeced DeÛejved
ceOÙece heg®<e efheye efheyeleced efheyele ceOÙece heg®<e DeÛej: DeÛejced DeÛejle
Gòece heg®<e efheyeeefve efheyeeJe efheyeece Gòece heg®<e DeÛejced DeÛejeJe DeÛejece
ØeLece heg®<e efheyesled efheyesleeced efheyesÙeg: ØeLece heg®<e Ûeefj<Ùeefle Ûeefj<Ùele: Ûeefj<Ùeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e efheyes: efheyesleced efheyesle ceOÙece heg®<e Ûeefj<Ùeefme Ûeefj<ÙeLe: Ûeefj<ÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e efheyesÙeced efheyesJe efheyesce Gòece heg®<e Ûeefj<Ùeeefce Ûeefj<ÙeeJe: Ûeefj<Ùeece:
›eâer[d (Kesuevee) hejmcewheo ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Ûejleg Ûejleeced Ûejvleg
ØeLece heg®<e ›eâer[efle ›eâer [le: ›eâer[ef vle ceOÙece heg®<e Ûej Ûejleced Ûejle
ceOÙece heg®<e ›eâer[efme ›eâer [le: ›eâer[Le Gòece heg®<e Ûejeefve ÛejeJe Ûejece
Gòece heg®<e ›eâer[eefce ›eâer [eJe: ›eâer[ece: efJeefOe efue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Ûejsled Ûejsleeced ÛejsÙeg:
ØeLece heg®<e De›eâer[ led De›eâer [leeced De›eâer[ ved ceOÙece heg®<e Ûejs: Ûejsleced Ûejsle
ceOÙece heg®<e De›eâer [: De›eâer[leced De›eâer [le Gòece heg®<e ÛejsÙeced ÛejsJe Ûejsce
Gòece heg®<e De›eâer[ ced De›eâer[ eJe De›eâer[ ece (Oeeleg-Keeod Keevee) hejmcewheo
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue) uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e ›eâeref[ <Ùeefle ›eâeref[<Ùele: ›eâeref[ <Ùeefvle ØeLece heg®<e Keeoefle Keeole: Keeoefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e ›eâere[f <Ùeefme ›eâeref[<ÙeLe: ›eâeref[<ÙeLe ceOÙece heg®<e Keeoefme KeeoLe: KeeoLe
Gòece heg®<e ›eâere[f <Ùeeefce ›eâeref[ <ÙeeJe: ›eâeref[ <Ùeece: Gòece heg®<e Keeoeefce KeeoeJe: Keeoece:
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ) ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e ›eâer [leg ›eâer[leeced ›eâer [vleg ØeLece heg®<e DeKeeoled DeKeeoleeced DeKeeoved
ceOÙece heg®<e ›eâer[ ›eâer[leced ›eâer[le ceOÙece heg®<e DeKeeeo: DeKeeoleced DeKeeole
Gòece heg®<e ›eâer[eefve ›eâer [eJe ›eâer[ece Gòece heg®<e DeKeeoced DeKeeoeJe DeKeeoece
efJeefOeefue*d (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW) ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e ›eâer [sle ›eâer[sleeced ›eâer[ sÙeg: ØeLece heg®<e Keeefo<Ùeefle Keeefo<Ùele: Keeefo<Ùeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e ›eâer[s: ›eâer[sleced ›eâer [sle ceOÙece heg®<e Keeefo< Ùeefme Keeefo<ÙeLe: Keeefo<ÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e ›eâer[sÙeced ›eâer [sJe ›eâer [sce Gòece heg®<e Keeefo< Ùeeefce Keeefo<ÙeeJe: Keeefo<Ùeece:
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ) ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e Keeoleg Keeoleeced Keeovleg ØeLece heg®<e DeÛ eueled DeÛ eueleeced DeÛ eueved
ceOÙece heg®<e Keeo Keeoleced Keeole ceOÙece heg®<e DeÛeue: DeÛ eueleced DeÛeuele
Gòece heg®<e Keeoeefve KeeoeJe Keeoece Gòece heg®<e DeÛ eueced DeÛeueeJe DeÛ eueece
efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW) ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e Keeosleg Keeosl eeced KeeosÙeg: ØeLece heg®<e Ûeefue< Ùeefle Ûeefue<Ùele: Ûeefue< Ùeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e Keeos: Keeos leced Keeosle ceOÙece heg®<e Ûeefue<Ùeefme Ûeefue<ÙeLe: Ûeefue<ÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e Keeos Ùeced KeeosJe Keeosce Gòece heg®<e Ûeefue< Ùeeefce Ûeefue<ÙeeJe: Ûeefue< Ùeece:
efpe-Oeeleg (peerlevee) hejmcewheo ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%eeJeeÛekeâ)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e Ûeueleg Ûeueleeced Ûeuevleg
ØeLece heg®<e peÙeefle peÙele: peÙeefvle ceOÙece heg®<e Ûeue Ûeueleced Ûeuele
ceOÙece heg®<e peÙeefme peÙeLe: peÙeLe Gòece heg®<e Ûeueeef ve ÛeueeJe Ûeueece
Gòece heg®<e peÙeeefce peÙeeJe: peÙeece: efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW)
ØeLece heg®<e Ûeuesled Ûeuesleeced Ûeues Ùeg:
ØeLece heg®<e DepeÙeled Dep eÙeleeced DepeÙeved
ceOÙece heg®<e Ûeues: Ûeues leced Ûeuesle
ceOÙece heg®<e DepeÙe: DepeÙeleced DepeÙele
Gòece heg®<e Ûeues Ùeced ÛeuesJe Ûeuesce
Gòece heg®<e DepeÙeced DepeÙeeJe DepeÙeece
ßeg-Oeeleg (megvevee) hejmcewheo
ØeLece heg®<e pes<Ùeefle pes<Ùele: pes<Ùeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e pes<Ùeefme pes<ÙeLe: pes<ÙeLe ØeLece heg®<e ëe= Ceesefle ëe==Cegle: ëe=CJeefvle
Gòece heg®<e pes<Ùeeefce pes<ÙeeJe: pes<Ùeece: ceOÙece heg®<e ëe==Ceesef<e ëe==CegLeg: ëe==CegLeg
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ) Gòece heg®<e ëe= =Ceesefce ëe==CegJe: ëe==Cegce:
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e peÙeleg peÙeleeced peÙevleg heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e peÙe peÙeleced peÙele ØeLece heg®<e Deëe==Cees led Deëe=Cegleeced Deëe=CJeved
Gòece heg®<e peÙeeefve peÙeeJe peÙeece ceOÙece heg®<e Deëe=C= ees: Deëe=Cegleced Deëe=Ceg led
efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW) Gòece heg®<e Deëe=CeJeced Deëe=CegJe, Deëe=Cegce
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùele keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e peÙesled peÙesl eeced peÙesÙeg: heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ceOÙece heg®<e peÙes: peÙeleced peÙesle ØeLece heg®<e ßees<Ùeefle ßees<Ùele: ßees<Ùeefvle
Gòece heg®<e peÙes Ùeced peÙesJe peÙesce ceOÙece heg®<e ßees<Ùeefme ßees<ÙeLe: ßees<ÙeLe
Ûeued-Oeeleg (Ûeuevee) hejmcewheo Gòece heg®<e ßees<Ùeeefce ßees<ÙeeJe: ßees<Ùeece:
uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue) ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ)
ØeLece heg®<e Ûeueefle Ûeuele: Ûeueefv le ØeLece heg®<e ëe=Ceesleg ëe= Cegleeced ëe=CJevleg
ceOÙece heg®<e Ûeueef me ÛeueLe: ÛeueLe ceOÙece heg®<e ëe= Ceg ëe=Ceg leced ëe=Cegle
Gòece heg®<e Ûeueeef ce ÛeueeJe: Ûeueece: Gòece heg®<e ëe=CeJeeefve ëe=CeJeeJe ëe=CeJeece
efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW) ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e ëe= CeÙeeled ëe=CegÙeeleeced ëe=CegÙeg: ØeLece heg®<e DeÙeeÛeled DeÙeeÛeleeced DeeÙeÛeved
ceOÙece heg®<e ëe=CegÙee: ëe=CegÙeeleced ëe= CegÙeele ceOÙece heg®<e DeÙeeÛe: DeÙeeÛeleced DeeÙeÛele
Gòece heg®<e ëe= CegÙeeced ëe=Ceg ÙeeJe ëe= CegÙeece Gòece heg®<e DeÙeeÛeced DeÙeeÛeeJe DeÙeeÛeece
mesJed-Oeeleg (mesJee keâjvee) Deelcevesheo ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue)
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeefÛe<Ùeefle ÙeeefÛe<Ùele: ÙeeefÛe< Ùeefvle
ØeLece heg®<e mesJ eles mesJesles mesJevles ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeefÛe<Ùeefme ÙeeefÛe<ÙeLe: ÙeeefÛe<ÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e ÙeeefÛe< Ùeeefce ÙeeefÛe<ÙeeJe: ÙeeefÛe<Ùeece:
ceOÙece heg®<e mesJ emes mesJesLes mesJeOJes
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
Gòece heg®<e mesJes mesJeeJens mesJeecens
ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue) ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeÛeleg ÙeeÛeleeced ÙeeÛevleg
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeÛed ÙeeÛeleced ÙeeÛele
ØeLece heg®<e Demes Jeled DemesJ esleeced Demes Jevle Gòece heg®<e ÙeeÛeeefve ÙeeÛeeJe ÙeeÛeece
ceOÙece heg®<e DemesJ eLee: DemesJ esLeeced DemesJeOJeced efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
Gòece heg®<e DemesJ es DemesJeeJeefn DemesJ eeceefn heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue) ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeÛesled ÙeeÛesleeced ÙeeÛesÙeg:
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeÛes: ÙeeÛesleced ÙeeÛesle
ØeLece heg®<e meseJf e<Ùeles meseJf e<Ùesles meseJf e<Ùevles Gòece heg®<e ÙeeÛesÙeced ÙeeÛesJe ÙeeÛesce
ÙeeÛed (ceeBievee) Deelcevesheo
ceOÙece heg®<e meseJf e<Ùemes meseJf e<ÙesLes meseJf e<OJes
Gòece heg®<e meseJf e<Ùes meseJf e<ÙeeJens meseJf e< Ùeecens
ueesšd uekeâej (Dee%ee JeeÛekeâ) ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeÛeles ÙeeÛesles ÙeeÛevles
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeÛemes ÙeeÛesLes ÙeeÛeOJes
ØeLece heg®<e mesJeleeced mesJes leeced mesJevleeced Gòece heg®<e ÙeeÛes ÙeeÛeeJenw ÙeeÛeecenw
ceOÙece heg®<e mesJemJe mesJes Leeced mesJeOJeced ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue)
Gòece heg®<e mesJew mesJeeJenw mesJeecenw heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS kesâ DeLe& ceW) ØeLece heg®<e DeÙeeÛele DeÙeeÛesleeced DeÙeeÛevle
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ceOÙece heg®<e DeÙeeÛeLee: DeÙeeÛesLeeced DeÙeeÛeOJeced
ØeLece heg®<e mesJ esle mesJ esÙeeleeced mesJesjved Gòece heg®<e DeÙeeÛes DeÙeeÛeeJeefn DeÙeeÛeeceefn
ceOÙece heg®<e mesJesLee: mesJesÙeeLeeced mesJesOJeced
Gòece heg®<e mesJ esÙe mesJesJeefn mesJes ceefn
ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeefÛe<Ùeles ÙeeefÛe<Ùesles ÙeeefÛe<Ùevles
YJeeefoieCe (GYeÙe heo) ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeefÛe<Ùemes ÙeeefÛe<ÙesLes ÙeeefÛe<ÙeOJes
ÙeeÛed (ceeBievee) hejmcewheo Gòece heg®<e ÙeeefÛe<Ùes Ûeeefn<ÙeeJenw ÛeeefÙe< Ùeecenw
ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeÛeefle ÙeeÛele: ÙeeÛeefvle ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeÛeleeced ÙeeÛesleeced ÙeeÛevleeced
ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeÛeefme ÙeeÛeLe: ÙeeÛeLe ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeÛemJe ÙeeÛesL eeced ÙeeÛeOJeced
Gòece heg®<e ÙeeÛeeefce ÙeeÛeJe: ÙeeÛece: Gòece heg®<e ÙeeÛew ÙeeÛeeJenw ÙeeÛeecenw
ØeLece heg®<e ÙeeÛesle ÙeeÛesÙeeleeced ÙeeÛesjved ØeLece heg®<e YeefJe<Ùeefle YeefJe<Ùele: YeefJe<Ùeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e ÙeeÛesLee: ÙeeÛesÙeeLeeced ÙeeÛesOJeced ceOÙece heg®<e YeefJe<Ùeefme YeefJe<ÙeLe: YeefJe<ÙeLe
Gòece heg®<e ÙeeÛesÙe ÙeeÛesJ eefn ÙeeÛesceefn Gòece heg®<e YeefJe<Ùeeefce YeefJe<ÙeeJe: YeefJe<Ùeece:
DeoeefoieCe ueesš uekeâej (Dee%ee DeLe&)
Deod (Keevee) hejmcewheo heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve
uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue) ØeLece heg®<e Demleg mleeced mevleg
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ceOÙece heg®<e Sef Oe mleced mle
ØeLece heg®<e Deefòe Deòe: Deoefvle
Gòece heg®<e Demeeef ve DemeeJe Demeece
ceOÙece heg®<e Deefl me DelLe: DelLe
efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
Gòece heg®<e Deodefce DeodJ e: Deodce:
heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve efÉJeÛeve yengJeÛeve ØeLece heg®<e mÙeeled mÙeeleeced mÙeg:
ØeLece heg®<e Deeoled Deeòeeced Deeoved ceOÙece heg®<e mÙee: mÙeeleced mÙeele
ceOÙece heg®<e Deeo: Deeòeced Deeòe Gòece heg®<e mÙeeced mÙeeJe mÙeece
Gòece heg®<e Deeoced DeeÉ Dee©e yeÇt (keânvee) hejmcewheo
ue=šd uekeâej (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue) uešd uekeâej (Jele&ceeve keâeue)
ØeLece heg®<e DelmÙeefle DelmÙele: DelmÙeef vle ØeLece heg®<e yeÇJeerelf e yeÇtle: yeÇgJeefvle
ceOÙece heg®<e DelmÙeef me DelmÙeLe: DelmÙeLe ceOÙece heg®<e yeÇJe ref<e yeÇtLe: yeÇgLe
Gòece heg®<e DelmÙeeefce DelmÙeeJe: DelmÙeece: Gòece heg®<e yeÇJeerecf e yeÇtJe: yeÇtce:
ØeLece heg®<e Deòeg, Deòeeled Deòeeced Deovleg ØeLece heg®<e DeyeÇJeerled DeyeÇt leeced DeyeÇgJeved
ceOÙece heg®<e Deefæ, Deòeeled Deòeced Deòe ceOÙece heg®<e DeyeÇJeer: DeyeÇt leced DeyeÇtle
Gòece heg®<e Deoeefve DeoeJe Deo ece
Gòece heg®<e DeyeÇJeced DeyeÇtJe DeyeÇtce
efJeefOeefue*d (Dee%ee Ùee ÛeeefnS DeLe&)
ØeLece heg®<e DeÅeeled DeÅeeleeced DeÅeg:
ceOÙece heg®<e DeÅee: DeÅeeleced DeÅeele ØeLece heg®<e Je#Ùeefle Je#Ùele: Je#Ùeefvle
Gòece heg®<e DeÅeeced DeÅeeJe DeÅeece ceOÙece heg®<e Je#Ùeefme Je#ÙeLe: Je#ÙeLe
Demed (nesvee) hejmcewheo Gòece heg®<e Je#Ùeeefce Je#ÙeeJe: Je#Ùeece:
ØeLece heg®<e Deefm le mle: meef vle ØeLece heg®<e yeÇJeerleg yeÇtleeced yegÇJevleg
ceOÙece heg®<e Deef me mLe: mLe ceOÙece heg®<e yeÇtefn yeÇtleced yeÇtle
Gòece heg®<e Deefm ce mJe: mce: Gòece heg®<e yeÇJeeefCe yeÇJeeJe yeÇJeece
ue*d uekeâej (Yetle keâeue) efJeefOeefue*d uekeâej (ÛeeefnS Ùee Dee%ee DeLe&)
ØeLece heg®<e Deemeer led Deemleeced Deemeved ØeLece heg®<e yeÇtÙeeled yeÇtÙeeleeced yeÇtÙeg:
ceOÙece heg®<e Deemeer: Deemleced Deemle ceOÙece heg®<e yeÇtÙee: yeÇtÙeeleced yeÇtÙeele
Gòece heg®<e Deemeced DeemJe Deemce Gòece heg®<e yeÇtÙeeced yeÇtÙeeJe yeÇtÙeece

ØecegKe jÛeveekeâej SJeb jÛeveeSB
ØecegKe veeškeâ SJeb veeškeâkeâej
›eâ.meb. veeškeâ veeške âkeâej Debkeâ veeÙekeâ veeefÙekeâe jme
1. veeš dÙeMeem$e (<ešdm eenœeer mebe fnlee) Yej lecege fve 36 –– –– ––
DeOÙeeÙe
2. Øeefle%eeÙee wievOejeÙeCe Yeeme 4 GoÙeve Jeem eJeoòee ––
3. mJe hveJeemeJeoòeced Yeeme 6 GoÙeve he© e Jeleer ëe=b ieej
4. G®Yebie (Skeâebke âer) Yeeme 1 Yeerc e –– Jeerj
5. otleJeekeäÙe (Skeâebkeâer) Yeeme 1 ßeerkeâ=< Ce –– ––
6. hebÛeje$e Yeeme 3 –– –– ––
7. yeeueÛ eefjle Yeeme 5 –– –– Jeerj
8. otle-Ieš eslkeâÛe (Skeâebk eâer) Yeeme 1 –– –– ––
9. keâC e&Yeej (Ske âebk eâe r) Yeeme 1 keâCe& –– ––
10. ceOÙec eJÙeeÙeesie (Skeâe bkeâer) Yeeme 1 Depeg&ve/Yeerce –– ––
11. Øeefleceeveeš keâ Yeeme 7 Yejle –– ––
12. Dee fYe<esk eâ veeškeâ Yeeme 6 jece –– ––
13. Dee fJeceejkeâ Yeeme 6 DeefJ eceejkeâ kegâjbieer ––
14. Ûee®oòe Yeeme 4 Ûee ®oò e Jemevlemesvee ëe=b ieej
15. ce=ÛÚkeâefškeâ (ØekeâjCe) Metõkeâ 10 Ûee ®oò e Jemevlemesvee ëe=b ieej
16. ceeu eefJekeâeefivee fce$e (keâeefueoeme keâer ØeLece ke=âefle) keâeefueoeme 5 Deefi veefce$e ceeueefJekeâe ëe=b ieej
17. efJe›eâc eesJe&MeerÙe ($eesškeâ) keâeefueoeme 5 efJe ›eâce GJe&Meer ëe=b ieej
18. Dee fYe%eeveMeekegâvleue keâeefueoeme 7 og<Ùevle Mekegâv leuee ëe=b ieej
19. cegõeje#eme efJe MeeK eoòe 7 ÛeeCekeäÙe Deewj Ûevõieghle –– Jeerj
20. efØeÙeo e|M ek eâe (veeškeâ) n<e& 4 (Oeerjueefuele) efØeÙeoe|Mekeâe ëe=b ieej
21. jlveeJeueer (veeefš keâe) n<e& 4 jlveeJeueer (meeieefjkeâe) ëe=b ieej
22. veei eevev o n<e& 5 peercetleJeenve ceueÙeJeleer keâ®Ce
23. JesCeerm ebnej YeóveejeÙeCe 5 Yeerc e õewheoer Jeerj
24. ceeu eleerceeOeJe (ØekeâjCe) YeJeYete fle 10 ceeOeJe, cekeâjvo ceeueleer, ceoÙeefvlekeâe Jeerj, ëe=bi eej
25. ceneJeerj Ûeefjle YeJeYete fle 7 –– –– Jeerj
26. GòejjeceÛeefjle YeJeYete fle 7 jece mee rlee keâ®Ce
27. Mee efjheg$e (ØekeâjCe) DeMJe Iees<e 9 –– –– Meev le
28. Dev eIe&jeIeJe cegjeefj 7 –– –– ëe=b ieej
29. yeeuej ec eeÙeC e jepeM esK ej 10 –– –– ––
30. yeeue Yeejle jepeM esK ej 2 –– –– ––
31. efJeæMeeueYebe fpekeâe jepeM esK ej 4 –– –– ëe=b ieej
32. keâh et&jcebpejer (meókeâ) jepeM esK ej 4 Ûevõheeue keâhet&jce_pejer ëe=b ieej
33. kegâv oceeuee efo*veeie 6 –– –– keâ®Ce
34. ØemevvejeIeJe peÙeosJe 7 ßeerjece mee rlee ëe=b ieej
35. ØeYeeJeleer heefjCeÙe efJeMJeveeLe –– –– –– ––
36. Ûevõkeâu ee efJeMJeveeLe –– –– –– ––
ØecegKe ieÅe-keâeJÙe SJeb ieÅekeâej yeeCe n<e&Ûeefjle (ØeLece) DeeKÙeeefÙekeâe (8 GÛÚdJ eeme)
ieÅekeâej ieÅe-keâeJÙe Deefcyekeâeoòe JÙeeme efMeJejepeefJepeÙe 12 efve:MJeemeeW ceW
oC[er oMekegâceejÛeefjleced 8 GÛÚdJ eeme ieereflekeâeJÙe Ùee KeC[keâeJÙe
megyevOeg JeemeJeoòee Mues<e ØeOeeve Mewueer keâeefueo eme $e+leg mebnej
yeeCe keâeocyejer hetJee&Oe&, GòejeOe& keâer keâLee yeeCe heg$e keâeefueo eme cesIeotle
Yet<eCeYeó yeeCe ÛeC[erM elekeâ
ceÙetj met Ùe&M elekeâ OJevÙeeuees keâ DeeÛeeÙe& DeevevoJeOe&ve
Ieškeâhe&j Ieškeâhe&jkeâeJÙe keâeJÙeceerceeb mee jepeMesKej
Ieškeâhe&j veerelf emeej
Ûevõeueeskeâ peÙeosJ e
neue, jepee ieeLee mehleMeleer (ieÅe melemeF&)
keâeJÙeØekeâeMe cecceš
Deevevo JeOe&ve osJ eerM elekeâ
oeceesoj ieghle kegâefóveercele Je›eâesefkeälekeâeJÙepeer efJeleced keg âvlekeâ
ieesJeOe&veeÛeeÙe& DeeÙee&mehleMeleer kegâJeueÙeevevo DehheÙeoere#f ele
YeeefceveereJf eueeme heefC[lejepe peievveeLe oMe¤h ekeâ Oeve_peÙe
keâLee meeefnlÙe keâeJÙeeoMe& oC[er
efJe<Ceg Mecee& he_Ûelev$e keâeJÙeeue¿ej Yeecen
veejeÙeCe heefC[le efnlees heosMe
keâeJÙeeue¿ejmet$e Jeeceve
iegCee{dÙe ye=nlkeâLee
OJevÙeeueeskeâ ueesÛeve DeefYeveJeieghle
#escesvõ ye=nlkeâLeece_pejer
meesceosJe keâLeemeefjlmeeiej DeewefÛelÙeef JeÛeejÛeÛee& #escesvõ
efMeJeoeme yesleeue-hebÛeeEJeMeeflekeâe Deue¿ejmeJe&mJe ®ÙÙekeâ
efMeJeoeme keâLeeCe&Je oMe&veMeem$e kesâ ØecegKe «evLe
efJeÅeeheefle heg®<e hejer#ee «evLe «evLekeâej
JÙeekeâjCe kesâ ØecegKe «evLe vÙeeÙemet$e (vÙeeoMe&ve) ieewlece (De#eheeo)
«evLe «evLekeâej
vÙeeÙeYee<Ùe JeelmÙeeÙeve
De„eOÙeeÙeer heeefC eefve
vÙeeÙeJeee|l ekeâ GÅeeslekeâj
ceneYee<Ùeced hele_peefue
efmeæevlekeâewcegoer Yeóesefpeoeref#ele leelheÙe&š erkeâe JeeÛemheefleefceße
ØeewÌ{ceveesjcee Yeóesefpeoeref#ele vÙeeÙece_pejer peÙevle Yeó
efue”evegMeemeveced JÙeeef[ vÙeeÙekeg âmegc ee_peefue GoÙeveeÛeeÙe&
JeekeäÙeheoerÙeced Yele=&nefj DeelceòJeefJeJeskeâ GoÙeveeÛeeÙe&
ceveesj ceekegâÛeceo &veced heefC[le peievveeLe leelheÙe&heefjMegefæ GoÙeveeÛeeÙe&
ueIegefmeæevle keâewcegoer Jejojepe
lelJeefÛevleeceefCe iebiesMe GheeOÙeeÙe
ceOÙeefmeæevle keâewcegoer Jejojepe
meejefmeæevle keâewcegoer Jejojepe leke&âmeb «en DevvebYeó
mejmJeleerkeâ‰eYejCeced YeespeosJe efkeâjCeeJeueer GoÙeveeÛeeÙe&
keâeefMekeâeJe=e fòe peÙeeefolÙe SJeb Jeeceve vÙeeÙeueer ueeJeleer JeuueYeeÛeeÙe&
peecyeJeleerefJepeÙeced heeefC eefve meebKÙemet$e keâef heue
mJeiee&jesnCeced keâelÙeeÙeve (Jej®efÛe) meebKÙekeâeefjkeâe F&MJej ke=â<Ce
Meyo keâewmlegYe Yeóesefpeoeref#ele
meebKÙeleòJe keâewcegoer JeeÛemheefle efceße
cenevevokeâeJÙe hele_peefue
Ùees iemet$ eced hele_peefue
YeefókeâeJÙe (jeJeCe JeOe) Yeefó keâefJe
Deue¿ej Meem$e kesâ ØecegKe «evLe MueeskeâJeee|lekeâ kegâceeefjue Yeó
«evLe «evLekeâej DeLe&meb «en ueewieeef# e Yeemkeâj
meeefnlÙeohe&Ce DeeÛeeÙe& efJeMJeveeLe Yeeceleer JeeÛemheefÛe efceße
jmeie”eOej heefC[lejepe peievveeLe yeÇÿemet$e (Jesoevle) MebkeâjeÛeeÙe&
Jesoevlemeej meoevevo Jeso$eÙeer– $e+iJeso  ÙepegJexo  meeceJeso
yeÇÿemet $eYee<Ùe ceOJeeÛeeÙe& DevÙe ØecegKe «evLe SJeb «evLekeâej
lelJemeb«en Meevlejef#ele efve®keäle Ùeemkeâ
DeCegg Yee<Ùe JeuueYeeÛeeÙe& ëe=” ejefleuekeâ ®õ Yeó
ceerceeb meemet$e pewefc eefve efJe<eceyeeCeueeruee DeevevoJeOe&veeÛeeÙe&
JewMese<f ekeâ met$e keâCeeo Depeg&veÛeefjle DeevevoJeOe&veeÛeeÙe&
yeÇÿemet$e yeeojeÙeCe OJevÙeeueeskeâ DeevevoJeOee&veeÛeÙe&
leke&â Yee<ee kesâMeJe efceße lev$eeuees keâ DeefYeveJeieghle
Je=nl$eÙeer DeefYeveJ eYeejleer DeefYeveJeieghle
«evLe meie& «evLekeâej ùoÙeohe&Ce YeóveeÙekeâ
efkeâjeleepeg&veerÙeced 18 YeejefJe Yeejlece_pejer #escesvõ
efMeMegheeueJeOeced 20 ceeIe ye=nlkeâLeece_pejer #escesvõ
vew<eOeerÙeÛeefjleced 22 ßeern<e& keâef Jekeâ‰eYejCe #escesvõ
ueIeg$eÙeer megJe=òeefleuekeâ #escesvõ
«evLe meie& «evLekeâej
meùo Ùeueer uee ®ÙÙekeâ
jIegJebMeced 19 keâeefueo eme
JÙeefkeäle efJeJeskeâ ®ÙÙekeâ
kegâceejmecYeJeced 17 keâeefueo eme
ieerle ieeseJf evo peÙeosJ e
cesIeotle–hetJe&cesIe, GòejcesIe 2 keâeefueo eme
jeIeJeefJeueeme (cenekeâeJÙe) efJeMJeveeLe
ieÅe$eÙeer
vejeEmen efJepeÙe efJeMJeveeLe
«evLe «evLekeâej
kegâJeueÙeeMJeÛeefjle (Øeeke=âle Yee<ee) efJeMJeveeLe
JeemeJeoòee megyevOeg
ØeMeefmlejlveeJeueer (keâjYekeâ) efJeMJeveeLe
keâeocyejer yeeCeYeó
ie”euenjer heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
oMekegâceejÛeefjleced oC[er
keâ®Ce uenjer heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
cegefve$eÙe
cege fve JÙeekeâjCe «evLe Dece=le uenjer heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
heeefC eefve De„eOÙeeÙeer ue#ceer uenjer heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
keâelÙeeÙeve Jeee|lekeâced DeemeHeâefJ eueeme heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
hele_peefue ceneYee<Ùe peieoeYejCe heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
iegCe$eÙeer– meòJe iegCe  jpeesiegCe  leceesiegCe ØeeCeYejCe heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
ØemLeeve$eÙeer– yeÇÿemet$e  Gheefve<eod  ieerlee meg Oeeuenjer heefC[lejepe peievveeLe
***

`peMed' ØelÙeenej ceW meefcceefuele JeCeeX keâe mener mecetn efvecveefueefKele nw- ped,
DeYÙeeme ØeMve yed, ied, [d, od~
1. mebmke=âle kesâ Oeee|cekeâ cenlJe kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâmeves keâne
7. `ÙeCed' ØelÙeenej ceW meefcceefuele JeCeeX keâe mener mecetn nw–
Lee efkeâ –``mebmke=âle mes Øeehle nesves Jeeues Oeee|cekeâ leLee DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ cetuÙeeW
(a) Ùed, Jed, jd, ued (b) Ùed, Jed, šd, ued
hej yeue efoS efyevee ueesieeW kesâ ceve ceW Meebefle keâer veeRJe veneR jKeer pee
(c) Ùed, _ed, *d, Ced (d) Ùed, Jed, {d, Ced
mekeâleer''
Gòej–(a)
(a) cewkeämecetuej (b) yešX[ jmesue
(c) Ûeecmkeâer (d) jeyeš& ues[er `ÙeCed' ØelÙeenej ceW meefcceefuele JeCeeX keâe mener mecetn nw– Ùed, Jed, jd, ued~
Gòej–(b) 8. `Meued' ØelÙeenej ceW efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee JeCe& meefcceefuele veneR nw?
``mebmke=âle mes Øeehle nesves Jeeues Oeee|cekeâ leLee DeeOÙeeeqlcekeâ cetuÙeeW hej yeue efoÙes (a) Med (b) <ed
efyevee ueesieeW kesâ ceve ceW Meebelf e keâer veeRJe veneR jKeer pee mekeâleer~'' yešXsË[ jmesue (c) med (d) Je
keâe keâLeve nw~ Gòej–(d)

2. Øeemebefiekeâ ØelÙeenejeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer nw? ‘Meue’ ØelÙeenej ceW ‘Je’ JeCe& meefcceefuele veneR nw~ Meued - Med, <ed, med, nd~
(a) 41 (b) 42 9. JeCe& `#e' efkeâve oes JÙe_peveeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yevee nw?
(c) 43 (d) 44 (a) kedâ + Ú (b) kedâ + me
Gòej–(c) (c) kedâ + <e (d) kedâ + Me
Øeemebefiekeâ ØelÙeenejeW keâer mebKÙee 43 nw~ Gòej–(c)
3. ceensMJej met$eeW kesâ Debeflece JeCeeX keâer meb%ee keäÙee nesleer nw? oes JÙe_peveeW kesâ mebÙeesie mes yeves JeCe& keâes mebÙegòeâ JÙe_peve keânles nQ–
(a) Fled (b) Deled kedâ + <e = #e
(c) nued (d) efJeJeej led + j = $e
Gòej–(a) ped + _e = %e
ceensMJej met$eeW kesâ Deefvlece JeCeeX keâer meb%ee Fled nesleer nw~ 10. `_ed' keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve nw–
(a) keâC" (b) leeueg
4. `DeÛed' ØelÙeenej ceW keâewve-mee JeCe& meefcceefuele veneR nw?
(c) cetO ee& (d) keâC" leeueg
(a) F (b) F&
Gòej–(b)
(c) G (d) $e+
Gòej–(b) `_ed' keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve leeueg nw~
DeÛed ØelÙeenej ceW F& JeCe& Meeefceue veneR nQ~ peyeefkeâ DeÛed ØelÙeenej ceW 11. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâme Skeâ JeCe& keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve `Dees‰' Deewj
efvecveefueefKele JeCe& Meeefceue nw- F, G, $e+, ue=, S, Dees, Ss, Deew~ `veeefmekeâe' oesveeW nw?
(a) ced (b) hed
5. efvecveefueefK ele ceW mes keâewve-mee JeCe& `DeCed' ØelÙeenej kesâ Debleie&le veneR
(c) yed (d) Yed
Deelee?
Gòej–(a)
(a) G (b) Dees
(c) nd (d) ced ‘ced’ JeCe& keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve `Dees‰' Deewj `veeefmekeâe' oesveeW nw~
Gòej–(d) 12. `{' keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve nw–
‘DeCed’ ØelÙeenej ceW ‘ced’ JeCe& Meeefceue veneR nQ~ DeCed–De, F, G, $e+, ue=, S, (a) keâC" (b) leeueg
Dees, Ss, Deew, nd, Ùed, Jed, jd, ued~ (c) cetO ee& (d) ovle
Gòej–(c)
6. `peMed' ØelÙeenej ceW meefcceefuele JeCeeX keâe mener mecetn nw–
(a) ped, yed, Ced, od, ied (b) ped, yed, ied, [d, od `{' keâe GÛÛeejCe mLeeve cetOee& nw~
(c) ped, Ped, yed, [d, od (d) ped, yed, ied, Ced, od 13. owlÙeeefj: keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee?
Gòej–(b) (a) owlÙe + Deefj (b) owlÙe + Deefj:

(c) efoled + Deefj: (d) owlÙee + efj: 21. `veerueeslheueced' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
Gòej–(b) (a) yeng›eerrefn meceeme (b) lelheg®<e meceeme
(c) keâce&OeejÙe meceeme (d) ÉvÉ meceeme
owlÙeeefj keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nw - owlÙe + Deefj: = owlÙeeefj:~
Gòej–(c)
14. `cenerMe:' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee–
`veerueeslheueced' ceW keâce&OeejÙe meceeme nw~
(a) cene + F&Me: (b) ceefn + F&Me:
(c) cener + F&Me: (d) cen: + F&Me: 22. `he_Ûehee$eced' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) DeJÙeÙeerYeeJe meceeme (b) ÉvÉ meceeme
(c) efÉieg meceeme (d) lelheg®<e meceeme
`cenerMe:' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso cener + F&Me: nesiee~ Gòej–(c)
15. èfhele=Ceced' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee– `he_Ûehee$eced' ceW efÉieg meceeme nw~
(a) efhele= + $e+Ceced (b) efheleefj + $e+Ceced
23. èfce$eeJe®Ceew' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
(c) efhe$e + $e+Ceced (d) efhele: + $e+Ceced
(a) yeng›eerrefn meceeme (b) ÉvÉ meceeme
Gòej–(a) (c) keâce&OeejÙe meceeme (d) efÉieg meceeme
èfhele=Ceced' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso efhele= + $e+Ceced nesiee~ Gòej–(b)
16. ùelesJe' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee– èfce$eeJe®Ceew' ceW ÉvÉ meceeme nw~
(a) uelee + SJe (b) uelee + SsJe 24. `jecew:' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw?
(c) uelee + F& J e (d) uelee + FJe (a) le=leerÙee yengJeÛeve (b) he_Ûeceer yengJeÛeve
Gòej–(d) (c) <e‰er SkeâJeÛeve (d) mehleceer SkeâJeÛeve
uelesJe keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso uelee + FJe nesiee~ Gòej–(a)
17. `cenewpe:' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee– ‘jecew:’ ceW le=leerÙee yengJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~
(a) cenled + Deespe: (b) cene + Deespe: 25. ìeJees:' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw?
(c) cene + pe: (d) cene + Deewpe: (a) ÛelegLeea efÉJeÛeve (b) efÉleerÙee efÉJeÛeve
Gòej–(b) (c) <e‰er efÉJeÛeve (d) le=leerÙee yengJeÛeve
Gòej–(c)
`cenewpe:' keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso cene + Deespe: nesiee~
‘ieJees:’ ceW <e‰er efÉJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~
18. GheÙeg&òeâ: keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso nesiee–
(a) Gheefj + Gkeäle: (b) Ghe + Gkeäle 26. `je%eeced' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw?
(a) le=leerÙee efÉJeÛeve (b) ÛelegLeea SkeâJeÛeve
(c) Ghe + Ùegkeäle: (d) Gheefj + Ùele:
(c) he_Ûeceer SkeâJeÛeve (d) <e‰er yengJeÛeve
Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(d)
GheÙeg&òeâ: keâe meefvOe-efJeÛÚso Gheefj + Gkeäle: nesiee~
‘je%eeced:’ ceW <e‰er yengJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~
19. `ves$enerve:' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw?
27. `veÅee' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw?
(a) efÉleerÙee lelheg®<e (b) le=leerÙee lelheg®<e
(a) efÉleerÙee SkeâJeÛeve (b) le=leerÙee SkeâJeÛeve
(c) he_Ûeceer lelheg®<e (d) <e‰er lelheg®<e (c) he_Ûeceer SkeâJeÛeve (d) mehleceer efÉJeÛeve
`ves$enerve:' ceW le=leerÙee lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ ‘veÅee:’ ceW le=leerÙee SkeâJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~
20. `ÛeewjYeÙeb' ceW keâewve-mee meceeme nw? 28. `Slew:' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw?
(a) he_Ûeceer lelheg®<e (b) ØeLecee lelheg®<e (a) ØeLecee yengJeÛeve (b) ØeLecee SkeâJeÛeve
(c) le=leerÙee lelheg®<e (d) ÛelegLeea lelheg®<e (c) ÛelegLeea SkeâJeÛeve (d) <e‰er SkeâJeÛeve
`ÛeewjYeÙeb' ceW he_Ûeceer lelheg®<e meceeme nw~ ‘Slew:’ ceW ØeLecee SkeâJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~

29. `les' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw? 37. èfueKele' ceW keâewve-mee JeÛeve nw?
(a) efÉleerÙee SkeâJeÛeve (b) ÛelegLeea SkeâJeÛeve (a) ueesšd uekeâej ØeLece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve
(c) <e‰er ef É JeÛeve (d) <e‰er yengJeÛeve (b) ueesšd uekeâej ØeLece heg®<e yengJeÛeve
Gòej–(b) (c) ueesšd uekeâej ceOÙece heg®<e yengJeÛeve
‘les’ ceW ÛelegLeea SkeâJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~ (d) uešd uekeâej ØeLece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve
30. `celed' ceW keâewve-meer efJeYeefòeâ nw? Gòej–(c)
(a) le=leerÙee SkeâJeÛeve (b) he_Ûeceer SkeâJeÛeve èfueKele' ceW ueesšd uekeâej ceOÙece heg®<e yengJeÛeve JeÛeve nw~
(c) <e‰er SkeâJeÛeve (d) mehleceer SkeâJeÛeve
Gòej–(b) 38. `kegâ®leced' ceW keâewve-mee JeÛeve nw–
(a) ue*d uekeâej ceOÙece heg®<e efÉJeÛeve
‘celed’ ceW he_Ûeceer SkeâJeÛeve efJeYeefòeâ nw~
(b) ueesš uekeâej ceOÙece heg®<e efÉJeÛeve
31. `ÉeeEJeMeefle:' efkeâme mebKÙee keâe yeesOekeâ nw?
(c) ue=š uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve
(a) 22 (b) 32
(d) efJeefOeefue*d ØeLece heg®<e yengJeÛeve
(c) 18 (d) 20
`ÉeeEJeMeefle:' mebKÙee 22 keâe yeesOekeâ nw~ `kegâ®leced' ceW ueesš uekeâej ceOÙece heg®<e efÉJeÛeve JeÛeve nw~
32. `<e[Meerefle:' efkeâme mebKÙee keâe yeesOekeâ nw? 39. ke=âlJee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) 67 (b) 76 (a) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe (b) legcegve ØelÙeÙe
(c) 86 (d) 66 (c) legcegve ØelÙeÙe (d) keälJee ØelÙeÙe
Gòej –(c) Gòej–(d)
`<e[Meerefle:' mebKÙee 86 keâe yeesOekeâ nw~
ke=â + keälJee = ke=âlJee ceW keälJee ØelÙeÙe nw~
33. Yet Oeeleg uešd uekeâej keâe ceOÙece heg®<e yengJeÛeve ¤he nesiee?
(a) YeJeefvle (b) YeJeeJe: 40. %eelJee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) YeJeLe (d) YeJeece: (a) *erhe ØelÙeÙe (b) Fefve ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(c) (c) keälJee ØelÙeÙe (d) šehe ØelÙeÙe
Yet Oeeleg uešd uekeâej keâe ceOÙece heg®<e yengJeÛeve ¤he YeJeLe nesiee~ Gòej–(c)
34. ieced Oeeleg ueesšd uekeâej Gòece heg®<e yengJeÛeve keâe ¤he nesiee– %ee + keälJee = %eelJee ceW keälJee ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) ieÛÚLe (b) ieefce<ÙeLe 41. heef"lJee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) ieÛÚece (d) ieÛÚsce
(a) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (b) uegš ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(c)
(c) keä l Jee ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeue ØelÙeÙe
ieced Oeeleg ueesšd uekeâej Gòece heg®<e yengJeÛeve keâe ¤he ieÛÚece nesiee~ Gòej–(c)
35. mLee Oeeleg ue*d uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve keâe ¤he nesiee–
he"d + keälJee = heef"lJee ceW keälJee ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) Deefle‰leced (b) Deefle‰ced
(c) Deefle‰eced (d) Deefle‰ece 42. DeeoeÙe ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
Gòej–(b) (a) uÙehed ØelÙeÙe (b) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe
mLee Oeeleg ue*d uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve keâe ¤he Deefle‰ced nesiee~ (c) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe (d) le=Ûed ØelÙeÙe
36. èfJeÅes' ceW keâewve-mee JeÛeve nw? Gòej–(a)

(a) uešd uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve Dee + oe + uÙehed = DeeoeÙe ceW uÙehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(b) ue=šd uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve
43. Gheke=âlÙe ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) ueesšd uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve (a) uÙehed ØelÙeÙe (b) lejhed ØelÙeÙe
(d) ue*d uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve
(c) šehed ØelÙeÙe (d) DeCed ØelÙeÙe
èfJeÅes' ceW uešd uekeâej Gòece heg®<e SkeâJeÛeve nw~ Ghe + ke=â + uÙehed = Gheke=âlÙe ceW uÙehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
44. GòeerCe& ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? 52. Ùeled ØelÙeÙe kesâ efkeâleves ¤he nQ?
(a) uÙehed ØelÙeÙe (b) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) FleÛed ØelÙeÙe (d) leued ØelÙeÙe (c) 4 (d) 5
Gled + led + uÙehed = GòeerCe& ceW uÙehed ØelÙeÙe nw~ Ùeled ØelÙeÙe kesâ leerve ¤he nQ–1. Ùeled, 2. CÙeled leLee 3. keäÙehed~
45. DeeielÙe ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) uÙehed ØelÙeÙe (b) CJegue ØelÙeÙe
53. jefLeved ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) DeCe ØelÙeÙe (b) CJegued ØelÙeÙe
(c) *erhe ØelÙeÙe (d) le=Ûe ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a) (c) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (d) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(c)
Dee + ieced = uÙehed = DeeielÙe ceW uÙehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
jLe + Fefve = jefLeved ceW Fefve ØelÙeÙe nw~
46. oelegce ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) lecehed ØelÙeÙe (b) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe 54. oefC[ve ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) legcegved ØelÙeÙe (d) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (a) *erhe ØelÙeÙe (b) leue ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(c) (c) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (d) lecehe ØelÙeÙe
oe + legcegved = oelegced ceW legcegved ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(c)
47. õ„gce ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? oC[ + Fefve = oefC[ved ceW Fefve ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) le=Ûed ØelÙeÙe (b) legcegved ØelÙeÙe 55. uesKekeâ: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) Leeued ØelÙeÙe (d) šehed ØelÙeÙe
(a) CJegued ØelÙeÙe (b) celeghe ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(b)
(c) keälJee ØelÙeÙe (d) DeCe ØelÙeÙe
ÂMed + legcegved = õ„gced ceW legcegved ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(a)
48. Â„JÙeced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? efueKe + CJegued (Dekedâ) = uesKekeâ: ceW CJegued ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe (b) legcegve ØelÙeÙe
(c) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (d) CJegue ØelÙeÙe 56. keâejkeâ: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) CJegued ØelÙeÙe (b) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe
(c) uÙeg š d ØelÙeÙe (d) keäÙehed ØelÙeÙe
ÂMe + leJÙeled = Â„JÙeced ceW leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe nw~
Gòej–(a)
49. ieceveerÙeced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (b) še@he ØelÙeÙe ke=â + CJegued (Dekedâ) = keâejkeâ: ceW CJegued ØelÙeÙe nw~
(c) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhe ØelÙeÙe 57. hee"keâ: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe (b) CJegued ØelÙeÙe
ieced + DeveerÙejd = ieceveerÙeced ceW leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe nw~ (c) le= Û ed ØelÙeÙe (d) b Je c oesveeW
50. he"veerÙeced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? Gòej–(d)
(a) CJegued ØelÙeÙe (b) Leeue ØelÙeÙe he"d CJegued (Dekedâ) = hee"keâ: ceW CJegued leLee le=Ûed ØelÙeÙe nw~
+
(c) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe (d) lelÙeled ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(d) 58. ieceveced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) legcegved ØelÙeÙe (b) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe
he"d + DeveerÙejd = he"veerÙeced ceW leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe nw~
(c) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhe ØelÙeÙe
51. oMe&veerÙeced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? Gòej–(b)
(a) šehed ØelÙeÙe (b) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe
(c) lejhe ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhe ØelÙeÙe ieced + uÙegšd (Ùeg = Deve) ieceveced ceW uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe nw~
Gòej–(b) 59. uesKeveced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
ÂMe + DeveerÙejd = oMe&veerÙeced ceW leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe nw~ (a) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (b) DeCed ØelÙeÙe

(c) le=Ûe ØelÙeÙe (d) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe (c) šehed ØelÙeÙe (d) legcegved ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(d) Gòej–(a)
efueKed + uÙegšd (Ùeg + Deve) uesKeveced ceW uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe nw~ oerIe& + lecehed = oerIe&lece: ceW lecehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
60. Ùepeveced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? 68. MeebefleceÙe: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) uÙegš ØelÙeÙe (b) lejhed ØelÙeÙe (a) FleÛed ØelÙeÙe (b) Leeued ØelÙeÙe
(c) ceÙeš ØelÙeÙe (d) lecehed ØelÙeÙe
(c) ceÙeš ØelÙeÙe (d) leue ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a)
Gòej–(c)
Ùeped + uÙegšd (Ùeg + Deve) Ùepeveced ceW uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe nw~
Meeefvle + ceÙešd = MeeefvleceÙe: ceW ceÙešd ØelÙeÙe nw~
61. yegefæJeeuee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (b) celeghed ØelÙeÙe 69. `ce=CceÙe:' ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) Leeue ØelÙeÙe (d) leued ØelÙeÙe (a) ceÙeš ØelÙeÙe (b) DeCed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(b) (c) lecehed ØelÙeÙe (d) celeghed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a)
Oeer + celeghed = Oeerceled (Oeerceeved)—yegefæJeeuee ceW celeghed ØelÙeÙe nw~
ce=led + ceÙešd = ce=CceÙe: ceW ceÙešd ØelÙeÙe nw~
62. ßeerceled ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) keälJee ØelÙeÙe (b) celeghed ØelÙeÙe 70. megKeceÙe: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (d) ceÙešd ØelÙeÙe (a) CJegue ØelÙeÙe (b) uÙegš ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(b) (c) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (d) ceÙeš ØelÙeÙe
ßeer + celeghed = ßeerceled (ßeerceeved) ßeerJeeuee ceW celeghed ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(d)
63. ueIeglej: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? megKe + ceÙešd = megKeceÙe: ceW ceÙešd ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) uÙehe ØelÙeÙe (b) legcegved ØelÙeÙe 71. JeemegosJe: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) uÙeg š ØelÙeÙe (d) lejhed ØelÙeÙe (a) šehed ØelÙeÙe (b) DeCed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(d)
(c) lejhed ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeue ØelÙeÙe
ueIeg + lejhed = ueIeglej: ceW lejhed ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(b)
64. megvojlej: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? JemegosJ e + DeCed = JeemegosJe: ceW DeCed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) lJe ØelÙeÙe (b) CJegue ØelÙeÙe
(c) lejhed ØelÙeÙe (d) FleÛed ØelÙeÙe 72. JeefMe‰: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
Gòej–(c) (a) keälJee ØelÙeÙe (b) uÙegš ØelÙeÙe
(c) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhe ØelÙeÙe
megvoj + lejhed = megvojlej: ceW lejhed ØelÙeÙe nw~
Gòej–(c)
65. ieg®lece: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) lecehed ØelÙeÙe (b) ceÙešd ØelÙeÙe JeefMe‰ + DeCed = JeefMe‰: ceW DeCed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(c) keälJee ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhe ØelÙeÙe 73. efJeMJeeefce$e: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (b) uÙehe ØelÙeÙe
ieg® + lecehed = ieg®lece: ceW lecehed ØelÙeÙe nw~ (c) celeghe ØelÙeÙe (d) ceÙeš ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a)
66. ceOegjlece: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) lecehed ØelÙeÙe (b) uÙehe ØelÙeÙe efJeMJeeefce$e + DeCed = JewMJeeefce$e: ceW DeCed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(c) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (d) legcegved ØelÙeÙe
74. ceeveJe: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
Gòej–(a) (a) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (b) lecehed ØelÙeÙe
ceOegj + lecehed = ceOegjlece: ceW lecehed ØelÙeÙe nw~ (c) celeghe ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhe ØelÙeÙe
67. oerIe&lece: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? Gòej–(a)

(a) lecehed ØelÙeÙe (b) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe ceveg + DeCed = ceeveJe: ceW DeCed ØelÙeÙe nw~
75. oeMejefLe ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? Ùeod + Leeued = ÙeLee ceW Leeued ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (b) leued ØelÙeÙe
83. meJe&Lee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (d) CJegue ØelÙeÙe (a) CJegue ØelÙeÙe (b) Leeued ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a) (c) uÙehe ØelÙeÙe (d) keälJee ØelÙeÙe
oMejLe + DeCed = oeMejefLe ceW DeCed ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(b)
76. efheheeefmele: ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? meJe&d + Leeued = meJe&Lee ceW Leeued ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) lecehed ØelÙeÙe (b) FleÛe (FÛe) ØelÙeÙe 84. DeMJee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) uÙegš ØelÙeÙe (d) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (a) šehed ØelÙeÙe (b) *erhed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(b) (c) keälJee ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeued ØelÙeÙe
efheheemee + FleÛed = efheheeefmele: ceW FleÛe (Fle) ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(a)
77. cenòJeced ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? DeMJe + šehed (Dee) = DeMJee ceW šehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) uÙehe ØelÙeÙe (b) šehe ØelÙeÙe 85. ØeLecee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) Leeue ØelÙeÙe (d) lJe ØelÙeÙe (a) Leeued ØelÙeÙe (b) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(d) (c) šehed ØelÙeÙe (d) *erhed ØelÙeÙe
cenled + lJe = cenòJeced ceW lJe ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(c)
78. ueIeglJece ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? ØeLece + šehed (Dee) = ØeLecee ceW šehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) leued ØelÙeÙe (b) lJe ØelÙeÙe 86. iebiee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) DeCe ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeue ØelÙeÙe (a) lejhed ØelÙeÙe (b) šehed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(b) (c) ceÙešd ØelÙeÙe (d) leued ØelÙeÙe
ueIeg + lJe = ueIeglJeced ceW lJe ØelÙeÙe nw~ Gòej–(b)
79. efJeÉlee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? iebie + šehed (Dee) = iebiee ceW šehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
(a) leued ØelÙeÙe (b) FleÛe ØelÙeÙe 87. efMeef#ekeâe ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) DeCed ØelÙeÙe (d) lejhe ØelÙeÙe (a) šehed ØelÙeÙe (b) Fefve ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a) (c) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (d) CJegue ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(a)
efJeÉmed + leued = efJeÉòee ceW leued ØelÙeÙe nw~
efMe#ekeâ + Dee = efMeef#ekeâe ceW šehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
80. heefJe$elee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) *erhed ØelÙeÙe (b) leued ØelÙeÙe 88. veeefÙekeâe ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(c) lJe ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeued ØelÙeÙe (a) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (b) DeCed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(b) (c) leued ØelÙeÙe (d) šehed ØelÙeÙe
Gòej–(d)
heefJe$e + leued = heefJe$elee ceW leued ØelÙeÙe nw~
veeÙekeâ + Dee = veeefÙekeâe ceW šehed ØelÙeÙe nw~
81. efkeâced Deeefo meJe&veeceeW ceW `Øekeâej' kesâ DeLe& ceW efkeâme ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee
nw? 89. leheefMJeveer ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
(a) Leeued ØelÙeÙe (b) uÙegšd ØelÙeÙe (a) $e+ivesYÙees *erhed ØelÙeÙe (b) šehed ØelÙeÙe
(c) CJegue ØelÙeÙe (d) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (c) leued ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeued ØelÙeÙe
efkeâced Deeefo meJe&veeceeW ceW `Øekeâej' kesâ DeLe& ceW `Leeue' ØelÙeÙe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee leheefmJeved + F& = leheefmJeveer ceW $e+ivesYÙees *erhed ØelÙeÙe nw~
peelee nw~ 90. ieewjer ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw?
82. ÙeLee ceW keâewve-mee ØelÙeÙe nw? (a) Fefve ØelÙeÙe (b) DeCed ØelÙeÙe
(a) Ùeled ØelÙeÙe (b) šehed ØelÙeÙe (c) šehe ØelÙeÙe (d) $e+ivesYÙees *erhe ØelÙeÙe
(c) leJÙeled ØelÙeÙe (d) Leeued ØelÙeÙe Gòej–(d)

Gòej–(d) ieewj + *er<ed = ieewjer ceW $e+vvesYÙees *erhed ØelÙeÙe nw~
› eâce ie Ce keâe efJekeâjCe e fJeMes< el eeSB Go en jCe
m ebK Ùe e ve ec e
1. YJeeefoieCe Mehed (De) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g Deewj Øe lÙeÙe k esâ yeerÛe ce W `De' ue iesi ee Yet- YeJe + De = YeJeefle
2. O e leg kesâ Deefv lece mJej ke âes ie gCe nesi ee DeLee&le d F, F&, keâes, S, G, T keâes
Dee s, $e + $ e+ keâes, Dej d nesiee ~ Oeeleg kesâ Deefvlece D e# ej m es hetJ e& F&, keâes S , G
keâe s D e s, $e+ ke âe s De jd nesiee ~
3. i egC e nesves ke sâ yeeo Oeele g kesâ Deefv lece S keâes DeÙe Deewj Dee s keâes DeJe nes
pe elee nw~
2. Deoe efoieCe Mehed keâe uee she 1. O e leg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ y e erÛ e ceW ke âesF & efJekeâjCe ven eR ueie siee ~ Oeeleg ce W kesâJ eue Deod + efle = Deefò e
e fle : le: Deee fo u ei eWies~
2. uešd, u eesš d, u e* ,d efJ eefO ee fue *d ce W Oeel eg keâes Ske âJ eÛeve ceW iegC e nesl e nw,
DeÙ ev $e ve neR~
3. p egn esl Ùeeefo ie efJekeâjCe kegâÚ 1. O e leg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ y e erÛ e ceW uešd Deee fo ce W efJekeâj Ce v en eR ueielee ~ oe + e fle = ooeefl e
Ce veneR
2. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g efÉlJe nesiee~
3. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g keâe s Skeâ c eW ie gCe n eslee nw, DevÙe $e veneR~
4. e foJe e foieCe MÙeved ( Ùe ) 1. O e leg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ y e erÛ e ceW uešd Deee fo ce W `Ùe' ueielee nw~ efoJ ed + Ùe + efle =
efoJ Ùe efle
2. O e leg ke âes uešd De e fo ce W iegC e ven eR neslee ~
3. ue=šd Deeefo ceW ie gCe neslee nw~
5. mJeeefo ie Ce Mveg ( ve) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g Deewj Øe lÙeÙe k esâ yeerÛe ce W `ve' uei el ee nw~ efÛe + veg + Je: =
efÛev egJ e:
meg + ve + e fle =
megv eesefl e
2. O e leg ke âes ie gCe ve neR nesl e nw~
3. v eg keâes hej mcewheo er SkeâJ eÛe ve ceW ØeeÙ e: `vees’ n esle e nw
6. le go eefo ie Ce Me (D e) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g Deewj Øe lÙeÙe k esâ yeerÛe ce W `De' ue ie lee nw~ leg + De + efle =
legoefl e
2. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g keâe s iegC e ven eR neslee nw~
3. ue=šd Deeefo ceW Oeele g keâe s iegC e nesiee~
7. ®Oe e foieCe Mveced (ve) 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g kesâ ØeLece mJej kesâ yeeo `ve' u ei elee nw~ Fme ve ke âes ®Oe + ve + e fæ =
keâY ee r ved Yee r nes peele e nw~ ®Ceefæ
2. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g keâe s iegC e ven eR neslee ~
8. le veeefo ie Ce G 1. uešd Deeefo ceW Oeele g Deewj Øe lÙeÙe k esâ yeerÛe ce W `G ' ueielee nw~ lev ed + G + efle =
lev eesefl e
2. Fm e G keâes SkeâJ eÛeve Deee fo ceW `Dees' nes peele e nw~

9. Mvee (vee ) O e leg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ y e erÛ e ceW `vee' keâe `vee r' Yee r nes pe elee nw~ ›eâer + v e + efle =
e f›eâÙeee foieCe ›eâerC ee efle
10. Û egje efoie Ce efC eÛe d DeÙe 1. meYeer ueke âej eW ce W Oeel eg kesâ ye eo efC eÛe d (DeÙe) ueielee nw~ Ûegj d - Û e sjd + De Ùe +
efle = Û e sjÙ eefl e
2. O e leg Deewj ØelÙeÙe kesâ y e erÛ e ceW `DeÙe d' efJ e keâjCe ueie lee nw~
v e sš– u eš d, u e sšd, efJeefOeefueÁ Fv e Ûeej uekeâe jeW ceW ner e fJekeâjCe ueieles nQ~
uekeâej uesšd uekeâej–Mele& ueieevee Deewj DeeMebkeâe (Jeso ceW)
5.
6. ueesšd uekeâej–(efJeefOe, ØesjCee, Dee%ee osvee) Deeefo~
ef›eâÙee kesâ keâeue keâes meteÛf ele keâjves kesâ efueS uekeâej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
7. ue*d uekeâej–DeveÅeleve Yetlekeâeue~
FmeceW ùe' JeCe& kesâ hetJe&Jeleea nesves kesâ keâejCe Yeer Fmes uekeâej kesâ veece mes peevee
8. efue*d uekeâej–(keâ) efJeefOe~
peelee nw~ JewÙeekeâjCeeW ves Yeer keâeue Ùee Je=efòe keâes uekeâej ner ceevee nw~ mebmke=âle
(Ke) DeeMeerJee&o~
Yee<ee ceW ØelÙeskeâ Oeeleg kesâ ¤he uekeâej kesâ Devegmeej Ûeueles nQ~ mebmke=âle Yee<ee ceW 10
9. ueg*d uekeâej–meeceevÙe Yetle~
uekeâej nQ~
10. ue=*d uekeâej–nslegnslegceodYeeJe Deeefo efue*d kesâ DeLe& ceW peye ef›eâÙee keâer
1. uešd uekeâej–Jele&ceeve keâeue~
2. efuešd uekeâej–hejes#e DeveÅeleve Yetlekeâeue~
Deefmeefæ nes~
3. uegšd uekeâej–DeveÅeleve YeefJe<Ùeled keâeue~ uešd Jele&ceeves uesšd Jesos Yetle ueg*, efue*d, efuešd leLee~
4. ue=šd uekeâej–meeceevÙe YeefJe<Ùeled~ efJeOÙeeefMe<eesÓmleg efue*d ueesšew uegšd ue=šd–ue=*d Ûe YeefJe<Ùele:~~
Deb«espeer Yee<ee
Grammar
Parts of Speech
Example Questions JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW ØeÙegòeâ 'the physicians recommended' kesâ mLeeve hej
'the physician recommending' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ Ùen
Directions : Read the sentence given below to find out
gerund keâe ØeÙeesie nw~
any grammatical or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will
be in one part of the sentence. The letter (a), (b), (c) & (d) 6. Did he tell you/why he hasn't/come yesterday?
indicating that part is the answer : (a) (b) (c)
1. We have discussing /all the known mechanisms / / No error.
(a) (b) (d)
of physical growth./ No error. Gòej (b)
(c) (d)
Gòej (a) JeekeäÙeebMe (b) ceW ‘he hasn't’ kesâ mLeeve hej ‘he hadn't’ keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele
JeekeäÙeebMe (a) ceW ØeÙegòeâ Verb 'discuss' keâer 'ing' form 'discussing' kesâ nesi ee~
mLeeve hej 'discussed' (Past Tense) keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ 7. It was a pleasant/four hours drive/from Pune
2. Children enjoy listening to / ghosts stories/ (a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) to Nashik. / No error.
especially on Halloween night. / No error. (d)
(c) (d) Gòej (b)
Gòej (a)
efJekeâuhe (b) ceW 'four hours drive' kesâ mLeeve hej 'four hour drive' keâe
JeekeäÙeebMe
(a) ceW Verb 'enjoy' kesâ heMÛeele Reflexive Pronoun ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
'themselves' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~
8. Last night I dream / I was a Sheikh on the
3. I/ have/ many works to do/ No error.
(a) (b)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
169th floor / of Burj Khalifa. / No error.
Gòej (c)
(c) (d)
'many works' kesâ mLeeve hej 'so much work' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~ Gòej (a)
4. There are so many filths/ all around/ the place./ JeekeäÙeebMe (a) ceW Verb 'dream' kesâ mLeeve hej 'dreamed' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele
(a) (b) (c)
nesiee keäÙeeWekf eâ JeekeäÙe ceW 'last' Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ efveÙece nw efkeâ Ùeefo
No error.
JeekeäÙe ceW last, yesterday Ùee ago Deeefo Meyo ØeÙegòeâ neW lees Simple
(d)
Past Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Gòej (a)
JeekeäÙeebMe (a) ceW ØeÙegòeâ 'are so many filths' kesâ yepeeÙe 'is so 9. As soon as / the lion saw the deer / he began
much
filth' nesiee keäÙeeWekf eâ filths keâer ieCevee veneR nes mekeâleer nw~ (a) (b) (c)
to run after it. / No error.
5. A senior doctor/ expressed concern/ about
(d)
(a) (b)
physicians recommended the vaccine./ No error Gòej (d)
(c) (d) JeekeäÙe ceW keâesF& $egefš veneR nw~ Dele: DeYeer° Gòej efJekeâuhe (d) nesiee~
Gòej (c)
10. The police asked us / about our movements / JeekeäÙeebMe (c) $egefšhetCe& nw~ Subjects conjunction 'and' Éeje pegÌ[s neW
(a) (b)
on a night of the crime. / No error.
lees Gmekesâ meeLe Plural Verb ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, Dele: meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee
(c) (d) was kesâ mLeeve hej were keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
Gòej (c) 17. All doubts are cleared / between / you and I./ No error.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW 'on a night' kesâ mLeeve hej 'on the night' keâe ØeÙeesie
GheÙegòeâ nw~ Gòej (c)
11. The earth moves / round the sun,/ Isn't it? /No error. JeekeäÙeebMe (c) $egefšhetCe& nw~ Ùeneb Objective Case 'I' kesâ yepeeÙe 'me' keâe ØeÙeesie
(a) (b) (c) (d) GheÙegkeäle nesiee keäÙeeWefkeâ Preposition 'between' keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
Gòej (d)
18. Either of the roads / lead / to the park./ No error.
JeekeäÙe ceW keâesF& $egefš veneR nw~ (a) (b) (c) (d)
12. Unless you do not give / the keys of the safe Gòej (b)
(a) (b) JeekeäÙeebMe
(b) $egefšhetCe& nw~ Ùeneb Plural Verb 'lead' keâs mLeeve hej
/you will be shot. / No error. Singular Verb ‘ leads’ keâe ØeÙeesie GheÙegkeäle nesiee~
(c) (d)
19. I went to the temple/ with my parents, my aunts /
Gòej (a)
(a) (b)
JeekeäÙeebMe (a) $egefšhetCe& nw~ 'Unless' kesâ meeLe Mele& Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW and my cousin sisters. / No error.
Negative keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Unless keâe DeLe& `Ùeefo veneR’ (c) (d)
neslee nw~ Dele: Megæ JeekeäÙe mebjÛevee 'unless you give' nesiee~ Gòej (c)
13. Of the billions of stars in the galaxy,/how much are/ JeekeäÙeebMe (c) $egefšhetCe& nw~ 'Cousin sisters' kesâ mLeeve hej 'cousins' keâe
(a) (b) ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
suitable for life ? / No error. 20. I have passed / the examination / two years ago./
(c) (d) (a) (b) (c)
Gòej (b) No error.
billions kesâ efueS Adjective of Number kesâ meeLe 'how many' keâe (d)
ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ Gòej (a)
14. The value of the dollar/ declines as the rate/ JeekeäÙeebMe (a) $egefšhetCe& nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW hejer#ee heeme keâjves keâe keâeÙe&
(a) (b) Yetlekeâeue ceW hetCe& nes Ûegkeâe nw Dele: Ùen JeekeäÙe Yetlekeâeue (Past Indefinite)
of inflation raises./ No error.
ceW ner nesvee ÛeeefnS~ mener JeekeäÙe nesiee- I passed the examination
(c) (d) two years ago.
Gòej (c) 21. The Manager put forward/ a number of
JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW (a) (b)
Verb ‘raises’ kesâ mLeeve hej ‘rises’ keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~
critereons/ for the post./ No error
15. One of my desires / are to become / a doctor. (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) Gòej (b)
No error.
JeekeäÙeebMe (b) $egefšhetCe& nw~ Ùeneb 'critereons' kesâ yepeeÙe 'criteria' keâe ØeÙeesie
(d)
GefÛele nesiee~
Gòej (b)
22. The Railways have made/ crossing the tracks/
'One of my desires' kesâ meeLe Singular Number keâer Verb ‘ is’ keâe (a) (b)
ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ a punished offence./ No error
16. A hot and / a cold spring / was found near (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) Gòej (c)
each other. / No error.
JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW 'a punished offence' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele veneR nw~ Fmekesâ
(d)
Gòej (c) mLeeve hej 'punishable offence' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
23. A member shall be required/ to pay interest at meb%ee kesâ 5 Øekeâej nesles nQ :
(a) (b) Proper Noun (JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) - efpeme Meyo Éeje efkeâmeer efJeMes<e
such rate/ as is fixed by the committee./ No error JÙeefòeâ, Jemleg Ùee mLeeve keâe yeesOe neslee nw Jen Proper Noun keânueelee
(c) (d) nw; pewmes -
Gòej (c) Mohan, Table, Prayagraj Deeefo~
Common Noun (peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) - efpeve MeyoeW mes Skeâ ner Øekeâej
JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee 'is' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele veneR nw~
kesâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW keâe yeesOe neslee nw Gmes Common Noun keânles
24. Citizens cannot afford/ to take the law/ out of nQ; pewmes -
(a) (b) Man, House, City, River Deeefo~
their hands./ No error Material Noun (õJÙeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) - efpeme Meyo mes veehe-leewue Jeeueer
(c) (d) Jemleg keâe yeesOe nes, Gmes Material Noun keânles nQ; pewmes- Go l d ,
Gòej (c) Milk, Oil, Water Deeefo~
JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW 'out of their hands' kesâ mLeeve hej 'in their own Collective Noun (mecetnJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) - efpeme Meyo mes JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee
hands' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ JemlegDeeW kesâ mecetn keâe yeesOe neslee nes Gmes Collective Noun keânles nQ;
pewmes –
25. The relatives of the deceased/ threatened to
Committee, Army Deeefo~
(a) (b)
Abstract Noun (YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) - efpeme Meyo mes JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee Jemleg
avenge/ his death./ No error
kesâ iegCe, Oece&, oMee Ùee JÙeeheej keâe yeesOe neslee nes, Gmes Abstract
(c) (d) Noun keânles nQ; pewmes -
Gòej (d) Sweetness, Poverty Youth Deeefo~
JeekeäÙe ceW keâesF& $egefš veneR nw~ ØeefleMeesOe uesves kesâ efueS Verb kesâ ™he ceW efnboer SJeb Deb«espeer kesâ Noun kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW Deblej Ùen nw efkeâ peneb efnboer ceW
avenge Ùee revenge ceW mes efkeâmeer Yeer Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie nes mekeâlee nw efkebâleg meb%ee kesâ ØeÙeesie eEueie efJeÛeej keâer Âef° mes keâef"ve nwb lees JeÛeve keâer Âef° mes
Noun kesâ ™he ceW kesâJeue revenge keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
mejue, JeneR Deb«espeer ceW Noun kesâ ØeÙeesie efuebie (Gender) efJeÛeej keâer Âef° mes
mejue nQ lees JeÛeve keâer Âef° mes keâef"ve nQ~ Fmeer Deblej keâes OÙeeve ceW jKekeâj
Study Material Ùeneb Noun kesâ ØeÙeesie hej efJeÛeej efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
RULE 1 :
 Parts of S peech efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Definite Numeral Adjective (efveefMÛele mebKÙeelcekeâ
Deb«espeer Yee<ee ceW ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeues efJeefYevve MeyoeW keâes 8 JeieeX ceW yeebše ieÙee efJeMes<eCe) leLee Noun keâes Hypen (-) mes peesÌ[keâj yeveeS ieS Compound
nw efpevnW nce Parts of Speech kesâ ™he ceW peeveles nQ~ Ùes efvecveJele nQ: word (mebÙegòeâ Meyo) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, Gme JeekeäÙe ceW Noun (pees hyphen
Noun (meb%ee) kesâ yeeo Deelee nw) meowJe Singular form (SkeâJeÛeve) ceW jnlee nw, pewmes –
Sheela has two ten-rupee note.
Pronoun (meJe&veece)
I have five-two rupee note.
Adjective (efJeMes< eCe)
It is two-foot rule.
Verb (ef ›eâÙee) It is fifty-foot tape.
Adverb (ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe) RULE 2 :
Preposition (mecegÛÛeÙe yeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe) Infantry, Poultry, Children, Peasantry, Clergy, Cavalary,
Conjunction (meb Ùeespekeâ) Admiralty Deeefo Ssmes Plural Noun nQ efpevekeâe ØeÙeesie Singular DeLe& ceW
Interjection (efJ emceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe) veneR nes mekeâlee nw~ Ûetbefkeâ Ùes henues mes ner Plural nQ Dele: FveceW 's' Ùee 'es'
1. NOUN (meb%ee) ueieekeâj GvnW Plural veneR yeveeÙee peelee nw~
Noun (meb%ee) Gme Meyo keâes keânles nQ efpememes efkeâmeer efJeMes<e Jemleg,  Cattle, Mankind, Police, Public Deeefo Meyo oesve W ner JeÛeveeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ
mLeeve Ùee JÙeefòeâ keâe yeesOe neslee nes~ Ùeneb JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg ceW ØeeCeer Ùee heoeLe& kesâ nesles nQ~ oesveeW ner JeÛeveeW ceW Fvekeâe ™he Skeâ-meceeve jnlee nw; pewmes-
The cattle is sold.
meeLe Gvekesâ Oece& Deewj iegCe keâe Yeer meceeJesMe nw~ The cattle are in the town.

 People keâe ØeÙeesie Plural ™he ceW ‘Deeoceer’ kesâ efueS leLee Singular kesâ Compass (meerceeSb) Compassess (Skeâ Ùeb$e)
™he ceW ‘je°^’ (Nation) kesâ efueS neslee nw~ Good (DeÛÚe) Goods (ceeue], meeceeve)
RULE 3 : Force (Meefòeâ) Forces (mesvee)
News, Gallows, Summons Deeefo Noun osKeves ceW Plural ueieles nQ, Iron (ueesne) Irons (pebpeerj, yesÌ[er)
hejbleg nbw Singular ~ JeekeäÙe ceW Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie Singular DeLe& ceW Singular Sand (yeeuet) Sands (jsefiemleeve)
Verb kesâ meeLe neslee nw; pewmes – Wood (uekeâÌ[er) Woods (pebieue)
The news has spread. Water (heeveer) Waters (mecegõ)
Summons has been issued.
 meeceevÙe DeLe& ceW 'hair' keâe Plural veneR neslee nw hejbleg peye 'hair' kesâ henues
RULE 4 :
mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMess<eCe (Numeral Adjective) DeeS lees Fmekesâ meeLe 'hairs'
efvecveefueefKele Noun meowJ e Singular ™he ceW jnles nQ~ Fvekesâ henues
keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
Article a/an keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw leLee s/es ueieekeâj FvnW Plural veneR Her hair is brown.
yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw- There are only four grey hairs on his head.
Poetry, Scenery, Jewellery, Baggage, Knowledge, Wastage,
 mebosMe Ùee JeÛeve kesâ DeLe& ceW Word keâe ØeÙeesie Singular ™he ceW neslee nw SJeb
Percentage, Information, Furniture, Rubbish, Music, Money,
Traffic, Machinery, Drapery, Stationary, Crockery, Luggage, Meyo kesâ DeLe& ceW 'word' keâe ØeÙeesie Singular SJeb Plural oesveeW ™heeW ceWs neslee
Postage, Leakage, FlÙeeefo~ nw; pewmes-
Dashrath was a man of word.
 Singular DeLe& ceW Ssmes Noun kesâ hetJe& an item of, an article of, a
Please send my word to my friend.
piece of keâe ØeÙeesie Yeer neslee nw~ Use these words in sentences.
 Plural DeLe& ceW items of, articles of, pieces of keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ RULE 7 :
RULE 5 : Mathematics, Politics, Ethics FlÙeeefo Noun efpevekesâ Deble ceW 'ics'
efvecveefueefKele Nouns kesâ Deble ceW s Deelee nw Deewj Ùes meoe Plural ceW jnles ueiee jnlee nw, Ssmes Noun mes Ùeefo efJe<eÙe keâe yeesOe neslee nes lees Ùes Singular
nQ – DeLe& ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeSbies; pewmes-
Politics is an interesting subject.
Alms, Amends, Annals, Ashes, Arrears, Atheletics,
Her Mathematics is poor.
Auspices, Bellows, Belongings, Breeches, Bowels, Braces,
RULE 8 :
Binoculars, Billiards, Brains, Cards, Drawers, Dregs, Caves,
Earnings, Entrails, Embers, Fetters, Fireworks, Funds, Glasses efvecveefueefKele Ssmes Nouns nQ pees Singular Deewj Plural oesveeW ™heeW ceW
Guts, Greens, Knickness, Lodgings, Proceedings, Regards, Skeâ-meceeve jnles nQ -
Riches, Remains, Seals, Savings, Samples, Shares, Scissors, Sheep, Deer, Cattle, Salmon, Yoke, Brace, Gross, Hundred,
Weight, Police, Public, Means, Innings, Series, Species
Spectacles, Surroundings, Tidings, T roops, Trousers, Tactics,
I have ten cattle, one deer and nine sheep.
Thanks, Victuals, Vegetables, Valuables, Wages, Works FlÙeeefo~
RULE 9 : Noun SJeb Gvekesâ JeÛeve (Number)
Ghejesòeâ Nouns mes 's' Ùee 'es' nšekeâj FvnW Singular veneR yeveeÙee
(a) meeOeejCele: Noun Deewj Pro noun kesâ Deefl eef jòeâ DevÙe Meyo eW
pee mekeâlee nw~
Note : keâe Plural veneR yevelee nw, hejbleg efJ eMes <e DeLe& ceW kegâÚ Mey oeW keâe Plural
Innings keâe ØeÙeesie oesveeW JeÛeveeW ceW neslee nw Dele: 'innings is' Deewj 's' ueieekeâj yeveeÙee peelee nw ; pewmes -
'innings are', oesveeW mener nQ~ it's, but's, sh all's, wil l's Deeefo~
 Deeceoveer kesâ DeLe& ceW 'means' keâe DeLe& Plural neslee nw, hejbleg Ùeefo means (b) efkeâmeer De#ej Ùee mebKÙee keâe Plural 's' ueieekeâj yeveeÙee peelee nw;
kesâ hetJe& 'a' Ùee 'every' ueiee nes lees Fmekeâe DeLe& Singular nesiee~ pewmes- P's, Q's, 5's, 3's, 2's Deeefo~
RULE 6 : This page is full of Q 's and P's
efvecveefueefKele Nouns kesâ Singular ™he ceW Deewj Plural ™he ceW DeLe& Your 3's are like 2's.
Deueie nesles nwb; osKeW- (c) kegâÚ Abbreviations keâe Plural Gvekesâ ØeLece Meyo keâes oesnjeves mes
Singular Plural
yevelee nw; pewmes-
Abuse (og®heÙeesie) Abuses (kegâjere fleÙeeb) P= Page, PP=Pages
Advice (meueen/h ejeceMe&) Advices (metÛeveeSb) L=Line, LL=Lines
Air (nJee) Airs (efoKeeJešer DeeÛejCe) (d) kegâÚ Abbreviations keâe Plural 's' ueieekeâj yevelee nw; pewmes–
Alphabet (JeCe&ceeuee) Alphabets (Yee<eeSb) M.P.-M.P.s., M.L.A-M.L.As
(e) Deb«espeer Yee<ee ceW JÙeJeùle uewešf ve Yee<ee kesâ kegâÚ Singular noun Ssmes RULE 14 : Noun and their Gender (efuebie)
nesles nQ efpevekesâ Deble ceW 'um' ueiee neslee nw~ Ssmes Noun keâe Plural 'um' kesâ (a) Gender DeLee&le eEueie leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ- Masculine, Feminine,
mLeeve hej 'a' ueieekeâj yevelee nw; pewmes- Neut er.
Agendum-Agenda, Datum-Data
JeekeäÙe ceW Noun kesâ efueS Skeâ yeej pees 'Gender' ceevee peeS Gmekeâe Jener
Gender Deble lekeâ jnvee ÛeeefnS~ pewmes Ùeefo India keâes Masculine Gender
(f) Deb«espeer
Yee<ee ceW JÙeJeùle «eerkeâ Yee<ee kesâ kegâÚ Ssmes Meyo nbw efpevekesâ Deble
ceevee peeS lees hetjs JeekeäÙe Ùee hewje«eeHeâ ceW Meg™ mes Deble lekeâ India kesâ efueS
ceW 'is' jnlee nw~ Ssmes MeyoeW keâe Plural yeveeves kesâ efueS Deble ceW 'is' nšekeâj 'es' He/His/Him keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Ùeefo India keâes Neuter Gender
ueiee efoÙee peelee nw; pewmes- ceeveles nQ lees Meg™ mes Deble lekeâ India kesâ efueS It/Its keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Analysis-Analyses, Basis-Bases, Crisis-Crises. GoenjCe :
(g) kegâÚ «eerkeâ Meyo Ssmes nesles nbw efpevekesâ Deble ceW 'on' jnlee nw~ Fvekeâe The Government of India has announced a new export and
Plural 'on' kesâ mLeeve hej 'a' ueieeves mes yevelee nw; pewmes- import policy for its rapid growth and to clear her balance of
Criterion-Criteria, Phenomenon-Phenomena. payment.
RULE 10 :
(Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Ùeefo India keâes Neuter Gender ceevee peeS lees oesveeW
mLeeveeW hej 'its' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeS Deewj Ùeefo India keâes Feminine
Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW Numeral Adjective kesâ meeLe 'a half' Ùee 'a quarter' Gender ceevee peeS lees oesveeW mLeeveeW hej 'her' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeS)~
keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee nes lees Noun keâes Numeral Adjective (mebKÙeemetÛekeâ ( b ) kegâÚ Noun Ssmes nbw pees Common Gender ceW jnles nQ; pewmes- Artist,
efJeMes<eCe) leLee 'a half/a quarter' kesâ ceOÙe ceW jKevee ÛeeefnS; pewmes- Student, Teacher, Clerk, Friend Deeefo~ Fmeer Øekeâej Each, Either, Neither,
Prime Minister addressed two million and a half people. No-one, Nobody, Someone, Somebody FlÙeeefo Distributive Deewj
[Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Noun (millon), Numeral Adjective (two) SJeb a Indefinite Pronoun Yeer Common Gender ceW jnles nwb~
half kesâ yeerÛe ceW DeeÙee nw] Ghejesòeâ Common Gender keâe ØeÙeesie peye Singular DeLe& ceW neslee nw
RULE 11 :
lees Fvekesâ efueS Third person Singular pronoun Deewj Masculine
Gender (he/his/him) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
Adjectives keâes Plural yeveeves kesâ efueS Gvekesâ henues 'the' ueieekeâj
Every student must do his home work.
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ Adjectives keâe Plural 's' Ùee 'es' peesÌ[keâj veneR yeveeÙee No one has done his duty.
peelee nw; pewmes- Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW ceW keâYeer-keâYeer mhe° keâjves kesâ efueS Masculine Deewj Feminine
Poor-the poor, rich-the rich oesveeW Gender keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nbw pees efkeâ DeMegæ veneR nw; pewmes-
keâe Plural 'Poors' veneR nesiee~
Poor Every student should do his/her home work.
GoenjCe : The poor should be helped by the rich. kegâÚ ueesie Ssmes Noun kesâ meeLe Plural Pronoun (Possessive
Case) 'their' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes-
RULE 12 :
Every student should do their home work.
efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ ner Noun keâes Preposition kesâ yeeo oesnjeÙee peelee
Ùen ØeÙeesie Yee<ee JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes DeMegæ nw~
nw Gme JeekeäÙe ceW Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
(c) kegâÚ Noun meowJ e Feminine Gender ceW jnles nQ; pewmes-
Ship after ship is going by. blonde, Virgin, Housewife.
Country after Country was conquered. Fve MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles meceÙe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS efkeâ Fvekesâ meeLe
RULE 13 : Masculine Gender Jeeues Noun keâe ØeÙeesie ve nes; pewmes-
Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW 'and' mes mebÙegòeâ meYeer Adjectives kesâ efueS Skeâ ner Ramesh is a virgin.
Noun keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nes lees- Fme JeekeäÙe ceW virgin kesâ
meeLe Ramesh (Masculine Gender) keâe
ØeÙeesie ngDee nw pees efkeâ DeMegæ nw~
(a) Ùeefo ØelÙeskeâ Adjective kesâ henues Article nesiee lees Noun Singular
2. PRONOUN (meJe&veece)
nesi ee~
Pronoun (meJe&veece) Gme Meyo keâes keânles nQ pees efkeâmeer Noun (meb%ee) kesâ mLeeve
(b) Ùeefo kesâJeue Skeâ Adjective kesâ henues Article nesiee lees Noun
hej heÇÙegkeäle neslee nw~ Pronoun, Noun keâer Dehes#ee JÙeehekeâ DeLeeX ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee
Plural nesiee; pewmes-
nw~ pewmes - 'Boy' keânves mes efmehe&â ‘ueÌ[keâe’ keâe yeesOe neslee nw Deeoceer Ùee yewue keâe
Mr. A.N. T ripathi is a professor of th e Agra and the
veneR~ hejbleg 'He' keânves mes meYeer hegefuuebie (Masculines) keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ DebiesÇpeer
Allahabad University. ceW Pronoun kesâ ØeÙeesie efnboer keâer Dehes#ee kegâÚ keâef"ve nQ~ Number SJeb Case mes
Mr A.N. Tripathi is a professor of the Agra and Allahabad mebyebefOele Deveskeâ efveÙece Je GheefveÙece nQ~ FvneR efveÙeceeW keâer Ùeneb efJemleej mes ÛeÛee& keâer
Universities. pee jner nw~
RULE 1 : each other and one another- (Ùeneb 'T he Professor and Philosopher' mes Skeâ ner JÙeefòeâ keâe yeesOe
'Each other' keâe ØeÙeesie oes JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw leLee 'one neslee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Article 'the' kesâJeue 'Professor' kesâ henues ueiee nw~ Ùeefo
another' oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw; pewmes - JeekeäÙe Fme Øekeâej neslee 'T he Professor and the Philosopher' leye oesveeW
The two brothers love each other. noun kesâ henues Article 'the' keâe ØeÙeesie nesves kesâ keâejCe JeekeäÙe ceW Plural
The four brothers love one another. Verb keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele neslee)~
RULE 2 : Either/Neither/ Both SJeb Anyone/None/ All - RULE 7 : Reflexive/Self Pronoun -
Either / Neither / Both keâe ØeÙeesie oes JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee Reflexive Pronoun (himself / myself / herself) keâe ØeÙeesie
nw~ oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueS Either kesâ mLeeve hej Anyone, Neither 'Subject' keâer Yeebefle veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
kesâ mLeeve hej None leLee Both kesâ mLeeve hej All keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee Myself will go. (DeMegæ)
nw;pewmes - I will go myself. (Megæ)
Either of the two roads. Note :
Neither of the two books.
kegâÚ Ssmes 'Verb' nwb efpevekesâ yeeo Reflexive Pronoun DeJeMÙe ueielee
Both Ram and Shyam will go. nw~ Ùes nQ- absent, address, avail.
Anyone of the roads.
pewmes - Ram absents himself from the class.
None of the four books.
(Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙe ceW 'himself' keâe ØeÙeesie ve nesves hej Ùen DeMegæ nes peeSiee)~
All the five students will go.
RULE 8 :
RULE 3 : Each SJeb Everyone -
peye efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW Noun kesâ henues Pronoun 'such' keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees
'Each' keâe ØeÙeesie oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS
Gmekesâ yeeo 'as' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw;pewmes -
neslee nw hejbleg 'Everyone' keâe ØeÙeesie oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw;
Ram is not such a good man as Shyam is.
pewm es-
RULE 9 : Relative Pronoun
Each of the two students came.
Relative Pronoun (who / which / whose / whom / that) keâe
Everyone of the forty students came.
RULE 4 : One / One's / Oneself -
ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe ceW Subject Deewj Object oesveeW heÇkeâej mes neslee nw~ Pronoun
Pronoun 'One' kesâ meeLe one's Ùee 'oneself' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ JeekeäÙe kesâ oes efnmmeeW (Clauses) keâes pees[Ì ves keâe Yeer keâeÙe& keâjles nQ; pewmes -
heÇeÙe: $egefšJeMe One kesâ meeLe he/his/him/himself keâe ØeÙeesie keâj efoÙee The pen that is on the table is mine. (Subject)
The pen which I bought is good. (Object)
peelee nw~ Fmekeâe OÙeeve jKeW; pewmes-
'Who' leLee 'Whom' keâe ØeÙeesie ØeeCeerJeeÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ efueS, 'which' keâe
One must do one's duty.
RULE 5 : ØeÙeesie efvepeeaJe meb%ee kesâ efueS SJeb 'that' keâe ØeÙeesie mepeerJe leLee efvepeeaJe oesveeW
Distributive Pronouns (each, everyone, neither, either) Øekeâej keâer meb%eeDeeW (Nouns) kesâ efueS neslee nw~
leLee Indefinite Pronouns (no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, 'Whose' keâe ØeÙeesie mebyebOe oMee&ves kesâ efueS ØeeCeerJeeÛekeâ meb%ee nsleg leLee
someone, somebody) kesâ efueS third person Pronoun keâe Masculine 'of which' keâe ØeÙeesie mebyebOe oMee&ves nsleg efvepeeaJe meb%ee kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Gender (he, his, him) ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw; pewmes- Note :
Everyone must do his duty. kegâÚ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Relative Pronoun keâe ueeshe nes peelee nw;pewmes-
Everyone of them should obey his masters. This is the pen that I bought yesterday.
Note : This is the pen, I bought yesterday.
(a) Ùeefo mhe° ™he mes Ùen helee Ûeue jne nes efkeâ JeekeäÙe Feminine (Ghejeskeäle oesveeW ner JeekeäÙe JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Megæ nQ)~
Gender keâe nw lees her/herself keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes - RULE 10 : Interrogative Pronoun
Everyone of four sister's are going abroad. Interrogative Pronoun nQ- Who, Whom, Whose, Which,
(b) each/every kesâ meeLe meowJ e Singular Pronoun (Possessive What.
Pronoun) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes Ghejeskeäle Rule 5 GoenjCe 2 ceW (a) What keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle keâe hesMee Ùee JÙeJemeeÙe peeveves kesâ
'them' kesâ meeLe Yeer 'his' keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw pewmes- What is your father. (Fmekeâe DeLe& nw Deehekesâ
RULE 6 : efheleepeer keäÙee keâjles nQ Ùee efkeâme heo hej nQ)~ 'What' keâe ØeÙeesie efvepeeaJe meb%ee
peye 'and' mes pegÌ[s oes Singular Noun mes Skeâ ner JÙeefòeâ keâe yeesOe nes kesâ efueS Yeer neslee nw; pewmes-
lees Gmekesâ efueS Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; peswmes- What is here ?
The Professor and Philosopher has expressed his views. What has gone ?
(b) Which keâe ØeÙeesie efvepeeaJe JemlegDeeW kesâ ÛegveeJe kesâ mebyebOe ceW neslee nw; ( c) JeekeäÙe ceW keâLeve hej peesj osves kesâ efueS Yeer 'It' keâe ØeÙeesie 'Subject'
pewmes - kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw; pewmes -
Which is your book ? It is I who helped you.
Which room do you like ? efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg veece/henÛeeve/meeceerhÙelee (Nearness) keâe yeesOe keâjeves
(c) Who / Whom / Whose keâe ØeÙeesie mepeerJe meb%eeDeeW kesâ efueS efkeâÙee kesâ efueS 'this' keâe 'Subject' kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
peelee nw], Deblej Ùen nw efkeâ Who keâe ØeÙeesie Nominative Case ceW, whom This is a book.
keâe ØeÙeesie Objective Case ceW leLee Whose keâe ØeÙeesie Possessive This is my cloth.
Case ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes - This is all India Radio.
RULE 13 : Pronouns and Their Person
Who is he?
Whose book is this ? (a) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW leerveeW Person kesâ Noun Ùee Pronoun DeeSb lees
Whom have you invited ? Gvekesâ efueS Skeâ Common Pronoun- First Person Plural keâe ØeÙeesie
(d) Which Deewj What mes ef›eâÙee (Verb) kesâ mebyebOe ceW efkeâS peeves efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
Jeeues ØeMve kesâ Deble ceW Preposition DeJeMÙe jnlee nw; pewmes- You, he and I are trying our best.
What are you looking at? (Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe ceW leerveeW person (You, he, I) kesâ efueS Skeâ Common
Ùeneb hej Preposition 'at' ve ueieeves mes Yeer JeekeäÙe hetCe& efoKelee nw hejbleg Pronoun 'our' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~)
JeekeäÙeDeMegæ neslee~ (b) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW Second Deewj Third Person kesâ Pronoun DeeSb lees
Which colour are you looking for? Gvekesâ efueS Skeâ Common Pronoun - Second Person Plural (Your)
(Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Preposition 'for' keâe ØeÙeesie DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
RULE 11 : You and he are doing your best.
Megæ JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes verb 'to be' (is,was, are, am Deeefo) kesâ First SJeb Third leLee First SJeb Second Person kesâ efueS Common
yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Pronoun Nominative Case ceW jnlee nw; pewmes - Pronoun - T hird Person Plural keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
It is he. RULE 14 : Pronouns and Their Position
This is she. peye JeekeäÙe ceW leerveeW ner Person kesâ Pronouns keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee nes lees
Ùeneb hej 'It is him' Ùee 'This is her' efueKevee JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Gvekeâe ›eâce Fme Øekeâej neslee nw - 2,3,1; pewmes-
DeMegæ nw~ Jewmes Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW 'It is me', 'this is her', 'it is him' keâe You, he and I are fast friends.
ØeÙeesie Yeer ØeÛeueve ceW nw~ Ùeneb I, you and he are fast friends. efueKevee DeMegæ nesiee keäÙeeWefkeâ
Note : Ùeneb hej Pronouns keâe ›eâce nesiee- 1,2,3.
peye JeekeäÙe ceW who, which kesâ meeLe oes Clause peesÌ[s peeSb lees Note :
Pronoun meowJ e Nominative Case ceW jnvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes- I, First Person nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmemes mJeÙeb keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ 'You'
It is he who helped me. Second Person nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Fmemes otmejs (meeceves Jeeues) JÙeefòeâ keâe yeesOe neslee
(Ùeneb hej 'he' kesâ mLeeve hej 'him' keâe ØeÙeesie DeMegæ nesiee)~ nw~ He T hird Person nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Fmemes efkeâmeer leermejs JÙeefòeâ keâe yeesOe neslee
RULE 12 : It and This
nw~
(a) JeekeäÙe mes meceÙe /otjer/$e+leg/ceewmece/Øeeke=âeflekeâ Iešvee keâe yeesOe
keâjeves kesâ
Note :
efueS 'It' keâe heÇÙeesie keâlee& (subject) kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
DehejeOe mJeerkeâej keâjles meceÙe meyemes henues First Person keâe ØeÙeesie
It is raining.
keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
It is 8 O ' clock.
I and you are guilty.
It is evening.
RULE 15 : Pronouns and Their Case
It is cold.
It thunders. Pronoun Ùeefo Subject kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ nes jne nes lees Fmes
(b) Infinitive, Gerund Clause kesâ ™he ceW Yeer 'It' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; Nominative Case ceW jnvee ÛeeefnS~ Ùeefo Pronoun Object kesâ ™he ceW
pewm es- ØeÙegòeâ nes jne nes lees Fmes Objective Case ceW jnvee ÛeeefnS~ DeefOekeâej
It is easy to say. (Infinitive) (Possession) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Pronoun Possessive Case ceW
It is no use of raining. (gerund) jnvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
It is sad that he is not going. (clause) It is between him and I.
Ùeneb Between Skeâ Preposition nw~ Preposition kesâ meeLe Pronoun RULE 4 :
meowJ e Objective Case ceW jnlee nw~ Transitive Verb kesâ meeLe Yeer Pronoun Another, Other SJeb Any other -
meowJ e Objective Case ceW jnlee nw~ It is between him and I. efueKevee 'Another' SJeb 'Other' oesveebs keâe ner ØeÙeesie Affirmative Sentence
DeMegæ nw~ Megæ JeekeäÙe nw- It is between him and me. ceW neslee nw, hejbleg 'Another' keâe ØeÙeesie Singular Noun kesâ meeLe leLee
'Other' keâe ØeÙeesie Plural Noun kesâ meeLe neslee nw; pewmes-
3. ADJECTIVE (efJeMes<eCe)
I have purchased another toy.
Adjective, Noun Ùee Pronoun keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw; pewmes He is I have purchased other toys.
a good boy. Ùeneb hej Adjective 'good' Pronoun 'He' keâer efJeMes<elee (Ùeneb hej 'another' keâe ØeÙeesie 'Toy' Singular Noun kesâ efueS leLee
yelee jne nw~ Ùetb lees efnboer Deewj Deb«espeer kesâ efJeMes<eCeeW ceW keâeheâer meceevelee nw, hejbleg 'other' keâe ØeÙeesie 'Toys' Plural Noun kesâ efueS efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~) 'Any
Skeâ Deblej Ùen nw efkeâ peneb efnboer kesâ kegâÚ efJeMes<eCeeW kesâ mJe™he (efuebie/JeÛeve) other' keâe ØeÙeesie Singular leLee Plural oesveeW JeÛeveeW kesâ Noun kesâ meeLe
meb%ee kesâ efuebie/JeÛeve kesâ Devegmeej yeoueles nbw JeneR Deb«espeer JÙeekeâjCe ceW Adjective Negative Sentence ceW neslee nw; pewmes-
Ùee Gender keâe JeÛeve neslee ner veneR~ pewmes efnboer ceW nce keânWies Jen DeÛÚe I need not to purchase any other books.
ueÌ[keâe nw leLee Jen DeÛÚer ueÌ[keâer nw; Ùeneb efJeMes<eCe DeÛÚe/DeÛÚer meb%ee kesâ I need not to purchase any other book.
efuebie ueÌ[keâe/ueÌ[keâer kesâ Devegmeej yeoues~ hejbleg Deb«espeer ceW nce keânWies, He is a RULE 5 :
good boy. SJeb She is a good girl. FvneR efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâes OÙeeve ceW jKekeâj 'Many' Deewj 'Several' keâe ØeÙeesie meowJe Ssmes Plural Noun kesâ meeLe
nce Ùeneb Adjective kesâ ØeÙeesie mes mebyebefOele efveÙeceeW keâe GuuesKe keâj jns nQ~ neslee nw efpevnW mebKÙee ceW efievee pee mekeâlee nw; pewmes-
RULE 1 : Many boys, Several boys. (Many Milk Ùee Several Money
Each, Every, Either, Neither kesâ meeLe meowJ e Singular noun keâe efueKevee DeMegæ nesiee)~
ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- RULE 6 :
Each boy is intelligent. 'A good many' SJeb 'A great many' kesâ meeLe Plural Noun keâe
Every girl is smart. ØeÙeesie neslee nw leLee Many a/an kesâ meeLe Singular Noun keâe ØeÙeesie neslee
Either of the boy is intelligent.
Neither of the girl is smart.
nw; pewmes-
DeheJeeo : A good many boys, A great many girls leLee Many a mam,
Ùeefo Every kesâ yeeo keâesF& Plural Numeral Adjective (yengJeÛeve Many an orange.
RULE 7 :
mebKÙeemetÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) DeeÙee nes lees Adjective kesâ yeeo Plural Noun keâe
'Much' mes cee$ee keâe yeesOe neslee nw FmeefueS Fmekesâ meeLe Ssmes Singular
ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes-
Noun keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw efpememes cee$ee keâe yeesOe neslee nes; pewmes-
Ramesh takes coffee every three hours.
Much Sugar, Much Milk Deeefo Plural Noun kesâ meeLe Much
RULE 2 :
Each & Every-'Each' keâe ØeÙeesie meowJ e oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW/ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee~
JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw peyeefkeâ 'Every' keâe ØeÙeesie meowJ e oes mes DeefOekeâ RULE 8 :
All/Most/Some keâe ØeÙeesie Singular Noun kesâ meeLe Adjective
JÙeefòeâÙeeW/JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw~
of Quantity' kesâ ™he ceW leLee Plural Noun kesâ meeLe 'Adjective of
'Each and Every' keâe ØeÙeesie Yeer oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW/JemlegDeeW kesâ
Number' kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw; pewmes-
efueS neslee nw~
All boys are good.
Note :
'Each' Ùee 'Every' kesâ henues 'Article' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (Ùeneb Plural noun 'boys' kesâ meeLe 'Adjective of Number' kesâ
RULE 3 : ™he ceW 'All' keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~)
Most/Some of milk is waste.
'Either' SJeb 'Both' keâe DeLe& neslee nw - ‘oesveeW’~ 'Either' keâe ØeÙeesie
‘oesveeW’ kesâ DeLe& ceW leye efkeâÙee peelee nw peye oesveeW Yeeie Skeâ otmejs kesâ hetjkeâ neW; (Ùeneb 'milk' heefjceeCeJeeÛekeâ kesâ meeLe Singular DeLe& ceW ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~)
RULE 9 :
pewm es-
Few, A Few leLee The Few kesâ meeLe mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ Plural Noun keâe
either side, either end.
SJeb Little, A little leLee The little kesâ meeLe cee$eeJeeÛekeâ Singular Noun
peye oesveeW Yeeie mJeleb$e ™he ceW neW leye ‘oesveeW’ kesâ DeLe& ceW 'Both' keâe
keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes -
ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
He has few books.
Both rooms, Both son.
He has little rice.

 'Few' Ùee 'Little' keâe DeLe& neslee nw 'kegâÚ venerb', 'A Few' Ùee 'A little' Note :
keâe DeLe& neslee nw 'LeesÌ[e yengle' SJeb 'T he Few' Ùee 'T he Little' keâe DeLe& neslee Mine, ours, theirs, yours kesâ yeejs ceW Ùen peeve uesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw
nw 'pees kegâÚ LeesÌ[e'~ Ùeneb OÙeeve osves keâer yeele nw efkeâ 'Few' mebKÙee keâe yeesOe efkeâ Ùes Possessive Pronoun nQ Deewj Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie meowJe Verb kesâ yeeo
keâjelee nw leLee 'Little' cee$ee keâe yeesOe keâjelee nw~ 'I have a little rice'. Megæ neslee nw; pewmes -
JeekeäÙe nw, hejbleg 'I have a little books'. DeMegæ JeekeäÙe nw~ This pen is mine.
RULE 10 : Ùes Possessive Pronoun veneR nbw- Her's, your's Fmekeâe OÙeeve
Adjective ' None ' keâer efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ Fmes 'Noun' kesâ henues jKevee ÛeeefnS~
ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 'Noun' kesâ henues Adjective 'No' keâe ØeÙeesie RULE 14 :
efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes - Possessive Adjectives keâe ØeÙeesie nesves hej 'Noun' kesâ henues
Have you any pencil ? 'Article' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~
No, I have none.  Positi on of Adje ctive
I have no pencil. Adjective keâe ØeÙeesie oes Øekeâej mes neslee nw~ Skeâ Noun kesâ henues Deewj
'I have none pencil'. efueKevee DeMegæ nesiee~ otmeje Verb kesâ yeeo~ noun kesâ henues ØeÙeesie keâes Attributive Use leLee
RULE 11 : Verb kesâ yeeo kesâ ØeÙeesie keâes Predicative Use keânles nbw~
'Some' keâe ØeÙeesie Affirmative Sentence ceW leLee 'Any' keâe ØeÙeesie RULE 1 :
Negative Sentence ceW Deewj hardly/scarcely/barely kesâ meeLe neslee Proper Noun mes yeves Adjective (pewmes- Russian, Indian) SJeb
nw~ Interrogative Sentence ceW 'some' Ùee 'any' efkeâmeer keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie iegCeJeòee kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ Adjective (pewmes - good, brave, wise) keâe
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw; pewmes- ØeÙeesie Attributive SJeb Predicative oesveeW Øekeâej mes neslee nw; pewmes-
This disc is Indian.
He has some milk.
This is an Indian disc.
He has not any food.
She is a wise girl.
He has hardly any food. The girl is wise.
Have you any/some bread. (Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Skeâ ner Adjective keâe ØeÙeesie Noun kesâ henues
 'If' pewmes mebosnmetÛekeâ MeyoeW kesâ meeLe 'any' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- Yeer ngDee nw Deewj Verb kesâ yeeo Yeer~)
I don't go if you have any doubt. RULE 2 :
 'Any' kesâ meeLe meowJ e 'not' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw 'no' keâe veneR~ 'No Any' kegâÚ Adjective (pewmes- awake, asleep, afraid FlÙeeefo) Predicative
efueKevee DeMegæ nesiee~ Use Verb kesâ yeeo ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes -
The girl is asleep.
RULE 12 :
RULE 3 :
kegâÚ Ssmes Definite Numeral Adjectives nbw efpevekesâ yeeo 'of' keâe ØeÙeesie
Ùeefo Skeâ ner Noun kesâ efueS Deveskeâ Adjectives keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee nes
DeJeMÙe neslee nw; pewmes- lees Adjectives keâes Noun kesâ yeeo jKevee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
a back/a couple/a score/a pair/a gross; I know the boy, young, smart and intelligent.
GoenjCe : Title (heoJeer) kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ Adjective keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie Noun kesâ yeeo
a pair of shoes, a lack of crowd. neslee nw; pewmes -
hejbleg a dozen/a hundred/a thousand/a million kesâ yeeo 'of ' keâe Ashoka the Great. (FveceW Adjective Capital Letter mes Meg™
ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw Fvekesâ yeeo 'Noun' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes- nesles nwb~)
a dozen books, a thousand books. RULE 4 :
Note : Arvind has finished the first five chapters of his book. Fme
peye Ghejesòeâ ceW 'a' ve jns Deewj GvnW Plural yevee efoÙee peeS lees 'of ' keâe JeekeäÙe keâes Fme Øekeâej veneR efueKe mekeâles nwb - Arvind has finished the
ØeÙeesie DeJeMÙe nesiee pewmes- five first chapters of his book.
He has thousands of rupees. RULE 5 :
Ùeefo efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW mebKÙeelcekeâ efJeMes<eCe leLee mebyebOeelcekeâ efJeMes<eCe oesveeW
RULE 13 : keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee nes lees henues mebKÙeelcekeâ efJeMes<eCe Deewj yeeo ceW mebyebOeelcekeâ
Possessive Adjective (my, our, your, its, their) keâe ØeÙeesie meowJ e efJeMes<eCe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ; pewmes-
'Noun' kesâ henues neslee nw; pewmes- Both my friends are good.
It is my pen. All my friends are rich.

 Degree of Adjective veneR nesieer, Fvekeâer Comparative Degree nesieer- More intelligent Deewj
efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg ceW pees iegCe Ùee DeJeiegCe nbw, Gmekeâer cee$ee More beautiful.
(degree) keâes Degree of Comparison keânles nwb~ Ùen leerve Øekeâej keâer kegâÚ Adjectives keâer Comparative Degree DeefveÙeefcele ™he mes
nesleer nw- yeveleer nw; pewmes-
Positive, Comparative, Superlative good-better, bad-worse.
 Positive Degree Adjective keâe cetue ™he nw, FmeceW efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee RULE 4 :
Jemleg keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeF& peeleer nw~ leguevee keâjles meceÙe meceevelee yeleeF& peeleer peye Skeâ ner JÙeefòeâ kesâ oes iegCeeW keâer leguevee keâer peeveer nes lees More Ùee
nw, keâce Ùee pÙeeoe veneR; pewmes- less ueieekeâj leguevee keâer peeleer nw; pewmes -
Ram is a good boy. Ram is more wise than brave.(Megæ)
Ram is as wise as Shyam. Ram is wiser than brave.(DeMegæ)
 Comparative Degree ceW oes JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW kesâ iegCeeW keâer leguevee RULE 5 :
keâer peeleer nw; pewmes -
peye oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ Adjectives keâes Skeâ meeLe peesÌ[e peeS lees Gve
Ram is cleverer than Shyam.
meyekeâer Degree Skeâ nesveer ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
 Superlative Degree ceW oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW kesâ iegCeeW keâer
Ram is wiser and braver than Shyam.
leguevee keâer peeleer nw; pewmes-
Ram is wise and braver than Shyam.
Ram is best boy among all the boys.
RULE 1 :
(Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW otmeje JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nw keäÙeeWefkeâ braver Deewj wise keâer
leguevee meowJe meceeve iegCeeW ceW nesleer nw; pewmes efvecve JeekeäÙe keâes osKeW- Degree efYevve nw~)
The nature of Ram is better than Shyam. RULE 6 :
Fme JeekeäÙe mes Ùen DeLe& efvekeâue jne nw efkeâ jece keâe mJeYeeJe, MÙeece mes veehe-leewue keâer leguevee keâjles meceÙe Ùeefo efveefMÛele cee$ee nes lees Comparative
DeÛÚe nw ve efkeâ MÙeece kesâ mJeYeeJe mes~ Ùeneb hej Megæ JeekeäÙe Fme Øekeâej nesiee- Degree + than kesâ meeLe leguevee keâer peeleer nw hejbleg peye cee$ee DeefveefMÛele nes
The nature of Ram is better than that of Shyam. lees as + Positive Degree + as kesâ meeLe leguevee keâer peeleer nw; pewmes-
(Fmekeâe DeLe& nw, jece keâe mJeYeeJe MÙeece kesâ mJeYeeJe mes DeÛÚe nw~) This boy is three pound heavier than that.
Skeâ JeekeäÙe Deewj uebs - This boy is three times as heavy as that.
My watch is better than you. RULE 7 :
Fme JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw, cesjer IeÌ[er legcemes DeÛÚer nw DeLee&le IeÌ[er keâer leguevee efvecveefueefKele kegâÚ Ssmes Adjectives nwb efpevekesâ henues 'More' Ùee 'Less'
JÙeefòeâ mes keâer ieF& nw~ Dele: JeekeäÙe Fme Øekeâej nesvee ÛeeefnS-
leLee yeeo ceW 'T han' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw -
My watch is better than your watch.
Senior, Junior , Prior, Superior, Inferior, Anterior SJeb Prefer Je
Ùee
My watch is better than yours. Preferable. Fve Adjectives kesâ yeeo 'To' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
RULE 2 : Ram is senior to Ramesh.
leguevee keâjves kesâ efueS meowJ e 'T han' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, I prefer milk to coffee.
'T han' kesâ meeLe meowJ e Adjective keâer Comparative Degree keâe ØeÙeesie RULE 8 :
nesvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes - JeekeäÙe ceW Double Comparative keâe ØeÙeesie DeMegæ neslee nw; pewmes-
Ram is good than Shyam. (DeMegæ) Ram is betterthan Shyam.
Ram is better than Shyam. (Megæ)
Ram is comparatively better than Shyam.
(Ghejesòeâ ceW otmeje JeekeäÙe Megæ nw keäÙeeWefkeâ FmeceW Comparative Degree
(Ghejesòeâ otmejs ceW Double Comparative keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw pees
'better' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw)~
efkeâ DeMegæ nw~)
RULE 3 :
Positive Degree ceW 'r', 'er' peesÌ[keâj Comparative Degree yeveeF& RULE 9 :
peeleer nw; pewmes- Short - Shorter, Wise - Wiser etc. hejbleg peye Adjective Ùeefo Comparative Degree kesâ henues 'T he' keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw lees
Ssmes nebs efpevnW šgkeâÌ[eW ceW keâjkesâ heÌ{e peeS lees GveceW 'More' Ùee 'Less' Gmekesâ yeeo 'of the two' keâe ØeÙeesie DeJeMÙe nesiee; pewmes-Sheela is the
ueieekeâj Comparative Degree yeveeF& peeleer nw~ pewmes- intelligent Ùee wiser of the two. (Sheela is the wiser than the two efueKevee DeMegæ
beautiful keâer Comparative Degree, intelligenter Ùee beautifuler nesi ee)~
RULE 10 :  Farther & Further-
efvecveefueefKele kegâÚ Ssmes Adject ives nQ p ees meowJe Positive form ceW 'Farther' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘DeefOekeâ otj’ peyeefkeâ 'Further' keâe DeLe&
jnles nwb~ Fvekeâer Comparative Ùee Superlative Degree veneR yeveeF& neslee nw DeefOekeâ otj, Fmekesâ Deeies, Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ, Deeies yeÌ{evee~
peeleer nw- 4. VERB (ef›eâÙee)
Annual, Excellent, Right, Entire, Absolute, Blind, Chief,
efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW DeLe& keâer hetCe&lee ns leg efp eme Meyo Ùee
Complete, W hole, Unique, Extreme, Wrong, Monthly, Golden,
efpeve MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Gmes Ùee GvnW Verb (ef›eâÙee) keânles
Solar, Universe, Round, Square, Dead, Dumb, Full, Matchless,
nQ~ Verb mes ner %eele neslee nw efkeâ keâlee& (Subject) keäÙ ee nw? Ùee keäÙee
etc.
veneR? keâlee& keäÙee keâjlee nw? keâlee& keâes keäÙee nes lee nw? FlÙeeef o~ pew mes- Ram
Superlative Degree is a player. He plays cricket. He is paid for it. ceW ›eâceMe: is, plays
 oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Je JemlegDeeW keâer leguevee keâjles meceÙe 'Superlative Deew j is pa id Verb nwb~ Fvekesâ Éeje JeekeäÙe ceW DeLe& keâes hetCe&lee Øeehle nesleer nw~
Degree' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ØeLece JeekeäÙe mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ keâlee& keäÙee nw ? DeLee& le keâlee& Pla yer
 Superlative Degree kesâ henues 'the' keâe ØeÙeesie DeJeMÙe neslee nw~ (efK eueeÌ[er ) nw~ ef ÉleerÙe JeekeäÙe mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ keâlee& keäÙee keâjlee nw
 Skeâ 'Syllable' Jeeues Adjectives ceW 'st' Ùee 'est' ueieekeâj Deewj Skeâ DeLee&le keâlee& Kesuelee nw~ le=leer Ùe JeekeäÙe mes %eele neslee nw keâlee& keâes keäÙee neslee
mes DeefOekeâ 'Syllable' Jeeues Adjectives ceW 'most' Ùee 'least' ueieekeâj nw DeLee&le keâlee& keâes Yegieleeve efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Superlative Degree yeveeF& peeleer nw~ meeOeejCele: efyevee Verb kesâ DeLe&h etCe& JeekeäÙe veneR y evelee nw hejbl eg Verb
 Double Superlative keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ pewmes- He is Dekesâues ner DeLe&h etCe& nes mekeâlee nw; pewm es -
most wisest student of the class. DeMegæ JeekeäÙe nw~ Ùeneb 'most' keâe Go, Come, Stop, Turn.
ØeÙeesie veneR nesiee~  VERB kesâ Øekeâej
 Superlative Degree ceW 'of ' Éeje leguevee keâer peeleer nw; pewmes-You Verbs cegKÙele: leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ-
are the best of all. peye mLeeve keâe yeesOe nes leye 'of ' kesâ mLeeve hej 'in' keâe Transitive Verb (mekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee)
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- Intransitive Verb (Dekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee)
Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Auxiliary Verb (meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee)
Transitive Verb-
Some Confusing Comparatives efpeme Verb keâe ØeYeeJe keâlee& lekeâ meerefcele ve jnkeâj JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙegòeâ DevÙe
and Superlatives JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg hej heÌ[lee nw Gmes Transitive Verb keânles nbw; pewmes- Ram
Elder and Eldest SJeb Older and Oldest- killed the snake.
'Elder' SJeb 'Eldest' keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ ner heefjJeej kesâ DeefOekeâ Gceü kesâ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW ‘jece’ keâlee& nw Deewj 'killed' verb nw~ Ùeneb hej ef›eâÙee
meomÙeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw~ 'Older' SJeb 'Oldest' keâe ØeÙeesie DevÙe ueesieeW SJeb (Verb) 'killed' keâe ØeYeeJe 'snake' hej heÌ[ jne nw, Dele: Ùen Transitive
JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw~ 'Older' kesâ yeeo 'T han' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw Verb nw~ efpeme JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg hej keâlee& kesâ keâece keâe ØeYeeJe heÌ[lee nw Gmes
peyeefkeâ 'Elder' kesâ yeeo 'T han' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~ Transitive Verb keâe Object (keâce&) keânles nQ~ Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe ceW 'snake'
Foremost and First- Transitive Verb 'killed' keâe Object nw~
'Foremost' mes leelheÙe& nw ‘meyemes DeefOekeâ cenòJehetCe&’ peyeefkeâ 'First' keâe Intransitive Verb-
DeLe& nw ‘ØeLece’~ efpeme Verb keâe ØeYeeJekeâlee& kesâ Deefleefjòeâ efkeâmeer DevÙe JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg hej
Former and Latter-
ve heÌ[s, Gmes Intransitive Verb keânles nQ; pewmes-
Sita is singing.
Skeâ JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙegòeâ oes JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW ceW ØeLece kesâ efueS 'Former' Auxiliary Verb-
keâe leLee otmejs kesâ efueS 'Latter' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙeeSb 24 Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ (am, is, are,was, were,
First and Last- have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would, can,
Skeâ JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙegòeâ oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW ceW mes ØeLece kesâ could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used)~ Ùes ef›eâÙeeSb cegKÙe
efueÙes 'First' leLee Debelf ece kesâ efueS 'Last' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ef›eâÙee keâer DeJemLee/YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves ceW meneÙekeâ nesleer nQ~
 Later & Latter- meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves hej Ùes ef›eâÙeeSb Principal Ùee
'Later' keâe
DeLe& nw yeeo Jeeuee (meceÙe) kesâ mebyebOe ceW peyeefkeâ 'Latter' keâe Main Verb kesâ ™he ceW Deheves mJeleb$e DeLe& keâes Kees osleer nQ; pewmes-
DeLe& Yeer yeeo Jeeuee nw uesekf eâve ›eâce kesâ mebyebOe ceW~ He has gone.

Principal Verb kesâ DeLe& ceW 'has' keâe DeLe& ‘jKevee’ neslee nw peyeefkeâ Ùeneb RULE 1 :
Auxiliary Verb kesâ ™he ceW Ùen Principal Verb 'go' keâer DeJemLee JÙeòeâ JeekeäÙe kesâ Subject Deewj Verb kesâ Number/Person ceW meceevelee nesveer
keâjves ceW meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee keâe keâeÙe& keâj jner nw~ ÛeeefnS (The verb must agree with its subject in number and
Auxiliary Verb ceW kesâJeue 'not' ueiee osves mes Fvekeâe Negative yeve person); pewmes-
peelee nw; pewmes- Ramesh writes.
I am going. I am not going. We write.
kesâJeue FvneR ceW
short form Yeer nesles nQ; pewmes- (Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW henues JeekeäÙe keâe Subject Singular nw Dele: Fmekesâ
It is not = It isn't, do not = don't meeLe Singular Verb 'writes' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw leLee otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW
I am = I'm. I shall Ùee I will = I'll keâlee& 'We' Plural nw Dele: Fmekesâ meeLe Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee
I have = I've FlÙeeefo~ nw)~
Note :
 VERB kesâ ™he
Noun ceW 's/es' ueieves mes Ùen Plural yeve peelee nw peyeefkeâ Fmekesâ "erkeâ
Verb (ef›eâÙee) kesâ oes ™he nesles nQ--
Finite Verb
efJehejerle Verb ceW 's/es' ueiee osves mes Ùen Singular yeve peelee nw~
Non-finite Verb DeheJeeo :
Finite Verb -  keâesjer keâuhevee Ùee DemebYeJe Mele& keâe YeeJe Peuekeâves hej Singular
peye efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW Verb keâe Number/Person JeekeäÙe kesâ Subject kesâ Subject kesâ meeLe Yeer Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes -
Number/Person kesâ Devegmeej ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw lees Gmes Finite Verb keânles Were I a Prince.
nQ; pewmes- He acted as if he were a mad.
We read book. (Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW Singular Subject 'I' SJeb 'He' kesâ meeLe Plural
He reads book. Verb 'were' keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee keäÙeeWekf eâ JeekeäÙe mes keâuhevee keâe YeeJe Peuekeâlee nw~)
Ùeneb Verb 'Read' JeekeäÙe kesâ Subject 'We' Deewj 'He' kesâ Devegmeej  FÛÚe/DeeMeerJee&o keâe YeeJe JÙekeäle keâjles meceÙe Singular Subject kesâ meeLe
ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw~ ØeLece JeekeäÙe ceW Subject 'We' kesâ Devegmeej 'Read' peyeefkeâ Yeer bless/live/save FlÙeeefo Verbs keâe ØeÙeesie Plural ceW ner keâjvee ÛeeefnS;
otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW Subject 'He' kesâ Devegmeej 'Reads'. pewm es-
Non- finite Verb-
Long live the Prince.
peye Verb kesâ Number/Person hej Subject kesâ Number/Person
 'Dare' leLee 'Need' kesâ meeLe Ùen Rule ueeiet neslee nw hejbleg FmeceW Not ueie
keâe keâesF& ØeYeeJe veneR heÌ[lee nw leye Jen Non-finite Verb keânueelee nw~ Non-
finite Verb leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ-
peeves kesâ yeeo DeLee&le Dare not leLee Need not Ssmes Verb nbw pees meowJ e
Infinitive Plural ceW jnles nbw Ûeens Fvekesâ meeLe Singular Subject ner keäÙeeW ve nes; pewmes-
Gerund He need not to come.
Participle Fme JeekeäÙe keâes Fme Øekeâej veneR efueKee pee mekeâlee nw-
Infinitive - meeOeejCele: Verb keâs henues 'to' ueiee jnlee nw;pewmes- He needs not to come.
To err, to believe. RULE 2 :
Gerund- Verb cesb 'ing' peesÌ[keâj Gerund yeveeÙee peelee nw;pewmes-
JeekeäÙe ceW Subject kesâ meeLe Verb kesâ Number SJeb Person mes mebyebefOele
Work - Working
efvecveefueefKele ØecegKe efveÙece nbw-
Participle - Participle kesâ leerve ™he nesles nQ-
(a) Present or Continuous Participle  Noun + Preposition + Noun mes pegÌ[s JeekeäÙeeW ceW Preposition kesâ
(b) Past Participle henues Deeves Jeeues Noun kesâ Number/Person kesâ Devegmeej Verb keâe ØeÙeesie
(c) Perfect Participle efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
 VERB kesâ efveÙece The colour of her sarees is charming.
Deye nce Verb mes mebyebeOf ele efveÙeceeW keâe GuuesKe keâjsWies~ efveÙeceeW keâe The details of the message are coming.
GuuesKe keâjles meceÙe Ghejeskeäle MeyoeJeefueÙeeW ÙeLee- Infinitive, Gerund, (Ùeneb ØeLece JeekeäÙe ceW Preposition 'of ' kesâ henues Deeves Jeeues noun colour
Participle, Transitive, Intransitive FlÙeeefo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjWies efpevekesâ kesâ Devegmeej Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, peyeefkeâ otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW
DeLe& Thej efoS ieS nQ~ Fve MeyoeJeefueÙeeW keâes Fvekesâ efoS ieS DeLe& kesâ Devegmeej Preposition 'of ' kesâ henues Deeves Jeeues Noun details kesâ Devegmeej Plural
ner mecePeW~ Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~)
 JeekeäÙe ceW Noun kesâ henues DeefveefMÛele mebKÙee keâe yeesOe keâjeves Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ  Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW Subject kesâ yeeo keâe ner meceeveeLeea keâesF& DevÙe Meyo ØeÙegkeäle
ØeÙeesie nesves hej Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw peyeefkeâ DeefveefMÛele nes leye Verb Subject kesâ Devegmeej ØeÙegòeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS ve efkeâ meceeveeLeea Meyo
cee$ee keâe yeesOe keâjeves Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ ØeÙeesie nesves hej Singular Verb keâe kesâ Devegmeej; pewmes-
I, Alok Rai, am a teacher.
A lot of books have been purchased. Ùeneb hej Verb 'am' Subject 'I' kesâ Devegmeej ØeÙegkeäle ngDee nw ve efkeâ
A plenty of sugar has been purchased. meceeveeLeea Meyo 'Alok Rai' kesâ Devegmeej~
(Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW of kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Noun Subject neslee nw~ ØeLece JeekeäÙe  JeekeäÙe keâe Subject, Distributive Pronoun-each/every/either/
ceW 'books' Plural Noun nw Dele: Plural Verb 'have' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee Neither jnves hej Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
Each of them is present.
ieÙee nw peyeefkeâ efÉleerÙe JeekeäÙe ceW 'sugar' Singular subject nw Dele: Singular
 One, Every, No One, Someone, Nobody SJeb Somebody
Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw)~
Singular, Indefinite Pronoun nQ Dele: Fvekesâ meeLe Singular Verb keâe
 A number/The number- 'A number' kesâ meeLe Singular Verb keâe
leLee Both, Many, Some SJeb Few Plural Indefinite Pronoun nbw
leLee 'T he number' kesâ meeLe Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Dele: Fvekesâ meeLe Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ None, Any, All
 Ùeefo Plural Noun kesâ henues Singular Collective Noun keâe ØeÙeesie nes kesâ meeLe Plural leLee Singular oesveeW ner Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
lees Ssmes Noun kesâ meeLe Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-  peye oes Nouns keâes 'and' mes peesÌ[e peelee nw lees Gvekesâ meeLe Plural
A group of boys is coming. Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw hejvleg 'and' mes pegÌ[s kegâÚ Nouns Ssmes nesles nQ pees
Ùeneb 'boys' Plural Noun nw hejvleg Gmekesâ meeLe SingularCollective meoe peesÌ[s kesâ ™he ceW ner jnles nQ FvnW he=Lekeâ veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Ssmes
Noun "a group of" ueiee ngDee nw FmeefueS Fmekesâ meeLe Verb 'is' keâe Noun kesâ meeLe Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
Bread and Butter
ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
Horse and carriage
kegâÚ ØecegKe Singular Collective Noun efvecveefueefKele nQ-
a chain of, a class of, a bunch of, a band of, a herd of, a The crown and glory
Pen and ink
batch of, a book of, a set of, a team of.
Note :
 JeekeäÙe kesâ Subject kesâ ™he ceW Jury, Government, Committee,
Verb keâe JeÛeve Singular nes Ùee Plural Ùen %eele keâjves kesâ efueS mejue
Company FlÙeeefo Collective Noun jnves hej Verb Singular Ùee Plural
efveÙece Ùen nw efkeâ meJe&ØeLece hetjs JeekeäÙe keâe efnboer ceW DevegJeeo keâj ueW~ Ùeefo efnboer
kegâÚ Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw; pewmes- The Jury was divided. Deewj DevegJeeo mes yengJeÛeve keâe yeesOe nes lees Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW leLee Ùeefo
The Jury were divided oesveeW mener nbw~ SkeâJeÛeve keâe yeesOe nes lees Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ GoenjCe kesâ efueS-
 keâYeer-keâYeer JeekeäÙe kesâ Subject kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegkeäle efkeâmeer osMe, hegmlekeâ Ùee Each of them is present. Megæ nw Ùee Each of them are present. %eele
Jemleg kesâ veece Ùee Meer<e&keâ mes Plural Noun nesves keâe yeesOe neslee nw;pewmes- keâjves kesâ efueS henues Fmekeâe efnboer ceW DevegJeeo keâjW; efnboer DevegJeeo nesiee- GveceW
The Arabian Nights, The United States. mes ØelÙeskeâ GheefmLele Lee~ mhe° nw efkeâ Verb Singular nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Fvekesâ meeLe meowJe Singular Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ RULE 3 :
 Scissors, T rousers, Shoes FlÙeeefo Ssmes Noun nwb pees meowJ e Plural Present Perfect Tense ceW meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee has/have keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
kesâ ™he ceW jnles nQ Dele: Fvekesâ meeLe Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, hejvleg peelee nw~ Fmemes Ùen %eele neslee nw efkeâ keâeÙe& Jele&ceeve keâeue ceW DeYeer kegâÚ ner
meceÙe henues meceehle ngDee nw~ Present Perfect Tense Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW Ssmes
peye Fvekesâ henues 'a pair of ' ueiee nes lees Fvekesâ meeLe Singular Verb keâe
Adverbs of T ime keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw efpevemes Ùen yeesOe
neslee nes efkeâ keâeÙe& Yetlekeâeue ceW keâeheâer meceÙe henues ner meceehle nes ieÙee nw~ Ùes
A pair of trousers has been purchased.
Adverbs of Time nbw - Las t night /evening /week/y ear/winter/
Trousers are charming.
spring, the other day/ yesterday, a month/week/days/moment
 peye Noun kesâ hetJe& 'Many' 'a/an' Ùee 'more than one' ueiee nes lees ago Deeefo~
Singular Verb ØeÙegkeäle nesiee; pewmes- Fve MeyoeW keâes Past Indefinite Tense kesâ meeLe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Many an orange has been purchased.
GoenjCe : He has left Prayagraj.
More than one student has come.
He has left Prayagraj yesterday.
 peye 'More' kesâ yeeo Plural Noun leLee Gmekesâ yeeo 'than one' ueiee nes ( Ghejesòeâ ceW GoenjCe 1 Megæ nw peyeefkeâ GoenjCe 2 DeMegæ nw~ GoenjCe
lees Plural Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- 2 ceW yesterday keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw Dele: Fme JeekeäÙe ceW has keâe ØeÙeesie veneR nes
More students than one have come. mekeâlee nw)~
RULE 4 : mebYeeJevee kesâ DeLe& Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'May' keâe Negative 'cannot' nesiee~
meeceevÙe efveÙece Ùen nw efkeâ Verb 'to be' is/are kesâ meeLe ef›eâÙee keâer First kegâÚ keâce mebYeeJevee keâe YeeJe oMee&ves kesâ efueS 'Might' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles
Form keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw hejbleg kegâÚ oMeeDeeW ceW is/are kesâ meeLe ef›eâÙee nQ; pewmes-
keâer Third Form keâe ØeÙeesie nes mekeâlee nw~ peye JeekeäÙe mes Ùen oMee&vee nes efkeâ He might succeed.
keâeÙe& Jele&ceeve keâeue ceW DeYeer-DeYeer meceehle ngDee nw leye has/have keâe ØeÙeesie Yetlekeâeue mebyebOeer mebYeeJevee JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS May SJeb Might mes
neslee nw hejbleg peye Ùen oMee&vee nes efkeâ keâeÙe& Jele&ceeve keâeue ceW meceehle ngS kegâÚ Deueie-Deueie DeLe& Øekeâš nesles nQ; pewmes-
osj nes ieF& nw leye has/have kesâ mLeeve hej is/are keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Ssmee He may have missed the train. keâe DeLe& nw- nes mekeâlee nw Gmekeâer
ØeÙeesie Intansitive Verb kesâ meeLe neslee nw; pewmes- ieeÌ[er Útš ieF& nes~
He has gone to America. He might have missed the train. keâe DeLe& nw ieeÌ[er Útš mekeâleer Leer
He is gone to America. eEkeâleg Útšer veneR~
(henues JeekeäÙe mes Ùen DeLe& efvekeâuelee nw efkeâ ‘‘Jen Decesejf keâe kesâ efueS DeYeer  Concession (efjÙeeÙele)
kegâÚ osj henues ieÙee nw’’ peyeefkeâ otmejs JeekeäÙe mes Ùen DeLe& efvekeâuelee nw efkeâ Radha might be poor, but she is honest.
‘‘Jen Decesejf keâe hengbÛe ieÙee nesiee’’)~ (nes mekeâlee nw efkeâ jeOee iejerye nes, hejbleg Jen F&ceeveoej nw~)
Note :  Purpose (GösMÙe)
He works hard that he may pass.
iegce nesves kesâ DeLe& ceW 'gone' kesâ meeLe meowJ e 'is' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee 'has' keâe
RULE 8 : Can keâe ØeÙeesie
veneR; pewmes-
 Fmekeâe DeLe& nw ‘mekeâvee’ Ùee ‘meeceLÙe& jKevee’~ Fmekeâe Past Tense
'My purse is gone'. Megæ JeekeäÙe nw peyeefkeâ 'My purse has gone'.
'Could' nw~ Fmekesâ DevÙe Tense veneR nesles nbw~ 'I can run'. keâe DeLe& nw 'cegPeceW
DeMegæ JeekeäÙe nw~
oewÌ[ves keâer #ecelee nw'~
RULE 5 :
 Devegceefle kesâ DeLe& ceW may/might kesâ mLeeve hej can/could keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie
Yetlekeâeue (Past Tense) ceW meceehle ngS oes keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS henues meceehle
nes mekeâlee nw; pewmes-
ngS keâeÙe& keâe Verb, Past Perfect Tense ceW leLee yeeo ceW meceehle ngS keâeÙe&
Can I use your pen. Could I use your pen.
keâe Verb, Simple Past Tense ceW jnlee nw; pewmes-
 Future Tense kesâ meeLe 'Can' keâe ØeÙeseie veneR neslee nw~ Future Tense
Sita had reached the station before the train arrived.
(Ghejesòeâ GoenjCe mes mhe° nw efkeâ ØeLece keâeÙe& hetjer lejn meceehle nesves ceW 'Can' keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS 'able to' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
He will be able to do his duty.
kesâ yeeo ner otmeje keâeÙe& ngDee nw~)
RULE 9 : Ought keâe ØeÙeesie
RULE 6 :
 'owe' kesâ Past Tense ceW Fme Meyo keâe DeLe& neslee nw - 'ÛeeefnS'~ ‘ÛeeefnS’
peye oes keâeÙe& mebhevve nesves Jeeues JeekeäÙe mes Ùen yeesOe neslee nw efkeâ ØeLece keâeÙe&
Meyo ceW 'veweflekeâ yeeOÙelee' keâe YeeJe efveefnle neslee nw; pewmes-
DeYeer hetje veneR nes heeÙee Lee leYeer otmeje keâeÙe& ØeejbYe nes ieÙee Ùee ØeLece keâeÙe& We ought to obey our elders.
hetje nesves kesâ legjble yeeo otmeje keâeÙe& ØeejbYe nes ieÙee leye oesveeW ner keâeÙeeX kesâ Ought kesâ yeeo meowJe 'to' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Verb kesâ efueS Simple Past Tense keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~  Ought + Perfect Infinitive mes efkeâmeer keâeÙe& kesâ ve mebhevve nesves keâe YeeJe
RULE 7 : May/Might keâe ØeÙeesie
JÙeòeâ neslee nw; pewmes-
May/Might keâe ØeÙeesie efvecveefueefKele DeLeeX ceW neslee nw- We ought to have gone there.
 Permission (Devegceefle) Fmekeâe DeLe& nw- nceW Jeneb peevee ÛeeefnS Lee, hejbleg veneR ieS~
May I go home? (Devegceefle ceebievee)
RULE 10 : Must keâe ØeÙeesie
You May go home. (Devegceefle osvee) 'Must' keâe ØeÙeesie yeeOÙelee keâe YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS Present SJeb
May I have Your pen? (Devegceefle uesvee)
Future Tense ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Past Tense ceW 'Must' kesâ mLeeve hej
DeefOekeâ veceülee oMee&ves kesâ efueS 'May' kesâ mLeeve hej 'Might' keâe ØeÙeesie 'had to' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- We Must do, He had to come. 'efveefMÛelelee SJeb DeeJeMÙekeâlee' keâe
Might I have your pen for a moment.
 Possibility (mebYeeJevee)
YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS 'Must' keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
The train may be late. He was in a bad condition, he must be dead by now.
He may succeed. This book is must for everybody.
RULE 11 : Used keâe ØeÙeesie RULE 15 :
allow, advise, order, force, tell, permit, request, remind, invite
'Used' keâe ØeÙeesie Yetlekeâeue (Past Tense) keâer Ssmeer Deeole keâe yeesOe
Ssmes Transitive Verbs nwb efpevekesâ yeeo Object leLee Infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie
keâjeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw pees Deye veneR jner; pewmes-
efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- He ordered me to shut the door. Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâes
I used to go there. (ceQ henues Jeneb peelee Lee, hejbleg Deye veneR peelee
efyevee Object kesâ Fme Øekeâej veneR efueKee pee mekeâlee nw efkeâ He ordered to
ntb~) shut the door.
RULE 12 : Will/Shall keâe ØeÙeesie RULE 16 :
 Principal Verb (cegKÙe ef›eâÙee) kesâ ™he ceW 'will' keâe DeLe& neslee nw- FÛÚe efvecveefueefKele Verbs/Adjectives kesâ meeLe meowJ e Infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie
keâjvee leLee Past Tense 'willed' keâe DeLe& neslee nw - 'JemeerÙele keâjvee'~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fvekesâ meeLe Gerund keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùes nQ-
 meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee kesâ ™he ceW 'will' Future Tense keâe Åeeslekeâ nw~ Fmekeâe agree, desire, dare, decide, hope, expect, want, wish, promise,
refuse, eager, anxious, able, glad, happy, easy, hard, ready, fall.
Past Form 'would' nesle nw~
GoenjCe :
 meeceevÙe DeLe& kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS First Person (I/We) kesâ meeLe 'shall' keâe
I agreed to help him.
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw leLee Second SJeb Third Person (you/he) kesâ meeLe Fmes I agreed of helping him. veneR efueKe mekeâles nQ~
'will' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes- RULE 17 :
I shall go. keâe DeLe& nw- 'ceQ peeGbâiee'~ efvecveefueefKele Verb kesâ meeLe meowJ e Gerund (verb+ing) ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~
'mebkeâuhe SJeb Fjeos' keâe YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS First Person kesâ Fvekesâ meeLe Infinitive veneR ØeÙeesie efkeâS pee mekeâles nbw–
meeLe 'will' keâe leLee Second SJeb Third Person kesâ meeLe 'shall' keâe ØeÙeesie avoid, consider, enjoy, excuse, feed, finish, mind, miss, can't
efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- help, go on, give up, it is no use/good, look forword to.
I will go. keâe DeLe& nw - ceQ DeJeMÙe peeGbâiee~

GoenjCe :
It is no use crying here.
 ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW I/We kesâ meeLe meowJ e 'shall' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
Ram avoids doing his duty.
nw; pewmes - Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'crying' kesâ mLeeve hej 'to cry' Ùee 'doing' kesâ mLeeve
Shall I go there? hej 'to do' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
RULE 13 : RULE 18 :
efvecve kesâ yeeo peye Infinitive Object kesâ ™he ceW DeeS lees
Verbs JeekeäÙe ceW Infinitive (to+verb) keâer hegvejeJe=efòe mes yeÛeves kesâ efueS kesâJeue
Infinitive kesâ henues 'How' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw- 'to' keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
decide, discover, observe, forget, see, know, teach, wonder, Would you have a cup of coffee? Yes I should like to.
show, ask/enquire, explain.

(Fme JeekeäÙe ceW 'like to have' kesâ mLeeve hej kesâJeue 'like to' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
ieÙee nw)~
GoenjCe :I don't know how to do it.
RULE 19 :
I teach him how to make it.
efvecveefueefKele Verbs kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeues Infinitive keâe 'to' efÚhee jnlee
RULE 14 : nw-
keâYeer-keâYeer JeekeäÙe ceW Noun keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer GösMÙe kesâ meeOeve kesâ efueS hear, see, notice, observe, need not, dare not, feel, make,
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme Noun kesâ yeeo Infinitive Deelee nw Deewj Fmekesâ yeeo Skeâ eat, bid, behold, watch, shall, should, will, would, can, could,
GheÙegòeâ Preposition. pewmes- may, might, do, did, must.
He built a house to live in. GoenjCe :
You need not go.
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW Noun-'house' keâe ØeÙeesie, GösMÙe 'live' kesâ meeOeve kesâ ™he
He made him laugh.
ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ house kesâ efueS Infinitive 'to live' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee
(Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'to go' Ùee 'to laugh' keâe ØeÙeesie DeMegæ neslee nw)~
nw efpemekesâ meeLe Fmekesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ Preposition 'in' Yeer ueiee nw~ Ùen RULE 20 :
JeekeäÙe efyevee GheÙegòeâ Preposition kesâ veneR efueKee pee mekeâlee nw DeLee&le better, had better, had rather, would rather, had sooner, had
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe keâes Fme Øekeâej veneR efueKee pee mekeâlee nw; He built a house as soon as kesâ yeeo 'to' efÚhee jnlee nw; pewmes-
to live. Better reign in hell than serve in heaven.

RULE 21 : GoenjCe :
But, except, than, as, why, why not kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeues Infinitive No sooner had he reached the station than train started.
kesâ meeLe to keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw; pewmes- peye Ùes Negative Adverb JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejbYe ceW ve neskeâj yeerÛe ceW ØeÙegòeâ
He does nothing but laugh. efkeâS ieS neW lees JeekeäÙe ceW Subject, Verb kesâ henues Deelee nw; pewmes-
Why worry now ? He had no s ooner reached t he stat ion, than the t rain
RULE 22 : Q uestions Tag /ShortAnswers started.
Tag Q uestion- efvecve 'Adverb of Place' mes ØeejbYe nesves Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW Yeer Verb,
keâYeer-keâYeer mekeâejelcekeâ-vekeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Deble ceW Skeâ Question Subject kesâ hetJe& Deelee nw- in, up, out, down, over, back, round,
Phrase peesÌ[keâj Fmes ØeMveJeeÛekeâ yevee efoÙee peelee nw~ Fme Question forward.
Phrase keâes ner Tag Question keânles nQ; pewmes - pewmes - Down fell an orange.
You like tea, don't you? Position of Object and Complement-

Object keâes Transitive Verb kesâ yeeo jKee peelee nw; pewmes- He eats
 Question Tag ceW meowJ e Auxiliary Verb (meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee) keâe ØeÙeesie
egg.
neslee nw~
 cetue JeekeäÙe keâe Subject Tag Question keâe Yeer Subject jnlee nw hejbleg Ùeefo Object kesâ henues Article Ùee Adjective keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie keâjvee nes
Pronoun kesâ ™he ceW; pewmes-
lees Verb kesâ yeeo meyemes henues Article Gmekesâ yeeo Adjective leLee Deble ceW
Object keâes jKevee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
Harish is there, isn't he?
He bought a good book.
 cetue JeekeäÙe ceW Affirmative Verb jnves keâer oMee ceW Question Tag ceW
efvecve oMeeDeeW ceW Object, Verb kesâ henues Deelee nw
Negative keâe leLee cetue JeekeäÙe ceW Negative Verb jnves keâer oMee ceW
(1) peye Relative Pronoun, Object keâe keâece keâjlee nw; pewmes-
Question Tag ceW Affirmative Verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes–
This is the pen that he bought.
It is fine weather, isn't it?
(2) peye Interrogative Pronoun, Object kesâ meceeve ØeÙegòeâ nes;pewmes-
Sheela is not coming, is she?
What do you want?
ShortAnswers –
Transitive Verb and Double Object–
efkeâmeer ØeMve keâe Gòej Short (meb#eshe) ceW osves kesâ efueS Auxiliary Verb
kegâÚ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Transitive verb kesâ meeLe oes Object ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- FveceW mes Skeâ Direct Object neslee nw leLee otmeje Indirect. Indirect
ØeMve- Is he an intelligent boy? Object, Direct Object kesâ efueS Ùee Gmekesâ yeejs ceW neslee nw~ Indirect
Gòej- Yes, he is or no, he is not. Object kesâ henues to/for ueieeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ peye Indirect Object kesâ
 Position of Verb henues to/for ueiee nes, lees Ùen JeekeäÙe ceW Direct Object kesâ yeeo jKee
Position of Subject and Verb- peeSiee, hejbleg peye FmeceW to/for ve ueiee nes, leye Direct Object kesâ henues
meeceevÙe ™he mes Verb keâe mLeeve Subject kesâ yeeo neslee nw, hejbleg jKee peeSiee; pewmes-
efvecveefueefKele oMeeDeeW ceW Verb keâe mLeeve Subject mes henues neslee nw~ Ramesh gave the house a new look.
1. Interrogative Sentence ceW Verb, Subject kesâ henues Deelee nw; Ramesh gave a new look to the house.
pewm es- (Fme JeekeäÙe ceW 'new look' Direct Object nw peyeefkeâ 'house' Indirect
Why are you not going? Object nw~ 'House' Indirect Object FmeefueS nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmekesâ henues to/
Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe mes mhe° nw efkeâ kesâJeue Why ueiee osves mes ØeMveJeeÛekeâ for ueieeÙee pee mekeâlee nw)~
JeekeäÙe veneR yeve mekeâlee nw, Dele: Fmekesâ efueS Verb 'are' keâes Subject 'you'  peye JeekeäÙe ceW It/This, Direct Object keâe keâeÙe& keâjW lees Indirect
kesâ henues ueeÙee ieÙee nw~ Object kesâ meeLe to/for keâe ØeÙeesie DeJeMÙe keâjles nbw; pewmes-
2. peye JeekeäÙe efvecveefueefKele Negative Adverbs/Conjunctions mes I purchased it for her.
ØeejbYe nes lees JeekeäÙe ceW henues Verb Deelee nw Gmekesâ yeeo Subject keâe ØeÙeesie  Time & Tense Form of Verb
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Verb kesâ leerve Tense Form nesles nQ–
seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never, little, no sooner, in Present Tense
no other way, in no case, no account, only by, only then, only Past Tense
when, only in this way, not only, nowhere, nor, neither, so. Future Tense
FveceW ØelÙeskeâ kesâ Ûeej-Ûeej GheYeso nesles nQ~ Tense kesâ YesoeW SJeb GheYesoeW Ssefleneefmekeâ IešveeDeeW keâe JeCe&ve keâjles meceÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
keâe meejCeeryeæ ™he Fme Øekeâej nw- Now the Battle of Panipat begins.
Present Past Future Cassius wins overBrutus.
(i) Simple (i) Simple (iii) Simple (d) YeefJe<Ùe kesâ keâeÙe&›eâce Ùee efveCe&Ùe keâe yeesOe keâjeves nsleg; pewmes-
(ii) Continuous (ii) Continuous (iii) Continuous
The jury meets tomorrow.
(iii) Perfect (iii) Perfect (iii) Perfect
He sails for America next Monday.
(iv) Perfect (iv) Perfect (iv) Perfect
Continuous Continuous Continuous (e) Mele& kesâ meeLe YeefJe<Ùe kesâ meceÙe keâe yeesOe keâjeves nsleg; pewmes-
Time: You will pass if you work hard.
meeceevÙele: Úe$eeW ceW Ùen OeejCee nesleer nw efkeâ Present Tense Form of RULE 2 :
Present Continuous Tense mes leelkeâeefuekeâ Jele&ceeve keâe yeesOe neslee
Verb mes Jele&ceeve keâeue kesâ keâeÙe& keâe leLee Past Tense Form of Verb mes
Yetlekeâeue keâe leLee Future Tense Form of Verb mes YeefJe<Ùekeâeue kesâ keâeÙe& nw; pewmes -
The Sun is rising.
keâe yeesOe neslee nw, hejvleg JeemleJe ceW Ssmee veneR nw~ Present Tense Form of
They are eating.
Verb mes Yetlekeâeue kesâ keâeÙe& keâe leLee YeefJe<Ùe keâeue kesâ keâeÙe& keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee
 YeefJe<Ùe ceW nesves Jeeues keâeÙe&›eâce/Ùeespevee keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Yeer Fme
nw; pewmes-
Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
Now the battle of Haldighati begins.
He is going to join the duty next week. Ram is going to buy a car.
Ùeneb ØeLece GoenjCe ceW begins, Verb keâe Present Tense Form nw He is leaving for London tomorrow.
hejbleg JeekeäÙe mes Yetlekeâeue kesâ keâeÙe& (nuoerIeešer keâer ueÌ[eF&) keâe yeesOe neslee nw~  ÂÌ{ , efmLej, mLeeÙeer keâeÙe& keâe yeesOe keâjeves Jeeues Verbs (Static Verb) keâe
Fmeer Øekeâej mes otmejs GoenjCe ceW Yeer Verb kesâ Present Tense Form keâe ØeÙeesie Continuous SJeb Perfect Continuous Tense kesâ meeLe veneR
ØeÙeesie ngDee nw hejbleg JeekeäÙe mes YeefJe<Ùekeâeue ceW nesves Jeeues keâeÙe& keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùes Verb efvecveJele nQ-
(i) Verbs of expressing states of mind-
mhe° nw efkeâ ef›eâÙee kesâ Tense Forms SJeb Fmemes yeves JeekeäÙeeW mes yeesOe nesves
know, understand, believe, recognise, remember, seem, look,
Jeeues Time ceW keâeHeâer Deblej nw~ Dele: Tense SJeb Time kesâ Fmeer Devlej keâes
dislike, appear Deeefo~
OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngS nce ef›eâÙee (Verb) kesâ DeLeeX (Forms) SJeb Fmemes efvekeâueves
pewmes- He knows English. efueKee pee mekeâlee nw hejbleg Heis knowing
Jeeues YeeJeeW keâer ÛeÛee& keâjWies~
English. efueKevee DeMegæ nesiee~
RULE 1 :
(ii) Verbs of Perception-
Present Simple/Indefinite Form of Verbs keâe ØeÙeesie efvecveefueefKele
see, hear, touch, feel, taste, smell FlÙeeefo~ Ùes meYeer keâeÙe& ceeveJeerÙe
YeeJeeW keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nww~
DebieeW-DeebKe, veekeâ, keâeve, neLe FlÙeeefo mes efkeâS peeles nQ~ meeOeejCe DeLe& ceW
(a) Ssmes efÛejvleve melÙe/Øeeke=âeflekeâ efveÙeceeW SJeb efmeæebleeW kesâ efueS efpemekeâe mebyebOe
Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie Continuous Tense kesâ meeLe veneR neslee nw; pewmes-
efkeâmeer keâeueKeb[ mes veneR neslee nw; pewmes-
We smell with our nose.
Sun rises in the East.
Water boils at 100o C. DemLeeÙeer ™he mes keâeÙe& nesves keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Continuous
Honesty is the best policy. Tense ceW Yeer Fve Verbs keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
(b) meYeer keâeue (Yetle, YeefJe<Ùe, Jele&ceeve) ceW nesves Jeeues mLeeF& keâeÙe& Ùee Deeole keâe The Judge is hearing my case.
yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS pewmes- He is smelling a flower.
He lives in Mumbai. (iii) Verbs expressing feelings-
I get up early in the morning. love, hatred, likes, dislikes FlÙeeefo~ Ùes ceeveJeerÙe YeeJeveeSb nQ~ Fvemes
He knows English very well. mLeeefÙelJe keâe yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-'I love him'. DeLee&le ceQ Gmes hÙeej keâjlee ntb~
Ghejesòeâ meYeer JeekeäÙeeW mes keâeÙe& kesâ yeejs ceW mLeeF& ™he mes ØelÙeskeâ meceÙe ceW 'I am loving him'. keâe DeLe& nw 'ceQ Gmes DemLeeÙeer ™he mes kegâÚ osj kesâ efueS
nesves keâe yeesOe neslee nw pewmes– He lives in Bombay. mes Ùen yeesOe nesiee efkeâ hÙeej keâj jne nb't~
Jen Yetlekeâeue ceW Bombay ceW jnlee Lee, Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW Bombay ceW Jen (iv) Verbs expressing relationship-
jne nw Deewj YeefJe<Ùe ceW Yeer Bombay ceW jnsiee~ belong, own, hold, contain, possess FlÙeeefo; pewmes- He belongs
(c) Yetlekeâeefuekeâ ef›eâÙee Ùee Ssefleneefmekeâ Iešvee keâes Fme Øekeâej JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ to me. He is belonging to me veneR nes mekeâlee nw keäÙeeWekf eâ mebyebOe kegâÚ osj
efueS pewmes Jen Jele&ceeve ceW Ieefšle nes jner nw~ Fme Øekeâej keâe ØeÙeesie meeOeejCele: kesâ efueS veneR nes mekeâlee nw~
RULE 3 : Present Perfect Tense RULE 7 : Past Perfect Tense
 legjble meceehle ngS efkeâmeer keâeÙe& keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Fme Tense keâe  Yetlekeâeue ceW meceehle ngS oes keâeÙeeX ceW mes henues meceehle ngS keâeÙe& kesâ efueS
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- Past Perfect Tense keâe leLee yeeo ceW meceehle ngS keâeÙe& kesâ efueS Past
Ram has just left for school.
Indefinite Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
 Present Perfect Tense mes keâeÙe& kesâ Jele&ceeve meceÙe mes pegÌ[s jnves keâe Yeer
The Train had left before I reached the station.
yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
 hejbleg peye Yetlekeâeue ceW meceehle ngS oes keâeÙeeX mes Ùen yeesOe nes efkeâ ØeLece keâeÙe&
I have lived here since 1980.
meceehle nesves kesâ legjvle yeeo (Immediately) otmeje keâeÙe& meceehle ngDee nw leye
 Present Perfect Tense kesâ meeLe Ssmes 'Adverbs of T ime' keâe ØeÙeesie
oesveeW keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS Past Indefinite Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw;
veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw efpevemes Yetlekeâeue keâe yeesOe neslee nes; pewmes-
pewm es-
He has come yesterday. DeMegæ nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ 'yesterday' Yetlekeâeue The Train started just before I reached the station.
keâe Åeeslekeâ nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe keâes Megæ keâjkesâ Fme Øekeâej efueKee pee mekeâlee nw- He RULE 8 : Past Perfect Continuous Tense
came yesterday.
 Yetlekeâeue ceW efkeâmeer keâeÙe& kesâ yengle meceÙe lekeâ peejer jnves keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ
RULE 4 : Present Perfect Continuous Tense
efueS Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie Ssmes keâeÙeeX keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee She had been working.
nw pees Yetlekeâeue ceW ØeejbYe neskeâj Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW Yeer peejer nes; pewmes- RULE 9 : FutureIndefiniteTense
It has been raining since T uesday.
RULE 5 : Past Indefinite Tense
 YeefJe<Ùekeâeue ceW meeceevÙe ™he mes nesves Jeeues keâeÙe& keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS
efvecveefueefKele DeLeeX keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
I shall go to Lucknow tomorrow.
peelee nw– Tomorrow will be holiday.
 Ssmes keâeÙeeX keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS pees Yetlekeâeue ceW meceehle nes ieS neW-  FÛÚe, mebkeâuhe, ÛesleeJeveer keâe YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer Fme Tense keâe
pewmes - ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
'She wrote a letter'. Fmekeâe DeLe& nw 'Gmeves he$e efueKeves keâe keâece hetjer We shall do our duty.
lejn meceehle keâj efoÙee nw’~ They shall get a reward.
I will take the exam next month.
 Yetlekeâeue ceW nesves Jeeueer efkeâmeer Deeole keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS; pewmes-
 Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW hejeceMe&/efveJesove keâe YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer
He used to smoke.
Future Indefinite Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
 had better, had rather, had sooner, would rather FlÙeeefo Past Shall I make coffee for you.
Tense ceW nQ hejbleg Fvemes Present Time (Jele&ceeve keâeue) keâe yeesOe neslee nw; You shall go now.
pewm es- RULE 10 : Future Continuous Tense
You had better go. keâe DeLe& nw It is better for you to go.  YeefJe<Ùe ceW kegâÚ meceÙe lekeâ peejer jnves Jeeues keâeÙe& keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS
 would, could, might, should FlÙeeefo Past Tense ceW nbw hejbleg Fvemes Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nwb; pewmes-
Ram will be staying there.
Yeer Present Time keâe yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
RULE 11 : Future Perfect Tense
'Might I use your pen'. keâe DeLe& nw 'keäÙee ceQ Deehekeâe keâuece Fmlesceeue
 YeefJe<Ùe ceW Skeâ efveefMÛele meceÙe lekeâ meceehle nes Ûegkesâ jnves Jeeues keâeÙeeX keâe
keâj mekeâlee ntb’~
yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes -
 Devegceeve/FÛÚe keâe yeesOe keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
He will have finished the novel by next week.
peelee nw; pewmes-  Yetlekeâeue mes mebbyebOe jKeves Jeeues mebYeeJevee Ùee Devegceeve keâe YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjves
I wish I were a king. Fve JeekeäÙeeW mes Present Time keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ kesâ efueS Yeer Future Perfect Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
RULE 6 : Past Continuous Tense You will have seen this play. (MeeÙeo Deeheves Ùen veeškeâ osKee
 Yetlekeâeue ceW peejer jnves Jeeues keâeÙe& keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Ùee Yetlekeâeue keâer nesi ee)
efkeâmeer Deeole keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Fme Tense keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; RULE 12 : Future Perfect Continuous Tense
pewm es- Fme Tense mes keâeÙe& kesâ YeefJe<Ùe ceW yengle meceÙe lekeâ peejer jnves keâe yeesOe
He was reading. neslee nw; pewmes-
He always somking. He shall have been writing a novel.

5. ADVERB (ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe) Ùeneb henues JeekeäÙe ceW 'more' (Comparative Degree) kesâ meeLe 'much'
keâe SJeb otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW Positive Degree kesâ meeLe 'very' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Adverb keâe DeLe& nw ‘‘ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe’’; efnboer JÙeekeâjCe ceW ef›eâÙee- ieÙee nw pees efkeâ Megæ nw~
efJeMes<eCe kesâJeue ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw peyeefkeâ Deb«espeer JÙeekeâjCe ceW Superlative Degree kesâ meeLe Yeer 'much' SJeb 'very' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
'Adverb' Verb, Adjective leLee DevÙe Adverb keâer Yeer efJeMes<elee yeleelee peelee nw, hejbleg Deblej Ùen nw efkeâ 'much' kesâ meeLe Article 'the' keâe ØeÙeesie
nw~ 'much' kesâ yeeo leLee 'very' kesâ meeLe Article 'the' keâe ØeÙeesie 'very' kesâ henues
RULE 1 : neslee nw; pewmes-
Too – 'Too' keâe DeLe& neslee nw Flevee efpelevee veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ 'Too' Mahesh is much the best student in the class.
keâe ØeÙeesie bad sense ceW neslee nw, good sense ceW veneR~ Good sense ceW Mahesh is the very best student in the class.
'too' kesâ mLeeve hej 'very' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes- RULE 5 : very much, too much, much too and only too-
Ramesh is too glad to meet his friend. 'very much' keâe DeLe& nw DelÙeefOekeâ, 'too much' SJeb 'much too' keâe
Fme JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw- 'jcesMe Deheves efce$e keâes osKekeâj Flevee KegMe ngDee DeLe& nw Glevee DeefOekeâ efpelevee veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS; 'only too' keâe DeLe& nw yengle
efpelevee KegMe veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS'~ Fme JeekeäÙe keâes good sense ceW Fme Øekeâej (very) ~
efueKe mekeâles nQ- GoenjCe :
Ramesh is very glad to meet his friend. I am very much glad to see my friend.
GoenjCe : I am only too glad to see my friend.
You are becoming too much painful to me.
Mahesh is too weak in language.
RULE 6 : Presently, shortly and directly-
It is too hot to drink.
Presently keâe DeLe& neslee nw 'MeerIeÇ SJeb DeYeer' (at present); pewmes-
"Too" keâe DeLe& ‘Yeer’ SJeb ‘kesâ Deefleefjòeâ’ (also, in addition to) Yeer
Presently I am working as a lecturer.
neslee nw~ Fme DeLe& ceW "Too" keâe ØeÙeesie Affirmative Sentence ceW neslee nw;
Shortly SJeb Directly keâe DeLe& neslee nw 'DeefleMeerIeÇ'; pewmes-
pewmes– Ram will go shortly/directly.
She lost her book and pen too. RULE 7 :
RULE 2 : Enough - Presently SJeb Just now oesveeW keâe DeLe& neslee nw MeerIeÇ efkebâleg Presently
Ùen 'Adverb of Quantity' nw, pees cee$ee keâe yeesOe keâjelee nw~ Ùen keâe ØeÙeesie Future Action kesâ efueS leLee just now keâe ØeÙeesie Past
efpeme Adjective Ùee Adverb keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw meowJ e Gmekesâ yeeo Action kesâ efueS neslee nw; pewmes-
Deelee nw; pewmes- Ram has gone just now.
Sita is kind enough to help me. Ram will go presently.
He is bold enough to face the problem. RULE 8 : Hard and Hardly -
RULE 3 : Little – 'Hard' keâe DeLe& nw keâef"ve leLee 'Hardly' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘MeeÙeo ner
Adjective keâer Yeebefle Adverb ceW Yeer 'little' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘kegâÚ keâYeer ‘‘pewmes -
Ram works hard. Ram hardly works.
Yeer veneR ‘‘leLee 'a Little' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘LeesÌ[e yengle‘‘; pewmes-
ØeLece JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw efkeâ 'jece keâef"ve heefjßece keâjlee nw' peyeefkeâ otmejs
After separation from her husband she was little unhappy.
JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw efkeâ 'jece MeeÙeo ner keâYeer heefjßece keâjlee nw'~
keânvee ieuele nesiee keäÙeeWefkeâ heefle mes Deueie nesves hej Gmes kegâÚ Yeer ogKe ve
RULE 9 : Late , Lately and Recently-
ngDee nes Ssmee veneR nes mekeâlee~ Ùeneb hej 'little' kesâ mLeeve hej 'a little' keâe 'Late' keâe DeLe& neslee nw osj mes leLee 'Lately' SJeb 'Recently' keâe DeLe&
ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~ neslee nw DeYeer legjble ceW; pewmes-
RULE 4 : Much– Ram came late.
Ùen Comparative Degree Jeeues Adjective leLee Adverb keâer efJeMes<elee Ram has come lately/recently.
yeleelee nw~ Positive Degree kesâ meeLe 'much' kesâ mLeeve hej 'very' keâe Ùeneb ØeLece JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw 'jece osj mes DeeÙee' leLee otmejs JeekeäÙe keâe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- DeLe& nw 'jece DeYeer legjble ner DeeÙee nw'~ 'Lately' keâe ØeÙeesie Present Perfect
Mahesh is much more intelligent than Shyam. Tense ceW neslee nw leLee 'Recently' keâe ØeÙeesie Present Perfect Tense Ùee
Mahesh is very intelligent. Present Indefinite Tense ceW neslee nw~

RULE 10 : Since/Ever since- ØeLece JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw- 'meerlee keâer uebyeeF& Fleveer nw efkeâ Jen DeÛÚer
JeekeäÙe ceW Adverb kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ ueieleer nw' leLee otmejs JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw - 'meerlee keâer uebyeeF& DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes
nesves hej 'since' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘leye mes’’ SJeb 'ever since' keâe DeLe& DeefOekeâ nw efpememes Jen DeÛÚer veneR ueieleer nw'~
neslee nw ‘‘Deye lekeâ’’; pewmes- RULE 17 : There–
He has been working here since 1979. peye JeekeäÙe ceW Subject kesâ DeefveMÛeÙe keâer efmLeefle nes leLee JeekeäÙe ceW meceÙe
'Since' kesâ meeLe meowJ e Present Perfect Continuous Tense keâe keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS efkeâmeer Adverb Ùee Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nes
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmemes 'Point of Time' keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ leye JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejbYe ceW 'T here' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmes Introductory
RULE 11 :
'T here' keânles nQ; pewmes -
Else kesâ meeLe meowJ e 'But' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, 'T han' keâe veneR~ There is a pen on the table.
RULE 12 :
Fme JeekeäÙe keâes Fme Øekeâej efueKevee DeMegæ nesiee- A pen is on the
Seldom kesâ
meeLe meowJ e 'or never' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, 'or table.
ever' keâe veneR; pewmes- RULE 18 : All and Quite–
He seldom or never does a good job. Fve oesveeW keâe ner DeLe& neslee nw, 'hetjer lejn'~ Dele: Adverb kesâ ™he ceW
RULE 13 :
oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ meeLe veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes -
Before SJeb Ago Fve oesveeW keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘henues’’ hejbleg 'Ago' keâe He is alright.
ØeÙeesie kesâJeue Past Tense ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw SJeb 'Before' keâe ØeÙeesie Past He is quite well.
SJeb Future oesveeW Tenses ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùes oesveeW JeekeäÙe Megæ nwb hejbleg He is quite alright. DeMegæ JeekeäÙe nesiee~
RULE 14 : Yes SJeb No - RULE 19 :
Affirmative Sentence kesâ efueS 'Yes' keâe leLee Negative Sentence Adverb kesâ henues Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie veneRneslee, Dele: Rapidly,
kesâ efueS 'No' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes- Slowly, Patiently FlÙeeefo kesâ meeLe efkeâmeer Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie veneR
Are you prepared? keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
Yes, I am. You are taking the problem with patiently and confidently
No, I am not.
ceW keâe ØeÙeesie DeMegæ nw, 'with' kesâ meeLe JeekeäÙe yeveeves kesâ efueS Adverb
'with'
Fme Øekeâej Gòej osvee ieuele nw; pewmes- "Yes I am not." Ùee" No I
'patiently' SJeb 'confidently' keâes Noun ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjvee nesiee; pewmes-
am." He is taking the problem with patience and confidence.
RULE 15 : No, Not, None-
Adject ive (Posit ive SJeb Comp arative Degree), Adverb
 Position of Adverb
(Comparative Degree) leLee Noun kesâ hetJe& 'No' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; Deye ØeMve G"lee nw efkeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Adverb keâe mLeeve keâneb nes? pewmee
pewm es- efkeâ henues yeleeÙee pee Ûegkeâe nw efkeâ Adverb, Verb, Adjective leLee DevÙe
I have no shirt. Adverb keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw~ Dele: Adverb keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe ceW FvneR kesâ
I have no white shirt.
henues nesvee ÛeeefnS, eEkeâleg Fvekesâ kegâÚ DeheJeeo nQ~ FvneR efveÙeceeW keâe GuuesKe
Positive Degree Adverb kesâ hetJe& 'No' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Noun Ùee Adjective kesâ hetJe& a, an keâe ØeÙeesie nesves hej 'Not' keâe ØeÙeesie nce veerÛes keâj jns nQ-
neslee nw; pewmes- RULE 1 : The Split Infinitive-
Not even a single man has come. Adverb keâes 'to' Deewj Verb kesâ yeerÛe jKevee JÙeekeâjCe keâer Yetue nw~ Ùeefo
Auxiliary Verb kesâ yeeo Not keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve Øekeâej mes neslee nw-
Ram doesn't go.
efkeâmeer Verb kesâ meeLe 'to' ueiee ngDee nw lees Gme Verb keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeves kesâ
Ram didn't go. efueS Adverb keâe ØeÙeesie "erkeâ Gme Verb kesâ hetJe& ve keâjkesâ Gmekesâ meeLe ueies
RULE 16 : Fairly Ùee Rather- ngS 'to' kesâ hetJe& Ùee Verb kesâ yeeo DeLe& kesâ Devegmeej keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
oesveeW ner Adverb of Quantity nQ hejbleg Deblej Ùen nw efkeâ 'Fairly' keâe I request him to kindly leave the room. (DeMegæ)
ØeÙeesie good sense ceW leLee 'Rather' keâe ØeÙeesie bad sense ceW efkeâÙee peelee
Ùeneb 'kindly' keâe ØeÙeesie 'to' kesâ hetJe& nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Dele: Megæ JeekeäÙe
nw; pewmes -
Sita is fairly tall. nesi ee-
Sita is rather tall. I request him kindly to leave the room.

RULE 2 : Every, almost, only, least- Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- meceÙe (Time) kesâ efueS with, by,
Fve Adverbs kesâ JeekeäÙe ceW mLeeve (Position) mes JeekeäÙe kesâ DeLe& hej from, since FlÙeeefo keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Deb«espeer ceW ner with keâe Yeer DeLe&
ØeYeeJe heÌ[lee nw, Dele: JeekeäÙe ceW Fvekeâe mLeeve DeLee&vegmeej nesvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes - ‘mes’ neslee nw leLee by keâe Yeer DeLe& ‘mes’ neslee nw~ FvneR efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâes OÙeeve
Only Ram ran. ceW jKekeâj nce 'Preposition' kesâ efveÙeceeW SJeb GheefveÙeceeW keâe GuuesKe Ùeneb
Ram only ran.
keâj jns nQ~
Ùeneb henues JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw 'kesâJeue jece oewÌ[e DevÙe keâesF& veneR'~ otmejs
JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& nw 'jece kesâJeue oewÌ[e DevÙe keâesF& keâece veneR efkeâÙee'~  Preposition kesâ Øekeâej
RULE 3 :   Time (meceÙe yeesOekeâ) -
Adverb keâe ØeÙeesie meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee leLee cegKÙe ef›eâÙee kesâ yeerÛe ceW neslee at, by, between, before, after, during, in, on, to, from, for,
since, until, till; pewmes-
nw; pewmes -
at 5 O' clock, on Monday, during winter.
He is patiently losing.
RULE 4 : Place/Position (mLeeve/efmLeefle yeesOekeâ)
Adverb keâe mLeeve Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Adverbial Phrase at, above, against, before, behind, in, on, over, under;pewmes
at office, over the head, on the table, under a tree.
leLee Clause kesâ hetJe& neslee nw; pewmes -
He is working very intelligently. (adv.+adv.)   Direction (efoMee yeesOekeâ) -
above, into, to,on,towards,up,down; pewmes-
He is very intelligent worker. (adv. + adj.)
climbed up, jumped into river.
He sat just behind you. (adv.+phrase)
Relation (mebyebOe yeesOekeâ) -
RULE 5 :
between, among, amongst; pewmes-
Adverb of T ime, Place, Manner keâe mLeeve Verb kesâ
yeeo Deelee
friendship between, unity among.
nw leLee JeekeäÙe ceW Object jnves hej Fvekeâe mLeeve Object kesâ yeeo Deelee nw;   Destination (iebleJÙe yeesOekeâ) -
pewm es - to,from; pewmes-
He ran quickly. going to market, coming from school.
He came here.
 State/Condition (oMee/DeJemLee yeesOekeâ)
He came here last month.
RULE 6 : at, in, on, under ; hejbleg DeJemLee ceW heefjJele&ve keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS
Adverb of Frequency keâe ØeÙeesie Auxiliary Verb kesâ yeeo leLee into leLee to keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
  Cause (keâejCe yeesOekeâ) -
DevÙe Verb kesâ hetJe& neslee nw; pewmes -
from, for, of,with ; pewmes-
She is always late.
died from, sick with.
He always laughs.
Deueie nesves (Separation) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS from, of, off keâe
RULE 7 : ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- leaves from, jumped off, cut off.
peye JeekeäÙe ceW Adverb of Manner, Time, Place keâe Skeâ meeLe ØeÙeesie  Measurement/Standard (ceeheob[/ceevekeâ yeesOekeâ) -
nesvee nes lees meyemes henues Adverb of Manner, efHeâj Adverb of Place at, by, for, to ; pewmes-
Deewj Deble ceW Adverb of T ime keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes - good at, rather for.
She acts boldly at the stage within hours. Origin (Glheefòe/Godiece yeesOekeâ) -
6. PREPOSITION (mecegÛ ÛeÙeyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe) from,of ; pewmes -
efnboer SJeb Deb«espeer MeyokeâesMeeW kesâ Devegmeej Preposition (efJeYeefòeâ) keâer Essays of Dickens, from the library.
heefjYee<ee Fme Øekeâej nw-   Means (keâeÙe&-meeOeve yeesOekeâ) -
Preposition- An indeclinable word put before another word to by,in,without,with ; pewmes -
by car/bus/air, written in ink, see with, written by.
show the relation which one thing bears with another.
Ghejesòeâ kesâ Deefleefjòeâ DeheJeeo (Exception) kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS- 'but'
efJeYeefòeâ- Meyo ceW ueieves Jeeuee Meyo nw efpememes Gme Meyo keâe ef›eâÙee mes mebyebOe
SJeb 'except' keâe, he#e-efJehe#e (Support/Opposition) kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS -
meteÛf ele neslee nw~ 'for' SJeb 'against' keâe; {bie/lejerkeâe (Manner) kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS- 'like' SJeb
efnboer JÙeekeâjCe ceW kesâJeue meele-Dee" Prepositions (efJeYeefòeâÙeeW) mes 'with' keâe, DeefOekeâej (Possession) kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS- 'on' keâe leLee ÙeÅeefhe/
keâece Ûeue peelee nw, Ùes nQ- keâes, mes, ceW, hej, ves, kesâ, kesâ efueS FlÙeeefo~ Deb«espeer leLeeefhe (Concession) kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS - 'in spite of' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
JÙeekeâjCe ceW Deveskeâ Preposition nQ leLee Skeâ ner DeLe& kesâ efueS ope&veeW peelee nw~
Rule 1 : Between and Among   ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ meeOeveeW kesâ henues ‘by’ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw hejbleg efkeâmeer
(a) 'Between' kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeues oes Noun Ùee Pronoun 'and' mes peesÌ[s efJeMes<e ÙeeleeÙeele meeOeve kesâ efueS Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nsQ; pewmes-
peeles nQ~ FvnW pees[Ì ves kesâ efueS 'to' Ùee 'or' ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw; pewmes- He goes by bus/car/air.
It is between Sita and Radha. She goes in her own car.
(b) 'Between' kesâ yeeo Distributive Pronoun 'each' Deewj 'every' keâe   ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ meeOeveeW kesâ meeLe a/an + adjective jnves hej Yeer 'in' keâe
ØeÙeesie veneR nes mekeâlee nw, keäÙeeWekf eâ 'Between' kesâ yeeo meowJe Plural Noun Ùee ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
Pronoun Deelee nw peyeefkeâ 'each' SJeb 'every' Singular Pronoun nQ; He is going in a new car.
pewm es-   ‘Foot ’ leLee ‘Horse Back’ kesâ efueS Preposition ‘on’ keâe ØeÙeesie
It is between each boy. DeMegæ nw, peyeefkeâ It is between two efkeâÙee peelee nw ‘by’ keâe veneR; pewmes-
He travels on foot/horse back.
boys. Megæ nw~
(c) 'Between' kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeues Noun SJeb Pronoun meowJ e Objective
  Unit of Time/Length/Rate/Weight/Measurement keâe yeesOe
keâjeves kesâ efueS Yeer 'by' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
case ceW jnles nQ; pewmes-
  keâejCe yeleeves kesâ efueS Yeer 'with' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
It is between him and me. (Ùeneb me kesâ mLeeve hej I keâe ØeÙeesie
Her eyes are red with tears.
DeMegæ neslee)~
RULE 5 : In and After
(d) 'Between' keâe ØeÙeesie oes JemlegDeeW Ùee JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ meeLe neslee nw, 'Among' keâe Fve oesveeW keâe ner ØeÙeesie Period of T ime keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS neslee
ØeÙeesie oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDe W kesâ meeLe neslee nw; pewmes- nw~ Period of T ime keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS Future Tense kesâ meeLe 'in'
Distribute the sweets between two boys.
Distribute the sweets among all boys. keâe leLee Past Tense kesâ meeLe 'After' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
He will come in a month.
(e) 'Between' keâe ØeÙeesie oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW
kesâ efueS Yeer nes
He came after a month.
mekeâlee nw, Ùeefo FveceW hejmhej menÙeesie Ùee mebyebOe keâe YeeJe Glhevve neslee nes; RULE 6 : In and Within
pewm es- ‘In’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘kesâ yeeo’ leLee ‘within ’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘kesâ
There is a treaty between five great powers.
RULE 2 : Among and Amongst henues’; pewmes-
efpeme Noun Ùee Pronoun kesâ efueS 'Among' Ùee 'Amongst' keâe She will come in a week. keâe DeLe& nw- ‘Jen Skeâ mehleen yeerleves kesâ
ØeÙeesie keâjvee nes, Fmekesâ efueS efveÙece Ùen nw efkeâ Ùeefo Noun Ùee Pronoun yeeo DeeSieer’ leLee She will come within a week. keâe DeLe& nw- ‘Jen Skeâ
mJej (Vowel) mes ØeejbYe neslee nes lees 'Amongst' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee; Ùeefo mehleen yeerleves kesâ henues DeeSieer~’
Rule 7 : In and Into
Noun Ùee Pronoun kesâ yeeo 'T he' DeeS lees 'Among' Ùee 'Amongst'
Jemleg kesâ meeceevÙe DeJemLee ceW jnves hej ‘in’ keâe leLee Skeâ efoMee mes
oesveeW ceW mes efkeâmeer keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw; Fvekesâ Deefleefjòeâ DevÙe
otmejer efoMee ceW ieefle keâe yeesOe nesves hej ‘into ’ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
meYeer oMeeDeeW ceW 'Among' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ ÙeLee - amongst us, amongst Ramesh is in the house.
the men, among the men.
Please come into the house.
RULE 3 : Besides and Beside   'in' mes hesMes (Occupation) keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
'Besides' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘kesâ Deefleefjòeâ’ (In addition to) leLee I am in business. He is in politics.
'Beside' keâe neslee nw- ‘meceerhe’, ‘yeieue ceW’ Ùee ‘yeenj’; Dele: Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie   'in' mes ceeOÙece/meeOeve (Medium/Means) keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
Fmeer DeLe& ceW keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ writing in Hindi, written in ink.
RULE 4 : With and By 'into' mes DeJemLee heefjJele&ve keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
efvepeeaJe meeOeveeW kesâ meeLe ‘with’ keâe leLee mepeerJe meeOeveeW kesâ meeLe ‘by’ Water changed into ice.
keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- RULE 8 : at, in/on
He is beaten by me with a stick. 'At' keâe ØeÙeesie Úesšs mLeeve SJeb meceÙe kesâ meeLe leLee In keâe ØeÙeesie yeÌ[s
(Ùeneb hej 'me' (mepeerJe) kesâ efueS 'by' keâe leLee 'stick' (efvepeeaJe) kesâ efueS mLeeve SJeb meceÙe kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes- In Australia, at Melbourne,
'with' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw)~ at night, in the morning, in the evening.
  efvepeeaJe meeOeve kesâ meeLe Yeer 'by' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw Ùeefo Jen mepeerJe Note :
meeOeve keâer Yeebelf e keâeÙe& keâjs; pewmes- peye morning/evening/afternoon kesâ meeLe of the date DeeS lees
What is time by your watch? Fvekesâ meeLe Preposition 'on' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
I went on the morning of the 15th June.  Measurement (ceehe-leewue) kesâ DeLe& ceW of keâe ØeÙeesie-
 kegâÚ Verbs kesâ meeLe Preposition ‘at’ keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve DeLeeX ceW neslee He bought a kilo of fish.
nw-  Distance (otjer) kesâ DeLe& ceW of keâe ØeÙeesie-
Value- Rice sells at Rs. 295 per quintal.
My office is within a kilometre of Ram's house.
Situation- I am at work.
 off-
Occupation- He is good hand at painting.
 mehleen kesâ efoveeW kesâ meeLe 'on' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw pewmes- 'off' Deueie (separation) nesves kesâ DeLe& ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw; pewmes-
on Monday, on Sunday. The cat jumped off the table.
RULE 9 : In and On  of and from-
efkeâmeer mLeeve hej jnves keâer meeceevÙe efmLeefle kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueS 'in' keâe leLee oesveeW ner make / made kesâ meeLe Jemleg / meeceeve yeveeves keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ
DeeefOekeâeefjkeâ efmLeefle keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS ‘on’ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes- efueS ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ, hejbleg Jemleg keâer DeJemLee pÙeeW keâer lÙeeW jnves hej 'make of'
I am in the room. ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw peyeefkeâ Jemleg keâer DeJemLee ceW heefjJele&ve nesves hej 'made from'
I am on the committee.
ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw; pewmes -
meceÙe mes kegâÚ henues keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS 'in time' keâe leLee Skeâoce The glass is made of steel.
"erkeâ meceÙe hej, keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS 'on time' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Butter is made from milk.
'To time' keâe DeLe& neslee nw efkeâ keâeÙe& 'T ime Table' kesâ meceÙe mes nes jne RULE 13 : For and Since
nw; pewmes-  For/Since keâe ØeÙeesie Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Present &
Train is running to time. Past Perfect Continuous Tense kesâ meeLe neslee nw~
RULE 10 : On and At  Period of T ime kesâ efueS 'For' keâe leLee Point of Time kesâ efueS
meceÙe keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS 'on' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer efveefMÛele efove Ùee 'Since' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
efleefLe kesâ henues neslee nw leLee 'At' keâe ØeÙeesie Iebšs kesâ henues neslee nw; Radha has been ill for two months.
pewmes- I shall go on Thursday at 5O' clock. Radha has been ill since Sunday.
RULE 14 : For and During
 On Deewj At mes mLeeve keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
'For' SJeb 'During' oesveeW keâe ner ØeÙeesie 'Period of T ime' kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
on the table, at school.
RULE 11 : By/Before/Within peelee nw~ Deblej Ùen nw efkeâ 'For' kesâ meeLe Period of Time DeefveefMÛele jnlee
(a) By/Before keâe ØeÙeesie Point of T ime keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS nw peyeefkeâ 'During' kesâ meeLe Period of Time efveefMÛele jnlee nw; pewmes-
neslee nw leLee 'within' keâe ØeÙeesie Period of Time kesâ efueS neslee nw~ 'By' keâe For amonth / long time
During summer / winter / 1943
DeLe& neslee nw-efkeâmeer efveefMÛele meceÙe lekeâ leLee 'before' SJeb 'within' keâe DeLe& RULE 15 : Since and From
neslee nw-efkeâmeer efveefMÛele meceÙe mes henues; pewmes- meceÙe kesâ DeLe& ceW 'Since' keâe ØeÙeesie Past Time kesâ efueS leLee From keâe
I will start before/by 6 O' clock.
I will come within a week.
ØeÙeesie meYeer Tenses ceW Point of T ime kesâ efueS neslee nw~
(Ghejesòeâ GoenjCe ceW '6 O' clock' Point of Time nw, peyeefkeâ 'week' veesš :
Period of Time nw~ By 6 O' clock keâe DeLe& nw "erkeâ 6 yepes leLee Before efvecve DeLeeX kesâ efueS Yeer From ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw-
Starting point, giver or sender, lower limit, separation,
6 O' clock keâe DeLe& nw 6 yepes mes henues) material, difference, source.
(b) By Deewj Before mes mLeeve keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee nw~ mLeeve kesâ DeLe& ceW 'By' RULE 16 :
keâe DeeMeÙe neslee nw-efkeâveejs hej/yeieue ceW leLee 'Before' keâe DeeMeÙe neslee nw- efvecveefueefKele DeLeeX ceW Preposition "to" keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
meeceves; pewmes–  Object (keâce&) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS-
He sat before his friend. (meeceves) I spoke to him.
He sat by his friend. (yeieue ceW)  Direction (efoMee) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS-
RULE 12 : of/off/ from Please turn left to right.
 Source (m$eesle) kesâ DeLe& ceW of keâe ØeÙeesie-  Place (mLeeve) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS-
He comes of a rich country. He begs from door to door.
 Cause (keâejkeâ) kesâ DeLe& ceW of keâe ØeÙeesie-  Comparison (leguevee) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS-
These are the pages of The Hindu. We prefer writing to reading.
India won the match by five goals to three. RULE 19 :
Ram is superior/inferior to Shyam. Transitive Verbkesâ meeLe Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw; pewmes-
 Time (meceÙe) keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueS– He discussed on the problem. ceW 'on' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
It is quarter to eight.
RULE 20 :
I am working from 5 am to 7 am.
RULE 17 : kegâÚ Preposition SJeb Gvekesâ ØeÙeesie - JeekeäÙe ceW oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ MeyoeW keâes peesÌ[ves hej Gvekesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ
Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ Deiej Gve meYeer kesâ efueS Skeâ ner
(i) About
Preposition GheÙegòeâ nes lees Deble ceW Skeâ Preposition ueiee efoÙee peelee nw,
 mebyebOe yeesOekeâ - Be careful about your health.
 mLeeve yeesOekeâ - I am walking about the town. hejbleg Ùeefo Gve meYeer kesâ efueS Deueie-Deueie Preposition nes lees meYeer MeyoeW
 meceÙe yeesOekeâ - Work is about to finish. kesâ henues Gvekesâ appropriate preposition ueieevee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
He is not only hopeful but also confident of success.
(ii) After We should prevent damage to Railway property.
 meceÙe yeesOekeâ - Please meet after lunch. We should prevent theft of Railway property.
 Mewueer yeesOekeâ - The poem is after Surdas. Ùeneb ØeLece GoenjCe ceW ØeÙegòeâ Meyo 'hopeful' leLee 'confident' oesveeW
 efvejblejlee yeesOekeâ - Day after day, week after week. kesâ efueS preposition 'of ' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw hejbleg GoenjCe efÉleerÙe ceW
(iii) Above damage kesâ efueS Preposition 'to' nw peyeefkeâ GoenjCe le=leerÙe ceW theft kesâ
 mLeeve yeesOekeâ - Above the clouds. efueS Preposition 'of ' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
 ßes‰lee yeesOekeâ - Above his position. RULE 21 : Position of Preposition
(iv) Against Preposition meeceevÙele: JeekeäÙe ceW Noun/Pronoun kesâ henues ØeÙegòeâ
 efJejesOe metÛekeâ - I am against his views. neslee nw~ efvecve DeJemLee ceW Preposition Noun/Pronoun kesâ yeeo ØeÙegòeâ
 mLeeve yeesOekeâ - Ladder is against the roof. neslee nw –
 leguevee yeesOekeâ - There is five million production against a (i) Interrogative Sentence ceW;pewmes-
three hundred last year. What are you looking at?
(v)At (ii) Relative Pronoun (Object) keâe ueeshe nesves hej; pewmes-
 Please reach at 9 O' clock. (meceÙe) The boy you are looking at is my brother.
 Ram is at office. (mLeeve)
 He is at ten. (Gceü)
7. CONJUNCTION (mebÙeespekeâ)
 He is looking at her. (efoMee) Conjunction keâes efnboer ceW ‘mebÙeespekeâ’ keânles nQ~ Conjunction Éeje
 Wheat sells at Rs 3/- a kilo (cetuÙe) JeekeäÙeeW keâes Deeheme ceW pees[Ì e peelee nw~ Ùeneb nce Conjunctions kesâ ØeÙeesie keâer
 Car is runing at 40 kmph. (ieefle) ÛeÛee& keâjWies~
RULE 18 : RULE 1 : Correlatives
efvecveefueefKele kegâÚ Verbs /Adjectives Ssmes nQ efpevekesâ meeLe ueieves Jeeues Deb«espeer kesâ kegâÚ Conjunctions Ssmes nQ pees meowJ e Ùegice (Pair) yeveekeâj
Preposition efveefMÛele nbw~ Fvekesâ meeLe efveefMÛele Preposition kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efkeâS peeles nQ~ FvnW Correlative Conjunction keânles nw; Ùes efvecveJele
verb + ing ueielee nw~ efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW keâes ÛeeefnS efkeâ FvnW kebâ"mLe keâj ueW-
nQ-
abstain from, aim at, assist in, bent on, confident of, desirous either------or, neither------nor, both------and, not only------
of, delete from, despair of, desist from, disqualified from, excuse but also, as much------as, as well-------as, though------yet, no
for, fortunate in, hinder from, hopeful of, insist on, intend on, sooner------than, hardly/scarcel y------when/ before.
mediate on, negligent in, passion for, persist in, prevent from, GheÙeg&òeâ Correlative meowJ e peesÌ[s kesâ meeLe jnles nQ, DeLee&le 'either' kesâ meeLe
pride in, prohibit from, proud of, refrain from, repent of, succeed 'or' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee, 'neither' kesâ meeLe 'nor' keâe leLee hardly/scarcely kesâ
in, think of. meeLe 'when' Ùee 'before' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee; pewmes-
GoenjCe : Either he or she will come.
He prevented me from doing it. Neither you nor I want to go.
I am desirous of going. Hardly had he reached when train arrived.
I am hopeful of passing. GheÙeg&òeâ meYeer JeekeäÙe Megæ nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ ØelÙeskeâ ceW mener Correlative keâe
He persists in doing this. ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ Ùeefo nce GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes otmejs JeekeäÙe keâes Fme Øekeâej efueKeW-
Neither you or I want to go. lees Ùen JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nesiee keäÙeeWekf eâ Ùeneb RULE 4 : No, Not, Never as Conjunction
No, Not, Never kesâ Éeje Ùeefo keâesF& JeekeäÙe peesÌ[e peelee nw lees Fvekesâ
'Neither' kesâ meeLe 'or' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ 'Neither' kesâ meeLe meowJ e
'nor' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
yeeo otmejs peesÌ[s kesâ ™he ceW 'or' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, 'nor 'keâe veneR;
RULE 2 : Position of Correlatives pewm es-
I have no pen or pencil.
Correlatives keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles meceÙe JeekeäÙe ceW Fvekesâ mLeeve (Position)
He never sleeps or sits.
keâe efJeMes<e OÙeeve jKevee heÌ[lee nw~ FveceW mes Skeâ Yeeie efpeme Parts of RULE 5 : Other SJeb Rather
Speech kesâ henues ØeÙegòeâ nesiee otmeje Yeeie Yeer Gmeer Parts of Speech kesâ 'Other' SJeb 'Rather' kesâ meeLe meowJ e 'than' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw 'to' Ùee
henues ØeÙegòeâ nesiee; pewmes - Neither------nor ceW Neither Ùeefo Noun kesâ 'but' keâe veneR; pewmes-
henues ØeÙegòeâ nesiee lees Nor Yeer Noun kesâ ner henues ØeÙegòeâ nesiee~ He is no other than my friend.
GoenjCe : RULE 6 : As/Just as/Like
I saw neither he nor she.

FveceWs mes ØelÙeskeâ keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘pewmes’ Ùee ‘meceeve’ hejbleg Deblej Ùen nw
efkeâ 'As' leLee 'Just as' kesâ meeLe Objective Case keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙe ceW 'neither' Pronoun (he) kesâ hetJe& ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw lees
nw; pewmes-
'nor' Yeer Pronoun (she) kesâ hetJe& ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw~ You are like me.
otmeje JeekeäÙe ueW – He is as good as I.
I neither saw he nor she. 'Just as' keâe ØeÙeesie Past Tense kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùen JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW Neither------nor keâe ØeLece Note :
Yeeie Neither Verb (saw) kesâ henues ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw peyeefkeâ otmeje Yeeie 'nor' Ùeefo As JeekeäÙe ceW Transitive Verb Ùee Preposition keâe Object nes
Pronoun (she) kesâ henues ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw~
lees 'As' kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Noun Ùee Pronoun meowJ e Objective Case
ceW jnlee nw; pewmes-
GoenjCe : Ram loves her as much as me.
He not only gave me a pen but also a book. RULE 7 : However SJeb But
Ùen JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùeneb Correlative 'not only.......but 'However' SJeb 'But' oesveeW keâe ner DeLe& neslee nw ‘uesekf eâve’, hejbleg efkeâmeer
also' keâe Skeâ Yeeie not only Verb (gave) kesâ henues ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw peyeefkeâ JeekeäÙe ceW oesveeW keâe Skeâ meeLe ØeÙeesie veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
otmeje Yeeie but also Article (a) kesâ hetJe& ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe keâes LeesÌ[s RULE 8 : Until SJeb Unless
heefjJele&ve kesâ meeLe efvecveefueefKele ™he mes Megæ yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw – 'Until' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘peye lekeâ efkeâ veneR’’ Ùen meceÙe keâe yeesOe keâjelee
He gave me not only a book but also a pen. nw leLee 'Unless' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘Ùeefo veneR’’ Fmemes Mele& (Condition)
RULE 3 : Either SJeb Either-or, Neither SJeb Neither nor
keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ Ùes oesveeW ner Negative Sense keâe yeesOe keâjeles nwb Dele:
Fvekesâ meeLe 'Not' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
'Either' SJeb 'Neither' mJeleb$e ™he ceW Pronoun Ùee Adjective keâer I will not go until you come back.
lejn ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ hejbleg peye Fvekesâ meeLe 'or' Ùee 'nor' pegÌ[ peelee nw leye Ùes You will not get through in the exam, unless you labour
Conjunction yeve peeles nQ~ Pronoun Ùee Adjective kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ hard.
nesves hej 'Either' Ùee 'Neither' kesâJeue oes JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ I will not go unless you do not come back.
nesles nQ~ Pronoun Ùee Adjective kesâ ™he ceW Either keâe DeLe& neslee nw- 'one You will not get through in the exam, until you do not labour
hard.
of the two' leLee Neith er keâe DeLe& nes lee nw-'None of the two'
Ghejesòeâ ceW ØeLece Je efÉleerÙe JeekeäÙe Megæ nbw keäÙeeWekf eâ meceÙe keâe yeesOe keâjeves
Conjunction kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves hej Either-----or Ùee Neither----- kesâ efueSs 'until' keâe leLee Mele& keâe yeesOe keâjeves kesâ efueÙes 'unless' keâe ØeÙeesie
nor Éeje oes mes DeefOekeâ Noun/Pronoun/Adjective/Verb keâes Yeer pees[ Ì e efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ le=leerÙe SJeb ÛelegLe& JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nQ keäÙeeWekf eâ 'unless' SJeb 'until'
pee mekeâlee nw; pewmes- kesâ meeLe 'do not' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efpememes JeekeäÙe ceW Double
Neither fish nor flesh nor fowl. Negative keâe oes<e Dee ieÙee nw~
RULE 9 : Or/Or else
Either you or her or I.
Conjunc tion kesâ ™he ceW 'or' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘veneR lees’ 'or else'
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'Neither'-------nor------nor leLee 'Eith er----or----
keâe ØeÙeesie ‘veneR lees’ hej efJ eMes<e peesj osves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw; pew mes–
or' Éeje oes mes DeefOekeâ noun/pronoun keâes peesÌ[e ieÙee nw Deewj Ùes JeekeäÙe Go inside the room or you will catch cold.
Megæ nQ~ Go inside the room or else you will catch cold.

RULE 10 : As if/As though RULE 14 : As clause and its position
Fve oesveeW mes keâuhevee keâe yeesOe neslee nw leLee DeLe& neslee nw-‘‘ceevees~’’ Fvekesâ Ùeefo oes Clause ceW yebšs ngS JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ Clause 'As' mes Meg™ neslee nes
meeLe meowJ e Past Tense keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw Future Ùee Present keâe veneR~ lees 'As' mes Meg™ nesves Jeeuee Clause JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejbYe ceW jKevee ÛeeefnS leLee
He works as if he were a robot. otmeje Clause JeekeäÙe ceW yeeo ceW jKevee ÛeeefnS; pewmes-
I feel as though I were split in two. As I am ill, I am unable to reach there.
Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW as if/as though keâe ØeÙeesie Megæ nw~ RULE 15 : Conjunction of Time
Note : efvecve Conjunctions mes meceÙe (Time) keâe yeesOe neslee nw—
'As if' Ùee 'As though' kesâ meeLe Future Ùee Present Tense keâe When, while, as, as soon as, before, after, till, until, since
ØeÙeesie Megæ ceevee pee mekeâlee nw peye keâuhevee keâer cee$ee DelÙeble keâce nes; pewmes-  Pr incipal Cl ause F uture Tens e ceW jnves hej Yeer Ghejesò eâ
He looks as if he is mad.
Conjunctions mes ØeejbYe nesvee Jeeuee ClausePresent Simple Ùee Present
RULE 11 : That kesâ ØeÙeesie
Perfect Tense ceW neslee nw~ 'After' kesâ yeeo kesâJeue Present Perfect
That keâe ØeÙeesie meowJ e Indirect Narration ceW neslee nw; pewmes-
Tense keâe ner ØeÙeesie neslee nw; pewmes-
Ram said that he would go.
I will come when you come back.
Ram said that "I shall go."
I will give you money as soon as you need it.
Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW ØeLece JeekeäÙe kesâ meeLe 'T hat' keâe ØeÙeesie Megæ nw keäÙeeWefkeâ
I will go home after Shyam has come back.
Ùen Indirect Narration ceW nw~ otmeje JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nw~
 'T hat' kesâ yeeo Imperative/Interrogative/Exclamatory Sentence  When Ùee While -
keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ 'When' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘peye’ Deewj 'While' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘peye
 'T hat' kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeues Clause keâe Tense 'that' kesâ henuess Deeves Jeeues lekeâ’~ 'When' keâe ØeÙeesie leye neslee nw peye Skeâ keâeÙe& meceehle nesves hej otmeje
Clause kesâ Tense kesâ Devegmeej efveOee&efjle neslee nw~ Ùeefo 'T hat' kesâ henues Deeves keâeÙe& ØeejbYe neslee nw, SJeb 'While' keâe ØeÙeesie leye neslee nw peye oes keâeÙe& Skeâ
Jeeuee Clause Past Tense ceW nw, lees 'T hat 'kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Clause Yeer meeLe peejer jnles nQ; pewmes-
Past Tense ceW nesiee; pewmes- While I write, she sits by me.
He said that he would not come. I saw a snake when I awoke.
'T hat' kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Pronoun Direct-Indirect kesâ efveÙeceeW kesâ  Since - Conjunction kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves hej 'since' mes oes Øekeâej
DeeOeej hej neslee nw~ kesâ DeLe& efvekeâueles nQ-
 Believe/Presume/Suppose/Hope/Think kessâ yeeo 'that' keâe (1) keâejCe (Cause)- Fme ™he ceW 'since' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘keäÙeeWefkeâ’
ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fvekesâ meeLe 'T hat' efÚhee jnlee nw~ pewmes- (because) pewm es-
I think he will come. Since you are ill you should not come.
RULE 12 : Conjunction of Supposition (2) meceÙe (Time)- Fme ™he ceW 'since' keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘peye mes’ (from
Though, although, even if, however, whatever, for all FlÙeeefo
the time when) Ùee Gme meceÙe mes~ Fme DeLe& ceW since keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles
Ssmes Conjunctions nbw efpevekeâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘ÙeÅeefhe Ùee leLeeefhe’’~ 'May'
meceÙe efvecve efveÙeceeW keâe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS -
mes Yeer ÙeÅeefhe keâe yeesOe neslee nw Deewj Fmekesâ meeLe 'but' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
(i) Principal Clause ceW Present Perfect Tense keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee
nw~ 'T hough' kesâ meeLe meowJ e 'yet' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 'Yet' kesâ mLeeve
ÛeeefnS~
hej efmeHe&â (;) mes Yeer keâece ÛeueeÙee pee mekeâlee nw; pewmes-
(ii) Principal Clause ceW meceÙe metÛekeâ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS
He may be rich but he is kind.
Though he is rich yet he is kind.
efpememes Period of Time keâe yeesOe nes~
(iii) Since Clause ceW Past Simple Tense keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS;
Though he is rich; he is kind.
RULE 13 : Conjunction of Condition pewmes -
If, unless, in case, provided, provided that, supposing that Three years have passed since I joined the service.
FlÙeeefo Conjunctions mes keâeÙe& nesves keâer Mele& keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW Eight years have passed since I leave this place.
ceW
Principal Clause ceW Future Tense Deelee nw leLee Mele& yeleeves Jeeuee It mes Meg™ nesves Jeeues 'clause' ceW 'since' keâe ØeÙeesie Fme Øekeâej neslee nw-
Clause Present Simple Tense ceW Deelee nw; pewmes- It is a year since they married.
Unless you work hard you would not succeed. Ùeneb hej is kesâ yeoues was/has been keâe ØeÙeesie DeMegæ nesiee~
8. INTERJECTIONS (efJemceÙeeefoyeesO ekeâ DeJÙeÙe) JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW ØeÙegòeâ Meyo 'than' kesâ meeLe 'to those of' keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe
Interjections (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe) kegâÚ Ssmeer OJeefveÙeeb nQ pees
keâes meeLe&keâ yeveelee nw~
ceeveefmekeâ mebJesie keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS JeekeäÙe kesâ yeerÛe ceW Ùee keâYeer-keâYeer hetjs 4. The list of the names/ of the tax defaulters/
JeekeäÙe kesâ mLeeve hej jKe oer peeleer nQ~ Fve OJeefveÙeeW keâe JeekeäÙe kesâ DevÙe MeyoeW mes (a) (b)
keâesF& mebyebOe veneR jnlee nw~ Fve OJeefveÙeeW kesâ meeLe efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ efÛevn (!) were published in the newspaper./ No error.
ueiee jnlee nw~ (c) (d)
GoenjCe : Gòej—(c)
My friend alas! had failed, JeekeäÙ eebM e (c) ceW ØeÙegòeâ meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee 'were' kes â mLeeve hej subject
Hurrah! We have won the match. 'List' kesâ Deveg meej meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee SkeâJeÛeve was keâe ØeÙees ie DeYeer°
efJeefYevve ceeveefmekeâ mebJesieeW keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS efYevve OJeefveÙeeb nbw nesi ee~
efpeveceW mes kegâÚ Fme Øekeâej nQ-
5. One of my firmest belief is/that nothing can substitute/
Joy (n<e&) -Hurrah!, Huzza!, Ha! Ha!
(a) (b)
Grief) (og:Ke) - Oh! Oh!, Alas!, Alack!
hard work./ No error.
Attention (OÙeeveekeâ<e&Ce) - Lo!, Hark!, Hush!, Hist!
(c) (d)
Rebuke Doubt (Heâškeâej) - Fie! Fie!
Gòej—(a)
efkeâmeer keâes DeeJeepe osves kesâ efueS - Ho! halloo!
Mebkeâe - Hum!, Hem!, Hump ØeMveiele JeekeäÙeebMe (a) ceW 'belief' kesâ mLeeve hej 'beliefs' nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Hatred (Ie=Cee) -Tut! Tut!, Pooh!, Pish!, Tush!, Bosh! 6. People who are not beloging to/ any nationalist party/
kegâÚ Meyo-mecetn Yeer Interjection keâer Yeebefle ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ, pewmes For (a) (b)
same!, Welcome!, Well done!, Good-bye!, Farewell!, bad Luck!, want to divide the country./ No error.
Do it! FlÙeeefo~ (c) (d)
Gòej—(a)
Practice Question
ØeMveiele JeekeäÙeebMe (a) ceW ØeÙegòeâ 'are not belonging to' kesâ mLeeve hej
Directions : Read the sentence given below to find out any 'who do not belong to' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
grammatical or idiomatic error in it. The error, ifany, will be in
one part of the sentence. The letter (a), (b), (c) & (d) indicating 7. Neither the Principal nor the students/ takes interest
that part is the answer : (a) (b)
1. You could be better off these days/ and this enables in the/ general welfare of the students./ No error.
(c) (d)
(a) (b)
you/ to have little more fun./ No error.
Gòej—(b)
(c) (d) ØeMveiele JeekeäÙeebMe (b) ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS ieS 'takes' kesâ mLeeve hej 'take' keâe
Gòej—(c) ØeÙeesie GheÙegòeâ nesiee~
JeekeäÙe kesâ Yeeie (c) ceW 'little more' kesâ mLeeve hej 'a little more' keâe 8. We have received a message/ from the Minister for
ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ Dele: Yeeie (c) $egefšhetCe& nw~ (a) (b)
Education/ only yesterday./ No error.
2. In that wholesale shop,/they do not sell/ fewer than
(c) (d)
(a) (b) Gòej—(c)
ten bags of rice. / No error.
(c) (d) ØeMveiele JeekeäÙeebMe (c) ceW only yesterday kesâ mLeeve hej kesâJeue yester-
Gòej—(c) day nesiee~
JeCee&#ej (c) Éeje efveefo&° JeekeäÙeebMe ceW $egešf nw~ Ùeneb hej 'fewer' kesâ mLeeve hej 9. He is writing novels/ ever since he/ became a graduate./
'less' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) DeYeer° nw~ (a) (b) (c)
No error
3. The people of Ancient India/ were more civilized/ (d)
(a) (b) Gòej—(a)
than Ancient Europe./ No error.
(c) (d)
Ûetbefkeâ JeekeäÙe Present Continuous Tense ceW nw Dele: JeekeäÙeebMe (a) ceW
Gòej—(c) 'is writing' kesâ mLeeve hej 'has been writing' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~

Active/Passive
Example Questions 4. Rose smells sweet.
Directions : In the questions below, the sentences have (a) The smell of rose is sweet.
been given in Active/Passive voice. From the given alternatives, (b) Rose is smelt sweet.
choose the one which best expresses the given sentence in (c) Rose is sweet when smelt.
Passive/Active voice. (d) Rose is sweet smelt.
1. Darjeeling grows tea. Gòej—(c)
(a) Tea is being grown in Darjeeling.
ØeMve mebKÙee 3 keâer ner lejn Ùeneb Yeer quasi-passive verb 'smells
(b) Let the tea be grown in Darjeeling.
sweet' ØeÙegkeäle nw~ Dele: DeYeer° Gòej efJekeâuhe (c) nesiee~
(c) Tea is grown in Darjeeling.
(d) Tea grows in Darjeeling. 5. Who is creating this mess?
Gòej—(c) (a) Who has been created this mess?
efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Present Indefinite Tense ceW nw~ efveÙeceevegmeej Fme (b) By whom has this mess been created?
JeekeäÙe keâes Passive Voice ceW yeoueles meceÙe meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee 'is' kesâ meeLe (c) By whom this mess is being created?
main verb keâer third form keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ verb 'grow' kesâ meeLe (d) By whom is this mess being created?
preposition 'in' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ Gòej—(d)
2. Principal had granted him scholarship. 'Who' mes ØeejbYe nesves Jeeuee ØeMve JeekeäÙe Present Continuous Tense ceW
(a) A scholarship has granted him by the Principal. nw~ Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâes Passive Voice ceW yeoueles meceÙe JeekeäÙe keâes By
(b) He has been granted scholarship by the Principal. whom mes ØeejbYe keâjles nwb leLee 'being' kesâ meeLe verb keâer third form
(c) He has granted a scholarship by the Principal.
keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
(d) A scholarship has granted to him by the Principal.
Gòej—(b) 6. Do you imitate others?
(a) Are others being imitated by you?
Present Perfect Tense keâer Passive Voice yeveeles meceÙe meYeer
(b) Are others imitated by you?
DeeJeMÙekeâ heefjJele&veeW kesâ meeLe Auxiliary verb 'has' kesâ meeLe 'been' keâe
(c) Have others being imitated by you?
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeSiee~
(d) Where others being imitated by you?
3. Q uinine tastes bitter.
Gòej—(b)
(a) Quinine is bitter when it is tasted.
(b) Quinine is bitter tasted. Ûetbefkeâ efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Continuous Tense ceW veneR nw Dele: Passive
(c) The taste of quinine is bitter. yeveeles meceÙe 'being' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peeSiee~
(d) Quinine is tasted bitter. 7. Why did your brother write such a letter?
Gòej—(a)
(a) Why such a letter was written by your brother?
kegâÚ mekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙeebS Passive DeLe& kesâ meeLe Yeer Active form ceW jnleer (b) Why were such a letter written by your brother?
nwb~ FvnW 'quasi-passive verbs' keâne peelee nw~ 'tastes bitter' quasi- (c) Why was such a letter written by your brother?
passive verb keâe GoenjCe nw~ quasi-passive verb Ùegòeâ JeekeäÙe keâs (d) Why such a letter has been written by your brother?
Passive Voice ceW heefjJele&ve nsleg efJekeâuhe (a) GheÙegòeâ nw~ Gòej—(c)
Passive Voice yeveeles meceÙe JeekeäÙe keâe
ØeejbYe ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo 'Why' mes  Active Voice ( keâle&= JeeÛÙe)
keâjles nQ leLee did kesâ mLeeve hej Object Deewj ef›eâÙee kesâ Tense kesâ Active Sentences ceW Jen Jemleg Ùee JÙeefòeâ efpemekesâ Éeje keâeÙe& efkeâÙee
Devegmeej 'was' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ peelee nw, JeekeäÙe keâe 'Subject' (keâlee&) keânueelee nw leLee Gme keâeÙe& keâes 'Verb'
8. All his friends laughed at him. (ef›eâÙee) Éeje efveefo&° keâjles nQ peyeefkeâ Jen Jemleg Ùee JÙeefòeâ pees Gme keâeÙe& mes
(a) He was laughed by all his friends. ØeYeeefJele neslee nw (DeLee&le pees Gme keâeÙe& keâes Øeehle keâjlee nw), JeekeäÙe keâe
(b) He has been laughed at by all his friends. 'Object' (keâce&) keânueelee nw~
(c) He was laughed at by all his friends. Active Sentences ceW JeekeäÙe keâer jÛevee Fme Øekeâej nesleer nw :–
(d) He had been laughed at by all his friends. [Jemleg/JÙeefòeâ efpemekesâ Éeje keâeÙe& efkeâÙee peelee nw] + [ ef›eâÙee (verb)] + [Jemleg/JÙeefòeâ
Gòej—(c) efpeme hej keâeÙe& efkeâÙee peelee nw Ùee keâeÙe& keâe ØeYeeJe heÌ[lee nw]
efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Past Indefinite Tense ceW nw, Dele: Passive Voice GoenjCe 1 : The professor teaches the students.
yeveeles meceÙe 'was' kesâ meeLe laugh kesâ Past participle 'laughed' keâe The professor teaches the students
ØeÙeesie nesiee~ Subject Verb Object
9. I know him. (ØeesHesâmej, pees heÌ{elee (keâeÙe&) (yeÛÛes, pees heÌ{les nQ Ùeeefve
(a) He is known by me. nw Ùeeveer keâeÙe& keâjlee nw) keâeÙe& keâes Øeehle keâjles nQ)
(b) He is known to me.
GoenjCe 2 : Ram killed Ravana.
(c) He was known by me
Ram killed Ravana
(d) He is known to I.
Gòej—(b) Subject Verb Object
(jece, efpevneWves mebnej (keâeÙe&) (jeJeCe, efpemekeâe
Passive Voice yeveeles meceÙe Verb keâer third form kesâ yeeo
'preposition 'by' kesâ mLeeve hej 'to' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeSiee~ efkeâÙee) mebnej efkeâÙee ieÙee)
10. She wants to insult you.  Pass ive Voice ( keâce& JeeÛÙe)
(a) She wants you to be insulted. Passive Sentences ceW Jen JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg efpeme hej keâeÙe& efkeâÙee
(b) You are insulted by her. peelee nw (DeLee&le pees Gme keâeÙe& keâes Øeehle keâjlee nw), Gmemes JeekeäÙe keâe ØeejbYe
(c) You are wanted to be insulted by her. keâjles nQ~ Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW ceW Jen JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg pees keâeÙe& keâes keâj jne nw, Gmes
(d) You wanted to be insulted by her. JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW Jewkeâefuhekeâ ™he mes peesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw~
Gòej—(a) veesš :
GheÙeg&òeâ efmLeefle ceW Passive Voice yeveeles meceÙe to + be + verb keâer Ùeefo keâeÙe& kesâ keâlee& kesâ yeejs ceW %eeve ve nes Ùee JeekeäÙe ceW keâeÙe& kesâ keâlee& keâe
third form keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeSiee~ GuuesKe keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ ve nes, lees Ssmeer efmLeefleÙeeW ceW ef›eâÙee kesâ Passive ™he
keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
Study Material Passive Sentences ceW JeekeäÙe keâer jÛevee Fme Øekeâej nesleer nw :–
 Active/ Pass ive [JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg efpeme hej keâeÙe& efkeâÙee pee jne nw] + [meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee
ef›eâÙeeDeeW (Verbs) kesâ oes efJeMes<e ™he nesles nQ efpevnW Voice (JeeÛÙe) keâne (auxiliary verb)] + [Past Participle of the main verb] + [by] +
peelee nw- [Jemleg Ùee JÙeefòeâ efpemekesâ Éeje keâeÙe& efkeâÙee pee jne nw]
1. Active Voice Deye GheÙe&gkeäle GoenjCe : 1 ceW efoS ieS JeekeäÙe keâes Passive Voice ceW
2. Passive Voice yeoueles nQ~
Passive Voice : The students are taught by the professor. RULE 4:
The are taught by th e efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe keâes Active Voice mes Passive Voice ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ
efueS Active Voice ceW Verb keâes Transitive (mekeâce&keâ) nesvee ÛeeefnS~
st udents profess or
veesš:
Active Voice Main Verb Transitive Verbs keâer efvecve oes ØecegKe efJeMes<eleeSb nesleer nwb-
yeÛÛes, keâer Main keâe Past ØeesHesâmej, (i) Ùen Skeâ ‘keâce&JeeÛekeâ ef›eâÙee’ (action verb) nesleer nw DeLee&le Fmekesâ Éeje
efkeâmeer keâeÙe& kesâ efkeâS peeves keâe yeesOe neslee nw; pewmes-
pees heÌ{les Verb kesâ Tense Participle pees heÌ{elee nw~
kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean FlÙeeefo~
nQ kesâ Devegmeej ™he
(ii) T ransitive Verbs kesâ meeLe efkeâmeer Object keâe nesvee DeefveJeeÙe& neslee nw~
meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee Deye efvecve GoenjCe hej efJeÛeej keâerepf eS –
Fmeer Ø ekeâej GoenjCe : 2 keâes Pas sive Voice ceW yeoueves h ej The child broke.
Passive Voice : Ravana was killed by Ram. DeYeer GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe DehetCe& nw keäÙeeWekf eâ yeÛÛes ves keäÙee Ûeerpe lees[Ì er,
Fmekeâe %eeve veneR nes hee jne nw~
Ravana was killed by Ram.
The child broke the plate.
jeJeCe, Active Voice Main Verb jece, efpevneWves Verb 'broke' kesâ yeeo Object 'plate' peesÌ[ves hej Ùen JeekeäÙe hetCe& nes
efp emekeâe keâer Main Verb keâe Past mebnej efkeâÙee~ ieÙee nw~
meb nej kesâ Tense kesâ Participle Ùeneb hej 'broke' Transitive Verb nw peyeefkeâ 'plate' Direct Object nw~
RULE 5:
efkeâÙee ieÙee Devegmeej ™he
peye Active Voice ceW efkeâmeer Verb kesâ oes Objects neW, Ùeeefve Verb kesâ
meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee meeLe Direct SJeb Indirect Object oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nes, lees Gmekeâe
DeefOekeâlej ceeceueeW ceW JeekeäÙeeW keâes Passive Voice ceW efueKeves keâer meueen Passive Voice oes Øekeâej mes yevelee nw -
veneR oer peeleer nw keäÙeeWekf eâ keâYeer-keâYeer Fmemes JeekeäÙe kesâ efJe<eÙe keâes mecePevee keâef"ve Active : He told me a story.
Passive : I was told a story by him.
nes peelee nw Deewj hee"keâ keâes GuePee mekeâlee nw~
Ùee
 DeeJeMÙekeâ efveÙece
A story was told me by him.
RULE 1:
Active : The Manager will give you a ticket.
Active Voice ceW ØeÙegòeâ 'Subject' (keâlee&) keâes Passive Voice ceW 'Object'
Passive : A ticket will be given you by the Manager.
(keâce&) yevee efoÙee peelee nw leLee Fmemes hetJe& 'by' ueiee osles nQ~
Ùee
RULE 2:
You will be given a ticket by the Manager.
Active Voice kesâ 'Object' keâes Passive Voice ceW 'Subject' yevee osles nQ~
RULE 6:
RULE 3: kegâue Dee" Tenses keâer Passive Voice yeveleer nw~
Passive Voice ceW Main Verb meowJ e Third form ceW Deelee nw leLee RULE 7:
Fmekesâ hetJe& Active Voice kesâ Verb kesâ Tense kesâ Devegmeej Verb kesâ ™he ceW mecemle Perfect Continuous Tenses leLee Future Continuous
is, am, are, was, were, is/am/are being, was/were being, has Tense keâer Passive Voice veneR yeveleer nw~
been/have been/had been, shall be/ will be, shall have been/ efJeefYevve Tenses kesâ Devegmeej Active Voice keâes Passive Voice ceW
will have been peesÌ[ osles nQ~ yeoueves kesâ efueS efvecve leeefuekeâe keâer meneÙelee ueerefpeS -
Tense Active Passive Passive : You are requested to enter by this door.
Present Indefinite love/loves am, is, are/loved Active : Please sit down.
Present Continuous am, is, are/ am, is, are/being
Passive : You are requested to sit down.
loving lov ed
Present Perfect has, have/ has, have/been RULE 11:
lov ed lov ed Dee%eeLe&keâ Ùee meueen-metÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW keâes 'let' Ùee 'should' Meyo kesâ ØeÙeesie
Past Indefinite lov ed was, were/loved Éeje Passive Voice ceW yeouee peelee nw~
Past Continuous was, were/ was, were/being Active : Do not abuse your friends.
loving lov ed
Passive : Let your friends not be abused by you.
Past Perfect had loved had been
lov ed or
Future Indefinite shall, will/love shall, will/be Your friends should not be abused by you.
lov ed Active : Write a letter.
Future Perfect shall, will/have shall, will/have
Passive : Let a letter be written.
lov ed been loved
Active : Do it.
RULE 8:
Passive : Let it be done.
Who kesâ Deefleefjòeâ 'Wh' Øekeâej kesâ DevÙe MeyoeW pewmes- What, Why,
or
When FlÙeeefo mes ØeejbYe nesves Jeeues ‘ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe W’ (Interrogative
It should be done.
Sentences) keâes Active Voice mes Passive Voice ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS JeekeäÙe
kesâ ØeejbYe ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo pees[Ì osles nbw~ Practive Questions
veesš :
1. The gardener will not have planted trees.
Ùeefo keâesF& JeekeäÙe Active Voice ceW Interrogative ™he ceW nw lees Jen
(a) Trees will not have planted by the gardener.
Passive Voice ceW Yeer Interrogative ™he ceW jnsiee~
(b) Trees will not have been planted by the gardener.
Active : Why did you not write this letter?
(c) Trees would not have been planted by the gardener.
Passive : Why was this letter not written by you?
(d) Trees will have not been planted by the gardener.
RULE 9:
Gòej—(b)
'Who' mes ØeejbYe nesves Jeeues ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW keâes Active Voice mes
Passive Voice ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS Passive Voice ceW JeekeäÙe keâe ØeejbYe 'By' mes efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Future Perfect Tense ceW nw Dele: Passive Voice
keâjles nwb leLee who keâes whom ceW yeoue osles nQ~ yeveeles meceÙe will not have been kesâ meeLe verb keâer third form keâe
Active : Who taught you English? ØeÙeesie nesiee~
Passive : By whom were you taught English?
Active : Who has done this? 2. James Watt discovered the energy of steam.
Passive : By whom has this been done? (a) The energy of steam discovered James Watt.
Active : Who is calling me ? (b) The energy of steam was discovered by James Watt.
Passive : By whom am I being called ?
(c) James Watt was discovered by the energy of steam.
RULE 10:
(d) James Watt had discovered energy by the steam.
DevegveÙe-efJeveÙe Ùee efJeveleer metÛekeâ JeekeäÙe pees Please mes ØeejbYe nesles nQ GvnW
Gòej—(b)
Passive Voice ceW yeoueles meceÙe JeekeäÙe keâe ØeejbYe "You are requested" mes
keâjles nwb leLee Gmekesâ yeeo 'to' peesÌ[ osles nQ~ efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Past Indefinite Tense ceW nw~ Dele: Passive Voice
Active : Please enter by this door. yeveeles meceÙe 'was' kesâ meeLe Verb keâer third form keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~
3. She spoke to the official on duty. Interrogative (ØeMveJeeÛekeâ) Sentence keâe Passive Voice Yeer
(a) The official on duty was spoken to by her. ØeMveJeeÛekeâ ceW ner yevelee nw~ ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keâe henues meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe
(b) The official was spoken to by her on duty. yeveeles nQ, lelheMÛeele Gme JeekeäÙe keâes Voice kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej Passive ceW
(c) She was spoken to by the official on duty. yeoueles nQ~ Gmekesâ yeeo Gme JeekeäÙe keâes ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe ceW yeoueles nwb~
(d) She was the official to be spoken to on duty. efpeve ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW do/does/did keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw GveceW do/
Gòej—(a) does/did kesâ mLeeve hej, Object (keâce&), Number (JeÛeve) Deewj ef›eâÙee
Passive Voice yeveeles meceÙe 'was' kesâ meeLe speak keâer third form
kesâ Tense kesâ Devegmeej am/is/are/was/were Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
'spoken' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ 8. They have made a film based on this novel.
(a) A film was based on this novel and made.
4. The doctor advised the patient not to eat rice.
(b) A film have been made based on this novel.
(a) The patient was advised by the doctor not to eat rice.
(c) A film, based on this novel has been made.
(b) The patient was advised by the doctor that he should
(d) A film has been based and made on this novel.
not eat rice.
Gòej—(c)
(c) The patient was being advised that he should not eat
rice by the doctor. Fme JeekeäÙe keâe Passive Voice yeveeves kesâ efueS subject (film) kesâ
(d) The patient has been advised not to eat rice by the Devegmeej meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee keâes yeoueles ngS 'has + been' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles
doctor. nQ~
Gòej—(a) 9. The reporter was interviewing the political leaders.
Passive Voice ceW 'was' kesâ meeLe advise keâer third from 'advised' (a) The political leaders were being interviewed by the
keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ reporter.
(b) The political leaders was being interviewed by the
5. They will inform the police.
reporter.
(a) The police will be informed by them.
(c) The political leaders are being interviewed by the
(b) The police will inform them.
reporter.
(c) The police are informed by them.
(d) The political leaders is being interviewed by the
(d) Informed will be the police by them.
reporter.
Gòej—(a)
Gòej—(a)
efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Future Indefinite Tense ceW nw Dele: Passive
efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Past Continuous Tense ceW nw~ Fmes Passive Voice
Voice yeveeles meceÙe will + be + verb keâer third form keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~
yeveeves kesâ efueS was/were kesâ meeLe efoS ngS verb keâe Past Participle
6. The news has been brought to us by him. yeveekeâj Gmekesâ henues Gmeer tense keâer verb 'to be' (be, been, being)
(a) He brought us the news. keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
(b) He has brought us the news.
10. Close the doors.
(c) He was brought the news to us.
(a) Let the doors are closed.
(d) We brought the news to him.
(b) The doors are to be closed.
Gòej—(b)
(c) Let the doors be closed.
efoS ieS Passive Voice keâe Active Voice yeveeves kesâ efueS meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee (d) Allow the doors to close.
'has' kesâ meeLe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee 'been' nše osles nQ~ Gòej—(c)
7. Why did he deprive you of the membership? Ùen JeekeäÙe Imperative Sentence nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe mes Order/
(a) Why you were deprived of the membership? Command keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ Ssmes JeekeäÙe keâe Pasive Voice yeveeves kesâ
(b) Why were you deprived of his membership by him? efueS Deheveer Deesj mes ‘Let’ keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejbYe ceW keâjles nQ,
(c) Why was he deprived of his membership?
(d) Why wereyou deprived ofyour membership by him?
lelheMÛeele be+Past participle keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ, is/are Deeefo keâe
Gòej—(d) veneR~ ÙeLee - Let + Object + be + Past participle.
Transformation of Sente nces
Example Questions 6. In the desert, the Sun is the master, all else resigns be-
fore its merciless rays.
Directions : In these questions, a sentence is given in (a) collapses (b) falls
which a part or whole sentence part of which may need im- (c) reti res (d) No improvement
provement. Alternatives are given in (a), (b) and (c) below which Gòej—(a)
may be a better option. In case no improvement is needed, your
answer is (d).
jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie keâe 'collapses' mes mLeeve heefjJele&ve keâjvee GefÛele nw~
'collapses' keâe DeLe& nw `meceehle nes peevee'~
1. I have not finished to paint the door.
(a) painting (b) the paint of 7. He denied that he had not forged my signature.
(c) the painting (d) No improvement (a) would not forge (b) had forged
Gòej—(a) (c) did not forge (d) No improvement
ØeMveiele JeekeäÙe ceW jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie kesâ mLeeve hej 'painting' keâe ØeÙeesie Gòej—(b)
GefÛele nw~ jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie kesâ keâejCe JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe 'double negative' kesâ ™he ceW
2. She usually does not leavefor work, until she finished all Øekeâš nes jne nw pees efkeâ ieuele nw keäÙeeWekf eâ JeekeäÙeejcYe ceW ner Skeâ negative
her chores. (denied) keâe ØeÙeesie nes Ûegkeâe nw~ Dele: jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie kesâ mLeeve hej 'had
(a) fi nish es (b) has finished forged' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~
(c) had finished (d) No improvement
8. If I had played well, I would have won the match.
Gòej—(a)
(a) I played well (b) I play well
Ùeneb jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie kesâ mLeeve hej finishes keâe ØeÙeesie mener nw~ (c) I am playing well (d) No improvement
3. The article should not exceed more than hundred words. Gòej—(d)
(a) exceed beyond (b) exceed than
jsKeebefkeâle JeekeäÙeebMe ceW efJekeâuheeW mes keâesF& megOeej veneR nes jne nw Dele:
(c) exceed (d) No improvement
DeYeer° efJekeâuhe (d) nesiee~
Gòej—(c)
9. Since the records are missing, the possibility of paying
jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie keâes 'exceed' mes ØeeflemLeeefhele keâjvee GheÙegkeäle nw~
more than one compensation for the same piece of land
‘exceed’ keâe DeLe& neslee nw, mes DeefOekeâ nesvee~
cannot be ruled aside.
4. Geeta said that she had never viewed across a book she
(a) out (b) off
liked so much.
(c) away (d) No improvement
(a) come across (b) come through
Gòej—(a)
(c) come round (d) No improvement
Gòej—(a) JeekeäÙe kesâ jsKeebekf eâle Yeeie 'aside' keâe DeLe& ‘Skeâ Deesj’, ‘efkeâveejs’, ‘Deueie’
jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie kesâ mLeeve hej 'come across' keâe ØeÙeesie DeYeer„ nw~ neslee nw~ Fme jsKe befkeâle Yeeie kesâ mLeeve hej 'out' keâe ØeÙeesie mener nw~
10. A callous system generates nothing but a misanthrope.
5. I will be giving blood in the hospital at 9.00 a.m. tomor-
row. (a) develops (b) in duces
(a) exchanging (b) contri buting (c) produces (d) No improvement
(c) donating (d) No improvement Gòej—(c)
Gòej—(c) Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeebMe keâs jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie DeLee&le 'generates' kesâ mLeeve hej
jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie kesâ mLeeve hej 'donating' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~ produces keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~

Study Material  Mele& Øekeâš keâjves (Conditional) Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW keâe ™heeblej
Mele& Øekeâš keâjves keâer keâF& efJeefOeÙeeb nQ~ ØeeÙe: if, unless, in case, all
 Transformation of Sentences the same, supposing, provided Deeefo MeyoeW kesâ ØeÙeesie Éeje Mele&
JeekeäÙe kesâ Skeâ ™he keâes Gmekeâe DeLe& yeoues efyevee otmejs ™he ceW yeoue osvee (condition) Øekeâš keâer peeleer nw~ Fmekesâ efveÙece efvecveefueefKele nQ-
Transformation of Sentences keânueelee nw~ JeekeäÙe ™heeblejCe mes leelheÙe& RULE 3 : Conjunction 'if ' Ùee 'unless' ueieekeâj; pewmes-
If you work hard, you will succeed.
kesâJeue JÙeekeâjCe kesâ ™he mes ner nw~ JeekeäÙe ™heeblej kesâ keâF& efveÙece nQ, pees efvecve
Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
heÇkeâej mes nQ-
If they insult me, I shall beat them.
RULE 1 : Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpeveceW 'too' Adverb nes- Unless they insult me, I shall not beat them.
kegâÚ JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'Too' adverb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw Deewj Fvemes efkeâmeer iegCe RULE 4 : Conjunctional Phrase keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes -
keâer DeefleMeÙelee (excess) keâe yeesOe neslee nw~ If you do not read, you will fail.
GoenjCe 1: He is too weak to walk. In case you do not read, you will fail.
He is strong but a coward.
Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâes ™heebleefjle keâjves kesâ efueS 'too' keâes nšekeâj
He is strong ; all the same he is a coward.
Gmekesâ mLeeve hej 'so' keâes ØeÙeesie keâjW leLee 'that' connective ueieekeâj
RULE 5 : Imperative Mood keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes -
cannot kesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ yeeo Adjective Ùee Adverb Clause keâes efueKeW~ Unless you do this work, you will not go.
Dele: GoenjCe 1 keâe ™heebleefjle JeekeäÙe nesiee- Do this work and then you will go.
He is so weak that he cannot walk. You will not fall down if you walk carefully.
GoenjCe 2 : The milk is too hot for me to drink. Walk carefully and you will not fall down.
RULE 6 : Participial Phrase keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes -
™heebleefjle JeekeäÙe : The milk is so hot that I cannot drink it.
I will accompany you if you pay the railway fare.
RULE 2 : Adjective Ùee Adverb keâer Degrees of Comparison
I will accompany you provided you pay the railway fare.
yeouekeâj; pewmes - RULE 7 : ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes -
Positive : I am as strong as you. If you go there, I will go with you.
Comparative : You are not stronger than I. Will you go there ? Then I will go with you.
Comparative : Suman is taller than Anita. If you have bought the ticket, get in the train.
Have you bought the ticket ? T hen get in the train.
Positive : Anita is not so tall as Suman.
RULE 8 : Preposition 'but' ueieekeâj efpemekeâe Object keâesF& phrase
Superlative : Mumbai is the largest town in India.
Ùee clause nes; pewmes -
Comparative : Mumbai is larger than any other town If you had not helped him, he would have failed.
in India. But for your help he would have failed.
Positive : No other town in India is as large as Mumbai. As I am poor, I would not help Rama.
But that I am poor, I would not help Rama.
Superlative : Cricket is one of the most popular games.
RULE 9 : Relative Adverb 'however' kesâ ØeÙeesie Éeje peye Gmekesâ
Comparative : Cricket is more popular than most other
heMÛeele keâesF& Adjective Ùee Adverb nes; pewmes -
games. In spite of his hard work, he will not pass.
Positive : Very few games are so popular as cricket. He will not pass, however hard he may work.
Superlative : Manju is not one of the wisest girls in In spite of his best efforts, he will not defeat me.
the class. He will not defeat me, however much he may try.
RULE 10 : Phrase 'one more' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes -
Comparative : Manju is less wiser than some other
If we suffer one more such loss, we are ruined.
girls of the class.
One more such loss and we are ruined.
Positive : Manju is not so wise as some other girls of If you speak a word, I will send you out of the class.
the class. One more word, and I will send you out of the class.
Admitting that he is not clever, he might yet have been
 Concession Ùee Contrast metÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe heefjJele&ve
more hardworking.
RULE 11 : Though Ùee although ueieekeâj; pewmes -
RULE 20 : Phrase 'nevertheless' Ùee 'nonetheless' ueieekeâj;
He is honest and poor both.
He is honest though he is poor. pewmes -
He was born in a noble family, still he is wicked. He works hard though his success is not sure.
Although he was born in a noble family, yet he is wicked. He works hard nevertheless his success is not sure. Ùee
RULE 12 : Conjunction 'as' Ùee 'but' ueieekeâj; pewmes - He works hard, nonetheless his success is not sure.
I am unable to go on account of being busy. RULE 21 : Phrase 'in spite of ' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes -
Busy as I am, I cannot go. I failed though I worked hard.
In spite of hard work, he failed. In spite of my hard work, I failed.
He worked hard, but he failed. He did not care for his mother's advice and stole the book.
RULE 13 : Conjunction 'even if ' ueieekeâj; pewmes - In spite of his mother's advice, he stole the book.
You will help him but he would not be grateful.
RULE 22 : Adverb 'indeed' kesâ meeLe Conjunction 'but' keâe ØeÙeesie
He would not be grateful even if you help him.
The proof of my innocence cannot escape punishment. keâjkesâ; pewmes -
I shall not escape punishment even if I prove my innocence. Although he failed, yet he did not lose heart.
RULE 14 : Relative Pronoun 'whatever' ueieekeâj; pewmes - He failed indeed, but he did not lose heart.
You may say anything but I will do it. Although he recovered, yet his health is poor.
I will do it whatever you may say. He recovered indeed, but his health is poor.
Your statement cannot make me believe you.  JeekeäÙeeW kesâ ™he keâes yeouevee
I shall not believe you whatever you may say.
RULE 23 : meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe keâes ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe yeveevee; pewmes -
RULE 15 : Relative Adverb 'however' ueieekeâj; pewmes -
Simple : No wise man will tell a lie.
I will not get through in spite of hard work.
I will not get through, however hard I may work. Interrogative : Will any wise man tell a lie ?
My hard labour cannot achieve success. Simple : Nobody would like to be called a fool.
I will not achieve success, however hard I may labour. Interrogative: Who would like to be called a fool ?
RULE 16 : Conjunction 'if ' kesâ ØeÙeesie Éeje efpemekesâ yeeo keâesF& verb Simple : Nobody could have done it.
(ef›eâÙee) Indicative Mood ceW nes; pewmes -
Interrogative : Who could have done it?
Although I accepted your proposal I did so under protest.
Simple : Ram is an obedient student.
If I accepted your proposal, I did so under protest.
RULE 17 : Phrase 'all the same' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes - Interrogative : Is Ram not an obedient student ?
She is in a mood to talk though she is angry. Ùeefo meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe mJeerkeâejelcekeâ nes, lees ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe efve<esOeelcekeâ
She is angry, all the same she is in amood to talk. yevesiee Deewj Ùeefo meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe efve<esOeelcekeâ nes, lees ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe mJeerkeâejelcekeâ
I will go with him though I am tired. yevesiee~
I am tired, all the same I will go with him.
RULE 24 : ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keâes meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe yeveevee; pewmes -
RULE 18 : Phrase 'at the same time' ueieekeâj; pewmes -
Interrogative : When can their glory fade ?
He is clever but he is not proud.
He is clever, at the same time he is not proud. Simple : Their glory can never fade.
In spite of my poverty. I shall help you. Interrogative : What is friendship but a name ?
I am poor, at the same time I shall help you. Simple : Friendship is nothing but a name.
RULE 19 : Absolute Participle kesâ ØeÙeesie Éeje efpemekesâ heMÛeele Interrogative : Who has seen the wind ?
Noun Clause nes; pewmes -
Simple: Nobody has seen the wind.
He is strong yet he is a coward.
Admitting that he is strong, he is a coward. Ùeefo ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe mJeerkeâejelcekeâ nes, lees meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe efve<esOeelcekeâ
Though he is not clever, yet he might have been more yevesiee Deewj Ùeefo ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe efve<esOe lcekeâ nes, lees meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe mJeerkeâejelcekeâ
hardworking. yevesiee~
RULE 25 : mJeerkeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙe mes efve<esOeelcekeâ JeekeäÙe yeveevee; pewmes - Negative : You did not go there.
(i) efJehejerle Meyo (Antonym) mes hetJe& not ueieekeâj; pewmes - Aff irmative : You failed to go there.
Affirmative : He is rich. Negative : He did not care for his studies.
Negative : He is not poor. Aff irmative : He neglected his studies.
Aff irmative : This news is true. RULE 27 : Assertive Sentence (meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe) keâes Ex clamatory
Negative : This news is not false.
Sentence (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ JeekeäÙe) yeveevee; pewmes -
(ii) oes negatives keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes - Assertive : This rose is very lovely.
Aff irmative : Mr. Gupta wrote the book. Ex clamatory : How lovely this rose is !
Negative : Mr. Gupta did not fail to write the book.
Assertive : This is a lame excuse.
Aff irmative : I am hopeful.
Negative : I am not without hope. Ex clamatory : What a lame excuse !
Assertive : It is very sad that he died so soon.
(iii) Degrees of Comparison keâes yeoue keâj; pewmes -
Aff irmative : Rama is stronger than Shyam. Ex clamatory : Alas ! he died so soon.
Negative : Shyam is not so strong as Rama. Assertive : You have done very well.
Aff irmative : He is better than Mohan. Ex clamatory : Bravo ! well done !
Negative : Mohan is not so good as he (is). RULE 28 : efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ JeekeäÙe (Exclamatory) mes meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe
(iv) Too keâs mLeeve hej so... that... cannot Ùee could not ueieekeâj; (Assertive) yeveevee; pewmes -
pewmes - Ex clamatory : How sweet the music is !
Aff irmative : He is too strong to yield. Assertive : The music is very sweet.
Negative : He is so strong that he cannot yield Ex clamatory : Hurrah ! We have won the match.
Aff irmative : He is too old to work hard. Assertive : It is very joyful that we have won the
Negative : He is so old that he cannot work hard. match.
Note : Ùeefo too mes henues is, am, are nw, lees cannot keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee Ex clamatory : How beautiful the rain is !
peeSiee Deewj Ùeefo was, were nw, lees could not ueieeÙee peeSiee~ Assertive : The rain is very beautiful.
(v) No sooner ........ than keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes - RULE 29 : Skeâ Simple Sentence keâes Complex Sentence
Aff irmative : As soon as I reached there, he went out. yeveevee
Negative : No sooner did I reach there than he went Complex Sentence ceW Skeâ Principal Clause (cegKÙe GheJeekeäÙe)
out.
leLee Skeâ Ùee Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ Subordinate Clauses (Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe)
Aff irmative : As soon as he closed his eyes, he fell
nesles nQ~ Subordinate Clauses leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ~
asleep.
Simple mes Complex JeekeäÙe yeveeves keâer efvecveefueefKele leerve efJeefOeÙeeb nQ -
Negative : No sooner had he closed his eyes than he
(i) Simple Sentence (meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe) kesâ efkeâmeer word (Meyo) Ùee
fell asleep.
Phrase (Meyo mecetn) keâes Noun Clause ceW yeouekeâj; pewmes -
Note :
Simple : His arrival is sure.
No sooner kesâ lelkeâeue yeeo ceW Deeves Jeeuee Yeeie ØeMveJeeÛekeâ ceW yevelee
Complex : That he will arrive is sure.
nw, efkeâvleg JeekeäÙe ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ keâe efÛeÖ veneR ueieeÙee peelee leLee than mes
henues Comma (, ) veneR ueieeles nQ~ Simple : No one knows him.
RULE 26 : efve<esOeelcekeâ JeekeäÙe mes mJeerkeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙe yeveevee; pewmes- Complex : No one knows who he is.
Negative : The question is not easy. (ii) Simple Sentence kesâ efkeâmeer word Ùee Phrase keâes Adjective
Aff irmative : The question is difficult. Clause ceW yeouekeâj; pewmes -
Negative : He did not fail to do the work. Simple : I have a golden ring.
Aff irmative : He did the work. Complex : I have a ring which is made of gold.
Negative : Ram is not so strong as Mohan. Simple : The monkey with a long tail is dead.
Aff irmative : Mohan is stronger than Ram. Complex : The monkey that had a long tail is dead.
(iii) Simple Sentence kesâ efkeâmeer Word Ùee Phrase keâes Adverb (i) Principal Clause keâer ef›eâÙee keâes Participle Ùee Gerund ceW
Clause ceW yeouekeâj; pewmes - yeouekeâj; pewmes -
Simple : He is too slow to catch me.
Compound : He took off his hat and went to school.
Complex : He is so slow that he cannot catch me.
Simple : After taking off his hat, he went to school.
Simple : You may sit anywhere.
Compound : She lost her purse and began to weep.
Complex : You may sit wherever you like.
RULE 30 : Skeâ Complex Sentence keâes Simple Sentence Simple : Having lost her purse, she began to weep.
yeveevee Ùeneb henues JeekeäÙe ceW Gerund Deewj otmejs ceW Perfect Participle keâe ØeÙeesie
Complex mes Simple JeekeäÙe yeveeves keâer efvecveefueefKele leerve efJeefOeÙeeb nQ- ngDee nw~
(i) Noun Clause kesâ mLeeve hej Noun keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes - ( ii ) efkeâmeer Clause keâes Preposition Ùee Prepositional Phrase ceW
Complex : Everybody knows who Renu is. yeouekeâj; pewmes -
Simple : Everybody knows Renu.
Compound : Move forward and you will risk yourlife.
Complex : I know where he was born.
Simple : Move forward at the risk of your life.
Simple : I know his birth place.
(ii) Adjective Clause kesâ mLeeve hej Adjective Ùee Infinitive Ùee Compound : He is not only brave but also kind hearted.
Phrase keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes - Simple : Besides being brave he is kind hearted.
Complex : The king died in the city where he was born. Ùeneb GoenjCe 1 ceW Co-ordinate Clause Deewj GoenjCe 2 ceW Principal
Simple : The king died in his native city. Clause keâe heefjJele&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
Complex : I have no money that I can give you. (iii) Co-ordinate Clause keâes Infinitive ceW yeouekeâj; pewmes -
Simple : I have no money to give you.
Compound : The news is very good but it is not true.
(iii) Adverb Clause kesâ mLeeve hej Adverb (ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe) Ùee Adverb
Simple : The news is too good to be true.
keâe keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues Meyo DeLee&le Prepositional phrase, Infinitive
Ùee Participle keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ; pewmes - RULE 33 : Compound Sentence keâes Complex Sentence
Complex : I was surprised when I heard this. yeveevee

Simple : I was surprised to hear this. Compound (mebÙegkeäle) JeekeäÙe keâes Complex (efceefßele) JeekeäÙe ceW yeoueves
Complex : I go to bed when the night comes. kesâ efueS JeekeäÙe keâs otmejs DeLee&le efheÚues Clause keâes Principal Clause yevee
Simple : I go to bed at night. osles nQ leLee henues Clause keâes Subordinate Clause ceW yeoue osles nQ;
RULE 31 : Skeâ Simple Sentence keâes Compound Sentence pewm es-
yeveevee
Compound : He is weak, thereforehe cannot walk.
Compound Sentence ceW Skeâ Principal Clause leLee Skeâ Fmekeâe
Complex : He cannot walk as he is weak.
Co-ordinate DeJeMÙe neslee nw~ Simple Sentence keâes Compound ceW
yeoueves kesâ efueS Simple Sentence kesâ efkeâmeer Meyo Ùee Phrase keâes Principal Compound : Learn your lesson and you will pass.
Clause yeveekeâj Gmekesâ heMÛeele Co-ordinating Conjunction ueiee osles Complex : If you learn your lesson, you will pass.
nQ; pewmes- RULE 34 : Complex Sentencekeâes Compound SentenceceW yeouevee
Simple : The sun having set, we went home. Complex Sentence keâes Compound Sentence ceW yeoueles meceÙe
Compound : The Sun had set and we went home. JeekeäÙe keâer Subordinate Clause keâes cegKÙe GheJeekeäÙe yeveekeâj henues ueiee osles
Simple : In spite of hard work he failed.
nQ leLee Principal Clause keâes yeeo ceW ueieeles nQ~ oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe ceW Co-
Compound : He worked hard but he failed.
ordinating Conjunction ueieeÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
RULE 32 : Skeâ Compound Sentence keâes Simple Sentence
Complex : I am sure that you have done this.
ceW yeouevee
Compound Sentence keâes Simple Sentence ceW yeoueles meceÙe Compound : You have done this and I am sure of it.
JeekeäÙe keâs efkeâmeer Clause keâes Participle, Preposition, Infinitive Ùee Complex : He failed although he did his best.
Gerund ceW efvecve Øekeâej mes yeoue osles nQ– Compound : He did his best but he failed.
Practice Questions 6. I will phone you afterI shall arrive.
(a) after I shall have arrived
Directions : In these questions, a sentence is given in (b) after I arrive
which a part or whole sentence part of which may need im- (c) after I arrived
provement. Alternatives are given in (a), (b) and (c) below which (d) No improvement
may be a better option. In case no improvement is needed, your Gòej—(b)
answer is (d).
jsKeebefkeâle JeekeäÙeebMe kesâ mLeeve hej Fme JeekeäÙe ceW after I arrive keâe ØeÙeesie
1. I complimented Raju for his promotion.
GefÛele nesiee~
(a) with (b) on
(c) about (d) No improvement 7. It's high time you come to a decision.
Gòej—(b) (a) came (b) had come

(c) have come (d) No improvement
jsKeebefkeâle Meyo kesâ mLeeve hej preposition 'on' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
Gòej—(a)
2. The food tastes deliciously.
Ùeneb jsKeebefkeâle Meyo kesâ mLeeve hej came keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
(a) delicacy (b) delicious
8. She teaches us grammar, isn't it ?
(c) badly (d) No improvement
(a) isn't she? (b) doesn't she?
Gòej—(b)
(c) doesn't it? (d) No improvement
Fme JeekeäÙe ceW 'deliciously' Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie DevegeÛf ele nw keäÙeeWekf eâ Transi- Gòej—(b)
tive verb (mekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee) 'Tastes' kesâ Deeies Object (keâejkeâ) keâe nesvee
JeekeäÙe ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo 'isn't it' kesâ mLeeve hej 'doesn't she' keâe ØeÙeesie
DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw~ Dele: 'delicious' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~
GefÛele nw~
3. I have seen much of the plays of Shakespeare acted.
9. The struggle for independence is gaining movement
(a) a few (b) many
everyday.
(c) most (d) No improvement
(a) motion
Gòej—(c)
(b) movement
ØeMveiele JeekeäÙe ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo kesâ mLeeve hej 'most' keâe ØeÙeesie mener (c) momentum
nesi ee~ (d) No improvement
4. I have bought this house in 1970 for Rs. Two Lakhs. Gòej—(c)
(a) had bought (b) bought JeekeäÙe ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo 'movement' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele veneR nw yeefukeâ
(c) have been bought (d) No improvement Fmekesâ mLeeve hej 'momentum' DeLee&le ‘ieefle’ keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
Gòej—(b)
10. She is quite without affection and has no false pride.
jsKeebefkeâle JeekeäÙeebMe kesâ mLeeve hej I bought keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ (a) admiration
5. The child died from jaundice. (b) affli ction

(c) affectati on
(a) with (b) of
(d) No improvement
(c) by (d) No improvement
Gòej—(b) Gòej—(c)
ØeMveiele JeekeäÙe ceW jsKeebefkeâle Meyo kesâ mLeeve hej Preposition 'of ' keâe 'affectation' DeLee&le ‘‘efoKeeJee Ùee {eWie’’ keâe jsKeebefkeâle Meyo kesâ mLeeve
ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~ hej ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe keâes meejieefYe&le keâjlee nw~
Direct and Indirect Speech
Example Questions 4. He said to his father, "Please increase my pocket- money."
(a) He tol d hi s father, "Please increase t he pocket-
Directions : In the questions below the sentences have been money."
given in Direct/Indirect Speech. From the given alternatives, (b) He pleaded his father to please increase my pocket-
money.
choose the one which best expresses the given sentence in (c) He requested his father to increase his pocket- money.
Indirect/Direct Speech. (d) He asked his father to increase his pocket-money.
1. "If you don't keep quite I shall shoot you", he said to her Gòej—(c)
in a calm voice.
Ûetbefkeâ oer ieF& Direct Speech ceW Skeâ heg$e Deheves efhelee mes efveJesove keâj jne
(a) He warned her to shoot if she didn't keep quite calmly.
(b) He said calmly that I shall shoot you if you don't be
nw~ Dele: Indirect Speech ceW said to keâes requested mes yeoue osles nwb
quite.
leLee Indirect Speech ceW efveJesove metÛekeâ Meyo Please keâe ØeÙeesie venerb
(c) He warned her calmly that he would shoot her if she
keâjles nQ~
didn't keep quite. 5. She said that herbrother was getting married.
(d) Calmly he warned her that be quite or else he will have (a) She said, "Her brother is getting married."
(b) She told, "Her brother is getting married."
to shoot her.
(c) She said, "My brother is getting married."
Gòej—(c) (d) She said, "My brother was getting married."
Ûetbefkeâ GheÙe&gòeâ JeekeäÙe ÛesleeJeveer metÛekeâ nw Dele: Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Gòej—(c)
'said to' keâes 'warned' ceW yeoueles nQ leLee Reporting Verb kesâ Object oer ieF& Indirect Speech Past Continuous Tense ceW nw Dele:
'her' kesâ Devegmeej 'you' keâes 'she' ceW yeoue osles nQ~
Direct Speech Present Continuous Tense ceW nesieer~ Direct
2. I told him thathe was not working hard. Speech ceW 'Her' keâes 'My' mes yeoue osles nQ~
(a) I said to him, "You are not working hard."
6. The boy said, "Who dare call you a thief ?"
(b) I told to him, "You are not working hard." (a) The boy enquired who dared call him a thief.
(c) I said, "You are not working hard." (b) The boy asked who called him a thief.
(d) I said to him, "He is not working hard." (c) The boy told that who dared call him a thief.
Gòej—(a) (d) The boy wondered who dared call a thief.
Gòej—(a)
oer ieF& Indirect Speech Past Continuous Tense ceW nw~ Dele:
Direct Speech Present Continuous Tense ceWs nesieer~ Direct Direct Speech ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Interrogative Øekeâej keâe nw efpemekeâe
Speech ceW 'told' keâes 'said to' ceW yeoue osles nQ~ Gòej 'Yes' Ùee ''No' ceW veneR efoÙee pee mekeâlee~ leovegmeej Indirect Speech
ceW 'said' keâes 'asked' Ùee 'enquired' ceW yeoue osles nQ~
3. His father ordered him to go to his room and study.
7. She exclaimed with sorrow that was a very miserable
(a) His father said, "Go to your room and study."
plight.
(b) His father said to him, "Go and study in your room."
(a) She said with sorrow, "What a pity it is."
(c) His father shouted, "Go right now to your study (b) She said, "What a mystery it is."
room." (c) She said, "What a miserable sight it is."
(d) His father said firmly, "Go and study in your room." (d) She said, "What a miserable plight it is."
Gòej—(a) Gòej—(d)
Direct Speech ceW 'ordered' keâes 'said' ceW yeoue oWies leLee Indirect oer ieF& Indirect Speech ceW "Exclaimed with sorrow" keâe ØeÙeesie
Speech ceW heg$e kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle 'his' keâes Reported Speech ceW 'your' efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efpememes mhe° neslee nw efkeâ Direct Speech ceW
mes yeoue oWies~ Exclamatory Sentence (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ JeekeäÙe) keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~

8. Dhruv said that he was sick and tired of working for that Reporting Verb keâes inverted commas (".........") kesâ yeenj Deewj
company. Reported Speech keâes inverted commas kesâ Deboj jKee peelee nw~
(a) Dhruv said, "I am sick and tired of working for this
GoenjCe 1 mes -
company."
He said, "I am ready to go."
(b) Dhruv said, "He was tired of that company." Reporting Reported
(c) Dhruv said to me, "I am sick and tired of working for Verb Speech
this company." B. otmeje - Jeòeâe kesâ Éeje keâner ieF& yeele keâe meejebMe Deheves MeyoeW ceW JÙeòeâ
(d) Dhruv said, "I will be t ired of working for t hat
keâjvee; pewmes – GoenjCe 1 keâes Deiej nce Deheves MeyoeW ceW keânW, lees Fme Øekeâej
company."
Gòej—(a) keânW ies-
He said that he was ready to go.
Direct Speech ceW 'He was' keâes 'I am' mes yeoue osles nQ leLee 'that Fmeer Øekeâej GoenjCe 2 ceW jece Éeje keâner ieF& yeele keâe meejebMe Deheves MeyoeW
company' keâes 'this company' efueKee peeSiee~
ceW JÙeòeâ keâjW, lees Fme Øekeâej keâjWies-
9. "Are you alone, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind Ram told Mohan that he would help him.
me. Ssmes keâLeve keâes Indirect Speech Ùee DeØelÙe#e keâLeve keânles nQ~
(a) A soft voice asked that what I was doing there alone.
 Direct Speech mess Indirect Speech ceW heefjJele&ve
(b) A soft voice said to me are you alone son.
(c) A soft voice from my back asked If I was alone. nsleg kegâÚ meeceevÙe efveÙece
(d) A soft voice behind me asked If I was alone. RULE 1:
Gòej—(d) Indirect Speech ceW 'inverted commas' keâes nšekeâj Conjunction
'that' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Reported Speech keâe ØeejbYe meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee 'are' mes nes jne nw DeLee&le
hetÚs ieS ØeMve keâe Gòej 'Yes' Ùee 'No' ceW efoÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Dele: RULE 2 :
Indirect Speech ceW 'If' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ Indirect Speech ceW Reporting Verb kesâ heMÛeele comma (,) keâe
ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee, meeLe ner Reporting Verb kesâ Tense ceW Yeer
10. She said to him, "Why don't you go today?"
heefjJele&ve veneR efkeâÙee peelee~
(a) She asked him why he did not go that day.
RULE 3 :
(b) She said to him why he don't go that day.
(c) She asked him not to go that day.
keâYeer-keâYeer Reporting Verb keâes Reported Speech kesâ YeeJeevegmeej
(d) She asked him why he did not go today. yeouee peelee nw~
Gòej—(a) RULE 4 :
Ùeefo Reporting Verb Jele&ceeve Ùee YeefJe<Ùe keâeue ceW nes, lees Reported
Reported Speech keâe DeejbYe Interrogative Adverb 'Why' mes nes
Speech keâer ef›eâÙee keâe Tense veneR yeouesiee ; pewmes-
jne nw~ Dele: Indirect yeveeles meceÙe 'said to' keâes 'asked' ceW yeouekeâj
Direct : Mohan says, "Father is not at home."
Indirect Speech keâes 'why' mes DeejbYe keâjles nQ~ Indirect : Mohan says that father is not at home.
Direct : You will say, " Harish is strong in Physics."
Study Material Indirect : You will say that Harish is strong in Physics.
RULE 5 : Ùeefo Reporting Verb Yetlekeâeue (Past Tense) ceW nes, lees
 Direct and Indirect Speech
Reported Speech keâer ef›eâÙee leLee DevÙe MeyoeW ceW efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej mes
efkeâmeer Jeòeâe kesâ keâLeve keâes nce oes Øekeâej mes JÙeòeâ keâj mekeâles nQ-
heefjJele&ve nesles nw-
A. henuee- Jeòeâe kesâ Éeje keâns ngS MeyoeW keâes pÙeeW keâe lÙeeW Gmeer kesâ MeyoeW
(i) Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite ceW yeouelee nw-
ceW jKe osvee ; pewmes- Direct : He said, "I write a letter."
GoenjCe : He said, "I am ready to go." Indirect : He said that he wrote a letter.
GoenjCe : Ram said to Mohan, "I shall help you." Direct : They said, "We love our country."
Fmes Direct Speech Ùee ØelÙe#e keâLeve keânles nbw~ Indirect : They said that they loved their country.
 Direct Narration kesâ oes Yeeie nesles nwb - DeheJeeo : Ùeefo Reported Speech meowJ e melÙe jnves Jeeueer yeele Ùee Deeole
(i) Reporting Verb Øekeâš keâjs, lees Fmekesâ Present Indefinite Tense ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR
(ii) Reported Speech nesiee; pewmes-
Direct : T he teacher said, "The earth is round." Direct : He said, "I will study the book."
Indirect : T he teacher said that the Earth is round. Indirect : He said that he would study the book.
(ii) Present Continuous, Past Continuous ceW yeouelee nw- Direct : I said, "I shall do the work."
Direct : She said, "I am washing my clothes." Indirect : I said that I should do the work.
Indirect : She said that she was washing her clothes. (ix) Future Continuous Tense ceW Will be/Shall be, Would be/
Direct : Sita said, "Ram is working hard." Should be ceW yeouelee nw-
Indirect : Sita said that Ram was working hard. Direct : She said, "I will be shifting to a new home."
(iii) Present Perfect, Past Perfect Tense ceW yeouelee nw- Indirect : She said that she would be shifting to a new home.
Direct : He said, "I have started a job." (x) FuturePerfect Tense ceW Will have/Shall have, Would have/
Indirect : He said that he had started a job. Should have ceW yeouelee nw-
Direct : Mohan said, "They have played well." Direct : I said, "He will have killed the snake."
Indirect : Mohan said that they had played well. Indirect : I said that he would have killed the snake.
(iv) Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous ceW (xi) May, Might ceW Deewj Can, Could ceW yeouelee nw-
yeouelee nw- Direct : He said, "The boy may go."
Direct : He said, "I have been studying since 3 O' clock." Indirect : He said that the boy might go.
Indirect : He said that he had been studying since 3 O' Direct : She said, "He can sing."
clock. Indirect : She said that he could sing.
Direct : Ram said, "It has been raining since morning." (xii) meeceevÙeleÙee 'Must' ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw -
Indirect : Ram said that it had been raining since morning. Direct : The teacher said, "The boys must work."
(v) Past Indefinite, Past Perfect Tense ceW yeouelee nw- Indirect : The teacher said that the boys must work.
Direct : John said, "T hey went to cinema." veesš : kegâÚ oMeeDeeW ceW 'Must' keâes 'had to' Ùee 'would have to' ceW yeoue
Indirect : John said that they had gone to cinema. osles nQ-
Direct : He said, "He learnt his lesson." (a) Present Obligation (Jele&ceeve keâle&JÙe) ceW -
Indirect : He said that he had learnt his lesson. Direct : Harish said, "I must reach the office before time as
DeheJeeo : my boss is to visit the factory."
Yetlekeâeefuekeâ Ssefleneefmekeâ leLÙe Ùee Yetlekeâeue ceW ngS keâece pees meeLe-meeLe Indirect : Harish said he had to reach the office before
neW, lees Fvekesâ Past Indefinite ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR nesiee; pewmes- time as his boss was to visit the factory.
Direct : The teacher said, "Rajiv Gandhi died in 1991."
(b) Obligation to be fulfilled in future (YeefJe<Ùe ceW hetje efkeâS peeves Jeeues
Indirect : The teacher said that Rajiv Gandhi died in 1991.
keâòe&JÙe) ceW -
Direct : He said, "Sita sang and Yamini danced in the function."
Direct : He said,'' I must find a job for my son soon.''
Indirect : He said that Sita sang and Yamini danced in the
Indirect : He said he would have to find a job for his son soon.
function.
(xiii) Direct mes Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Reported Speech kesâ First
(vi) Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous ceW yeouelee nw-
Person kesâ Pronouns keâes Reporting Verb kesâ Subject kesâ
Direct : I said, "It was raining."
Person, Number Deewj Gender kesâ Devegmeej yeouee peelee nw; pewmes-
Indirect : I said that it had been raining.
Direct : She said' ''I want to be a good student.''
(vii) Past Perfect Tense leLee Past Perfect Continuous Tense ceW
Ùeneb Reported Speech ceW First Person 'I' nw, Indirect yeveeles
keâesF& heefjJele&ve venebr nesiee-
meceÙe Fmes Reporting Verb kesâ Subject 'She' kesâ Devegmeej yeouee peeSiee;
Direct : He said, "I had started a business."
Dele:
Indirect : He said that he had started a business.
Indirect : She said that she wanted to be a good student.
Direct : He said, "I had been reading the book since
Direct : They said, ''We want to play cricket.''
morning."
Ùeneb Reported Speech ceW First Person ''We'' nw, Indirect yeveeles
Indirect : He said that he had been reading the book since
meceÙe Fmes Reporting Verb kesâ Subject 'T hey' kesâ Devegmeej yeouee peeSiee;
morning.
Dele:
(viii) Future Indefinite Tense ceW 'Will' ','Would' ceW Deewj 'Shall'
Indirect : They said that they wanted to play cricket.
Should' ceW yeouelee nw-
(xiv) Direct mes Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Reported Speech kesâ Second RULE 1 :
Person kesâ Pronouns keâes Reporting Verb kesâ Object kesâ Person, Direct Speech mes Indirect Speech yeveeves kesâ efueS Reporting
Number Deewj Gender kesâ Devegmeej yeouee peelee nw; pewmes- Verb 'said' keâes 'asked' ceW yeoueles nbw leLee Reporting Speech ceW ef›eâÙee
Direct : He said to me, ''You are a good boy.'' kesâ heMÛeele Ùeefo 'to' nes lees Gmes nše osles nbw~
Ùeneb Reported Speech ceW Second Person 'You' nw, Indirect yeveeles RULE 2 :
meceÙe Fmes Reporting Verb kesâ Object 'Me' kesâ Devegmeej yeouee peeSiee; Interrogative Sentences keâes Direct Sp eech mes Indirect
Dele: Speech ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS Conjunction 'that' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee
Indirect : He told me that I was a good boy. peelee nw~
(xv) Direct mes Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Reported Speech kesâ Third RULE 3 :
Person kesâ Pronouns ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve vener efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
Ùeefo Reported Speech keâe DeejbYe efkeâmeer meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee (is, am,
Direct : Ram said, ''She is reading a book.''
are,--------) mes nes DeLee&le ØeMve keâe Gòej 'Yes' Ùee 'No' ceW DeeS lees
Ùeneb Reported Speech ceW 'She' Third Person nw~ Dele: FmeceW keâesF& Indirect Speech ceW 'If' Ùee 'Whether' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
heefjJele&ve veneR nesiee~
Direct : He said to me, "Are you a teacher?"
Indirect : Ram said that she was reading a book.
Indirect : He asked me if I was a teacher.
(xvi) Ùeefo Reporting Verb Past Tense ceW nes, lees efvekeâšleemetÛekeâ MeyoeW
Direct : Hari said to me, "Do you not know Mohan?"
keâes otj er Øekeâš keâjves Jeeues MeyoeW (words expressing distance) ceW
Indirect : Hari asked me whether I did not know Mohan.
yeoue osles nQ; pewmes-
RULE 4 :
This changes into That
These changes into Those Ùeefo Reported Speech efkeâmeer Interrogative Pronoun (Who,
Here changes into There Whom, W hat, Which-----) Ùee Interrogative Adverb (When,
Thus changes into So Where, Why-----) mes DeejbYe nes DeLee&le ØeMve keâe Gòej 'Yes' Ùee 'No' ceW
Ago changes into Before ve DeeS, lees Indirect Speech ceW GvneR ØeMveJeeÛekeâ MeyoeW (When, What,
Tonight changes into That Night Why----- Deeefo) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Today changes into That Day Direct : I said to him, "Who are you?"
Tomorrow changes into the Next day or the Following day Indirect : I asked him who he was.
Yesterday changes into the Previous Day Direct : My father said to me, "Where do you like to go?"
Last Night changes into the Previous Night Indirect : My father asked me where I liked to go.
Come changes into Go Practice Questions
Now changes into Then
Directions : In the questions below the sentences have been
Direct : '' I ' ll do it tomorrow, '' he promised.
given in Direct/Indirect Speech. From the given alternatives,
Indirect : He promised that he would do it the next day.
choose the one which best expresses the given sentence in
Direct : The visitor said, " I am very happy to be here
Indirect/Direct Speech.
this morning."
1. She said to her friend, "I know whereis everyone."
Indirect : T he visitor said that he was very happy to be
(a) She told that she knew where was everyone.
there that morning.
(b) She told her friend that she knew where was everyone.
veesš: Ùeefo this, here Deewj now efkeâmeer Ssmeer Jemleg, mLeeve Ùee meceÙe keâer Deesj (c) She told her friend that she knew where is everyone.
mebkesâle keâjW pees keânles meceÙe Jeòeâe kesâ meeceves GheefmLele nes, lees Indirect (d) Sh e t ol d her friend t hat s he knows where was
Narration ceW Fve MeyoeW ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR nesiee; pewmes- everyone.
Direct : He said, "This is my book"
Gòej—(b)
Indirect : He said that this was his book.
Direct : He said, "I will do it now" Ûetbefkeâ Reported Speech Present Indefinite Tense ceW nw, Dele:
Indirect : He said that he would do it now. Indirect Speech Past Indefinite Tense ceW nesieer~
 Interrogative Sentences keâes Direct Speech mes 2. Samira said, "Monica speaks English very well."
(a) Samira said that Monica spoke English very well.
Indirect Speech ceW yeoueves nsleg kegâÚ meeceevÙe efveÙece (b) Samira said that Monica is speaking English very well.
Interrogative Sentences ceW Reported Speech is, am, are, (c) Samira said that Monica had spoken English very well.
was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will, shall, can, could, (d) Samira said that Monica speaks English very well.
who, when, what FlÙeeefo MeyoeW mes DeejbYe nesleer nw~ Gòej—(a)
Direct Speech Present Indefinite Tense ceW nw~ Dele: Indirect Ûetbefkeâ Direct Speech Past
Indefinite Tense ceW nw, Dele: Indirect
Speech Past Indefinite Tense ceW nesieer~ Speech Past Perfect Tense ceW nesieer~
3. Rashmi said, "I have to leavethe class before12:30." 7. Vinita said, "I will ask the teacher to explain the
(a) Rashmi said that I have to leave the class before12:30. differences between quoted and reported Speech."
(b) Rashmi said that she has to leave the class before (a) Vinita said that she would ask the teacher to explain
12:30. the differences between quoted and reported Speech.
(c) Rashmi said that she had to leave the class before (b) Vinita said that she will ask the teacher to explain the
12:30.
differences between quoted and reported Speech.
(d) Rashmi said that she has had to leave the class before
(c) Vinita said that she was going to ask the teacher to
12:30.
explain the differences between quoted and reported
Gòej—(c)
Speech.
Direct Speech Present Perfect Tense ceW nw, Dele: Indirect (d) Vinita said that she had asked the teacher to explain
Speech Past Perfect Tense ceW nesieer~
the differences between quoted and reported Speech.
4. Suman said, "I can't possibly finish my work by five Gòej—(a)
O'clock."
Ûetbefkeâ Reporting Verb Past Tense ceW nw, Dele: Indirect Speech ceW
(a) Suman said that she can't possibly finish her work by
'will' keâes 'would' ceW yeoue osles nQ~ 'I' keâes Subject 'Vinita' kesâ Devegmeej
five O'clock.
(b) Suman said that she won't possibly finish her work by 'she' ceW yeoueWies~
five O'clock. 8. The teacher said, "You must study hard for the test on
(c) Suman said that she couldn't possibly finish her work reported Speech."
by five O'clock. (a) The teacher said that we must study hard for the test
(d) Suman said that she hadn't been able to possibly on reported Speech.
finish her work by five O'clock.
(b) The teacher said that we had to study hard for the test
Gòej—(c)
on reported Speech.
Ûetbefkeâ Reporting Verb Past Tense ceW nw, Dele: Indirect Speech (c) The teacher said that we could study hard for the test
yeveeles meceÙe can't keâes couldn't ceW yeoue oWies~ on reported Speech.
5. Mamta said, "I am going to Mexico next year." (d) The teacher said that we are going to study hard for
(a) Mamta said that she is going to Mexico next year. the test on reported Speech.
(b) Mamta said that she was going to Mexico next year. Gòej—(b)
(c) Mamta said that she had gone to Mexico next year.
(d) Mamta said that she will be going to Mexico next year. Ûetbefkeâ Reporting Verb Past Tense ceW nw, Dele: Indirect Speech ceW
Gòej—(b) 'Must' keâes 'had to' ceW yeoue osles nQ~
Ûetbefkeâ
Direct Speech Present Continuous Tense ceW nw, Dele: 9. Sushma said, "My English may improve very quickly."
Indirect Speech Past Continuous Tense ceW nesieer~ (a) Sushma said that her English was going to improve
very quickly."
6. Martina said, "I went to Vietnam to visit my family."
(b) Sushma said that her English had been able to improve
(a) Martina said that she went to Vietnam to visit her
very quickly.
family.
(b) Martina said that she had gone to Vietnam to visit her (c) Sushma said that her English improved very quickly.
family. (d) Sushma said that her English might improve very
(c) Martina said that she is going to Vietnam to visit her quickly.
family. Gòej—(d)
(d) Martina said that she was going to Vietnam to visit
Ûetbefkeâ Reporting Verb Past Tense ceW nw, Dele: Indirect Speech ceW
her family.
Gòej—(b) 'may' keâes 'might' ceW yeoue osles nQ~

Punctuation and Spelling
Example Questions 5. (a) malignant (b) impertinant
Directions : In these questions, groups of four words are (c) ind ependant (d) neglegent
given. In each group, one word is correctly spelt. Find the Gòej—(a)
correctly spelt word : Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'malignant' (keâhešer, efJeÉs< ehetCe&) keâer Jele&veer mener nw,
1. (a) qestalt (b) imbrolios peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw-
(c) ampasse (d) recondi te (b) impertinent – iegmleeKe, Oe=°, cegbnpeesj
Gòej—(d) (c) independent – DeelceefveYe&j, efve<he#e
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'recondite' (iet{Ì ; ienve) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, (d) negligent – DeefMe°, DemeeJeOeeve
6. (a) convinience (b) initative
peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw-
(c) concesio nal (d) exaggerate
(b) impasse – ieeflejesOe, yevo jemlee, keâef"ve efmLeefle
(c) imbroglios – Ieesšeuee, PebPeš, DeJÙeJemLee
Gòej—(d)
2. (a) hin drance (b) cores pndence Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'exaggerate' (yeÌ{e-ÛeÌ{e keâj keânvee) keâer Jele&veer mener
(c) ins urence (d) assu rence nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw-
Gòej—(a) (a) convenience – GheÙegòeâlee, mentefueÙele, megeJf eOee
(b) initiative – henuekeâoceer, DeiegDeeF&, vesle=lJe
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'hindrance' (yeeOee; ®keâeJeš) keâer Jele&veer mener nw,
(c) concessional – efjÙeeÙeleer
peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw-
7. (a) diologue (b) gi raff
(b) correspondence – he$eeÛeej
(c) scisso rs (d) humaurous
(c) insurance – yeercee, j#ee
Gòej—(c)
(d) assurance – Yejesmee, DeeMJeemeve
3. (a) adversery (b) adultary Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'scissors' (keQâÛeer) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe
(c) advisory (d) arbi tary (ieuele-Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw-
Gòej—(c) (a) dialogue – mebJeeo
(b) giraffe – efpejeheâ, Skeâ Øekeâej keâe Tbš
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'advisory' (meueenkeâejer) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, (d) humourous – nemÙeØeo
peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw- 8. (a) asiduo us (b) nefario us
(a) adversary – efjheg, efJehe#eer, Jewjer
(c) macaber (d) loqacious
(b) adultery – hejm$eerieceve, peejkeâce& Gòej—(b)
(d) arbitrary – FÛÚeOeerve, Skeâ he#eerÙe
4. (a) rogeu (b) colleague
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'nefarious' (YeÙeevekeâ, [jJevee, DeMegYe) keâer Jele&veer
mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe:
(c) diluge (d) alege
nw-
Gòej—(b)
(a) assiduous – heefjßeceer, GÅeceer, lelhej
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'colleague' (menkeâceea) keâer Jele&veer mener nw peyeefkeâ (c) macabre – JeerYelme, Ie=efCele
DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw- (d) loquacious – iehheer, yeeletveer, JeeÛeeue
(a) rogue – yeoceeMe, Me", Mejejleer 9. (a) cortege (b) damege
(c) deluge – hueeJeve, ØeueÙe (c) milege (d) plumege
(d) algae – MewJeeue Gòej—(a)
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'cortege' keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele (B) (S e mi-colon ) Deæ&eJf ejece [;]
Jele&veer-Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw- peneb hetCe& efJejece keâer Dehes#ee keâce osj ®keâvee nes Deewj DeuheefJejece keâer
(b) damage – vegkeâmeeve, #eefle Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ osj lekeâ ®keâvee nes leye Deæ&efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(c) mileage – ueeYe, heâeÙeoe, ceerueJeej Yeòee ØeeÙe: Deæ&efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie Ssmes GheJeekeäÙeeW keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
(d) plumage – hebKe, meengue peelee nw, pees Deeheme ceW ‘efMeefLeue ™he mes mebyebefOele’ (loosely connected)
10. (a) mandatary (b) circulatary nesles nQ; pewmes—
(c) temporary (d) regulatary Sumit likes to play cricket; Amit likes to play soccer.
I drank lemonade; Manish sipped tea
Gòej—(c)
(C ) (C om ma) DeuheefJejece [,]
Jele&veer mecetneW ceW Meyo 'temporary' (DemLeeÙeer) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ peneb hej Deæ&eJf ejece keâer leguevee ceW keâce osj ®keâvee nes, lees Jeneb
DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer ›eâceMe: nw- Deuheef Jejece keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie meeceevÙele:
(a) mandatory – DeefveJeeÙe&, Jekeâerue efvecveefueefKele heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw—
(b) circulatory – heefjmebÛeejer (I) efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW Skeâ ner Øekeâej kesâ keâF& MeyoeW (nouns, adjectives,
(d) regulatory – efveÙeecekeâ verbs or adverbs) keâe ØeÙeesie nesves hej ØelÙeskeâ Meyo kesâ yeeo DeuheefJejece
ueieeÙee peelee nw uesefkeâve Debelf ece Meyo kesâ henues 'and' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee ;
Study Material peswmes -
Ramesh, Shravan, Dilip and Radha went for the meeting.
 Punctuation and S pelling You must complete the assignment honestly, correctly and
Punctuation (efJejece-efÛevnveve) uewešf ve Yee<ee kesâ Meyo 'Punctum' mes yevee quickly.
nw efpemekeâe DeLe& nw- ‘eEyeog’ (a point) ~ efJejece efÛeÖ kesâ Éeje uesKekeâ JeekeäÙe kesâ (II) ØelÙe#e GæjCe keâes Mes<e JeekeäÙe mes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes -
Øekeâej SJeb mener "njeJe keâer peevekeâejer os heeles nQ~ efkeâmeer Yee<ee ceW mebhetCe& %eeve The great leader told the crowd, "I will fast till death or
Deewj megboj ØeÙeesie kesâ efueS efJejece efÛeÖeW keâer peevekeâejer DelÙeble DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Ùeefo until our demands are met."
nce efJejece efÛeÖeW keâe mecegefÛele ØeÙeesie vener keâjWies, lees DeLe& keâe DeveLe& nes peeves keâer He said to his disciples, "Watch and pray."
DeeMebkeâe nesieer~ Deb«espe r Yee<ee kesâ kegâÚ ØecegKe efJejece efÛeÖ efvecveefueefKele nQ- (III) DeveefvJele keâlee& (Nominative Absolute) kesâ heMÛeele ; pewsmes -
The wind being favourable, the squadron sailed
(A) Full stop or pe riod (hetCe& efJ ejece) [.]
(IV) meb%ee Ùee meceeveeefOekeâjCe kesâ heoyebOe (Phrase in Apposition) keâes
Fme efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Deewj efJemceÙemetÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW keâes ÚesÌ[keâj DevÙe
Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes -
meYeer Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Deble ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW ØeÙeesie Milton, the great English poet, was blind
efkeâS peeves hej Ùen efÛevn ‘meyemes DeefOekeâ efJeßeece’ (Strong Pause) keâe Pandit Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, died in 1964.
heefjÛeeÙekeâ nw; pewmes - (V) mebyeeseOf ele JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle MeyoeW keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS;pewmes
I like this laptop. -
Read this book. How are you, Mohan ?
veesš : eEkeâleg peye Meyo yeueelcekeâ nesles nQ, lees nceW efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ efÛeÖ keâe
( I) hetCe& efJejece keâe ØeÙeesie mebef#ehle ™heeW (abbreviations) kesâ yeeo Yeer ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS; pewmes—
nes mekeâlee nw; pewmes - et(c), (a)m., p.m. Monster! by thee my child's devoured!
(VI) oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCeeW Ùee ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe heoyebOeeW kesâ meeLe-
(II) Full stop is used in internet and e-mail addresses (in
meeLe ØeÙegòeâ nesves hej GvnW Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes-
the form of dot) ; pewmes-
Then, at length, tardy justice was done to the memory of
www.ghatnachakr.com,info@ghatn achakr.com
Oliver.
(III) Illustration where f ull stop is not used (VII) ke=âobleerÙe heoyebOe (Participial Phrase) mes henues Deewj yeeo ceW, yeMelex
Mr or Mrs kesâ yeeo full stop keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee keäÙeeWefkeâ FvnW efkeâ heoyebOe keâe efJemleej JeekeäÙe cebs nes mekesâ Deewj Gmekeâe ØeÙeesie kesâJeue
mebe#f ehlee#ejeW kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee; Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Deeefo keâs efJeMes<elee yeleeves kesâ efueS ve ngDee nes; pewmes -
yeeo Yeer full stop keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee~ Caeser, having conquered his enemies, returned to Rome.

(VIII) Ssmes MeyoeW, heoyebOeeW Ùee GheJeekeäÙeeW mes henues Deewj yeeo ceW pees JeekeäÙe kesâ (G) (Inve rte d Com mas) GæjCe efJejece Ùee efÛeÖ [" "] Fmekeâe
ceOÙe ceW neW; pewmes- ØeÙeesie GæjCe DeLeJee Jeòeâe kesâ MeyoeW keâes Gmeer ™he ceW JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS
His behaviour, to say the least, was very rude. neslee nw; pewmes-
His story was, in several ways, improbable. "I would rather die'', he exclaimed, "than join the opressors
(IX) efkeâmeer Meyo, efJeMes<e ™he mes ef›eâÙee kesâ ueghle nesves keâes meteÛf ele keâjves kesâ of my country."
efueS; pewmes- (H) (Dash) efveoxM ekeâ Ùee [wM e [–]
Ram received a fountain pen ; Hari, a watch. [wMe efÛevn (–) keâe ØeÙeesie efvecveefueefKele heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW neslee nw -
He was a Brahmin ; she, a Rajput. (I) efkeâmeer efJeÛeej kesâ Skeâoce ®keâves Ùee heefjJele&ve keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS ;
(X) mebÙegòeâ JeekeäÙe kesâ Úesšs-Úesšs meceeveheoerÙe GheJeekeäÙeeW keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ pewm es-
efueS; pewmes- If my husband were alive – but why lament the past?
I came, I saw, I conquere(d) (II) keâlee& kesâ efyeKejs ngS DebMeeW keâes meeLe-meeLe yeesOe keâjves kesâ efueS; pewsmes–
The way was long, the wind was col(d) Friends, companions, relatives – all deserted him.
(D) (C ol on ) keâesueve [:] (I) (Hyph e n) mebÙeespekeâ efÛeÖ [-]
Ùen Deæ&efJejece Éeje JÙeòeâ efJejece mes Yeer DeefOekeâ efJejece keâe mebkesâle keâjlee nw~ Ùen efÛeÖ efveoxMekeâ keâer Dehes#ee Úesše (-) neslee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie mebÙegkeäle Meyo
Ùen efvecveefueefKele heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw – kesâ DebMeeW keâes efceueeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes-
(I) GæjCe (quotation) keâes ØeejbYe keâjves kesâ efueS ; pewmes- Passer-by, man-of-war, Jack-of-all-trades.
Bacon says : "Reading makes a full man, writing an exact
(J) (Pare nth e se s) keâes‰keâ Ùee (Double Dashe s) oesnjs
man, speaking a ready man."
[wM e keâe ØeÙeesie Ssmes heoyebOe Ùee GheJeekeäÙe keâes cegKÙe JeekeäÙe mes Deueie
(II) JemlegDeeW keâer metÛeer Ùee ieCevee, GoenjCe Deeefo mes henues; pewmes– keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemekeâe JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes cegKÙe
The principal parts of a verb in English are : the present JeekeäÙe mes mebyebOe ve nes; pewmes-
tense, the past tense, and the past participle.
He gained from Heaven (it was all he wished) a frien(d)
The man needs three things to survive : air, water and food
(K) (Apostrophe ) JeCe& ueeshe efÛeÖ [,]
(III) SsmesJeekeäÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe ceW pees JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes mJeleb$e neW, efkebâleg DeLe&
Ùen efÛevn efvecve meboYeex ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw -
Éeje Deeheme ceW efvekeâš ™he mes mebyebeOf ele neW; pewmes -
(I) efkeâmeer JeCe& Ùee JeCeeX kesâ ueeshe keâes efoKeeves kesâ efueS; pewmes-
Study to acquire a habit of thinking : no study is more
Don't (Do not), I've (I have)
important.
(II) meb%eeDeeW kesâ mebyebOe keâejkeâ (Genitive Case) ceW; pewmes-
(E) (Q ue sti on Mark) ØeMvemetÛekeâ efÛevn [?]
Ram's car, Saurabh's computer
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie hetCe& efJejece kesâ mLeeve hej ØelÙe#e ØeMve kesâ yeeo neslee nw; pewmes-
(III) JeCeeX Deewj mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ yengJeÛeve yeveeves kesâ efueS; pewmes-
Have you written your exercise ? , ,
Add two 5 s and four 2 s
Are you mad ?
(L) (Dots/Ellipsis) ueeshe efJejece/Jepe&ve efÛeÖ [...]
(F) (Exclamati on Mark) efJemceÙemetÛekeâ efÛevn [!] efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ kesâ
Fme efÛeÖ keâe ØeÙeesie Gve heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW neslee nw peye Ùen efoKeevee nes efkeâ
yeeo leLee Deekeâefmcekeâ YeeJevee Ùee FÛÚe keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves Jeeues heoy ebOeeW Deewj
yeerÛe cesW kegâÚ Meyo Útš s ngS nQ DeLeJee efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ Deble ceW Mes<e efnmmes keâes
JeekeäÙeeW kesâ yeeo efJemceÙemet Ûekeâ efÛeÖ ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw;pewm es-
Alas ! Oh dear !
JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer Ùen ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~
pewmes- Progressive delegates were ... Challenging the
What a terrible fire this is !
view that Britain…is conservativeand…..had not
veesš :
peye mebyeesOevekeâòee& mes henues efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ ueieeÙee peelee nw lees efJemceÙemetÛekeâ changed all that fundamentally.
efÛeÖ (Ùeefo Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeS) meb%ee kesâ yeeo Deelee nw Ùee Ùen JeekeäÙe kesâ  (Capital Letters) yeÌ[s JeCe&
Deble ceW Yeer ØeÙegòeâ nes mekeâlee nw; pewmes- yeÌ[s JeCee&W keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw-
O father ! I hear the sound of guns. JeekeäÙe ØeejbYe keâjves kesâ efueS~
O Hamlet, speak no more! JeekeäÙe keâer ØelÙeskeâ hebefòeâ keâes ØeejbYe keâjves kesâ efueS~
JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%eeDeeW Deewj Gvemes yeveves Jeeues efJeMes<eCeeW keâes ØeejbYe keâjves VI. efJeMes<e Øekeâej kesâ MeyoeW hej OÙeeve oerepf eS efpevekesâ Deble ceW 'ce' Deewj 'ge'
kesâ efueS; pewmes- neslee nw Deewj 'able' leLee 'ous' peesÌ[ves hej Yeer Deble keâe 'e' yevee jnlee nw;
Delhi, Ram, Africa, African, Shakespeare. pewmes–
osJ elee Ùee F&MJej (Deity) kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ meb%eeDeeW leLee meJe&veeceeW kesâ efueS; notice + able = noticeable peace + able = peaceable
pewmes– change + able = changeable courage + ous = courageous
The Lord, He is the God
Fme lejn kesâ Meyoebs ceW 'e' mes henues kesâ 'c' Deewj 'g' Oeerjs GÛÛeefjle nesles nQ~
meJe&veece I Deewj efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ O keâes efueKeves kesâ efueS~
keâYeer-keâYeer Gmeer mes efceueles-pegueles Meyo mes ogefJeOee ve nes FmeefueS 'e' keâes yeves
 (Spelling Rules) Jele&veer kesâ efveÙece jnves osles nQ; pewmes-
I. Skeâ mJej ± Skeâ JÙebpeve efpevekesâ Deble ceW nes, Ssmes Skeâ mJej (Vowel) singe + ing = singeing (avoids confusion with singing)
Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ Debelf ece JÙebpeve keâes mJej mes ØeejbYe nesves Jeeues ØelÙeÙe mes swinge + ing = swingeing (avoids confusion with swinging)
henues oes yeej ØeÙegòeâ keâjles nQ; pewmes-
VII. 'ee' mes Deble nesves Jeeues MeyoeW ceW ØelÙeÙe mes henues Skeâ 'e' keâes ÚesÌ[e veneR
beg + ed = begged rob + er = robber
peelee nw; pewmes-
run + ing = running sad + est = saddest
see + ing = seeing agree + ment = agreement
II. oes Ùee leerve mJejeW Jeeues MeyoeW, pees Skeâ mJej ± Skeâ JÙebpeve mes Deble nesles
VIII. 'ie' mes Deble nesves Jeeues MeyoeW ceW 'ing' peesÌ[s peeves hej 'ie' keâes 'y' ceW yeoue
nQ, kesâ Debelf ece JÙebpeve keâes oes yeej keâj osles nQ, Ùeefo Debelf ece De#ej hej yeue
osvee nes; pewmes - osles nQ; pewmes-
begin + ing = beginning occur + ed = occurred die, dying tie, tying lie, lying
permit + ed = permitted control + er = controller IX. JÙebpeve kesâ heMÛeele Deble ceW 'y' nesves hej 'ing' mes efYevve ØelÙeÙe mes henues 'y'
Ùeefo Debelf ece De#ej hej yeue ve nes lees JÙebpeve keâes oesiegvee veneR keâjles nQ; pewmes- keâes 'i' ceW yeoue osles nQ; pewmes-
benefit + ed = benefited suffer + ing =suffering happy + ly = happily carry + ed = carried
Ùes Meyo DeheJeeo nQ : worship, kidnap, handicap beauty + ful = beautiful marry + age = marriage
leLeeefhe, worship + ed = worshipped handicap + ed = handicapped efkebâleg :
kidnap + er = kidnapper carry + ing = carrying marry + ing = marrying
III. efyeÇešf Me Deb«es]peer ceW / JÙebpeve keâes oesiegvee keâj osles nQ, Yeues ner Debelf ece De#ej hejbleg mJej kesâ yeeo 'y' DeeS lees Jen veneR yeouelee nw~
hej yeue ve nes; pewmes - pray + ed = prayed play + er = player
quarrel +ed = quarrelled signal+ ing = signalling DeheJeeo :
travel + er = traveller distil + er = distiller day + ly = daily
IV. Ùeefo Ssmee Meyo, efpemeceW ful ØelÙeÙe pees[Ì vee nes, ll mes Deble nes lees otmejs say + ed = said
l keâe ueeshe keâj osles nQ; pewmes-
lay + ed = laid
skill + full = skilful will + full = wilful
X. peye 'ie' Ùee 'ei' keâe GÛÛeejCe 'beep' ceW DeeS 'ee' keâer lejn neslee nw lees
V. DevegÛÛeefjle (silent) e mes Deble nesves Jeeues MeyoeW kesâ e keâes, mJej mes ØeejbYe
'e' mes henues 'i' Deelee nw efkebâleg Meyo ceW 'c' kesâ heMÛeele 'e' kesâ yeeo 'i' Deelee
nesves Jeeues ØelÙeÙe pees[Ì ves mes henues, ÚesÌ[ osles nQ; pewmes-
nw; pewmes
live + ing = living move + ed = moved
believe recei ve
hope + ing = hoping drive + er = driver
relieve receipt
JÙebpeve mes ØeejbYe nesves Jeeues ØelÙeÙe keâes peesÌ[ves mes henues 'e' ÚesÌ[e veneR peelee nw;
achieve decei ve
pewm es-
hope + ful = hopeful engage+ ment = engagement yield concei ve
DeheJeeo : field conceit
true + ly = truly whole + ly = wholly kegâÚ DeheJeeo nQ :
due + ly = duly nine + th = ninth seize protein counterfeit
argue + ment = argument awe + ful = awful weird surfeit plabeian

6. (a) Despo ndant (b) Detriemental
Practice Questions
(c) Diaphenous (d) Dilatability
Directions : In these questions, groups of four Gòej—(d)
words are given. In each group, one word is correctly
spelt. Find the correctly spelt word : Meyo 'Dilatability' (efJemleejCe, Øemeej) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe
1. (a) Columen (b) Autumn (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
(c) Condamm (d) Symptem (a) despondent – efJeJeeohetCe&, ceeÙetme, nleeMe
Gòej—(b) (b) detrimental – Deefnlekeâj, DeheÛeeÙekeâ
Meyo ‘Autumn’ (nsceble, yegÌ{ehee, helePeÌ[) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe (c) diaphanous – heejoMeea, mhe°, heejoMe&keâ
(ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw- 7. (a) Seperate (b) Con fidance
(a) column – mlecYe, ob[ (c) Referance (d) Pro sperous
(c) condemn – Yelme&vee keâjvee Gòej—(d)
(d) symptom – ue#eCe, jesie keâe ue#eCe
2. (a) Precarius (b) Pr eceede
Meyo 'Prosperous' (mechevve, megKeer, mece=æ) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ
(c) Premier (d) Preperation DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
Gòej—(c) (a) separate – Deueie keâjvee
(b) confidence – Yejesmee, DeelceefJeMJeeme
Meyo ‘Premier’ (ØeOeeveceb$eer, ØeLece) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe
(ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues, MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw- (c) reference – mevoYe&, nJeeuee, GÉjCe
(a) precarious – mebeo f iOe, DeefmLej 8. (a) Reprimond (b) Resplendant
(b) precede – hetJe&Jeefle&lee, De«eieeefcelee (c) Repositary (d) Requisite
(d) preparation – lewÙeejer keâjvee, mebmkeâej Gòej—(d)
3. (a) Corespondent (b) Commandent
(c) Superintendent (d) Att endent
Meyo 'Requisite' (Dehesef#ele, pe™jer, DeeJeMÙekeâ) keâer Jele&veer mener nw,
Gòej—(c) peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
(a) reprimand – [ebš-heâškeâej, efPeÌ[keâer, efOekeäkeâej
Meyo ‘superintendent’ (DeOeer#ekeâ) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe
(ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw- (b) resplendent – oerhle, Øeleeheer, oso erhÙeceeve, jesMeve
(a) correspondent – mebJeeooelee (c) repository – DeeOeeve, meceeefOe, meb«eenkeâ
(b) commandant – mesveeveeÙekeâ, mesveeheefle 9. (a) Necter (b) Necas sary
(d) attendant – heefjÛeejkeâ, DevegÛej (c) Puntuation (d) Pung ent
4. (a) Imaginery (b) Dictionary Gòej—(d)
(c) Itinerery (d) Stationerry
Gòej—(b) Meyo 'Pungent' (keâ<eeÙe, keâmewuee, leer#Ce) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ
DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
Meyo ‘Dictionary’ (MeyokeâesMe) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe (ieuele
(a) neectar – jme, hejeie, megOee, cekeâjbo
Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
(b) necessary – DeeJeMÙekeâ, ueepeceer, JebeefÚle
(a) imaginary – keâeuheefvekeâ, ceveieÌ{ble
(c) itinerary – ceeie&, heLe ØeoMe&keâ hegmlekeâ, Ietcelee ngDee (c) punctuation – efJejece–efÛevnveve
(d) stationery – uesKeve-meece«eer 10. (a) Irrelavance (b) Maintenence
5. (a) Pronoun ciation (b) Repercution (c) Exuberance (d) Acquai ntence
(c) Rehabilitation (d) Tuition Gòej—(c)
Gòej—(c)
Meyo 'Exuberance' (Guueeme, ØeeÛegÙe&) Meyo keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ
Meyo ‘Rehabilitation’ (hegvem&Leehevee) keâer Jele&veer mener nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe DevÙe (ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
(ieuele Jele&veer Jeeues) MeyoeW keâer mener Jele&veer nw-
(a) irrelevance – Demebieefle, DeØeemebefiekeâlee
(a) pronunciation – GÛÛeejCe
(b) maintenance – mebj#eCe, jKe–jKeeJe, YejCe–hees<eCe
(b) repercussion – ØeefleIeele, ØeefleOJeefve
(d) tution – efMe#eCe, DeOÙeeheve (d) acquaintance – heefjÛeÙe, henÛeeve

Idioms and Phrases
Example Questions 5. The passing of anti-defection law struck a chill to the

heart of every opportunistic legislator.
Di rections : In these questions, four alternatives
(a) caused anger (b) caused relief
aregiven for the Idiom/Phrase. Choose the alternative
(c) aroused fear (d) awakened bitterness
which best expresses the meaningof the Idiom/
Gòej—(c)
Phrase:
1. a damp squib jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie (Idiom/Phrase) keâe leelheÙe& 'aroused fear' mes nw~
(a) rainy weather (b) a disappointing result 6. Our house is within a stone's throw from the Red
(c) a skirt in a laundry (d) none of the above Building.
Gòej—(b) (a) far off (b) far away
efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe leelheÙe& 'a disappointing result' mes nw~ (c) very near to (d) beside
Fmekeâe DeLe& nw- an event which people think will be exciting but Gòej—(c)
which is disappointing when it happens. jsKeebefkeâle JeekeäÙeebMe
(Idiom/Phrase) keâe leelheÙe& 'very near to' DeLee&le
'at a short distance' mes nw~
2. in cold blood
(a) angrily (b) deliberately 7. He has a bone to pick with his cousin.
(c) excitedly (d) slowly (a) reasonable agreement
Gòej—(b) (b) cause of quarrel
(c) cause of doubt
efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe leelheÙe& 'deliberately' (peeve-yetPe keâj) mes
nw~ DevÙe Meyo nQ- Coldly; dispassionately. JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie- "He (d) difference of opinion
Killed her in cold blood".

Gòej—(b)
ØeÙegòeâ ueeskeâeseòf eâ SJeb cegneJejs keâe leelheÙe& 'cause of quarrel' DeLee&le 'to
3. to take someone f or a ride
have some cause of quarrel or complaint against his cousin'
(a) to give a ride to someone
mes nw~
(b) to deceive someone
(c) to be indifferent 8. The day I graduated was a red-letter day forme.
(d) to disclose a secret (a) a dangerous day (b) an important day
Gòej—(b) (c) an eventful day (d) a formidable day
efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe leelheÙe& 'to deceive someone' mes nw~ Gòej—(b)
ØeÙegòeâ ueeskeâeseòf eâ/cegneJejs keâe leelheÙe& 'an important day' Ùee a day that
JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie- I was taken f or a ride on this matter.
is very important or very significant mes nw~
4. to move heaven and earth JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie- The day our daughter was born was real red-
(a) to cause an earthquake letter day.
(b) to try everything possible
(c) to pray to all Gods 9. Many young artists were dropping names at the party to
impress the gathering.
(d) to travel in a rocket
(a) talking proudly about their family members
Gòej—(b)
(b) using pet names
efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe leelheÙe& 'to try everything possible' Ùee (c) hinting at high connections
'to make every possible effort' mes nw~ Fmekeâe DeLe& nw- to do (d) talking informally
everything you can to achieve something. Gòej—(c)
Fme cegneJejs mes leelheÙe& nw -
"to mention the names of famous 14. The lawyer asked his assistant to collect the details
people you know in order to impress others''. regarding the pros and cons of the case.
10. The teacher announced that she had no blue-eyed boys in (a) ups and downs (b) in and out
class. (c) weak and strong (d) for and against
(a) royal children (b) young boys Gòej—(d)
(c) foreigners (d) favourites
Gòej—(d) cegneJejs 'pros and cons' keâe mener DeLe& nw - 'for and against'.
A blue-eyed boy mes leelheÙe& somebody's favourites mes nw~ 15. My friend turned a deaf ear to my tale of loss and refused
to help me.
11. The company has run into a lot of debts.
(a) paid no heed (b) went far away
(a) incurred (b) settled
(c) listened carefully (d) turned his ear away
(c) opened up (d) avoided
Gòej (a)
— Gòej—(a)
cegneJejs keâe DeLe& 'incurred' DeLee&le 'meet with' keâpe& uesvee mes nw~ efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& Paid no heed DeLeJee 'paying no
attention' DeLee&le ‘OÙeeve ve osvee’ nesiee~
12. He was conf ident that all his present sufferings will soon
blow over. 16. Helena was over head and ears in love with Demetrius.
(a) increase (b) pass off (a) carefully (b) completely
(c) be looked into (d) be taken care of (c) brilliantly (d) cautiously
Gòej—(b) Gòej—(b)
ueeskeâeseòf eâ/cegneJejs 'blow over' keâe leelheÙe& nw 'to pass off' DeLee&le
jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'completely' DeLee&le ‘hetCe&leÙee Ùee
‘yeerlevee, iegpejvee’~
hetCe&™hesCe’ nesiee~
13. The teacher advised the student to take into account the
advice given by the elders. 17. Gopi works by fits and starts.
(a) to obey (b) to neglect (a) consistently (b) irregularly
(c) to consider (d) to reject (c) in high spirits (d) enthusiastically
Gòej—(c) Gòej—(b)
ueeskeâeseòf eâ /cegneJejs keâe leelheÙe& nw - 'to consider' Ùee 'to make jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'irregularly' DeLee&le ‘DeefveÙeefcele {bie
allowance for' DeLee&le ‘efJeÛeej keâjvee Ùee OÙeeve jKevee’~ mes’ nesiee~
Study Material
 Idioms and Phrases
cegneJejs Deewj ueeskeâeseòf eâÙeeb efkeâmeer Yeer Yee<ee keâer iegCeJeòee ceW Ûeej Ûeebo ueiee osles nQ~ JeemleJe ceW Idioms and phrases efkeâmeer ve efkeâmeer ™he ceW IešveeDeeW SJeb
heefjefmLeefleÙeeW keâe mepeerJe efÛe$eCe keâjves ceW DelÙeble meneÙekeâ nesles nQ~ iegCeJeòeehetCe& uesKeve Deewj Yee<eCe ceW ØeÙegòeâ Idioms Deewj Phrases LeesÌ[s ner MeyoeW ceW yengle mee
DeLe& Skeâ meeLe JÙeòeâ keâj osles nQ pees mecegefÛele neslee nw, Dele: Fvekeâe Dehevee cenlJe nw~ Ùeneb nce meyemes henues Deb«espeer JeCe&ceeuee kesâ De#ejeW kesâ ›eâceevegmeej GheÙeesieer
efJeefJeOe DeLeea ueeskeâeseòf eâÙeeW Deewj cegneJejeW JeekeäÙeebMeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâjWies~
 Phrases
Phrases efnboerr YeeJeeLe& Usage (ØeÙeesie)
ABC meeOeejCe %eeve He does not know the ABC of swimming.
Animal spirit ÙegJeeJemLee keâer Øehegâuuelee An Old man cannot enjoy animal spirit.
AnApple of discord keâuen keâer Jemleg Tibet is an apple of discord for Chinese Govt. and Tibetan people.
AnApple of my eye hÙeeje ogueeje My grand-daughter is an apple of my eye.
An axe to grind mJeeLe& ef m eæ keâjvee Politicians are busy in their own axe to grind law.

Backstair influence DevegeÛf ele ™he mes He succeeded in getting himselfselected through back stair influence.
ABad blood Me$eglee There is bad blood between Israel and Palestine.
A Bed of roses Deevebo keâer Jemleg Life is not a bed of roses.
A Bird's eye view efJenbbiece Âef° CEO took a bird's eye view of the office.
Blue ribbon meJeexÛÛe mecceeve Booker's prize is blue ribbon for literary scholars.
Capital punishment ce=lÙegob[ The court awarded capital punishment to the 26/11 terrorist.
Cast iron will ÂÌ{ , pees cegÌ[ ve mekesâ Patel was a man of cast iron will.
Chicken hearted keâeÙej A soldier must not be chicken hearted.
Curtain lecture MeÙeveeieej ceW helveer keâer [ebš-[heš The curtain lecture is the worst thing for a husband.
A Dog in the manger efpeme efmeæeble mes ve Dehevee ueeYe I am tired of my neighbour's a dog in the manger policy.
nes ve otmejs keâe
Dutch courage veMes keâe peesMe Wine gives you dutch courage which goes in vain.
Easy virtue vew eflekeâleenerve She is a woman of easy virtue.
Fair sex veejer A fair sex is tender by nature.
Fair-weather friend megKe keâe meeLeer A fair-weather friend leaves in trouble.
Forty winks efove cebs LeesÌ[er veeRo One likes forty winks in summer.
French leave efyevee Dee%ee Ùee metÛevee kesâ DevegheefmLeefle The student was fined for taking french leave.
Gala day Deevebo GlmeJe keâe efove Holi is a gala day for Hindus.
Good samaritan oÙeeueg JÙeefòeâ He proved to be a good samaritan to me in my need.
Hush money Iet me Even big leaders of our country take hush money.
Iron will ÂÌ{ -efveMÛeÙe Lal Bahadur Shastri was a man of iron will.
Jail bird veeceer DehejeOeer pees yejeyej pesue ceW jns He is jail bird and do not employ him for security duties.
Laconic speech Deuebkeâejjefnle, Úesše Yee<eCe The Commander's laconic speech was effective.
Lion's share DevegeÛf ele ™he mes yeÌ[e Yeeie uesvee Even today Capital gets lion's share in the budget.
Maiden name efJeJeen hetJe& veece Mrs. Smith's maiden name was Miss Jones.
Man of straw DeefJeMJemeveerÙe/legÛÚ What help can you expect from a man of straw.
Nick of time Ssve ceewkesâ hej He reached in the nick of time and saved the situation.
Oily tongue KegMeeceoer peyeeve An oily tongue is master key to worldly success.
Palmy days megKe-mece=eæ f keâe meceÙe Shakespeare wrote the plays during his palmy days.
Pin money Jem$eeefo kesâ efueS Yeòee Every nurse gets pin money.
Q ueer fish Pekeä keâer/mevekeâer Deeoceer He is queer fish and cannot pull up with anybody.
Red tag to bull [jeves/YeÌ[keâeves Jeeueer Jemleg Maths is red tag to bull for some people.
Raw spirit veMeerueer Mejeye Raw spirits almost madehim mad.
Salt of the earth Gòece keâesefš kesâ ueesie Persons like Mother Teresa are salt of the earth.
Sheet anchor ØeOeeve meneje Religion is the sheet anchor oflife.
StreetArabs DeveeLe yeÛÛes Let us help these StreetArabs.
Small fry legÛÚ ueesie I am a small fry in this gathering of scholars.
Three R's heÌ{vee-efueKevee Most of the elderly people do not know Three R's.
Upper ten GÛÛe Jeie& kesâ jF&me There is no room for upper ten in a socialistic society.
Ups and downs megKe-ogKe heefjJele&ve The ups and downs oflife makes you wiser.
Wide of the mark efveMeeves mes otj Most of his arguments were wide of the mark.
Yellow journalism heerle he$ekeâeefjlee Many newspapers adopt yellow journalism to increase their circulation.

 Idi oms wi th verbs
Deb«espeer ceW yengle mes cegneJejs (Idioms) ef›eâÙee ceW Prepositions peesÌ[keâj yeveeS peeles nQ~ Ùes ve kesâJeue yesnlej DeLe& osles nQ yeefukeâ Yee<ee keâer iegCeJeòee keâes
heefjefmLeefle kesâ Devegmeej yeoue osles nQ~ JeCee&#ej ›eâceevegmeej Ssmes cegneJejeW hej Deye efvecveJele efJeÛeej efkeâÙee pee jne nw—
Idioms efnboer YeeJeeLe& Usage (ØeÙeesie)
Act for kesâ efueS keâece keâjvee My lawyer acts for me.
Act from YeeJe Øesefjle nes keâeÙe& keâjvee I act f rom sense of duty.
Act on Demej [euevee Heat acts on metals.
Act upon Devegmeej keâece keâjvee You should act upon my advice.
Attend to OÙeeve osvee/mesJee keâjvee You must attend to your work.
Back up ceoo keâjvee You must back up your friend.
Backed out efKemekeâ peevee/heerÚs nšvee He backed out when I needed him most.
Beat about the bush FOej-GOej keâer yeeleW keâjvee Some people waste their time in beating about the bush.
Bite the dust DelÙeefOekeâ Deheceeefvele keâjvee Israel compelled its enemies to bite the dust.
Blow one's own trumpet Dehevee jeie Deueehevee Some Congress men blow their own trumpet.
Break the news ogKeo meceeÛeej keânvee 14 Feb, 2012 morning's newspaper broke the news of Shaharyar
passing away to me.
Bury the hatchet hegjeveer ogMceveer keâes meceehle keâjvee India & Pakistan are talking to bury the hatchet.
Brood over efÛevleeceive nesvee No use of brooding over the past.
Bring to book mepee efoueevee CBI is filing case against corrupt politicians to bring them to book.
Break out DeÛeevekeâ hewâuevee Encephalitis has broken out in Poorvanchal Dist. of U.P.
Call at efkeâmeer kesâ Iej hej YeWš keâjvee My friend called at my house.
Call in meneÙelee kesâ efueS yegueevee Call in doctor at once for checkup.
Call off meceehle keâjvee At the appeal of leaders the workers called off their strike.
Call on YeWš keâjvee Finance Minister called on PM before budget.
Carry on Deeies yeÌ{evee It is useless to carry on this business.
Carry the point yenme ceW njevee I carried my point in the debate.
Carry the day peerl evee Our team carried the day.
Cast a slur upon keâuebkeâ ueieevee Do not cast a slur upon your great family.
Catch a straw eflevekesâ keâe meneje uesvee A drowning man will catch at a straw.
Caught a tartar yeÌ[s Me$eg mes heeuee heÌ[vee America has caught a tartar in Russia.
Cut a sorry figure yegje neue nesvee She cut a sorry figure on the stage.
Cut to the quick ceeefce&keâ Ûeesš hengbÛeevee His misbehaviour cut me to the quick.
Cut the gordian knot hesÛeeroe mecemÙee keâes DemeeOeejCe India alone can cut the gordian knot in world peace.
{bie mes meguePeevee
Cut no ice ØeYeeJe ve hewoe keâj mekeâvee His speech cut no ice.
Comewith flying colours meheâuelee heevee My brother came with flying colours in IAS.
Deal in JÙeeheej keâjvee The merchant deals in sanitary wares.
Deal out yeebšvee Please deal out the cards.
Done up Lekeâvee I am done up underpressure ofwork.

Drive at ue#Ùe keâjvee Public prosecutor's arguments drive at bringing defame to the minister.
Drive out Yeiee efoÙee peevee The enemy was driven out by alert security forces.
Egg on Gkeâmeevee Lady Macbeth egged Macbeth on to Duncan's murder.
Face the music [ebš megvevee You have to face the music of your negligence in compliance of order.
Fight shy vepej yeÛeevee Why do you fight shy to your boss.
Fall foul off efJejesOe keâjvee It is not proper to fall foul of f the leaders of your own party.
Fall in ueeFve yeveevee Commander asked recruits to fall in three rows.
Fall prey efMekeâej nesvee He fell a prey to conspiracy.
Fall back upon meneje uesvee You should have someone to fall back upon in elderly age.
Fall flat Demej ve nesvee Appeals of peace fell f lat on warring groups.
Fall short keâce Demej nesvee Performanceof Kunju Rani fell short in Commonwealth Games.
Foot the bill KeÛe& keâe Yeej Ì{esvee I have to foot the bill for the party.
Fish in troubled water mebkeâškeâeueerve efmLeefle mes ueeYe G"eves Smugglers tried to fish in the troubled waters during war.
keâer keâesefMeMe keâjvee
Go ahead Deeies yeÌ{vee He got a go ahead orders from the higher formation.
Get at hengbÛevee Judicial enquiry is must to get at the facts.
Get in/Get down ÛeÌ{vee,Glejvee I lost my briefcase in the crowd while getting in/getting down of the
train.
Get over efJepeÙe heevee I got over the difficulty lastly.
Get through meheâueleehetJe&keâ hetje keâjvee My son got through the medical entrance test.
Get into hot water mebkeâš ceW heÌ[vee He got into hot water by taking bribe.
Getrid off Úgš keâeje heevee I want to get rid off bad habits.
Give away hetCe&™he mes efoÙee peevee The chief guest gave away the prizes to winners.
Give a wide berth otj jKevee We should give a wide berth to bad company.
Go hand in hand efceuekeâj Skeâ meeLe jnvee India & Nepal should go hand in hand on projects ofmutual interest.
Hold good peejer jnvee Mathematical theorems solved by Ramanujan hold good now.
Held back heerÚs nše efoÙee peevee/jeskeâvee The advancing patton Tanks of Pakistan were hold back by Indian
soldiers.
Held over jeskeâkeâj jKee peevee The Judgement in this case has held over by the outgoing judge.
Kill time meceÙe keâešvee/ yeyee&o keâjvee He went to watch cinema to kill time.
Keep in with cesue mes jnvee Keep in with your neighbours.
Keep off otj jnvee Keep of f bad company.
Keep at arms length otj jKee peevee Flatterers should be kept at arm's length.
Keep your head keâpe& Ùee keâ° mes Deueie jnvee You must live economically to keep your head
above water above water.
Keep the wolf from iejeryeer Ùee YegKecejer mes yeÛevee Farmers work hard to keep the wolf f rom the door.
the door
Lead by the nose yejieueevee / yenkeâevee Our simple villagers are easily led by the nose.

Look blank Ûeefkeâle nesvee/IeyeÌ[evee He looked blank after learning his failurein exam.
Laugh in sleeve ceve ner ceve nbmevee He laughed in sleeve at my funny dress.
Let loose Keguee ÚesÌ[ osvee The dog was let loose in the night.
Look into peebÛe keâjevee He is looking into the case.
Look down upon Ie=Cee mes osKevee Oneshould not look down upon poors.
Make out mecePevee I fail to make out your remarks.
Make up hetje keâjvee/ leÙe keâjvee The enemy was asked to make up the loss.
Make room peien osvee Please make room for me in the bus.
Make both ends meet peerJeve keâer pe™jleeW keâes hetje keâjvee A teacher works hard to make both ends meet.
Make a mountain out of efleue keâe leeÌ[ yeveevee, legÛÚ Jemleg Satirists make a mountain out of a mole hill.
a mole hill keâes cenlJe osvee
Nip in the bud DeejbYe ceW ner ve° keâj osvee Arrest of Indian Mujahideen king pin by STF nipped in the bud the plot
of bomb blast.
Pin faith/ hope ÂÌ{ DeeMee I pin my hope /faith on my friend.
Payback in same coins "erkeâ Jewmee JÙeJenej pewmee heeÙee Israel pays back its enemies in the samecoin.
Pick hole in others otmejeW ceW keâceer {tbÌ{vee Do your work instead of picking holes in others performance.
Play second fiddle ieewCe Ùee DeØeOeeve Yeeie nesvee Congress is playing second fiddle to NC in J&K Govt.
Put the screw on jeskeâvee One must put the screw on one's extravagant son.
Put the foot in Yeejer ieueleer keâjvee At the very start of his career he put his foot in.
Run after heerÚe keâjvee/ Keespe ceW jnvee Do not run after the money always.
Run down keâcepeesj nesvee My health has run down.
Run amuck heeieue, Gvceòe nes peevee The elephant ran amuck and killed two persons.
See to OÙeeve osvee I will seeto it.
See through Ûeeue mecePevee I see through his motive very well.
Set free cegòeâ keâjvee All the prisoners were set free.
Set aside "gkeâjeÙee peevee My objections were set aside by the learned judge.
Set the Thames on fire DemeeOeejCe keâeÙe& keâjvee Netaji's Indian National Army set the Thames on fire.
Split hairs yeeue keâer Keeue KeeRÛevee Some advocate split hairs of the argument.
Steer clear Deueie jnvee You must steer clear of bad men.
Stole march keâeÙe& henues keâjkesâ ueeYe heevee He stole a march on his opponent.
Take in OeesKee Keevee I was taken in by that clever man.
Took for ieuele mecePevee I took him f or a thief.
Taken aback Ûeefkeâle nesvee I was taken aback at the sight of lion on the city roads.
Take the bull by horns meenmehetJe&keâ meecevee keâjvee I shall take the bull of opposition by horns.
Throw cold wateron Glmeen Yebie keâjvee Do not throw cold water on my plans.
Turn overa new leaf veÙee peerJeve DeejbYe keâjvee Sometimes even a sinner turn over a new leaf and become a saint.
Waits on neefpej jnvee/ mesJee keâjvee A servant always waits on him.

Nouns that are used in pairs
Bag and baggage yeesejf Ùee-efyemlej kesâ meeLe Quit India movement sent English with bag and baggage.
Fireand sword efJeveeMe Hitler carried fire and sword wherever he wars.
Fits and starts DeefveÙeefcele ™he mes Working by fits and starts will not bring success.
By hook or crook efkeâmeer lejn mes Do not try to earn money by hook or crook.
Hole and corner jnmÙeceÙeer Ùee ieghle Do not adopt a policy of hole and corner to serve your interest.
Ins and outs hetje efJeJejCe I know his ins and outs.
Kith and kin meies-mebyeb Oeer I live with my kith and kin.
Part and parcel DeefYevve Debie Non-alignment is part and parcel of India's foreign policy.
Rockand Ruin veeMe A dishonest man goes to rock and ruin.
Time and Tide meceÙe Deewj DeJemej Time and tide cannot wait for anyone.
Tooth and nail hetjer Ûes°e mes Let us oppose capitalization tooth and nail.
Wear and tear #eÙe A mill owner provides money for the wear and tear of machinery.
Adjectives that are used in pairs

All in all meJexm eJee& He is all in all in his family.
Bad to worse yeolej The patient is getting from bad to worse.

Black and white efueefK ele India voiced its protest in black and white.
Black and Blue yegjer lejn heeršvee The thief was beaten black and blue by public.
Fair and square vÙeeÙeer,efve<he#e If you are fair and square, you will be respected.
Hard and fast keâÌ[e, yebOee ngDee Rules ofgrammar are hard and fast.
Null and void DeceevÙe,MetvÙe The Act is declared null and void by the court.
Slow and steady efveÙeefcele,cevo ieefle Slow and steady wins the race.
Adverbial phrases
Aboveboard meeheâ Gandhiji's plans were always above board.
After all DeeefKejkeâej Man is after all a man and not beast.
As if ceevees He talks as if he were my master.

As usual henues pewmee Police reached to crime spot late as usual.
At times keâYeer-keâYeer At times even a sinner feels ashamed of himself.

By and by LeesÌ[s meceÙe yeeo By and by my family joined me.
In the long run Debl ele: Truth wins in the long run.
In Vain JÙeLe& A doctor was called in but in vain.
Over and above kesâ DeueeJee He was beaten and abused over and above.
To and fro Deeies-heerÚs I walked to and f ro in a confused state of mind.

Practice Questions jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'Ultimately' DeLee&le ‘uecyes SJeb
Debelf ece meceÙe lekeâ meeLe osves Jeeuee’ neslee nw~
Directions : In these questions, four alternatives are given
for the Idiom/Phrase. Choose the alternative which best ex- 6. If you are in the good books of the boss, you are sure to
presses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase: rise quickly.
1. Naresh Goyal had to stand on his feet very early in his (a) Work well for the boss
life. (b) Praise the boss

(c) In favour with the boss
(a) to be physically strong (b) to be independent
(d) Co-operate with boss
(c) to stand erect (d) to be successful
Gòej—(a)
Gòej—(b)
efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'work well for the boss' Ùee 'a
jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'to be independent' DeLee&le favourite of' DeLee&le ‘ke=âheehee$e’ neslee nw~
‘DeelceefveYe&j nesvee’ nesiee~
7. The population of our country is increasing by leaps and
2. The possession of Jerusalem is a bone of contention bounds.
between Israel and Palestine. (a) Very slowly (b) Very quickly
(a) a subject of peace (b) a subject of trade (c) Irregularly (d) Very systematically
(c) a subject of dispute (d) a subject of export Gòej—(b)
Gòej—(c) jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'very quickly' DeLee&le by a series
jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'a subject of dispute' DeLee&le of sudden and rapid advances (DelÙeble leer›e ieefle mes) neslee nw~
‘efJeJeeo keâe efJe<eÙe’ nesiee~ 8. To weigh up the pros and cons is to.
3. The clerk turned a deaf ear to his officer's advice. (a) measure the ingredients (b) observe etiquette
(c) consider all facts (d) postpone action
(a) Disputed
(b) Paid attention to Gòej—(c)
(c) Disregard efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'consider all facts' Ùee
(d) Acknowledged gratefully arguments for and against (minute discussion) DeLee&le ‘efkeâmeer
Gòej—(c) keâeÙe& keâes keâjves kesâ hetJe& meYeer henuegDeeW hej efJeÛeej keâjvee’ neslee nw~
jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'Disregard' DeLee&le ‘yeele hej OÙeeve 9. My close f riend got the sack fromhis first job recently.
ve osvee’ nesiee~ (a) resigned (b) got rid of
(c) was demoted from (d) was dismissed from
4. He expects his subordinates to be always at his beck and
Gòej—(d)
call.
efoS ieS Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'was dismissed from' Ùee 'to be
(a) At rest (b) At work
dismissed from employment' DeLee&le ‘jespeieej mes efve<keâeefmele efkeâÙee
(c) At his disposal (d) At their desks
peevee’ neslee nw~
Gòej—(c)
10. The green-eyed monster strikes a woman the moment
jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'At his disposal' DeLee&le,
she sees her husband talking to another pretty woman.
‘DeeJeMÙekeâleevegmeej keâeÙe& nsleg meowJ e GheueyOe nesvee’ nesiee~
(a) Anger (b) Hatred
5. In the long run. (c) Envy (d) Jealousy
(a) Permanently (b) Universally Gòej—(d)
(c) Occasionally (d) Ultimately jsKeebefkeâle Idiom/Phrase keâe DeLe& 'Jealousy' Ùee 'Envious' DeLee&le
Gòej—(d) ‘F&< Ùee&ueg Ùee És< ehetCe& ØeJe=efòe' neslee nw~
Vocabulary and Usage
Example Questions (c) Simple (d) Superficial
Directions : In these questions out of the four alterna-

Gòej—(a)
tives, choose the synonym of the given word: 'Devious' (Ûekeäkeâjoej, Je›eâ, IegceeJeoej) keâe efJeueesceeLe&keâ Meyo
1. Inoffensive Straight nesiee~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ-'conspicuous; perceptible;
(a) sensti ve (b) harmful straightforwar(d)
(c) sensible (d) rude 7. Evanescent
Gòej—(b) (a) Imminent (b) Permanent
(c) Pervasive (d) Immanent
'Inoffensive' (megjef#ele) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Harmful' Gòej—(b)
(vegkeâmeeveoeÙekeâ) nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ- offensive, provocative.
'Evanescent' ephemeral; fleeting; transient; insubstantial;
2. Divulge perishable; fading et(c) (#eCeYebiegj; #eefCekeâ; DemLeeÙeer) keâe
(a) conceal (b) disg uise efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Permanent' (mLeeÙeer) nesiee~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ-
(c) oppress (d) reveal 'lasting, enduring; durable; eternal; everlasting; perpetual;
indelible; perennial.
Gòej—(a)
Directions : In these questions, out of the four
'Divulge' (ØekeâeMeve, GodIeešve) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Conceal' alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the
(efÚheevee) nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ- hide, disguise, mask, veil, given words/sentence :
cloak, tuck away.
8. Placing a thing beside another
3. Jettison (a) impose (b) repose
(a) accept (b) reward
(c) juxtapose (d) expose
(c) preserve (d) consent
Gòej—(a) Gòej—(c)
ØeMve kesâ ™he ceW JeefCe&le JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Juxtapose' DeLee&le
'Jettison' (he=Lekeâ keâjvee Ùee heWâkeâ osvee) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo Preserve
’heeme-heeme jKevee nesiee~ DevÙe Meyoesb kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ–
(mebj#eCe) nesiee~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ- take in, take on. (a) impose – Leeshevee, DeefOejesefhele keâjvee
4. Ameliorate (b) repose – Deejece keâjvee, efJeßeece keâjvee
(a) improve (b) depend (d) expose – keâueF& Keesuevee, Øekeâš keâjvee
(c) soften (d) worsen 9. Expert in the scientific study of birds
Gòej—(d) (a) dermatologist (b) zoologist
(c) ornithologist (d) astronaut
'Ameliorate' (megOeej keâjvee Ùee mebMeesOeve keâjvee) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo Gòej—(c)
'Worsen' (Kejeye keâjvee) nesiee~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ-exacerbate;
Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Ornithologist' DeLee&le ‘he#eer efJe%eeveer’ nw~
deteriorate; aggravate.
DevÙe Meyoesb kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ–
5. Grotesque (a) dertmatologist – lJeÛee efJeMes<e%e
(a) natural (b) odd (b) zoologist – ØeeCeer Meem$eer
(c) whimsical (d) sinful (d) astronaut – Devleefj#e Ùee$eer
Gòej—(a) 10. Building in which dead bodies arekept f or a time
(a) mortuary (b) monastery
'Grotesque' (efJe™he; DeØeeke=âeflekeâ) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Natural'
(c) sanatorium (d) crematorium
(Øeeke=âeflekeâ) neslee nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ-normal; graceful; suave; Gòej—(a)
refined; polished; slender; supple.
Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Mortuary' Ùee Morgue DeLee&le ‘MeJeie=n
6. Devious Ùee cegoe&Iej’ nw~ DevÙe Meyoebs kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ–
(a) Straight (b) Obvious

(b) monastery – Deeßece, ce", efJenej ØeMve ceW JeefCe&le JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Panacea' DeLee&le ‘meJe&jesienejer’
(c) sanatorium – DeejesiÙe efveJeeme Ùee ‘meYeer yeerceeefjÙeeW keâe Skeâ Fueepe’ nw~ DevÙe Meyoesb kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ–
(d) crematorium – MeJeoen ie=n, MceMeeve, MceMeeveIeeš (a) laxative – Iegóer, jesÛekeâ Deew<eefOe, efJejsÛekeâ Deew<eefOe
11. Able to use the left hand and righthand equally well (c) antidote – ØeefleefJe<e, efJe<enj, efJe<eveeMekeâ, Deew<eefOe, leveeJecegeòf eâ
(a) ambivert (b) ambidextrous (d) purgative – jsÛekeâ, MeesOekeâ, efJejsÛekeâ
(c) ambivalent (d) ambitious
Gòej—(b) Study Material
ØeMve ceW JeefCe&le JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Ambidextrous' DeLee&le  Idioms and Phrases
(Ambi= both; dextrous= Skilful, Ambi+ Dextrous =Ambidex-
DebiespÇ eer Yee<ee ceW Vocabulary kesâ DeLee&le ‘Meyo %eeve’ hejer#eCe nsleg Deveskeâ
trous) ‘oesveeW neLeeW keâe meceeve ™he mes GheÙeesie keâjves ceW o#e Ùee efvehegCe
JÙeefòeâ’~ DevÙe Meyoesb kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ– Meer<e&keâ Øeehle nesles nQ~ JÙeeJeneefjkeâ ™he mes ØeÛeefuele efvecve 4 Meer<e&keâ nQ, efpeve hej ner
(a) ambivert – GYeÙecegKeer, GYeÙeJeleea ØeefleÙeesie r hejer#eeDeeW ceW DeefOekeâebMe ØeMve yeveles nQ~
(c) ambivalent – GYeÙeYeeJeer, GYeÙeJe=efòe (a) Synonyms (meceeve DeLe& Jeeues Meyo)
(d) ambitious – cenlJeekeâeb#eer (b) Antonyms (efJehejerle DeLe& Jeeues Meyo)
12. Onewho hates woman (c) Homophones (meceeve OJeefve Jeeues Meyo)
(a) philanthropist (b) ascetic (d) One Word Substitution (Meyo mecetn kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ Meyo)
(c) misogamist (d) misogynist
Gòej—(d)  S YNONYMS (heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo)
ØeMve ceW JeefCe&le JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Misogynist' DeLee&le ‘veejer mes peye oes MeyoeW keâe DeLe& Skeâ otmejs mes ueieYeie meceeve (DeLee&le efceuelee-
És< e Ùee Ie=Cee keâjves Jeeuee’ nw~ DevÙe Meyoesb kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ– peguelee) nes, lees Skeâ Meyo, otmejs Meyo keâe Synonym keânueelee nw; pewmes-
(a) philanthropist – ueeskeâeshekeâejer, peveefnlew<eer, hejeshekeâejer True- correct ; Beautiful- handsome; Force - compel.
(b) ascetic – Ùeefle, Ùeesieer, cegevf e, mebvÙeemeer, leeheme Jemlegefve‰ hejer#eeDeeW kesâ meeceevÙe DebiesÇ]peer kesâ ØeMve he$e ceW Synonyms
(c) misogamist – efJeJeen mes Ie=Cee keâjves Jeeuee
kesâ ØeMveeW ceW keâesF& Skeâ Meyo efoÙee jnlee nw leLee Gòej nsleg Ûeej efJekeâuhe efoS
13. A system of naming things ieS nesles nQ~ Fve efJekeâuheeW ceW mes ØeMve ceW efoS ieS Meyo kesâ meceeve DeLe& Jeeues
(a) horticulture (b) miniature
Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâjvee neslee nw~ efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW ner efJekeâuhe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ
(c) genocide (d) nomenclature
Gòej—(d) DevÙe efJekeâuhe Yeer kegâÚ no lekeâ meceeve DeLe& jKeves Jeeues nes mekeâles nQ~ Dele:
hejer#eeLeea keâes DelÙeble meeJeOeeveerhetJe&keâ GheÙegòeâ efJekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
ØeMve ceW JeefCe&le JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Nomenclature' DeLee&le veeceheæefle;
GoenjCe :
veeceeJeueer; veecekeâesMe nw~ DevÙe Meyoesb kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ–
Synonym %eele keâjW-
(a) horticulture – yeeieyeeveer, GÅeeve-efJe%eeve
(b) miniature – ueIeg efÛe$e, ueIeg ™he, mebe#f ehle ceW LEGACY
(c) genocide – peeefle mebnej (a) Obligation (b) Gift (c) Inheritance (d) Loan
'Legacy' keâe DeLe& neslee nw hewle=keâ mecheefòe keâe Ghenej Ùee 'A gift of
14. A raised passageway in a building
(a) walkway (b) walkout personal property'. Fme Meyo keâe meceeveeLeea Meyo %eele keâjves kesâ efueS Ûeej
(c) walkabout (d) walkover efJekeâuhe efoS ieS nQ~ FveceW mes ØeLece Meyo 'Obligation' keâe DeLe& nw ‘DeeYeej’,
Gòej—(a) efÉleerÙe Meyo 'Gift' keâe DeLe& nw ‘Ghenej’, le=leerÙe Meyo 'Inheritance' keâe DeLe& nw
ØeMve ceW JeefCe&le JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo 'Walkway' Ùee 'pathway; ‘GòejeefOekeâej ceW Øeehle’ leLee ÛelegLe& Meyo 'Loan' keâe DeLe& nw ‘GOeej Øeehle keâjvee’~
pavement; promenade; esplanade DeLee&le ‘jemlee’ nw~ DevÙe Meyoesb meYeer efJekeâuheeW keâe DeLe& peeve uesves kesâ heMÛeele Ùen mhe° nes peelee nw efkeâ 'Legacy'
kesâ DeLe& efvecveJele nQ– keâe meceeveeLeea 'Inheritance' nesiee~ efÉleerÙe efJekeâuhe ceW 'Gift' keâe DeLe& Yeer
(b) walkout – nÌ[leeue keâjvee, nÌ[leeue
‘Ghenej’ neslee nw hejbleg GefÛele efJekeâuhe leermeje ner nesiee keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmekeâe DeLe&
(c) walk about – šnuevee
‘‘GòejeefOekeâej ceW Øeehle Ghenej’’ nw~
(d) walkover – njevee, Deemeeveer mes nje osvee
'Synonym' keâe DeLe& ‘‘efyeukegâue meceeve DeLe& jKevee’’ veneR nw~ Ssmes Meyo
15. A cure for all diseases
(a) laxative (b) panacea
efpevekesâ DeLe& ceW kegâÚ meceevelee kesâ meeLe efYevvelee Yeer efJeÅeceeve jnleer nw, Jes Yeer
(c) antidote (d) purgative hejmhej Synonyms keânueeles nQ~ pewmes- 'Begin' SJeb 'Commence' MeyoeW keâes
Gòej—(b) ueW~ 'Begin' keâe DeLe& nw ‘‘ØeejbYe keâjvee’’ peyeefkeâ 'Commence' keâe DeLe& nw
‘‘DeeefOekeâeefjkeâ ™he mes ØeejbYe keâjvee’’~ DeLe& ceW kegâÚ efYevvelee efJeÅeceeve jnves kesâ Diminish Reduce, Dwindle, keâce keâjvee
yeeJepeto Ùes Meyo hejmhej Synonym nbw~ DeLe& DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW keâe Yeb[ej Less en
Demeerefcele nw~ leeGceü DeOÙeÙeve keâjkesâ Yeer lewÙeejer keâer hetCe&lee keâe oeJee veneR efkeâÙee pee Devotee Votary, Disciple, Yeòeâ
mekeâlee nw~ Ùener keâejCe nw efkeâ DeLe& DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW keâes DebiesÇpeer Yee<ee kesâ keâef"ve Worsh ipper
Yeeie ceW Megceej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ DeLe& DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW kesâ meboYe& ceW DeelceefJeMJeeme Divine Holy, Godlike, Celestial owJ e rÙe
Deefpe&le keâjves kesâ efueS melele DeOÙeÙeve SJeb DeYÙeeme keâer pe™jle nesleer nw~ Endure Continue, Last, Abide, menve keâjvee
Sustain
oerIe&keâeefuekeâ jCeveerefle kesâ lenle efveÙeefcele ™he mes DebiespÇ eer meceeÛeej he$e SJeb Glke=â°
Esteem Respect, Regard, Deeoj
hegmlekeâeW kesâ DeOÙeÙeve keâe ceeie& megPeeÙee pee mekeâlee, efkebâleg ØeefleÙeesieer hejer#eeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ
Honour
efueS ÛeÙeefvele DeOÙeÙeve (selected study) keâe lejerkeâe ner meJees&òece nesiee~ Encourage Inspire, Animate, Øeeslmeenve
ÛeÙeefvele DeOÙeÙeve kesâ lenle GvnW efJeefYevve hejer#eeDeeW ceW hetÚs ieS DeLe& DeeOeeefjle Strengthen
ØeMveeW hej vepej jKeveer ÛeeefnS~ Ùeneb hejer#eeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ ueeYeeLe& DeLe& DeeOeeefjle hejer#ee Enthusiasm Zeal, Spirit, force Glmeen
ØeMveeW keâer ÛeÙeefvele metÛeer oer pee jner nw~ Eradicate Abolish, Eliminate, GKeeÌ [vee
Uproot
List of Synonyms
Fortitude Courage, Patience, meenme
Word Synonyms eEnoer MeyoeLe & Endurance
Anger Rage, Wrath, Fury, ›eâesOe Frenzy Fury, Excitement, Gvceeo
Resentment Enthusiasm
Adept Expert, Apt, Skilful, kegâMeue Faint Swoon, Fade, Weaken ceteÚf &le nesvee
Dexterous Gift Present, Donation, Ghenej
Ascent Rise, Lift, Elevation, ÛeÌ{eF& Bounty
Upswing Homage Respect, Tribute, ßeæebp eefue
Attack Assault, Invasion, Dee›eâceCe Reverence
Aggress ion Holy Pious, Saintly, Blessed heefJe$e
Banish Exile, Dismiss, Expel, efveJee&emf ele keâjvee Horror Dread, Terror, Disgust YeÙe
Bard Singer, Minstrel ÛeejCe Humane Kind, Merciful, Tender oÙeeueg
Build Make, Construct, yeveevee Immense Vast, Great, Tremendous efJ eMeeue
Fashion, Erect Ideal Model, Perfect, Example DeeoMe&
Belief Faith, Trust, Confidence efJeMJeeme Immortal Eternal, Deathless Decej
Brave Courageous, Fearless, Jeerj, yeneogj Junk Rubbish, Waste keây eeÌ[
Valiant, Bold Knave Rogue, Rascal, Oetle&
Candid Frank, Blunt, efve<keâheš Mis creant
Outsp oken
Languish Weaken, Fall, keâcepeesj keâjvee
Chaste Pure, Clean, Virtuous heefJe$e Fade, Decline
Cultivate Grow, Farm, Foster, Glhevve keâjvee Magnificent Grand, Splendid, Meeveoej
Develop Sup erb
Conceal Hide, Veil, Shroud efÚheevee Mysterious Enigmatic, Baffling jnmÙeceÙe
Conquer Win, Overcome, peerl evee Marvel Wonder, Surprise, DeeMÛeÙe&
Vanquish Astoni shment
Corrupt Dishonest, Demoralised, Yeü° Mourn Lament, Grieve, Bewail efJeueehe keâjvee
Debased Nefarious Evil, Wicked, yegje
Decide Settle, Finalize, leÙe keâjvee Shameful, Unlawful
Determine Obscene Immoral, Corrupt, DeMueer ue
Demolish Destroy, Rage, Wreck, ve° keâjvee Indecent
Wipe out
Offence Insult, Affront, Attack Deheceeve
Derogatory Defamatory, Humiliating Deheceevepevekeâ

Pensive Sad, Dejected efJeÛeejceive Meyo Skeâ-otmejs keâe Antonym (opposite word) keânueelee nw~ pewmes-
Proficient Expert, Adept, kegâMeue Rich (Oeveer) Deewj Poor (efveOe&ve); Black (keâeuee) Deewj White (meHesâo);
Well-Versed Victory (efJepeÙe) Deewj Defeat (hejepeÙe) Deeefo~ Ùeneb OÙeeve jKeves ÙeesiÙe
Perpetual Eternal, Everlasting, MeeMJele leLÙe Ùen nw efkeâ peneb Synonym ceW meceeve YeeJe jKeves Jeeues Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve
Ceaseless keâjvee neslee nw, JeneR Antonym ceW mešerkeâ efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve
Pi erce Bore, Wound, Puncture ÛegYeesvee keâjvee neslee nw~
Postpone Delay, Defer, Shelve mLeefiele keâjvee Deb«espeer ceW Antonyms efvecve Øekeâej mes yeveeS peeles nQ—
Pray Implore, Beg, Request ØeeLe&vee keâjvee ( 1) kegâÚ MeyoeW kesâ henues Dis, il, im, in, ir, un pewmes prefix Ùee Ghemeie&
Prevent Hinder, Stop, Check jeskeâvee ueieekeâj; pewmes—
Protect Defend, Guard, Save j#ee keâjvee Pleasant–Unpleasant, Decent–Indecent, Known–Unknown
Q ueer Odd, Strange Giddy efJeefÛe$e Possible–Impossible, Courtesy–Discourtesy, Convenience –
Inconvenience
Raze Demolish, Destroy, efJeOJebme Imporant–Unimportant, Pleased–Displeased
Obliterate
( 2) kegâÚ MeyoeW kesâ Deble ceW Deeves Jeeues ØelÙeÙe Ùee suffix ful keâes less ceW
Release Free, Liberate, Relinquish cegòeâ keâjvee
Rival Competitor, Opponent, yeouekeâj; pewmes—
ØeefleÉbÉer Hopeful–Hopeless, Careful–Careless
Conte nder
Scorn Contempt, Disdain Ie=Cee, eflejmkeâej List of Antonyms
keâjvee Word eEnoer DeLe & Antonym eEnoer DeLe&
Splendid Gorgeous, Glorious, Meeveoej Above Thej Below veer Ûes
Magnificent Accept mJeerkeâej keâjvee Reject eflejmkeâej keâjvee
Strife Contention, Rivalry, PeieÌ[e Acquit cegòeâ keâjvee Convict mepee osvee
Discord Adversity efJeheefòe Prosperity mece=efæ
Tedious Dull, Boring, Gyeeves Jeeuee Angel osJeotle Devil oeveJe
Mon oton ous
Arrival Deeieceve Departure ØemLeeve
Timid Cowardly, Shy, Diffident keâeÙej
Assemble Skeâ$e nesvee Disp erse eflelej efyelej keâjvee
Trust Faith, Belief, Reliance efJeMJeeme
Ample heÙee&hle, Ketye Meagre DeheÙee&hle
Unique Peerless, Matchless Deveghece, DeefÉleerÙe
Barren yebpej Fertile GJe&j
Uphold Approve, Support, meceLe&ve keâjvee
Benevolence Ghekeâej Malevolence Dehekeâej
Maintain
Blessing Jejoeve Curse DeefYeMeehe
Venture Dare, Risk meenme keâjvee
Bright Ûecekeâer uee Dull heâer keâe
Vigilant Alert, Wary, Watchful peeie™keâ
Better yesnlej Worse efveke=â°lej
Victory Conquest, Triumph, efJepeÙe
Class icism heew jeefCekeâlee Romanticism DeeOegef vekeâlee
Su ccess
Clever Ûeeueekeâ Stupid cet Ke&
Wretched Miserable, Unfortunate DeYeeiee
Crude DemeYÙe, keâÛÛee Refined heefj<ke=âle
Wedlock Marriage, Wedding, efJeJeen
Cheerful Øemevve Gloomy, ogKeer
Matrimony
Pensive
Yearn Pine, Hanker, Grieve Ûeenvee, leÌ[hevee
Conclude meceehle keâjvee Begin ØeejbYe keâjvee
Zenith Summit, Apex, Climax efMeKej
Defendant ØeefleJeeoer, cegöeuesn Plaintiff cegöF&, Jeeoer
Zeal Enthusiasm, Eagerness, peesMe
Earnestness Destructive efJ eveeMekeâ Constructive jÛeveelcekeâ
Defensive j#eelcekeâ Offensive Dee›eâecekeâ
 ANTONYMS (efJeueesceeLe&keâ Meyo) Deep ienje Shallow efÚÚuee
Antonyms keâe DeLe& nw-opposite words Ùeeefve efJeueesce Ùee efJehejerle Deposit pecee keâjvee Withdraw efvekeâeue uesvee
Meyo~ peye oes Meyo Ssmes neW efpevekeâe DeLe& Skeâ-otmejs kesâ efJehejerle nes, lees ØelÙeskeâ Ebb Yeeše Flow ØeJeen
Extravagant KeÛ eeau ee Economical eqceleJÙeÙeer Raw keâÛ Ûee Ripe heefjhekeäJe
Entrance ØeJesMe Exit eqveie&ce Superiority ßes‰ lee Inferiority nerv elee
Enjoyment Deevevo Suffering heerÌ[e Transparent heejoMeea Opaque DeheejoMeea
Familiar heefjefÛele Strange Deheefj efÛele Vague Demhe°, OegbOeuee Clear mhe°, meeheâ
Fresh leepee Stale yeemeer Virtue meodi egCe Vice ogieg&Ce
Famous efJeKÙeele Notorious keg âKÙeele Warm iece& Cool "b[e
Fine yeejerkeâ Coarse ceesše Zig zag Je›eâ Straight meerO ee
mJeleb $elee oemelee
Freedom
Fool cet Ke&
Slavery
Wi se Ûelegj
 HOMOPHONES (meceesÛÛeeefjle Meyo)
Foreign efJeosMeer Native mJeosMeer eEnoer Yee<ee ceW Fmes meceesÛÛeeefjle Meyo keânles nQ~ Ùen oes MeyoeW mes
Fortune meewYeeiÙe Misfortune ogYee&iÙe efceuekeâj yevee nw~ Homophones = Homo + Phones ~ Homo keâe DeLe&
Giant efJ eMeeuekeâeÙe Dwarf yeewvee nw—meceeve Deewj Phon es keâe DeLe& nw DeeJee]pe DeLee&le GÛÛ eejCe~ Dele:
efJeveceü Ieceb[er Homophones Jes Meyo nQ, efpevekeâe GÛÛeejCe meceeve nes eEkeâleg DeLe& Deewj
Humble Proud
Honest F&ceeveoej Dishonest, yesF&ceeve Jele&veer efYevve neW~
Corrupt List of Homophones
Hope DeeMee Despair efvejeMee 1. Accept (to take) – mJeerkeâej
keâjvee
Inhale meebme uesvee Exhale meebme ÚesÌ[vee Ex cept (leaving out) – DeheJeeo mJe™he
Initial DeejbefYekeâ Final Deb eflece 2. Addition (putting more) – peesÌ[vee
Include meefcceefuele keâjvee Exclude yeenj keâjvee Edition (a number of books printed at a time) – mebmkeâjCe
Knowledge %eeve Ignorance De%eeve 3. Alter (change) – yeouevee, heefjJele&ve keâjvee
Logical leke&â hetCe& Illogical, leke&ânerve Altar (place of worship) – hetpee keâer Jesoer
Absurd 4. Bale (bundle) – ieeb"
Lad ueÌ[keâe Lass ueÌ [keâer Bail (Security) – peceevele
Material Yeeweflekeâ Spiritual DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ 5. Bare (naked) – veive
Majority yengcele,yengmebKÙekeâ Minority Deuhecele, Bear (an animal) – jerÚ, Yeeuet
DeuhemebKÙekeâ 6. Berth (seat) – meesves keâer meerš
Merit ieg Ce Demerit DeJeiegCe Birth (to come to life) – pevce uesvee
Mourn efJeueehe keâjvee Rejoice Deevebefole nesvee 7. Cast (to throw) – heWâkeâvee
Noble ßes‰ Ignoble DeOece
Caste (class of society, social position) – peeefle–Jeie&
Oral ceeweKf ekeâ Written efueefK ele
8. Ceiling (inner part of the roof) –Úle keâe Deevleefjkeâ Yeeie
Optimist DeeMeeJeeoer Pes simi st efvejeMeeJeeoer
Sealing (act of putting a seal) – ceesnj ueieevee
Partial he#eheelehetCe& Impartial efve<he#e
9. Career (life) – YeefJe<Ùe
Permission Devegceefle Prohibition efve<esOe
jepeer keâjvee jeskeâvee, cevee keâjvee Carrier (one who carries) – Jeenkeâ
Persuade Dissuade
JÙeefò eâiele meeJe&peefvekeâ 10. Cell (a small room in a prison) – keâes"jer, keâesefMekeâe
Private Public
Punctual meceÙeef ve‰ Unpunctual osjer mes Deeves Jeeuee Sell (to give for price) – yesÛevee
Pure Megæ Impure, efceueeJešer, DeMegæ 11. Check (to stop) – jeskeâ ueieevee
Adulterated Cheque (order to a bank to pay money) – Ûesskeâ
Poverty efveOe&velee Affluence, mebhevvelee 12. Cattle (animals) – heMeg Ùee peeveJej
Prosperity Kettle (pot) – kesâleueer (ÛeeÙe keâer)
Rational efJeJeskeâMeerue Irrational efJeJeskeânerve 13. Cite (to quote) – GæjCe osvee
Religious Oeeefce& keâ Secular, DeOeeef ce&keâ Site (a place) – mLeeve
Irreligious Sight (scenery) – Âef°

14. Council (assembly) – meYee, heefj<eo 34. Route (road) – jemlee, ceeie&
Counsel (advice) – meueen osvee Root (of a plant) – peÌ[
15. Coarse (not fine) – ceesše, Kegjoje 35. Roll (to turn over) – Guešvee–heuešvee, ›eâceebkeâ
Role (part) – Yetefcekeâe
Course (direction) – hee"Ÿe›eâce, efoMee
36. Sale (selling) – efye›eâer
16. Dear (beloved) – efØeÙe, hÙeeje
Sail (a piece of canvas on a ship) –veeJe keâe Ûehhet, Ûehhet Ûeueevee
Deer (an animal) – efnjCe, ce=ie
37. Scent (good smell) – F$e
17. Die (to expire) – cejvee, ce=lÙeg
Sent (past tense of send) – Yespee
Dye (colour) – jbie, jbievee
38. Story (a tale) – keâneveer
18. Duel (a fight between two) – ÉbÉ Ùegæ Storey (a stage of building) – cebepf eue, Fceejle
Dual (two fold) – Éwle, ognje 39. Sole (of a shoe) – leueer, Skeâcee$e
19. Eligible (fit) – ÙeesiÙe, GheÙegòeâ Soul (spirit of man) – Deelcee
Illegible (that connot be read) – Dehe"veerÙe 40. Stair (step) – meer{
Ì er
20. Elicit (to draw out) – yeenj efvekeâeuevee Stare (gaze) – Ietjvee
Illicit (unlawful) – iewj-keâevetveer 41. Stationary (not moving) – efmLej, ieeflenerve
21. Fair (i) (lovely) – hÙeeje, (ii) (cesuee) Stationery (writing material) – uesKeve–meece«eer
Fare (i) (food) – Yeespeve, (ii) (charge) – Deejeshe 42. Tale (a story) – keâneveer
22. Fore (front) – meecevee Tail (part of animal) – hetbÚ
Four (a number) – Ûeej 43. Vain (useless) – JÙeLe&, yeskeâej
Vein (vessel) – veme
23. Jealous (envious) – F&<Ùee&ueg
Wane (weaken) – keâcepeesj nesvee
Zealous (enthusiastic) – KegMeneue, Øemevve jnves Jeeuee
44. Veil (a covering for the face) - IetbIeš
24. Lessen (make less) – keâce keâjvee, Ieševee
Wail (loud weeping) - keâ®Ce ›eâvove keâjvee
Lesson - (hee")
Vale (valley) - Ieešer
25. Lone (alone) – Dekesâuee 45. Waist (part to body) – keâcej
Loan (something lent) – keâpe& uesvee Waste – yeyee&oer
26. Mail (a bag of letters) – efÛeefªÙeeW keâe Peesuee 46. Wait (expect) Fblepeej keâjvee
Male (opposite of female) – vej, heg®<e Weight (load of a thing) – Yeej, yeesPe
27. Main (chief) – cegKÙe, ØeOeeve 47. Weak (keâcepeesj)
Mane (long hair on an animal's neck) –peeveJej keâer ieo&ve kesâ yeeue Week (mehleen)
28. Not (not) – veneR 48. Umpire (ef›eâkesâš Deeefo KesueeW ceW jsheâjer)
knot (a bound) – ieeb" yeebOevee, ieeb" Empire (meeceüepÙe)
29. Principal (chief) – ØeOeeve, ØeOeeveeÛeeÙe& Vampire (vejefheMeeÛe)
Principle (a rule of action) – efmeæevle O ne Word Substitu ti on (JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo)
30. Pail (a vessel) – yeeušer One Word Substitution keâe DeLe& nw-efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe kesâ efueS Skeâ
Pale (wane) – heeruee, heerleJeCe&, jòeânerve Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee~ Ùen Meyo Ssmee nesvee ÛeeefnS pees efoS ngS
31. Plain (level) – meceleue, cewoeve JeekeäÙe kesâ YeeJe keâes hetCe& ™he mes Øekeâš keâj mekesâ; pewmes-
A lady whose husband is dead is called a widow.
Plane (a tool) – Ùeb$e, nJeeF& penepe, efJeceeve
Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ YeeJe keâes efvecveefue fKele oes Øekeâej mes Øekeâš keâj mekeâles nQ –
32. Prey (victim) – efMekeâej Widow = A lady whose husband is dea(d)
Pray (entreat) – ØeeLe&vee keâjvee, efveJesove keâjvee A lady whose husband is dead = a widow.
33. Right ("erkeâ) ØeLece Øekeâej ceW Meyo keâe DeLe& (Meaning) efoÙee nw~
Rite - mebmkeâej, Deveg‰eve otmejs Øekeâej ceW DeLe& (Meaning) keâer meneÙelee mes DeYeer° Meyo %eele
Write (efueKevee) efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
Word Definition/Expression eEnoer MeyoeLe&
Alien (SefueÙeve) being or from or characteristic of another efJeosMeer/yeenjer
place or part of the world
Anarchy (Deveekeâea) Absence of Government Dejepekeâlee
Anonymous (Deveeefveceme) Who does not bear name of the writer iegceveece
Aquatic (SkeäJewefškeâ) Living in or near water peueÛej
Amateur (ScesÛÙeesj) One who pursues some art or sport as hobby Meewkeâerve
Autobiography (Dee@šesyeeÙees«eeHeâer) The life-history of a person written by himself DeelcekeâLee
Autocracy (Dee@šes›esâmeer) Government by a ruler who has unlimited power leeveeMeener
Astronaut (Smšêsvee@š) One who travels in space Debleefj#e Ùee$eer
Biography (yeeÙees«eeheâer) The life story of a person peerJeveer, peerJeve Ûeefjle
Brittle (efyeÇšue) Liable to be easily broken YegjYegje
Blonde (yueev[) A beautiful lady of fair complexion and golden hair ieewjJeCe& Deewj megvenjs
yeeueeW Jeeueer megboj m$eer
Bureaucracy (yÙetjes›esâmeer) Government chiefly run by the officials of the Government DeHeâmejMeener
Catalogue (kewâšuee@ie) A list of the names of books metÛeerh e$e
Combustible (keâcyeefmšyeue) Likely to catch fire easily ØeppJeueveMeerue
Credulous (›esâ[gueme) One who believes easily, specially on slight or uncertain keâeve keâe keâÛÛee, DeeMeg efJeMJeemeer
evidence
Edible (Fef[yeue) Fit to be eaten Keeves ÙeesiÙe
Ex tempore (Skeämešscheesj) A speech made without previous preparation lelkeâeueceefle
Emigrant (Sceer«eQš) A person who leaves his own country and settles in ØeJeemeer JÙeefòeâ
another country
Fastidious (heâemšere[
f Ùeme) Hard to please og:meeOÙe
Fatalist (heâwšes fuemš) One who believes in fate YeeiÙeJeeoer
Fiend (heâerv[) A most wicked and cruel man vej efheMeeÛe
Fingerpost (efhebâiejheesmš) A guide post pointing out the way for a place ceeie&metÛ ekeâ
Germicide (peceeameeF[) Substance having power to destroy germs keâeršeCegveeMekeâ
Hades (nw[erpe) Beneath the earth heeleeueuees keâ
Hospitable (neefmhešsyeue) One who entertains guests DeeefleLÙe
Harvest moon (neJexmš cetve) Autumnal full moon Mejo hetefCe&cee
Hydra (neF[ê) An imaginary serpent with many heads Mes<eveeie
Honorary (Dee@vejsjer) For which no salary is paid DeJewleefvekeâ
Illegible (Fuuesepf eyeue) That which cannot be read Dehe"veerÙe
Immigrant (Fceer«eQš) A person who comes as a permanent resident in a DeØeJeemeer
foreign country
Infanticide (FbHeQâšermeeF[) Killing of an infant soon after birth especially with ef MeMegnlÙee
mother's consent
Inaccessible (FveSkeämeses fmeyeue) Incapable of being approached DeiecÙe, hengbÛe mes otj
Incorrigible (Fvekeâe@efjefpeyeue) That which cannot be corrected megO eejeleerle
Indelible (Fv[seuf eyeue) That which can not be effaced De#eÙe
Infalliable (Fveheâueeryeue) A person who cannot make mistake ieueleer ve keâjves Jeeuee

Word Definition/Expression eEnoer MeyoeLe&
Irrelevant (FjdjsefueJeQš) Not to the point Deveie& ue
Insolvent (FbmeewueJeWš) A person who cannot pay his debt efoJeeefueÙee
Kindergarten (efkebâ[jieeš&sve) A school of young children efMeMegDeeW keâe mketâue
Kidnap (efkeâ[vewhe) To carry away a person forcefully DehenjCe
Library (ueeFyeÇjs er) A place containing books for reading or reference hegm lekeâeueÙe
Linguist (efuebefiJemš) One who knows many languages yengYee<eer, Yee<eeefJeod
Manuscript (cewvÙetemf ›eâhš) Papers written by hand heeb[ge fueefhe
Mercenary (ceefme&vejer) A man working for money merely mJeeLeea, YeeÌ[s keâe mewevf ekeâ
Migratory (ceeF«esšjer) That moves from one place to other Yeüc eCekeâejer
Matrimonial (ceweš f ^ce sefveÙeue) Concerning marriage JewJeeefnkeâ
Nurse (veme&) A lady who attends sick persons or infants heefjÛeeefjkeâe
Notorious (veesšesejf Ùeme) Of evil reputation yeoveece
Omnipotent (DeesceveerheesšWš ) One who is all powerful meJe& Meefòeâceeve
Omnipresent (DeesceveerheÇspeWš) One who is present everywhere meJe&JÙeeheer
Omniscient (DeesceveermeeFbš) One who knows everything meJ e&%eelee
Opaque (Deesheskeâ) A body through which light cannot pass DeheejoMeea
Oasis (DeesSefmeme) A shady fertile place in desert ce®Åeeve
Obsolete (Deeymeueerš) No longer in use DeØ eÛeefu ele
Optimist (Dee@hšerefcemš) One who takes the bright side of a thing DeeMeeJeeoer
Panacea (hewvesemf eÙee) A remedy of all diseases jeceyeeCe Deew<eefOe
Parables (hewjeyeume) A simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson veerefle keâLeeSb
Paramour (hewjecej) Illicit lover DeJewOe Øesceer
Pessimist (hesmeerecf emš) One who takes the dark side of a thing efvejeMeeJeeoer
Parasite (hewjemeeFš) Animal or plant living on or in another one and hejpeerJeer
getting its food from it
Pilgrim(efheefu«ece) One who goes on a journey to a holy place leerLe& Ùee$eer
Q uorum (keâesjce) Required minimum number of present members meomÙeeW keâer Dehesef#ele
mebKÙee ceW GheefmLeefle
Rape (jshe) Ravishing a lady without her willingness yeueelkeâej
Satyr (mewšj) Highly lustful man DelÙeefOekeâ keâeceer JÙeefòeâ
Shrew (efMeÇG) A peevish woman PeieÌ[euet m$eer
Simultaneous (meeFceuešsefveÙeme) Occuring at the same time Skeâ meeLe nesves Jeeuee
Tryst (efš^mš) A place for working of two lovers ØeCeÙe mLeue
Turncoat (šve&keâesš) A person who changes principles or party easily oueyeouet
Teetotaler (šeršesšuej) One who totally abstains from alcoholic liquor Mejeye ve heervess Jeeuee
Unintelligible (DeveFbšseuf eefpeyeue) That which cannot be understood ogy e xOe
Unique (Ùetveerkeâ) That has no equal DeefÉleerÙe
Veteran (Jesšsjve) One who has long experience DevegY eJeer
Voluntary (Jeeuebšjer) Of one's own free will mJesÛÚe mes
Widower (efJe[esJej) A man whose wife is dead efJeOegj
Zoo (]pet) A place where bird, animals et(c) are kept efÛeefÌ[ÙeeIej

Example Questions (c) serfdorm (d) subordination
Directions : In these questions out of the four alterna-

Gòej—(b)
tives, choose the synonym of the given word: 'Liberty' (mJeleb$elee; cegefòeâ) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Slavery' (iegueeceer;
1. Barren
oemelee) nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ-servitude; bondage; yoke;
(a) good (b) wholesome
enslavement; thrall; subjugation.
(c) unproduct ive (d) profi table
Gòej—(c) 7. Disorderly
Meyo 'Barren' (yebpej; DeveGhepeeT; Deke=â<Ùe) keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo (a) chaotic (b) organized
'Unproductive' (Deke=â<Ùe; yebpej) nw~ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ- arid; (c) adjust ed (d) arranged
waste; uncultivable; vapid; unfruitful; fruitless.
Gòej—(b)
2. Infamy
(a) notoriety (b) glory
'Disorderly' (JÙegl›eâce) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Organized' (›eâceJeej)
(c) integrity (d) familiarity nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ- devise; contrive; array; sift; classify.
Gòej—(a) 8. Elevation
Meyo 'Infamy' (kegâKÙeele) keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo
'Notoriety' (keâuebkeâ) nw~ (a) reduction (b) humiliation
DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ- disrepute;
disgrace; discredit; (c) depress ion (d) debasem ent
baseness; vileness; depravity; villainy; dishonour.
Gòej—(a)
3. Intrepid
(a) hesitant (b) fearless 'Elevation' (Gvveefle, GvveefleMeeruelee) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo
(c) extrovert (d) rash 'Reduction' (DeJeveefle) nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ-degradation; dep-
Gòej—(b) ravation; abasement; adulteration; devaluation; defilement.
Meyo 'Intrepid' (efveYeeakeâ; efve[j) keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo 'Fearless' 9. Glossy
(meenmeer; efncceleJeeuee; ÂÌ{ ) nw~ - DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ- daring; (a) dull (b) shining
valiant; audacious; lion-hearted; stalwart; gallant;
dauntless; undaunte(d) (c) weary (d) tired
Gòej—(a)
4. Prodigal
(a) exclusive (b) productive 'Glossy' (Ûecekeâoej) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Dull' (veerjme) nw~ DevÙe
(c) lavish (d) carefree efJeueesce Meyo nQ- matt; opaque; grey; drab; murky; dim.
Gòej—(c)
10. Appropriate
Meyo 'Prodigal' (KeÛeeauee ; DeheJÙeÙeer) keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo 'Lavish'
(ueehejJeen; DeheJÙeÙe) nw~ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ- extravagant; (a) disimilar (b) incomparable
Squandering; improvident; intemperate; unsparing; (c) unsui table (d) dis parate
unthrifty; spendthrift; profuse; sumptuous; exuberant; Gòej—(c)
luxuriant; profligate.
'Appropriate' (GefÛele; GheÙegòeâ) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Unsuitable'
5. Perspicuous (DevegheÙegòeâ) nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ- inappropriate; irrelevant;
(a) relevant (b) preci se
inapt; ill-suited; ill-fitted; ill-timed; inopportune;
(c) brief (d) clear
Gòej—(d) incongruous; indecorous.
Meyo 'Perspicuous' (mhe°; meeheâ) keâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo 'Clear' (mhe°; 11. Discord
heejoMeea) nw~ DevÙe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo nQ- (a) harmony (b) serenity
crystal-clear; plain; unambiguous; transparent; lucid; explicit; (c) accept ance (d) placidity
straightforward; apparent; distinct.
Gòej—(a)
Directions : In these questions, choose the word opposite in
'Discord' (Demenceefle, mebIe<e&, celeYeso) keâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo 'Har-
meaning to the given word :
mony' (meecebpemÙe, menceefle) nw~ DevÙe efJeueesce Meyo nQ- concord,
6. Liberty
agreement, unity.
(a) serenity (b) slavery

Fill in the Blanks
Example Questions 7. The chef was wondering________ .

(a) when to brush his teeth
Directions : Fill in the Blanks from the words given below: (b) what to prepare for the important dinner
1. The explosion that ________ the bus killed twelve people. (c) how to wash the dishes
(a) wrecked (b) deflated (d) when to take the dog for a walk
(c) stalled (d) hindered Gòej (b)
—
Gòej—(a) ‘Chef’ mes leelheÙe& efkeâmeer nesšue Ùee jsmlejeb ceW Keevee hekeâeves Jeeues jmeesFS
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'wrecked' DeLee&le ‘#eefle«emle keâjvee’ keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~ mes nw Deewj Gmes Keevee hekeâeves mes mecyeeqvOele efÛevlee ner meleeSieer, Dele:
efJekeâuhe (b) DeYeer„ nw~
2. There was some ________ between the member's
version and the committee's version. 8. I have brought some books ________ you to examine.
(a) discourse (b) discrepancy (a) to (b) for
(c) with (d) over
(c) certainty (d) recurrence
Gòej—(b) Gòej—(b)
efjòeâ mLeeve cesb 'discrepancy' DeLee&le ‘efYevvelee Ùee efJemebieefle’ keâe ØeÙeesie Ùeneb hej 'for' conjunction/ Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie ‘you’ kesâ henues
GheÙegòeâ nesiee~
GefÛele nw~
9. The usher showed us ________ .
3. We have talked a lot; now let us ________ to work.
(a) how to take photographs (b) where to sit
(a) get down (b) set off
(c) when to comb our hair (d) how to dance
(c) take off (d) sit up
Gòej—(b)
Gòej (a)
—
Usher keâe ØeÙeesie Ssmes JÙeeqòeâ kesâ efueS neslee nw, pees DeeievlegkeâeW keâes Gvekesâ
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW efJekeâuhe (a) 'get down' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~ efueS efveÙele mLeeve lekeâ peeves kesâ ceeie& keâe ØeoMe&ve keâjlee nw~ Heâuele: Ùeneb
4. The life-guard would not let the children ________ at the
efJekeâuhe (b) DeYeer„ nw~
deep end of the pool. 10. You may bring your dog where ________ .
(a) swims (b) swim (a) you have to pay
(c) swam (d) to swim (b) there is no water
Gòej—(d) (c) pets are allowed
(d) pets can sleep
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'to swim' Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
Gòej—(c)
5. The audience watched the clowns ________ their act. kegâòee Skeâ heeuelet heMeg nw~ Fmes JeneR ues peevee GheÙegòeâ nw peneb Pets DeLee&le
(a) performs (b) perform heeuelet heMeg ues peeves keâer Devegceefle nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) GheÙegòeâ nw~
(c) performed (d) are performing
Gòej—(b) Study Material
Ùeneb Perform keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~
 Fill in the Blanks
6. The speaker did not properly spaceout his speech, but
 Important Suggestions (cenlJehetCe& megPeeJe)
went on ________ one point only.
Fill in the Blanks kesâ ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves nsleg efvecveefueefKele megPeeJeeW keâes
(a) stressing (b) avoiding
(c) devoting (d) decrying DeJeMÙe OÙeeve cesb jKeW-
Gòej—(a)  JeekeäÙe kesâ DeLe& keâes mecePeves kesâ efueS meJe&ØeLece Gmes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heÌ{W
ØeMve ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Deehekeâes DehetCe& ™he ceW Øeehle neslee nw, Dele: hetjs
‘Stressing’ mes leelheÙe& efkeâmeer efyevog hej ‘yeej-yeej peesj osves’ mes nw~ Jeòeâe
Éeje hegve: hegve: Skeâ ner yeele keâes keânves mes ßeesleeDeesb Éeje GmeceW ®efÛe Kelce JeekeäÙe keâes (DehetCe& ™he ceW ner) heÌ{keâj Fmekeâe YeeJe (Sense) mecePeves keâe ØeÙeeme
nes peeleer nw~ Ssmeer $egefš cetue hee" keâes mecegefÛele {bie mes JÙeJeeqmLele ve keâjves keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ Skeâ yeej YeeJe mecePe uesves kesâ yeeo Deehe efjòeâ mLeeve nsleg
mes nesleer nw~ GheÙegòeâ Meyo Keespeves kesâ efueS lewÙeej nes peeSbies~
 efJekeâuheeW keâes osKeves mes hetJe& ner Ssmes Meyo keâes meesÛeW pees JeekeäÙe keâes DeLe&hetCe&  Preposition kesâ efveÙeceeW hej DeeOeeefjle GoenjCe
yeveelee nes SJeb Gvekesâ efveÙece
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe mecePe uesves kesâ yeeo Deehekeâer mecemÙee nw Fmekesâ efjòeâ mLeeve ØeMve 1. T he patient is now free –––––– danger.
kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve~ Deehe Ssmes Meyo keâes efoceeie ceW meesÛeW efpemes
(a) to (b) from (c) of (d) for (e) by
JeekeäÙe ceW jKe osves mes Ùen YeeJe kesâ Deveg™he DeLe& Øeoeve keâjs~ Fmekesâ yeeo JeekeäÙe
nue - Ùeneb hej 'free' kesâ yeeo 'from' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
nsleg efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW keâes osKeW~ Ùeefo efJekeâuheeW ceW Deehe Éeje meesÛee ieÙee Meyo
efveÙece - free keâe DeLe& nw cegkeäle, Ùeefo 'free' keâe ØeÙeesie debt (keâpe&) Ùee
nes lees Fmes Gòej kesâ ™he ceW ÛeÙeve keâjW DevÙeLee efJekeâuheeW ceW mes Deheves meesÛes ieS
danger (Keleje) kesâ efueS nes jne nes lees Preposition 'from' keâe ØeÙeesie
Meyo kesâ meceeve DeLe& (Synonym) Jeeues efkeâmeer Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâjW~
keâjvee ÛeeefnS DevÙe heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW 'free' kesâ yeeo Preposition 'of' keâe
 Debelf ece ÛeÙeve keâjves mes hetJe& meYeer mebYeeefJele GòejeW hej efJeÛeej keâj ueW
ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
keâYeer-keâYeer peuoyeepeer ceW ØeefleÙeesieer efJekeâuheeW ceW mes ieuele Meyo keâes ner
ØeMve 2. We are proud ––––– your deeds.
GheÙegòeâ Gòej ceeve uesles nQ~ Fmemes yeÛeves kesâ efueS efJekeâuheeW ceW mes meYeer
(a) in (b) to (c) from (d) of (e) for
mebYeeefJele Gòej efjkeäle mLeeve ceW hetefle& keâjkesâ osKe uesves kesâ yeeo ner Debelf ece ÛeÙeve
nue SJeb efveÙece - Ùeneb hej Meyo 'proud' kesâ yeeo 'of' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
ØeMve 3. My teacher prevented me _______ eating flesh.
 efjkeäle mLeeve keâer hetefle& nsleg Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâjles meceÙe mebkesâle MeyoeW
(a) to (b) from (c) for (d) against (e) on
(Signal words) hej DeJeMÙe efJeÛeej keâjW
nue - Meyo 'Prevent' (jeskeâvee) kesâ yeeo Preposition 'from' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee
ØeeÙe: JeekeäÙe ceW Ssmes mebkesâle Meyo nesles nQ, efpevekesâ DeeOeej hej JeekeäÙe ceW Útš s
ÛeeefnS~
Meyo keâe helee ueieeÙee pee mekeâlee nw; peswmes-
efveÙece - kegâ Ú vekeâejelcekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW pewm es- prevent (jes keâvee), refrain
English is ...... popular than any other language in the world.
(jeskeâvee), restrain (jeskeâvee), abstain (yeÛevee) kesâ yeeo Preposition
(a) Most (b) More (c) Very (d) Much
'from' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ghejeskeäle GoenjCe ceW efjòeâ mLeeve nsleg 'more' Meyo meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegòeâ nesiee
ØeMve 4. You should not intervene ___ them in their quarrel.
keäÙeeWefkeâ JeekeäÙe keâes osKeves mes FmeceW Skeâ mebkesâle Meyo 'than' efceuelee nw efpemekeâe
(a) for (b) among (c) between (d) to (e) on
DeLe& nw efjòeâ mLeeve ceW Meyo keâe Comparative form GheÙegòeâ nesiee~ efoS
nue SJeb efveÙece - Meyo 'Intervene' (yeerÛe ceW heÌ[vee) kesâ yeeo Preposition
ieS efJekeâuheeW cesb Ssmee Meyo kesâJeue 'more' nw Dele: Ùener Gòej nesiee~
'between' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
 Skeâ ner JeekeäÙe ceW oes efjòeâ mLeeve jnves keâer oMee ceW oesveeW efjkeäle mLeeve nsleg
efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW mes hetefle& keâjkesâ JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& osKe uesvee ÛeeefnS~ ØeMve 5. A dog always persists _______ his dogma.
(a) to (b) of (c) on (d) in (e) with
 JÙeeJeneefjkeâ henuet (Practical Aspect)
Ùetb lees 'Fill in the blanks' kesâ ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙe&gòeâ nue SJeb efveÙece - Meyo 'persist' (ÂÌ{ jnvee) kesâ yeeo Preposition 'in' keâe
megPeeJe efmeæeble ™he ceW ueeYeoeÙekeâ efmeæ neWies, hejbleg hejer#ee YeJeve ceW hejer#eeLeea ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
kesâ ceveesefJe%eeve leLee Jemlegefve‰ ØeMveeW ceW meceÙe keâer keâceer keâes osKeles ngS ØeMve 6. She reproduced the answer word ________ word, as it
hejer#eeefLe&ÙeeW keâes ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves kesâ efueS JÙeeJeneefjkeâ henuet Deheveeves keâer was found in the book.
(a) to (b) for (c) after (d) by (e) none
meueen oer peeleer nw~ Sentence Completion kesâ ØeMveeW ceW JÙeeJeneefjkeâ henuet
Ùen nw efkeâ meJe&ØeLece Sentence keâes osKeW Fmekesâ yeeo efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW mes nue - Ùeneb hej Preposition 'for' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Ssmes Meyo keâe ÛeÙeve keâjW efpememes JeekeäÙe (Sentence) keâes meeLe&keâ mJe™he efceues efveÙece - Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW GefÛele YeeJe kesâ efueS 'word for word' keâe ner ØeÙeesie
Fmekesâ yeeo legjble Deeies yeÌ{W~ Fmeer Øekeâej Passage Completion kesâ ØeMveeW Megæ nw~
keâes nue keâjles meceÙe hetjs Passage keâes heÌ{keâj efJekeâuheeW ceW mes efjkeäle mLeeve kesâ ØeMve 7. Quite a large number of colleges are now affiliated
_______ Allahabad University.
efueS Ssmes MeyoeW keâe ÛeÙeve keâj ueW efpememes Passage keâes meeLe&keâ mJe™he Øeehle
(a) to (b) with (c) on (d) in (e) at
nes mekesâ~ Fmekesâ yeeo Skeâ yeej hetjs Passage keâes heÌ{keâj Ûegves ieS efJekeâuheeW keâes
Ûesskeâ (Check) keâj ueW~ nue - 'Affiliate' (mebyeæ) kesâ yeeo Preposition 'to' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
Jewmes lees Fill in the Blanks kesâ ØeMve JÙeekeâjCe %eeve, Meyo %eeve DeLeJee nw~
meeceevÙe mecePe efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej kesâ nes mekeâles nQ hejbleg meeceevÙele: Ùen osKee efveÙece - Ùeefo 'Affiliate' Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer 'board' Ùee 'University' kesâ
ieÙee nw efkeâ Fve ØeMveeW ceW "Preposition" hej DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW keâer mebKÙee efueS keâjvee nes lees Preposition 'to' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùeefo
meJee&efOekeâ nesleer nw~ FvneR yeeleeW keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngS Deye nce Fill in the 'affiliate' Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer 'party' kesâ efueS keâjvee nes lees Preposition
'with' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Blanks kesâ ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves nsleg kegâÚ cenòJehetCe& efveÙeceeW keâer ÛeÛee& keâjWies~

ØeMve 8. We have no great regard for persons who are always 4. If I had helped him, he __________.
bragging _____ their knowledge. (a) will not be drowned
(a) to (b) for (c) about (d) on (e) against (b) would not be drowned
(c) will not have drowned
nue Je efveÙece - 'bragging' (MesKeeryeepeer) kesâ yeeo Preposition 'about' keâe
(d) would not have drowned
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Gòej—(d)
ØeMve 9. Disgusted with life as he was, he jumped _______ the
river.
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'would not have drowned' keâe ØeÙeesie DeYeer° nw~
(a) in (b) into (c) within (d) for (e) to 5. When will you hand ________ your assignment?
nue - Ùeneb hej Preposition 'into' keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~ (a) in (b) back
efveÙece - efmLej DeJemLee ceW ØeJesMe keâe YeeJe Glhevve keâjves nsleg Preposition in (c) down (d) into
leLee ieefleceeve DeJemLee ceW Preposition into keâes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gòej—(a)
ØeMve 10. The entire village poured out to condole _____ him. efjòeâ mLeeve ceW Meyo 'in' keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe keâes meeLe&keâ yeveelee nw~
(a) at (b) in (c) with (d) on (e) for 6. The song in the play cannot be deleted as it is ________
nue - Ùeneb Preposition with keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~ to the story.
efveÙece - Ùeefo condole (mebJesovee Øekeâš keâjvee) Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ (a) int ervened (b) inn ate
(person) kesâ efueS keâjvee nes lees Preposition with keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee (c) exacting (d) integral
nw~ DevÙe heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW Preposition in keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gòej—(d)
Practice Questions efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'integral' (DeefveJeeÙe&) keâe ØeÙees ie mener nw~
Directions : Fill in the Blanks from the words given below: 7. She remained a________ all her lif e.
1. The company let me________ time off work. (a) spin ster (b) bachel or
(a) take (b) taking (c) unmarried (d) single
(c) to take (d) took Gòej—(a)
Gòej—(a) efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'spinster' (kegâb Jeejer) keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'take' keâe ØeÙeesie DeYeer° nw~ 8. Do not stay in the grasslands after dark, as some animals
become________ when they see humans.
2. I assume __________ with me.
(a) provoked (b) alerted
(a) everyone agreeing
(c) aggressi ve (d) th reatened
(b) that everyone agrees
Gòej—(c)
(c) everyone to agree
(d) that everyone to agree efjòeâ mLeeve ceW aggressive (Dee›eâecekeâ) GheÙegòeâ efJekeâuhe nw~
Gòej—(b) 9. The building is not safe and must be _____down.
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'that everyone agrees' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~ (a) pull (b) pulling
(c) pulled (d) pulls
3. ____________ the rain forests is very important, if we
Gòej—(c)
do not want the flora and f auna found there to become
extinct. efjòeâ mLeeve ceW Meyo 'pulled' keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nw~
(a) Reserving (b) Destroying 10. There is something wonderful_______him.
(c) Preserving (d) Maintaining (a) of (b) about
Gòej—(c) (c) for (d) inside
Gòej—(b)
efjòeâ mLeeve ceW 'Preserving' (Devegj#eCe keâjvee) keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe keâes
meejieefYe&le yeveelee nw~ efjòeâ mLeeve ceW Preposition 'about' keâe heÇÙeesie DeYeer° nw~

Common Grammer and Usage Errors
Example Questions (d) In raining heavily the multi-storey office building was
badly damaged and collapsed.
Direction : Point out the correct sentence in each of the
following questions. Gòej—(a)
1. (a) In these circumstances, they will not be able to meet
the targeted assignment to them. JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw ‘‘Yeejer Je<ee& kesâ keâejCe yengcebepf euee keâeÙee&ueÙe keâer Fceejle
(b) In these circumstances, they will not be able to meet yegjer lejn #eefle«emle nes ieÙeer Deewj {n ieÙeer~’’ Fme DeLe& keâes efJekeâuhe (a) ceW
the assigned target to them. efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Megælee mes Øekeâš keâjlee nw~
(c) In these circumstances, they will not be able to meet
the assigning of target to them. 5. (a) He has visited many places all over the city looking
(d) In these circumstances, they will not be able to meet out the perfect location to set up his factory.
the target assigned to them. (b) He has visited many places all over the city looking
Gòej—(d) for the perfect location to set up his factory.
(c) He has visited many places all over the city looking
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Fve heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW Jes efoS ieS ue#Ùe keâes Øeehle keâjves after the perfect location to set up his factory.
ceW meceLe& veneR neWies~’’ efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Fme DeLe& keâes Megælee (d) He has visited many places all over the city looked
mes Øekeâš keâjlee nw~ forward to the perfect location to set up his factory.
2. (a) Banks are ensured that 18 percent of their loans is

Gòej—(b)
given to the agricultural sector. JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Gmeves Deheveer hewâkeäšêr keâer mLeehevee nsleg Skeâ Gòece
(b) Banks have to ensure that 18 percent of their loans is
given to the agricultural sector. mLeeve keâer leueeMe ceW hetjs Menj ceW keâF& mLeeveeW keâe YeüceCe efkeâÙee~’’ efJekeâuhe
(c) Banks being ensure that 18 percent of their loans is (b) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Fme DeLe& keâe Megælee mes Øekeâš keâjlee nw~
given to the agricultural sector.
(d) Banks should be ensured that 18 percent of their loans 6. (a) No traffic will be allowed in this area since the minister's
is given to the agricultural sector. visit scheduled today.
Gòej—(b) (b) No traffic will be allowed in this area since the minister
is visiting scheduled today.
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘yeQkeâeW keâes Ùen megevf eefMÛele keâjvee nesiee efkeâ Gvekesâ Éeje (c) No traffic will be allowed in this area since the minister's
efoS pee jns $e+CeeW keâe 18 ØeefleMele ke=âef<e #es$e keâes Øeehle nes~’’ efJekeâuhe (b) visit is scheduled today.
(d) No traffic will be allowed in this area since the visit of
ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Fme DeLe& keâes Megælee mes Øekeâš keâjlee nw~
the minister scheduled today.
3. (a) The government has announced several initiatives Gòej—(c)
beneficial to factory workers.
(b) The government has announced several initiatives JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Ûetbefkeâ ceb$eer Deepe Deeves Jeeues nQ, FmeefueS Fme #es$e ceW
for benefiting to factory workers. efkeâmeer Yeer ÙeeleeÙeele keâer Devegceefle veneR nesieer’’ efJekeâuhe (c) ceW efoÙee ieÙee
(c) The government has announced several initiatives JeekeäÙe Fme DeLe& keâe MegæleehetJe&keâ mhe° keâjlee nw~
which will benefit to factory workers.
(d) The government has announced several initiatives 7. (a) Medical treatment here is quite expensive and
benefited to factory workers. they had to sell off their land to pay for it.
Gòej—(a) (b) Medical treatment here is too expensive for they had
to sell off their land to pay for it.
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw ‘‘mejkeâej ves keâF& henueeW keâer Iees<eCee keâer nw, pees hewâkeäšêr (c) Medical treatment here is so expensive but they had
keâeceieejeW kesâ efueS ueeYeØeo nQ~’’ Fme DeLe& keâes efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe to sell off their land to pay for it.
Megælee mes Øekeâš keâjlee nw~ (d) Medical treatment here is more expensive they had to
sell off their land to pay for it.
4. (a) Owing to th e heavy rains the mu lti-storey office
building was badly damaged and collapsed. Gòej—(a)
(b) Because of rain ing heavil y the mult i-storey office
building was badly damaged and collapsed.
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Ùeneb efÛeefkeâlmeerÙe GheÛeej keâeheâer cebniee nw Deewj GvnW
(c) Since heavily it rained the multi-storey office building Fmekeâer keâercele Deoe keâjves kesâ efueS Deheveer peceerve yesÛeveer heÌ[er~’’ Megæ JeekeäÙe
was badly damaged and collapsed. efJekeâuhe (a) nw pees DeLe& keâes mhe° keâjlee nw~
8. (a) To be successful it is important to know why you had 1. Is the verb in accordance with t he subject?
failed in the past and ensure that it doesn't happen This is the rule no. ONE
again.
2. Is the tense of the verb correct?
(b) To be successful it is important to know because you
have failed in the past and ensure that it doesn't happen This is the rule no. TWO
again. 3. Is the subject or doer close to the participle?
(c) To be successful it is important to know that your This is the r ule no. Three
failure in the past and ensure that it doesn't happen
again. 4. Are the noun s and verbs in their p roper forms
confirming the parallelism?
(d) To be successful it is important to know where you lot
of demand in the past and ensure that it doesn't This is the rule no. FOUR
happen again. 5. Are the articles, determiners and adjectives correctly
Gòej—(a) used?
This is the rule no. FIVE
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘meheâue nesves kesâ efueS Ùen DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ Deehe peeves
6. Are the forms of pronoun correct and do they agree
efkeâ hetJe& ceW Deehe keäÙeeW Demeheâue ngS Deewj megefveefMÛele keâjW efkeâ Ssmee oesyeeje ve with the related nouns and other pronouns?
nes~’’ efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoS ieS JeekeäÙe ceW keâesF& $egefš veneR nw Deewj Ùen YeeJe This is the rule no. SIX
keâes MegæleehetJe&keâ mhe° keâjlee nw~ 7. Are the prepositions correctly used?
9. (a) Many animals have been using for experimentation. This is the rule no. SEVEN
(b) Many animals are being used for experimentation. 8. Are the spelling and punctuatio n in place?
(c) Many animals are using for experimentation. This is the rule no. EIGHT
(d) Many animals have being used for experimentation.
Gòej—(b) Practice Questions
Direction : Point out the correct sentence in each of the
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw ‘‘yengle mes peeveJejeW keâe MeesOeeW nsleg ØeÙeesie nes jne nw~’’ following questions.
Dele: Ùeneb are being used keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ 1. (a) His performance was appreciated at the festival.
(b) His performance was appreciated by the festival.
10. (a) Most of the basic facilities in these hospitals are quite
poor. (c) His performance was appreciated on the festival.
(b) Most of the basic facilities in this hospital is quite (d) His performance was appreciating to the festival.
poor. Gòej—(a)
(c) Most of the basic facilities off these hospitals are quite
poor. JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘GlmeJe ceW Gmekesâ ØeoMe&ve keâes mejene ieÙee~’’ Ùeneb
(d) Most of the basic facilities with this hospital being JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Megæ JeekeäÙe efJekeâuhe (a) nw~
quite poor. 2. (a) It rained much more heavily on monday than it did
Gòej—(a) last night.
(b) It rained much more heavily on monday as it did last
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw ‘‘Fve DemheleeueeW ceW yengle ner cetue megeJf eOeeDeeW keâer efmLeefle night.
keâeheâer Kejeye nw~’’ efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Megæ nw, Mes<e JeekeäÙe (c) It rained much more heavily from monday then it did
DeMegæ nQ~ last night.
(d) It rained much more heavily during monday as it did
last night.
Study Material Gòej—(a)
 Comm on Gramm e r an d Usage Errors JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘efheÚueer jele keâer leguevee ceW meesceJeej keâes yengle DeefOekeâ
Finding an error in a sentence is a step-by-step process. Je<ee& ngF&~’’ Ùeneb JÙeekeâjCe SJeb DevÙe meYeer Âef°ÙeeW mes Megæ JeekeäÙe efJekeâuhe
Checking errors randomly is always so confusin g that you (a) nw~
can never go close to accuracy. Therefore, we have adopted
3. (a) All hell breaks lose when a mad dog ran onto the
an EIGHT-POINT ST RATEGY to probe a sentence for an error
and pin-point it with accuracy. You have to ask t hese eight school premises.
questions while solving a s entence correction problem. (b) All hell broken lose when a mad dog ran onto the
school premises.

(c) All hell breaks loose when a mad dog ran onto the (c) He is a good leader, which knows how to motivate his
school premises. employees to achieve.
(d) All hell broke loose when a mad dog ran onto the (d) He is a good leader, knowing what to motivate his
school premises. employees to achieve.
Gòej—(d) Gòej—(b)
Ûetbefkeâ ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW efoS ieS JeekeäÙeeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ef›eâÙee (Verb) 'ran' Past JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Jen Skeâ DeÛÚe ceeie&oMe&keâ nw, pees Deheves keâce&ÛeeefjÙeeW
tense ceW nQ Dele: Ùeneb break kesâ Past Simple Tence broke keâe ØeÙeesie keâes meheâue nesves kesâ efueS Øeeslmeeefnle keâjvee peevelee nw~’’ Ûetbefkeâ Subject
GheÙegòeâ nesiee~ All hell broke loose Skeâ Idiom nw, efpemekeâe DeLe& nw, 'He' nw, Dele: Fmekesâ meeLe who keâe ØeÙeesie GheÙegòeâ nesiee~
efJeefYevve Øekeâej keâer Kejeye Deewj [jeJeveer ÛeerpeeW keâe nesvee~
8. (a) Your bonus is dependable the quality of your work.
4. (a) What shall have been a great disaster, was averted.
(b) Your bonus depends on the quality of your work.
(b) What had been a great disaster, was averted.
(c) What would be a great disaster, was averted. (c) Your bonus being dependent the quality of your work.
(d) What could have been a great disaster, was averted. (d) Your bonus going to depend the quality of your work.
Gòej—(d) Gòej—(b)
efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Megæ nw~ efJekeâuhe JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Deehekeâe yeesveme Deehekesâ keâeÙe& keâer iegCeJeòee hej efveYe&j
(d) ceW efoS ieS JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘pees yengle yeÌ[er ogI e&švee nes mekeâleer Leer, keâjlee nw~ ’’efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Megæ nw, Mes<e efJekeâuheeW ceW efoS
Gmes šeue efoÙee ieÙee~’’ ieS JeekeäÙe DeMegæ nQ~
5. (a) It is the Chairman, not the Board which will make these 9. (a) The organizers agreed to shift the conference any of
decis ions. the place convenient to all participants.
(b) It is the Chairman, not the Board that is made these (b) The organizers agreed to shift the conference at places
decis ions. convenient to all participants.
(c) It is the Chairman, not the Board whom makes these (c) The organizers agreed to shift the conference from a
decis ions. place of convenience to all participants.
(d) It is the Chairman, not the Board who will make these
(d) The organizers agreed to shift the conference to a
decis ions.
place convenient to all participants.
Gòej—(d)
Gòej—(d)
efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Megæ nw~
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘DeeÙeespekeâ meYeer ØeefleYeeefieÙeeW kesâ efueS megeJf eOeepevekeâ
6. (a) While considering the traffic, it is better to leave for efkeâmeer mLeeve hej keâe@ØeWâme keâes mLeeveebleefjle keâjves hej mencele nes ieS~’’
the airport an hour early. efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Megæ nw, Mes<e JeekeäÙe
(b) Consideration of the traffic, it is better to leave for the DeMegæ nQ~
airport an hour early. 10. (a) In the 1970s banks were required to submit their
(c) Considering the traffic, it is better to leave for the detailed plans of expansion to RBI.
airport an hour early. (b) In the 1970s banks required for submission their
(d) Being considerate to the traffic, it is better to leave for detailed plans of expansion to RBI.
the airport an hour early. (c) In the 1970s banks are required to submit their detailed
Gòej—(c) plans of expansion to RBI.
JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘ÙeeleeÙeele keâes osKeles ngS nJeeF& Deñs kesâ efueS Skeâ Iebšs (d) In the 1970s banks requirement of submitting their
hetJe& ØemLeeve keâjvee yesnlej nesiee~’’ Dele: Ùeneb Considering the traffic detailed plans of expansion to RBI.
keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee~ Gòej—(a)
7. (a) He is a good leader, that known when to motivate his JeekeäÙe keâe YeeJe nw, ‘‘Je<e& 1970 ceW yeQkeâeW kesâ efueS Deheves efJemleej keâer efJemle=le
employees to achieve. ÙeespeveeDeeW keâes YeejleerÙe efjpeJe& yeQkeâ kesâ meccegKe Øemlegle keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ
(b) He is a good leader, who knows how to motivate his Lee~’’ efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe JÙeekeâjCe keâer Âef° mes Megæ nw SJeb
employees to achieve. GheÙegòeâ YeeJe keâes mhe° keâjlee nw~
Comprehension Passages
Example Questions (c) To prefer to live on an island

(d) To arrange enough money to last for twenty five years
PASSAGE - 5 Gòej—(a)
Most people lead the lives that circumstances have thrust heefjÛÚso ceW le=leerÙe JeekeäÙe ceW mhe°le: keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ
"Wilson had
upon them. But Wilson had boldly taken the course of his life taken boldly the course of his life ...... At 35 he quit his
job....." Ùen mhe° keâjlee nw efkeâ efJeumeve keâe meyemes meenmeer keâoce Gmekeâe
into his own hands. At 35, he had quit his job to lead a pleasant
life on an exotic island with just enough money to last for twenty
veJeÙeewJeve ceW Deheves JÙeJemeeÙe keâes ÚesÌ[ osvee Deewj efheâj Deeies keâer meesÛevee Ùen
efmeæ keâjves kesâ efueS heÙee&hle nw efkeâ efJekeâuhe (a) ner DeYeer° nw~
five years. Once, fifteen years after he had been on the island,
I happened to meet him and enquired about his financial 3. What does "........... depends on oneself " suggest? That
situation. He said, "It will carry on till I am sixty". "But one Wilson, at 60, would
(a) Depend on his own resources
cannot be sure of dying at sixty". I said, "Well.... " he replied,
(b) Take the course of his life into his own hands
"It depends on oneself, doesn't it?"
(c) Take away his own life
YeeJeeLe&
(d) Carry on living in the same manner
DeefOekeâlej meYeer ueesie Ssmeer efpeboieer JÙeleerle keâjles nQ pees heefjefmLeefleÙeeb
Gòej—(b)
Gve hej yeueeled Leeshe osleer nQ~ hejbleg efJeumeve veecekeâ JÙeefòeâ ves Deheves peerJeve keâe
ceeie& megefveefMÛele keâjves nsleg meenmehetJe&keâ mJeÙeb efveCe&Ùe efueÙee~ 35 Je<e& keâer Gceü ceW heefjÛÚso keâer Debelf ece hebefòeâ Ùen mhe° keâjves kesâ efueS heÙee&hle nw efkeâ efJeumeve
Deheves JÙeJemeeÙe keâes lÙeeie keâj Skeâ megKeo peerJeve JÙeleerle keâjves kesâ efueS Jen Skeâ meenmeer JÙeefòeâ nw Deewj Jen Deheves efueS 60 Je<e& keâer Gceü ceW DeelcenlÙee
Skeâ Ssmes Éerhe kesâ efueS ØemLeeve keâjlee nw, pees mJeÙeb yengle ner ceesnkeâ nw~ Jen pewmee keâeÙejleehetCe& efveCe&Ùe ve ueskeâj efJekeâuhe (b) peerJeve keâes Deheves Éeje
efveefMÛele ceeie& hej ØeMemle keâjsiee~ Dele: Ùener GefÛele SJeb DeYeer° Gòej nw~
meeLe ceW Flevee Oeve ues ueslee nw pees 25 Je<eeX lekeâ peerJeve-Ùeeheve kesâ efueS heÙee&hle
nes~ 15 Je<eeX kesâ Ghejeble Skeâ yeej ceQ Gme Éerhe hej peneb Jen jn jne Lee, 4. What does the word 'Exotic' denote, find out most suitable
Gmekeâer DeeefLe&keâ efmLeefle keâer peevekeâejer kesâ efueS ieÙee~ Gmeves keâne efkeâ peye lekeâ context from the options given below-
ceQ 60 Je<e& keâer JeÙe Øeehle keâ™biee Ùen heÙee&hle nw~ Fme hej cewves keâne efkeâ hejbleg keâesF& (a) Pleasant weather
(b) Natural beauty of greenery, hills, streams, rivers and
Fme yeele hej lees megefveefMÛele veneR nes mekeâlee efkeâ Jen 60 Je<e& keâer JeÙe hej ner
melodious voice
ce=lÙeg keâes Øeehle nesiee~ Gmeves keâne, ‘‘"erkeâ nw, Ùen mJeÙeb hej efveYe&j nw~’’
(c) Stunning beauty of animals and creatures
keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Thrust- yeueeled Leeshevee, Exotic- DevÙemLeeefvekeâ, Ssmee
(d) Well carved out
Meerlees<Ce osMe peneb peeves hej megneJevee ueies ceesnkeâ, Pleasant- megKeo,megneJevee~
1. Which one of the following is correct? Gòej— (b)
According to the author, most people
heefjÛÚso cesW meefvveefnle leLÙe mhe°le: mebkesâle keâjles nQ efkeâ Éerhe heneÌ[eW,
(a) Do not allow circumstances to affect their lives
veefoÙeeW, PejveeW, heewOeeW keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ meg<ecee SJeb Øeke=âefle kesâ peerJe pevlegDeeW keâer
(b) Have fatalistic attitude towards life megjerueer ceesnkeâ Oegve mes mece=æ Lee, efpemeves efJeumeve keâes Deekeâef<e&le efkeâÙee,
(c) Do not know how to cope up with their circumstances DeleSJe efJekeâuhe (b) ner GheÙegòeâ nw~
(d) Do nothing to change the conditions they live in
Gòej—(d) PASSAGE - 6
heefjÛÚso keâe ØeejbefYekeâ JeekeäÙe ner Fme leLÙe keâes mhe° keâjves kesâ efueS heÙee&hle Once while travelling by the local bus, I got a seat beside
a very strange man. He seemed interested in every passenger
nw efkeâ DeefOekeâlej ueesie heefjefmLeefleÙeeW kesâ iegueece neskeâj peerJeve peerles nQ aboard. He would stare at a person, scribble some odd math-
DeLee&le Jes Deheveer efpeboieer kesâ efueS kegâÚ Yeer veneR keâjles Deewj pewmee Ûeue jne ematical notations on his long notebook and then move on to
nw Jeswmee ner Ûeueves osles nQ DeleSJe efJekeâuhe (d) ner DeYeer° nw~ the next. Being quite interested in what he was doing I asked
him what all those notations meant and then came the startling
2. What was Wilson's boldest decision? reply. He saw a man’s face not as a single unit but as thousands
(a) To quit his job of squares put together. He was in fact a statistical expert and a
(b) To want to lead a pleasant life budding artist learning the art of graphics.

YeeJeeLe& heefjÛÚso ceW efoS ieS leLÙe pees efkeâ ‘Skeâ JÙeefòeâ keâer DemeeceevÙe ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâes
Skeâ yeej mLeeveerÙe yeme ceW Ùee$ee keâjles ngS uesKekeâ keâer cegueekeâele Gpeeiej keâjles nQ’ mes mhe° nw efkeâ peye lekeâ keâesF& JÙeefòeâ efkeâmeer efJe<eÙe keâe
Gmekeâer meerš kesâ yeieue ceW yew"s Skeâ DelÙeble efJeefÛe$e JÙeefòeâ mes ngF&~ Ssmee Øeleerle peevekeâej ve nes Jen ØeeÙe: efkeâmeer ceW ®efÛe veneR ØeoefMe&le keâjlee~ hejbleg Ùeneb
neslee Lee ceevees Jen yeme hej meJeej ØelÙeskeâ Ùee$eer ceW efJeMes<e ®efÛe jKelee nes~ hej uesKekeâ Gme JÙeefòeâ keâer efpemes Jen DeejbYe ceW ‘efJeefÛe$e JÙeefòeâ ‘keânlee nw, Deble
Jen Skeâ JÙeefòeâ keâer lejheâ Ietjlee Deewj kegâÚ ieefCeleerÙe Deeke=âefleÙeeb Demhe° lekeâ hengbÛeles-hengbÛeles ‘Gmes meebefKÙekeâer efJeMes<e%e’ yevee osle nw~ mhe° nw efkeâ
efueKeeJeš ceW Deheveer uebyeer–meer veesšyegkeâ ceW yeveelee, efheâj Deeies yeÌ{ peelee~ uesKekeâ DelÙeble efpe%eemeg Øeke=âefle keâe nw Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) meJeexòece SJeb DeYeer°
Gmekesâ keâeÙe& ceW kegâÚ Deheveer efoueÛemheer efoKeeles ngS peye uesKekeâ ves Gmekesâ nw~
Éeje ieefCeleerÙe DebkeâveeW kesâ ™he ceW yeveeS ieS jsKeebkeâveeW kesâ yeejs ceW hetÚe lees 4. Select the appropriate answer fromthe options given
Gmeves leheekeâ mes Ûeewbkeâeves Jeeuee peJeeye efoÙee~ Jen ceveg<Ùe kesâ Ûesnjs keâes ieefCeleerÙe below which differentiate the meaning of ‘Stare’and
Deeke=âefle Jeie& kesâ npeejeW kesâ mecetn kesâ ™he ceW osKelee Lee~ JeemleJe ceW Jen Skeâ ‘Satire’.
meebefKÙekeâer efJeMes<e%e leLee «eeefheâkeäme keâe Skeâ GYejlee ngDee keâueekeâej Lee~ (a) To ‘look’ and ‘initiate’
keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Aboard- meJeej, Stare- Ietjvee, Scribble- Demhe° (b) ‘To look for longtime’ and ‘ Literary Criticism’.
efueKeeJeš, Notation- ieefCele, efJe%eeve Deewj mebieerle keâs Debkeâve keâer efJeMes<e (c) ‘To see’ and ‘ridicule’
heÉefle, Startling - hejsMeeve keâjles ngS, ÛeeQkeâeves Jeeueer, Budding artist- (d) ‘To glance’ and ‘ Political taunt’.
GYejlee keâueekeâej, Graphics- jsKeebkeâve, Inquisitive- efpe%eemeg~ Gòej—(c)
1. Theman was scribbling down
(a) The figures of co-passengers
heefjÛÚso ceW meefvveefnle leLÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej 'Stare' keâe leelheÙe& eqveefve&ces<e
(b) The details of thousands of squares put together
Âef°; Deheuekeâ efvenejvee; Skeâškeâ osKevee neslee nw peyeefkeâ Meyo 'Satire'
(c) Some mathematical formulae and calculations
keâe leelheÙe& ‘JÙebiÙe’; keâšth eneme, neslee nw~
(d) Some mathematical signs
PASSAGE - 7
Gòej—(b)
For more than 3 decades, I achieved great success as a
heefjÛÚso kesâ Debelf ece Yeeie ceW efoS ieS leLÙe "he saw a man's face not
lawyer, till a stroke left my right side totally paralyzed. Despite
as a single unit but as thousands of saquares put together"
the doctor's encouragement, I was consumed by rage and
mes leelheÙe& nw efkeâ Jen ceveg<Ùe kesâ Ûesnjs (cegKeeke=âefle) keâes Skeâ efJeefMe° FkeâeF&
kesâ ™he ceW ve ueskeâj Skeâ meeLe npeejeW mkeäJeeÙej (Jeie& keâer Deeke=âefleÙeeW) kesâ self-pit y. I yearned to be active again . But what could a
™he ceW yeveelee Lee; DeleSJe efJekeâuhe (b) ner DeYeer° nw~ mid dle-aged crippl e lik e me d o? One day, glancing at some
pain ti ngs I owned, I t hought s uddenl y. "What about
2. The man caught author’s attention because painting "? In fact, I had plenty of tim e. In the l ast 25 years,
(a) He was sitting next to him I h ave c ompleted 3 00 paintings -- one of them appeared on
(b) He was staring at every person in the bus the cover of the R eader's Digest. The stroke, I real ize, has
(c) He would stare at every person and then scribble helped m e develop a latent talent and enjoy li fe.
down some mathematical notation YeeJeeLe&
(d) He was a budding artist learning the art of graphics Jekeâeuele hesMes mes mebyeæ Skeâ JÙeefòeâ pees 30 Je<eeX lekeâ Deheveer Jekeäle=lJe keâuee kesâ
Gòej—(c) keâejCe Jekeâeuele ceW DeØeeflece meheâuelee Deefpe&le efkeâS Les, menmee he#eeIeele kesâ
heefjÛÚso ceW Øemlegle JeekeäÙe
"he seemed interested in every person. Dee›eâceCe mes Mejerj kesâ oeSb Yeeie ceW Dehebie nes ieS~ [e@keäšjeW Éeje keâeheâer Øeeslmeenve
He would stare at a person, scribble some old mathematical osves kesâ yeeJepeto Jen Deheveer Dehebielee keâes ue#Ùe keâjkesâ DelÙeble Deelce›eâesOe SJeb
notations..... next" mes mhe° nw efkeâ Jen JÙeefòeâ efJekeâuhe (c) kesâ Devegmeej Deelceiueeefve mes Yej ieS~ Jen hegve: ef›eâÙeeMeerue nesves kesâ efueS ueeueeefÙele Les hej
keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ keâejCe uesKekeâ keâe OÙeeve Deekeâef<e&le keâj mekeâe; DeleSJe efJekeâuhe ueeÛeej ~ Devlele: Gvekeâer Deheves Iej ceW heÌ[er Skeâ heWeEšie hej Âef° ieF&~ ÙekeâeÙekeâ
(c) ner DeYeer° SJeb mJeerkeâeÙe& nw~ meesÛee efkeâ keäÙee efÛe$ekeâuee cesjs efueS kegâÚ GheÙeesieer nes mekeâleer nw? neueebefkeâ Jen
3. From the passage we gatherthat henues efÛe$ekeâejer keâjles Les Deewj yeeo ceW Yeer Fme keâesceue YeeJe keâes Deeies yeÌ{eves kesâ
(a) The author is very inquisitive FÛÚgkeâ Les hejbleg meceÙeeYeeJe kesâ keâejCe Ùen mecYeJe veneR Lee, uesefkeâve Deye Ssmeer
(b) The author tries to poke his nose in other people’s Dehebielee keâer efmLeefle ves Gvekeâes Fmekesâ efueS keâeheâer meceÙe os efoÙee Lee~ heâuele: Deheves
business Fme pepyes keâes Deeies yeÌ{eles ngS 25 Je<eeX ceW GvneWves keâjerye 300 efÛe$ekeâuee (paintings)
(c) The author is interested in mathematical notations yevee [eueeR efpeveceW mes Skeâ lees jer[me& [eFpesmš kesâ cegKehe=‰ hej Úheer~ Devlele:
(d) The author wants to talk to fellow passengers in the bus GvnW ueiee efkeâ he#eeIeele Gvekesâ efueS Jejoeve yeve ieÙee efpememes Gvekeâer ØeÛÚvve
Gòej—(a) ØeefleYee efveKej ieF&, Ùen Leer DeocÙe meenme keâer oemleeve~
keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Decade- oMeeefyo, Stroke- he#eeIeele, Paralysed- heefjÛÚso keâer Debelf ece hebeòf eâÙeeW ceW mhe° keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ Deheveer DeMeòeâlee Deewj
efveef<›eâÙe,MetvÙe,uekeâJee ceejvee, Encouragement- Øeeslmeenve, Rage- efnbmeelcekeâ efve f<›eâÙelee keâer efmLeefle mes Gmes hetJe& ceW Deheveer ØeÙegòeâ ØeefleYee keâes pees DeYeer lekeâ
›eâesOe, Consumed- neJeer nesvee,GheÙegòeâ nesvee, Self-pity- DeelceoÙee,iueeefve, heeMJe& ceW meg<eghleeJemLee ceW Leer keâes ef›eâÙeeMeerue yeveeves ceW menÙeesie efceuee~ Debelf ece
Middle-aged- DeOesÌ[, Cripple- Dehebie, Glance- Peuekeâ, Painting- hebefòeâÙeeW "the stroke I realized has helped me to develop a latent
efÛe$ekeâejer, Latent- DeefJekeâefmele heeMJe& keâuee efpemes henÛeevee veneR ieÙee, Yearned- talent and enjoy life'' kesâ Éeje Fmes mhe° efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe
ueuekeâvee,ueeueeefÙele~ (b) ner meJe&ßes‰ SJeb mecegeÛf ele nw~
1. Which one of the following is the correctstatement about 4. Find out the Antonym of the word 'Latent' used in the
the author? passage.
(a) Direct (b) Opposite
(a) Angry with himself for falling ill
(c) Main stream (d) Sideways
(b) Relieved at the successful treatment
Gòej—(c)
(c) Frustrated at his helpless situation
(d) Resentful at being hospitalized heefjÛÚso ceW ‘latent’ keâe ØeÙeesie heeMJe& ceW meghleeJemLee ceW efmLele Gmekeâs
Gòej—(a) efÛe$ekeâejer kesâ talent kesâ efueS ngDee nw, Dele: Fmekeâe efJehejerleeLeea YeeJe
‘cegKÙe Oeeje’ Ùee efJekeâuhe (c) ceW Øeoòe ‘Main stream’ ner nesiee pees efkeâ
he#eeIeele (paralysis) kesâ Dee›eâceCe kesâ keâejCe Demheleeue ceW Dehebielee keâer mener SJeb GheÙegòeâ nw~
efmLeefle Pesue jne uesKekeâ (DeefOeJeòeâe) Deheveer Fme efmLeefle kesâ keâejCe efnbmeelcekeâ
›eâesOe SJeb Deelceiueeefve mes Yeje ngDee Lee~ Fmes heefjÛÚso keâer DeejbefYekeâ Study Material
hebefòeâÙeeW ceW "I was consumed by rage and self pity" kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Deeies Yeer "What could a middle aged crippled like  Comprehe nsion Passages
me do" kesâ Éeje Fmes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) meJee&efOekeâ Comprehension keâe Meeefyokeâ efnboer DeLe& ‘yeesOe#ecelee’ nw, DeYÙeLeea
GheÙegòeâ SJeb meceerÛeerve nw~ DevÙe efJekeâuheeW ceW (b) hetCe&le: efJehejerle YeeJeeLe&keâ keâer Yee<ee hej DeeOeejYetle hekeâÌ[ SJeb o#elee keâer peebÛe keâjlee nw~ Fme Yeeie ceW
leLee (c) SJeb (d) Øemebieevegketâue ve nesves mes mecegeÛf ele veneR nw Deewj lÙeepÙe nw~ Deheef"le heefjÛÚso (Unseen Passage) efoS peeles nQ Deewj Gve hej DeeOeeefjle
2. Why did the author considerhimself a cripple?
ØeMve hetÚs peeles nQ~
(a) He could not go back to work
 Com prehe nsion ØeMveeW kesâ GösMÙe
(b) He could no longer use his right hand
Deb«espeer Yee<ee Comprehension ØeMveeW kesâ efvecveefueefKele GösMÙe nes
(c) He could not use his time properly mekeâles nQ-
(i) heefjÛÚso SJeb ØeMve kesâ meeLe efJekeâuheeW keâer mecePe keâe hejer#eCe;
(d) He could not lead an active life
Gòej—(b) (ii) ØeMve keâe GefÛele Gòej Øeoeve keâjves Jeeueer metÛevee keâer heefjÛÚso ceW Keespe
keâer meeceLÙe& keâe hejer#eCe;
uesKekeâ (DeefOeJeòeâe) Deheves keâes heefjÛÚso ceW he#eeIeele kesâ keâejCe hetjs oeSb (iii) heefjÛÚso keâer efJe<eÙe-Jemleg leLee uesKekeâ kesâ efJeÛeejeW/GösMÙeeW keâer mecegeÛf ele
Yeeie keâs efveef<›eâÙe nes peeves hej keâeheâer Dee›eâeseMf ele Deewj ueeÛeej cenmetme mecePe keâe hejer#eCe; leLee
keâjlee nw efpemes DeejbefYekeâ JeekeäÙe ceW ''a stroke left my right side (iv) DeYÙeLeea keâer Deb«espeer MeyoeJeueer SJeb JÙeekeâjCe hej hekeâÌ[ keâe hejer#eCe~
totally paralyzed'' kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Jewmes Yeer oeefnvee neLe
Jemlegle: GheÙegò& eâ ÛeejeW GösMÙe Skeâ-otmejs mes pegÌ[s ngS nQ leLee Fme meboYe&
ner ØeeÙe: DelÙeefOekeâ ef›eâÙeeMeerue neslee nw, Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) ceW JÙeòeâ keâLeve ceW leerve Deueie-Deueie mlejeW hej DeYÙeefLe&ÙeeW keâes Deb«espeer Yee<ee hej hekeâÌ[ yeveeveer
eqkeâ Jen Deheves oeSb neLe keâe Deye ØeÙeesie keâjves ceW DemeceLe& Lee DeYeer° nw~ DeeJeMÙekeâ nw :
DevÙe efJekeâuhe (a), (c) SJeb (d) lÙeepÙe nQ~
(a) MeyoeJeueer (Vocabulary) - efkeâmeer Yee<ee keâer mecePe keâe meJe&ØecegKe ÛejCe
3. Which one of the following is the correct statement? mebhevve MeyoeJeueer keâe DeefYe«enCe nw~ meeLe ner MeyoeW (Words) keâe cee$e
The paralytic stroke helped the author Meyokeâes<eerÙe DeLe& veneR yeefukeâ efJeefYevve meboYeeX ceW Gmekesâ DeblemeËyebefOele DeLeeX
(a) To face challenges in life successfully keâe Yeer %eeve DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Mey oeJeueer keâe hejer# eCe Synon yms,
(b) To realize his latent talent Antonyms, One Word Substi tutions, Verbal Analogy,
(c) To learn a new hobby Direct Meaning Questions (efpemeceW Passage ceW ØeÙegòeâ Word
(d) To earn more money DeLeJee Phrase Ùee Part of Sentence keâe DeLe& hetÚe peeS) Deeefo hej
Gòej—(b) ØeMveeW kesâ Éeje efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
(b) JeekeäÙe (Sentence) - MeyoeJeueer kesâ yeeo otmeje cenlJehetCe& ÛejCe MeyoeW Fme meboYe& ceW o#elee Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ Deehe Deb«espeer
keâes Fme Øekeâej mes leke&âmebiele ›eâce Øeoeve keâjvee nw leeefkeâ keâesF& metÛeveehetCe& kesâ DeKeyeej, cewiepeerve, hegmlekeWâ DeLeJee Fbšjvesš hej Deb«espeer meceeÛeej SJeb
JeekeäÙe yeve mekesâ~ Fme meboYe& ceW DeYÙeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ JeekeäÙe-efJevÙeeme (Syntax) uesKe DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ OÙeevehetJe&keâ SJeb efvejblej heÌ{ves keâer Deeole [eueW~
SJeb meeceevÙe mecePe kesâ keâewMeue keâe hejer#eCe Sentence Completion, d. peye Deb«espeer Yee<ee kesâ ceewefuekeâ %eeve hej Deehekeâer hekeâÌ[ nes peeS, leye
Error Identification, Sentence Correction/Improvement Deeefo Wren & Martin pewmeer hegmlekeâeW keâes meboefYe&le keâjW~
ØeMveeW kesâ Éeje efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ e. Deb«espeer Yee<ee yeesOe#ecelee kesâ meboYe& ceW Ùen OÙeeve jKevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ
(c) heefjÛÚso (Passage) - leermejs mlej hej heefjÛÚso keâes leYeer hetCe&le: Deb«espeer Yee<ee hej DeÛÚer hekeâÌ[ kesâ meeLe-meeLe DeÛÚer ieefle mes hee"ve Yeer
mecePee pee mekeâlee nw peye MeyoeJeueer SJeb JeekeäÙeeW keâer mecePe DeÛÚer Øekeâej nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Fme meboYe& ceW Yeer DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ DeÛÚer Deb«espeer hegmlekeâeW
mes nes ieF& nes~ heefjÛÚso ceW Øemlegle JeekeäÙeeW keâes Deueie-Deueie mecetneW ceW kesâ efvejblej hee"ve keâe DeYÙeeme DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
Debleie&gbefLele keâj heefjÛÚso kesâ cetue YeeJe keâe DeLe& %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw f. OÙeeve jKeW efkeâ keâesF& Yeer Yee<ee efvejblej DeYÙeeme SJeb GefÛele ceeie&oMe&ve mes
Deewj meeLe ner heefjÛÚso kesâ efJeefYevve YeeieeW mes DeLeJee keâF& YeeieeW keâes meerKeer pee mekeâleer nw~ Dele: keâYeer Yeer Deb«espeer Yee<ee keâer Ûegveewleer mes IeyejeSb
efceueekeâj yeves ØeMveeW keâe mener efJekeâuhe Yeer Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ veneR, yeefukeâ Fmes Skeâ DeJemej kesâ ™he ceW uesles ngS ueieve mes ØeÙeeme SJeb
 Comprehension megOeej nsleg jCeveerefle DeYÙeeme keâjW, lees meheâuelee DeJeMÙe Deehekesâ keâoce Ûetcesieer~
Deb«espeer Yee<ee Comprehension megOeej ns leg DeYÙeefLe&ÙeeW (ef JeMes<ekeâj  henues Pass age heÌ{vee ÛeeefnS Ùee ØeMveeW keâes?
efnboer ceeOÙece kesâ) keâes Deheveer Deb«espeer MeyoeJeueer SJeb JÙeekeâjCe (English ØeeÙe: ØeefleÙeesefieÙeeW kesâ ceefmle<keâ ceW Fme yeele keâes ueskeâj DeefveefMÛelelee keâer
Vocabulary and Grammar) keâes megÂÌ{ keâjves hej efJeMes<e OÙeeve osve DeeJeMÙekeâ
efmLeefle yeveer jnleer nw efkeâ Passage kesâ ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves kesâ efueS henues
nw~ Fme mebyebOe ceW Deb«espeer Yee<ee kesâ cetueYetle lelJeeW (basics) keâer mebhetCe&lee mes
Passage keâes heÌ{e peeS Ùee ØeMveeW keâes heÌ{ves kesâ heMÛeele Passage heÌ{vee Meg™
lewÙeejer keâer peeveer ÛeeefnS leLee Deb«espeer JÙeekeâjCe, MeyoeJeueer, ØeÙeesie, DeJeOeejCee
efkeâÙee peeS? kegâÚ ØeefleÙeesefieÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej henues ØeMveeW keâes heÌ{vee ner GefÛele
Deeefo kesâ meboYe& ceW 10JeeR keâ#ee mlej keâer ceevekeâ hegmlekeâeW keâes DeeOeej yeveeÙee
nw, keäÙeeWekf eâ Ssmee keâjves mes meceÙe keâer yeÛele nesleer nw~ kegâÚ heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW lees
peevee ÛeeefnS~ Fme meboYe& ceW efvecveefueefKele #es$eeW hej efJeMes<e OÙeeve efoS peeves keâer
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw- Ssmee keâjvee ueeYeØeo nes mekeâlee nw hejbleg keâYeer-keâYeer Fme jerefle mes ØeMveeW keâes
(i) Parts of Speech (Meyo–Yeso) nue keâjves kesâ ØeÙeeme ceW pÙeeoe meceÙe Yeer ueie mekeâlee nw, keäÙ eeWekf eâ kegâÚ
Passage Ssmes nesles nQ efpeveceW ØeMve ›eâceevegmeej hetÚs peeles nQ DeLee&le efpeme ›eâce
(ii) Tenses (keâeue)
(iii) Vocabulary (MeyoeJeueer) ceW ØeMve hetÚs peeles nw Passage ceW Gmeer ›eâce mes Gve ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej efceueles nQ~
(iv) Synonyms, Antonyms (meceeveeLe&keâ, efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo) Ssmes Passage kesâ ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej henues ØeMveeW keâes heÌ{keâj efvekeâeues pee mekeâles
(v) Direct and Indirect Speech (ØelÙe#e SJeb DeØelÙe#e JeCe&ve) nQ~ hejbleg keâYeer-keâYeer Ssmee neslee nw efkeâ henues Ùee otmejs ØeMve keâe Gòej
(vi) Punctuation (efJejece–efÛeÖ) Passage kesâ Deble ceW efoÙee jnlee nw Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW henues ØeMve keâes heÌ{ves mes
(vii) Active and Passive Voice (keâle&J= eeÛÙe SJeb keâce&JeeÛÙe) lelkeâeue Gòej veneR efceuelee nw Deewj mener Gòej helee ueieeves kesâ efueS Passage
(viii) Mood (ef›eâÙee-Yeso) keâes Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ yeej heÌ{vee heÌ[lee nw~ Ssmeer heefjefmLeefle ceW ØeMveeW keâes peuoer
(ix) Phrases and Clauses (JeekeäÙeebMe SJeb GheJeekeäÙe) nue keâjves keâer efÛeblee ceW ØeefleÙeesieer ieuele Gòej Øeehle keâj ueslee nw~
(x) Reading Ability, Retention and Analysis (hee"ve, OeejCe SJeb nceejs efJeÛeej mes Passage kesâ meYeer ØeMveeW kesâ mener Gòej keâce-mes-keâce
efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ #ecelee) meceÙe ceW helee ueieeves kesâ efueS Deehe efvecveefueefKele lejerkeâeW keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles
yesnlej Deb«espeer Yee<ee Comprehension efJekeâefmele keâjves nsleg efvecveefueefKele ngS henues Passage heÌ{W efheâj Fve hej DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oW~
meeceevÙe megPeeJe ueeYeØeo neWies- (A) Passage keâes meeJeOeeveerhetJe&keâ heÌ{les ngS eEnoer DeLe& mecePeves keâe ØeÙeeme
a. efkeâmeer ØeejbefYekeâ Deb«es peer MeyoeJeueer hegmlekeâ (English Vocabulary keâjW~
Book) mes ØeejbYe keâjW efpemeceW efnboer mes Deb«espeer DevegJeeo JÙeeKÙee kesâ meeLe (B) Passage kesâ ØeejbefYekeâ Yeeie keâes heÌ{les meceÙe Fme yeele keâe Devegceeve
Øemlegle efkeâS ieS neW~ ueieeles jnW efkeâ Passage keâer efJe<eÙeJemleg keäÙee nw~
b. Deb«espeer JÙeekeâjCe keâe DeeOeejYetle %eeve Øeehle keâjbs (pees efkeâ meeceevÙele: (C) Ùeefo Passage ceW efkeâmeer Idiom/Phrase keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nes Deewj
DeefOekeâebMe DeYÙeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ heeme neslee nw, yeme Gmes DeÛÚer lejn oesnjeves Deehekeâes Gmekeâe DeLe& mhe° ve nes hee jne nes lees Gmekesâ Deeies heerÚs kesâ
keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw)~ JÙeekeâjCe keâe yegefveÙeeoer %eeve nesves hej Deehe MeyoeJeueer MeyoeW mes YeeJe mhe° keâjves keâe ØeÙeeme keâjW~
SJeb JeekeäÙe mebjÛevee mebyebOeer ØeMveeW keâes mejuelee mes nue keâj mekeWâies~ (D) Ùeefo efkeâmeer ØeMve keâe Gòej ceeuetce keâjves ceW pÙeeoe meceÙe ueie jne nes lees
c. eqJeefMe° heoeW, MeyoeW SJeb JeekeäÙeebMeeW keâe keâneb hej ØeÙeesie GefÛele nesiee Deewj Gme ØeMve hej meceÙe ve JÙeLe& keâjkesâ legjble Deieues ØeMve keâes nue keâjves keâe
keâneb hej veneR, Fmes DeÛÚer lejn mecePeW Deewj meerKeves keâe ØeÙeeme keâjW~ ØeÙeeme keâjW~

Deblele:, Deb«espeer Yee<ee Comprehension kesâ ØeMveeW mes YeÙeYeerle nesves kesâ (c) Formed owing to cross breeding between different
yepeeS Fvekesâ efvejblej DeYÙeeme keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~ efvejblej DeYÙeeme mes Deb«espeer species of lions
Yee<ee Comprehension ØeMveeW kesâ meboYe& ceW meceÙe-ØeyebOeve Deewj GòejeW keâer (d) The after-effects of a disease
heefjMegælee kesâ efueS ØeJeerCelee Øeehle keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ efvejblej he"ve keâer Deeole Gòej—(a)
Deewj Unseen Passages hej DeeOeeefjle ØeMveeW kesâ DeYÙeeme kesâ Éeje Fme heefjÛÚso kesâ DeejbefYekeâ JeekeäÙe ceW keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ Ùen Skeâ keâewletnue keâe
hejer#eCe hej Deehe Kejs Glej mekeâles nQ~ efJe<eÙe nw efkeâ Mesj kesâ ieuecegÛÚeW Ùee Gmekesâ Ûesnjs kesâ oesveeW lejheâ efÛeefòeÙeeW kesâ
Deeies Fme DeOÙeeÙe ceW hejer#eeefL e&ÙeeW kesâ ueeYeeLe& hee"dÙe›eâce kesâ Øee™he kesâ oeie Deewj Gmekesâ peerJeve efJemleej ceW mebyebOe nw Deewj ØelÙeskeâ oeie ieuecegÛÚs keâer
Deveg ™he Unseen Passage SJeb Gve hej DeeOeeefjle Ø eMveeW kesâ meeLe Gvekesâ peÌ[ ceW efmLele nQ~ Fmeer kesâ Deveg™he efJekeâuhe (a) ceW yeleeÙee ieÙee nw efkeâ Mesj
kesâ cegbn kesâ oesveeW lejheâ kesâ yeeue Ùee ieuecegÛÚeW keâe oeie mes mebyeæ nw~ Dele:
JÙeeKÙeelcekeâ nueeW keâe meb keâueve DeYÙeeme nsleg Ø emlegle efkeâÙee pee jne nw~
Ùener DeYeer° efJekeâuhe nw~
Passages kesâ meeLe ÙeLeemLeeve Gvekeâe YeeJeeLe& SJeb keâef" ve MeyoeW kesâ DeLe&
eEno er ceW Ø emlegle keâj ef oS ieS nQ pees efkeâ DeYÙeefLe& ÙeeW keâes Passages keâs 2. The phrase "evenly-envisaged colleagues" means:
(a) Scientists who are level headed
Comprehension keâe mejue SJeb menpe lejerkeâe efJekeâef mele keâjves ceW
(b) Lions with symmetrical spot-patterns on each side of
meneÙekeâ ef meæ neW ies~
the face
Practice Questions (c) Scientists who are members of a society that hold the
same opinion
PASSAGE - 1 (d) Those lions whose life spans are shorter than those
Scientist show that there is a curious relationship between of other lions
a lion 's life sp an and the pattern of spots on each side of its
face. Each spot is associated with t he root of a whisker, and
Gòej—(d)
the pattern of s pots is as characteristic of an individual lion ØeMve kesâ JeekeäÙeebMe ‘meceeve mebYeeefJele YeefJe<Ùe keâer mebkeâuhevee’ mes leelheÙe& nw efkeâ
as a fi nger print of a person. B ut the placement varies between Ssmes meeLeer MesjeW keâe peerJeve otmejs MesjeW kesâ peerJeve keâer Dehes#ee keâce keâefuhele
the t wo sides of the face. Males with a greater degree of a
neslee nw keâes mhe<šle: heefjÛÚso kesâ Debelf ece Yeeie ceW keâne ieÙee nw, Dele:
sy mmetry tend t o die younger th an their more evenly-
envisaged colleagues. T hus a male's life can be read i n his
efJekeâuhe (d) DeYeer° nw~
face: it is his autobiogr aphy. 3. Why is the lion's face his autobiography ?
YeeJeeLe& (a) The lion's face shows all aspects of his life like an
Jew%eeefvekeâeW ves Ùen helee ueieeÙee nw efkeâ Skeâ Mesj kesâ peerJeve efJemleej Deewj autobiography
Gmekesâ Ûesnjs kesâ oesveeW lejheâ efÛeefòeÙeeW keâer Deeke=âefle keâer JÙeJemLee Ùee Øee™he kesâ (b) The lion is the author of his own life story
yeerÛe DehetJe& mebyebOe nw~ ØelÙeskeâ efÛeòeer Ùee oeie Gmekesâ Skeâ ieuecegÛÚs keâer peÌ[ mes (c) T he l io n's s pot s appear l ate i n l i fe li ke an
neslee nw Deewj efÛeefòeÙeeW keâer Deeke=âefle JÙeJemLee Ùee yeveeJeš efkeâmeer Yeer Mesj kesâ autobiography
mebyebOe ceW Gmeer Øekeâej uee#eefCekeâ nw pewmes ceveg<Ùe keâer Debiegeuf eÙeeW kesâ efveMeeve~ (d) The lion's life span can be judged from the lion's face
Gòej—(d)
uesekf eâve Fme Øekeâej keâe efveÙeespeve Ûesnjs kesâ oesveeW Deesj efYevve-efYevve Øekeâej keâe
neslee nw~ vej Mesj efpeveceW DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW efÛeefòeÙeeW keâer meceevelee efoKeleer nw heefjÛÚso ceW meefvveefnle leLÙe kesâ Devegmeej Debelf ece JeekeäÙe ceW mhe° keâne ieÙee
peuoer cejves Jeeues nesles nQ Deheves Gve meeefLeÙeeW keâer Dehes#ee efpevekeâer DeefOekeâ meceeve nw efkeâ Skeâ vej Mesj keâe peerJeveJe=òe Gmekesâ Ûesnjs mes heÌ{e pee mekeâlee nw
heâuele: Ùen Gmekeâer DeelcekeâLee Ùee peerJeveJe=òe nw~ DeleSJe efJekeâuhe (d) ner
™he mes keâuhevee keâer ieF& nes~ Fme Øekeâej Ssmee Øeleerle neslee nw efkeâ Skeâ vej Mesj
GefÛele nw, DevÙe efJekeâuhe heefjÛÚso kesâ leLÙeeW mes cesue veneR Keeles~
keâe peerJeve Gmekesâ Ûesnjs hej he"veerÙe nw Deewj Ùener Gmekeâer peerJeve-keâLee nw~
keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Curiosity- efpe%eemee,Glmegkeâlee,keâewletnue, Whisker- 4. Selectthe appropriateantonym from the following options
of the word 'characteristic' as given in the passage
ieuecegÛÚe, Characteristic- ue#eCeelcekeâ,ØeefleefveefOelJe, Envisage-mebYeeefJele
(a) Unnat ural (b)Uncharacteri stic
YeefJe<Ùe keâer efmLeefle ,keâuhevee keâjvee, Pattern - Deeke=âefle keâer JÙeeKÙee,ef[peeFve,
(c) Artificial (d)Defects
Spot- oeie,Oeyyee,efveMeeve,efÛeòeer~
Gòej—(b)
1. According to the passage, the spots are :
(a) Associated with hair growing round the mouth of a heefjÛÚso ceW efoS ieS leLÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej Meyo 'characteristics' keâe
lion leelheÙe& ‘ue#eCeeW Ùee ØeefleefveefOelJe' mes nw~ Fmekeâe efJehejerleeLe&keâ Meyo ‘ue#eCe
(b) Associated with the lions rubbing against the roots efJenervelee’ nesiee efpemes efJekeâuhe (b) kesâ Éeje Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw Dele: Ùener
of trees DeYeer° Gòej nw~
PASSAGE - 2 heefjÛÚso kesâ DeejbYe keâer hebefòeâÙeeW efkeâ "As I slung my pack onto my
shoulders .... '' mes mhe° nw efkeâ uesKekeâ Deheves kebâOeeW hej Skeâ efheªÒ Lewuee pees
As I s lung my pack onto my shoulders a big mos quito
kebâOeeW mes ueškeâlee nw, ueskeâj pee jne Lee heâuele: efJekeâuhe (d) ner DeYeer° nw~
thudd ed against my cheek. There had been a few through the
day, but it was early in the season – the ice had gone out just 3. When he was in the Arctic, the time of the year was
(a) Middle of winter (b) Early autumn
two weeks before – and I had scarcely noticed them. Bu t now
(c) Early spring (d) Middle of summer
as I would down the ridge, the last breeze faded, and they
were on me. Ri sing in clouds from the sogg y tundra, they
Gòej—(c)
pelted against m y face. I reached in my pocket for the r epel- heefjÛÚso keâer otmejer hebefòeâ ceW keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ It was early in the
lent and came up empty. season ..... the ice had gone out mes mhe° nw efkeâ Ùen ceewmece Jemeble keâe
YeeJeeLe& DeejbYe Lee DeleSJe efJekeâuhe (c) ner GheÙegòeâ SJeb DeYeer° nw~
uesKekeâ keânlee nw efkeâ pewmes ner Gmeves Deheves kebâOes hej Dehevee Peesuee 4. Find out the word from which ‘repellent’ is derived
ueehejJeener mes ueškeâeÙee Deewj Ûeueves keâes lewÙeej ngDee Skeâ yeÌ[e ceÛÚj Gmekesâ (a) Repel (b) Repulse
ieeue mes škeâjeÙee~ Gmekeâes Ssmes škeâjeJe hetjs efove Yej DevegYeJe nesles jns~ uesekf eâve (c) Reply (d) Replicate
Ssmee ceewmece kesâ DeejbYe ceW neslee nw, "erkeâ oes nheäles henues ner lees yehe&â Kelce ngF& Gòej—(a)
Leer Deewj Gmeves Gmes yecegeMf keâue peevee~ uesekf eâve Deye peyeefkeâ Jen heJe&le efMeKej kesâ heefjÛÚso ceW ØeÙegòeâ Meyo 'repellent' efJekeâuhe (a) ceW Øemlegle Meyo 'Repel'
lebie mLeueeW mes veerÛes Ûeueves ueiee, Debeflece leepeer nJee Deye Oeerjs-Oeerjs Kelce nes mes efve:me=le nw efpemekeâe leelheÙe& nw ‘efkeâmeer nesves Jeeues Dee›eâceCe keâes mecegeÛf ele
jner Leer Deewj Jes meye Gmekesâ Thej Les~ ieerues Deewj vejce yeheâe&ÛÚeefole Je=#e ØelÙegòej oskeâj veekeâece keâj osvee’~
efJenerve šbg[ê ØeosMe mes G"les ngS yeeoue kesâ ™he ceW Jes Gmekesâ Ûesnjs hej škeâjeves
ueies~ Gme meceÙe Gmeves Deheves pesye ceW efJekeâ<e&keâ (ceÛÚjeW/keâerÌ[eW Deeefo keâes nševes PASSAGE - 3
kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ heoeLe&) kesâ efueS neLe [euee hej Jen Keeueer One December night, a family had gathered around their
ef ceuee~ fireside and piled it high with wood gathered from mountain
keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Slung- ™Kesheve Ùee ueehejJeener mes efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâes streams and ruins of great trees that had come falling down the
keâneR [eue Ùee heWâkeâ osvee], efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâes {eruee-{euee ueškeâe osvee, Onto- mountain sides. The fire roared and brightened the room with its
efkeâmeer kesâ Thej, Thudded- efkeâmeer Yeejer Jemleg kesâ škeâjeves mes Glhevve DeeJeepe light. The faces of the father and mother had acquired gladness;
(Oecce), Scarcely- yecegeMf keâue, Ridge- heneÌ[eW kesâ efMeKej hej lebie uebyee G"e the children laughed; the oldest daughter was the picture of hap-
ngDee efnmmee, Breeze- leepeer nJee, Soggy- ieeruee SJeb vejce/oueoueer Tundra- piness at seventeen, and the aged grandmother who sat sewing in
Je=#e efJenerve yehe&â DeeÛÚeefole SefMeÙee,Ùetjeshe SJeb Gòejer Decesejf keâe keâe #es$e, the warmest place was the picture of happiness grown old.
Pelt- efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes heWâkeâ keâj ceejvee/{suee Ùee cetmeueeOeej yeeefjMe, Repellent- YeeJeeLe&
efJekeâ<e&keâ, ceÛÚjeW/keâerÌ[eW Deeefo keâes Yeieeves Jeeuee jemeeÙeefvekeâ heoeLe&~ efomebyej keâer Skeâ meo& jele keâe JeCe&ve keâjles ngS uesKekeâ keânlee nw efkeâ Skeâ
heefjJeej heneÌ[er PejveeW ceW heÌ[er uekeâÌ[er Deewj heneÌ[eW mes štškeâj efiejs ngS yeÌ[s
1. The traveller could not feel the breeze because
hesÌ[eW kesâ OJebmeeW keâes, pees veerÛes efkeâveejs heÌ[s Les, Fkeâªe keâjkesâ {sj yeveekeâj Deewj
(a) The mosquito had bitten him Gme {sj ceW Deeie ØeppeJeefuele keâjkesâ Gmekesâ Ûelegeof &keâ Skeâef$ele Lee~ Ketye lespe
(b) He was at the foot of the ridge peueleer ngF& Ûeškeâ Deeie keâer jesMeveer mes hetje keâceje Yej ieÙee~ ceelee-efhelee kesâ
(c) There was no ice on the mountain Ûesnjs hej Meeble KegMeer kesâ YeeJe Les~ yeÛÛes nbme jns Les~ me$en Je<eeaÙee meyemes yeÌ[er
(d) There was no breeze on the tundra mountain ueÌ[keâer Øemevvelee keâer cetefle&/efÛe$e-meer yeveer Leer Deewj yegpegie& oeoer pees meyemes iece&
Gòej—(b) mLeeve hej yew"er efmeueeF& keâj jner Leer, heÇmevvelee keâer cetelf e& kesâ ™he ceW Deewj yetÌ{er
heefjÛÚso ceW efoS ieS leLÙeeW ceW keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ 'As I would down the ueie jner Leer~
ridge, the last breeze faded'; FmeceW mhe° nw efkeâ peye efMeKej mes keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Fireside- DeueeJe kesâ heeme, Piled- LeesÌ[e-LeesÌ[e
[euekeâj {sj yeveevee, Ruins- OJebmeeJeMes<e, Roaring of fire- Ûeš-Ûeš keâer
uesKekeâ veerÛes Dee ieÙee lees Gme meceÙe Jeneb hej leepee nJee GheueyOe veneR Leer~
DeeJeepe keâjvee, Serene-charming-peaceful- Meeble SJeb Deebleefjkeâ ™he mes
Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) ner DeYeer° nw~ Dee¥eefole~
2. The traveller carried with him 1. Thefirewood had been
(a) Mosquito repellent (b) A pack of food (a) Brought (b) Stolen
(c) A sling (d) A back-pack (c) Collected (d) Found
Gòej—(d) Gòej—(c)
heefjÛÚso ceW mhe°le: keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ 'piled high fire place was efhelee keâes hetJe& ceW oer peeves Jeeueer meneÙelee kesâ efueS keâYeer DeeYeej JÙeòeâ veneR efkeâÙee~
made of wood gathered' Fmekeâe leelheÙe& nw efkeâ Deeie keâe {sj ‘Fkeâšd"er keâef"ve MeyoeLe& : Unpleasant- ogKeo,DeJemeeoÙegòeâ Feeling- YeeJe,
keâer ieF& uekeâefÌ[ÙeeW keâe {sj Lee’ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) ner DeYeer° nw~ Glanced guardedly- eflejÚer vepejeW mes Ûeghekesâ mes osKevee, Reaction-
2. The parents looked Øeefleef›eâÙee, Ashamed- ueefppele, Thanks- DeeYeej~
(a) Serene (b) Cheerful 1. She glanced at him when
(c) Gloomy (d) Dull (a) He walked alone and unnoticed in moonlight
Gòej—(a) (b) She was sure that she was not being noticed
(c) Her reactions did not have any effect on him
heefjÛÚso ceW Øemlegle leLÙe ceW mhe° keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ 'parents faces had
(d) The unpleasant feeling passed
acquired gladness' efpemekeâe leelheÙe& nw efkeâ efJekeâuhe (a) ner Fme YeeJe
keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves nsleg DeYeer° SJeb GheÙegòeâ nw~ Gòej—(a)
3. The oldest daughterlooked heefjÛÚso ceW mhe° keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ He was walking unmarked in
(a) Stupid (b) Glad moonlight. efJekeâuhe (a) ceW Øemlegle JeekeäÙeebMe Fmemes hetCe&le: leeoelcÙe
(c) Intelligent (d) Mournful jKelee nw Dele: DeYeer° nw~
Gòej—(b)
2. Herunpleasant feeling passed when
heefjÛÚso ceW Fme mebyebOe ceW keâne ieÙee nw "The oldest daughter was (a) He did not take any notice of her
picture of happiness" leelheÙe& efkeâ Jen 'glad' DeLee&le Øemevve cegõe ceW (b) The moonlight was beautiful
Leer, Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) GefÛele nw~ (c) She realized her sense of shame
(d) She looked carefully at him
4. It has been the practice in hilly regions to build a fire-
Gòej—(d)
place in the room with provision of smoke sucked out by
chimney. During winter season it is used extensively. Find heefjÛÚso keâer DeejbefYekeâ hebefòeâÙeeW ceW mhe° keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ "She glanced
out the antonym of ‘Fireplace’ selected fromthe alterna- guardedly up at him" Deewj ogKeo YeeJeveeSb meceehle nes Ûegkeâer LeeR~
tives given below Fmemes mhe° nw efkeâ Fmekeâe leeoelcÙe efJekeâuhe (a) mes nw efkeâ Gmeves Gmes
(a) Water place (b) Air Place meeJeOeeveerhetJe&keâ osKee She looked at him carefully Dele: Ùener DeYeer°
(c) Market place (d) Light place
nw~
Gòej—(a)
3. She was ashamed because
heefjÛÚso ceW JÙeòeâ YeeJe efkeâ 'Fireside' Ùee efheâj Fireplace' kesâ ÛeejeW lejheâ (a) She was spying on him
yew"keâj hetje heefjJeej efomebyej keâer meo& jele ceW Deheves keâes iece& keâj jne Lee (b) There was more to him than she had imagined
Gmekesâ efJehejerle ieefce&ÙeeW kesâ efueS heeveer keâer JÙeJemLee Yeer keâjveer heÌ[leer nw Deewj
(c) A recurring thought came back to her
hetjs heefjJeej keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee keâer hetefle& nsleg 'Water place' keâer JÙeJemLee
keâjveer heÌ[leer nw, Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) ner DeYeer° nw~ (d) She had never thanked him for his help to her father
Gòej—(d)
PASSAGE - 4 heefjÛÚso keâer Debelf ece hebefòeâÙeeW ceW Gmekeâer Meefce&voieer keâe keâejCe yeleeles ngS
The unpleasant feeling passed and she glanced guard- mhe° keâne ieÙee nw efkeâ she felt ashamed keäÙeeWefkeâ "She had never
edly up at him. He was walking unmarked in moonlight thanked him for his help to her father." Ùen efJekeâuhe (d) mes
innocent of her reaction to him. She felt then – this thought leeoelcÙe jKelee nw Dele: Ùener DeYeer° nw~
had come to her before – that there might be more to him
than s he had imagined. She felt ashamed she had never 4. Select the most appropriate synonym to the word
thanked him for the help he had gi ven her father. 'unpleasant' given in the passage from alternatives as
YeeJeeLe& appendedbelow
(a) Depress ion (b) Sad impression
Demenpe Ùee DeefØeÙe mce=elf eÙeeW kesâ YeeJe yeerle Ûegkesâ Les Deewj Gmeves Gmekeâer
lejheâ keâveefKeÙeeW mes (Ûeghekesâ mes) osKee~ Jen OeJeue Ûebõ pÙeeslmvee ceW Gmekeâer Deheves (c) Undeli ghted (d) Not charming
Øeefle keâer ieF& ceemetce Øeefleef›eâÙee mes Devepeeve YeüceCe keâj jne Lee~ leye Gme Gòej (b)
—
ceefnuee ves cenmetme efkeâÙee efkeâ ÙeÅeefhe Ùen efJeÛeej Gmekesâ heeme henues Yeer DeeÙee heefjÛÚso ceW efoS ieS leLÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej 'unpleasant feeling' keâe
nw- Ùee efheâj Gmekesâ efueS Deewj Yeer kegâÚ nw, pees efkeâ Gmekeâer keâuhevee kesâ yeenj meceeveeLeea Meyo 'sad impression' nw Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) meJee&efOekeâ GefÛele
Lee~ Gmes Fme yeele hej ueppee cenmetme ngF& efkeâ Gmeves Gmes Gmekesâ Éeje Deheves Deewj mener nw~
Famous Authors/Poets/ Dramatists and their Works
8. LordAlfred Tennyson – The Passing of Arthur
Indian Authors & Their Works 9. Walt Whitman – O Captain ! My Captain !
10. MatthewArnold – Dover Beach
Authors Works 11. Robert Frost – Stopping By Woods on a
1. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds Snowy Evening
2. Rabindranath Tagore – Gitanjali, My Heaven 12. William Blake – London, The Lamb, T he
3. Khushwant Singh – Train to Pakistan Sick Rose
4. Mahatma Gandhi – The Story of M y Experiments 13. Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Frost at Midnight
with The Truth 14. John Keats – Ode on a Grecian Urn, The
5. R. K. Narayan – The Guide Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to a
6. Salman Rushdie – Midnight's Children Nightingale
7. Jhumpa Lahiri – The lnterpreter of Maladies 15. Percy By sshe Shelley – Ode to t he West Wi nd,
8. Vikram Seth – A Suitable Boy Ozymandias
9. Arundhati Roy – God of Small Things 16. T.S. Eliot – The Waste Land, The Love
10. Mulk Raj Anand – Coolie Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
11. Shiv Khera – You Can Win 17. William Butler Yeats – The Wild Swans at Coole,
Sailing to Byzantium, Leda
12. Girish Karnad – Hayavadana
and t he S wan , Among
13. Kuldeep Nayar – Between the Lin es, India after
School Children
Nehru
14. Jaishankar Prasad – Kamayani Some famous Dramatists & their
15. Dharmveer Bharti – Gunahon Ka Devta
16. Munshi Premchand – Gaban, Godan, Kafan Works
17. Nirad C. Chaudhari – Passage to England
18. Jawaharlal Nehru – Discovery of India Dramatists Works
19. IndiraGandhi – My Truth 1. ThomasKyd – The Spanish Tragedy
2. Christopher Marlowe – Doctor Faustus, Edward II, The
20. Anita Desai – In Custody
Jew of Malta
21. Kamala Das – Summer in Calcutta 4. William Shakespeare – Rome o and Juliet, Othello,
22. Vishnu Sharma – Panchatant ra Macbeth, Julius Caesar, King
23. Sarojini Naidu – Palanquin Bearers Lear, Hamlet, The Merchant of
24. Swami Vivekananda – The Song of the Free Venice, Twelfth Night, Taming
of the Shrew, As You Like it,
Some famous Poets & their Works The Tempest, Love's Labour's
Lost, Henry V, The Winter's
Tale, Richard II, Richard III,
Poets Works Measu re for M easure, Much
1. William Shakespeare – Mercy Ado about Not hi ng, A
2. Sir Henry Wotton – The Ch aracter of a Happy Midsummer Night's Dream
life 5. William Congreve – The Way of the World, Love
3. Thomas Carew – The True Beauty for Love
4. John Milton – On His Blindness, Lycidas 6. Ben Jonson – Volpone, The Alchemist
Paradise Lost 7. Thomas Middletion – T he R evenger's T rag edy,
5. Thomas Gray – Elegy Written in a Country Women Beware Women
Churchyard 8. John Webster – The Duchess of Malfi
6. William Wordsworth – Education of Nature, The 9. GeorgeBernard Shaw – M rs. Warren's Pr ofes si on,
Prelude Pygmalion, Arms and the Man
7. P.B. Shelley – Stanzas Written in Dejection 10.Oscar Wilde – T he Importance of B ein g
Near Naples Earnest

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(2) ØeeefJeefOekeâ meneÙekeâ

(3) ØeeefJeefOekeâ meneÙekeâ

2. Meyo jÛevee, JeekeäÙe jÛevee, DeLe& 12-19

3. Meyo ™he 20-22

6. Deueb keâej 41-45

9. Jele&veer leLee JeekeäÙeiele DeMegefæÙeeB 58-66

10. Ghemeie& 67-72

11. ØelÙeÙe 73-81

12. heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer 82-91

13. efJ eueesce 92-104

14. DeveskeâeLe&keâ Meyo 105-111

15. Deveskeâ MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ Meyo 112-122

16. cegneJejs SJeb ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeb 123-136

17. efJeMes<Ùe SJeb efJeMes<eCe 137-143

18. Deheef"le ieÅeebMe SJeb heÅeebMe 144-149

2. Yee<ee DeefOeiece Øeef›eâÙee 157-158

3. JeCe& efJeÛeej 158-160

4. meb%ee, meJe&veece leLee efuebie 160-162

9. Ghemeie& leLee JeeÛÙe 181-182

UP C SAT 6 (1) meeceevÙe efnvoer

11. Oeeleg™ he, uekeâej, keâeue leLee JeÛeve 190-200

12. ØecegK e jÛeveekeâej SJeb jÛeveeSB 201-203

13. DeYÙeeme ØeMve 204-209

3. Transformation of Sentence 242-247

4. Direct and Indirect Speech 248-252

5. Punctuation and Speelling 253-257

6. Idioms and Phrases 258-265

7. Vocabulary and Usage 266-274

8. Fill in the Blanks 275-277

9. Common Grammer and Usage Errors 278-280

10. Comprehension Passage 281-287

11. Famous Authors/Poets Dramatists and Their Works 288-288

UP C SAT 6 (2) meeceevÙe efnvoer

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (10)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (11)

DeefJekeâejer nQ~ Gòej–(a)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (14)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (15)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (18)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (20)

2. ‘meyeo’ Meyo keâe mener lelmece nesiee- Gòej–(d)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (22)

12. `DeveheÌ{' heo ceW meceeme nw— Gòej—(d)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (25)

yeskeâece efyevee keâece keâe Oece&Yeü° Oece& mes Yeü°

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (27)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (28)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (30)

37. `meÛÛeefj$e' keâe meefvOe efJeÛÚso nesiee— Gòej—(c)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (33)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (36)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (39)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (40)

1. Fve hebefòeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee Deuebkeâej nw? Gòej—(c)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (45)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (47)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (52)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (55)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (57)

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (58)

Gòej–(a) (c) Dees ÅeesieerkeâjCe (d) GÅeesieerkeâjCe

(c) Devetie=enf le (d) Deveg«enefle (c) peveleeb$eerkeâ (d) pevelebe$f ekeâ

ØeeLeefcekeâ efMe#ekeâ efueefKele hejer#ee (59)