8 – The Nature and Extent of Crime

PRIMARY SOURCES OF CRIME DATA

- It means na ang data ay galing sa record ng government agencies or mga surveys na administered ng
government entities.

Uniform Crime Report

► Data are collected from records from police departments across the nation, crimes reported to
police, and arrests.

National Crime Victimization Survey

►Data are collected from a large national survey.

Self-Report Surveys

► Data are collected from confidential/anonymous surveys.

Secondary Sources of Crime Data

- Sa mga research na nanggagaling ang mga data dito

Cohort Research

► Cohort research involves observing a group of people who share a like characteristic over time.

► Data may be collected directly from subjects during interviews and meetings with family members.

Experimental Research

► To conduct experimental research, criminologists manipulate or intervene in the lives of their

subjects to see the outcome or the effect of the intervention.
► True experiments usually have three elements: (1) random selection of subjects, (2) a control or
comparison group, and (3) an experimental condition.

Observational and Interview Research

►Sometimes criminologists focus their research on relatively few subjects, Interviewing them in depth
or observing them as they go about their activities. This research often results in the kind of in-depth
data absent in large-scale surveys.

►Another common criminological method is to observe criminals firsthand to gain insight into their
motives and activities.

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

► Meta-analysis involves gathering data from a number of previous studies.

►Systematic review involves collecting the findings from previously conducted scientific studies that
address a particular problem, appraising and synthesizing the evidence, and using the collective
evidence to address a particular scientific question.

Data Mining

► Data mining uses multiple advanced computational methods, including artificial intelligence (the use
of computers to perform logical functions), to analyze large data sets usually involving one or more data
sources.

► Data mining might be employed to help a police department allocate resources to combat crime
based on offense patterns.

► Data mining permits proactive or "risk-based" deployment of police resources, a procedure that can
increase public safety by optinizing the allocation of resources.
Crime Mapping

► Criminologists are now using crime maps to create graphic representations of the spatial geography
of crime.

► Computerized crime maps allow criminologists to analyze and correlate a wide array of data to create
immediate, detailed visuals of crime patterns.

► The most simple maps display crime locations or concentrations and can be used, for example, to
help law enforcement agencies increase the effectiveness of their patrol efforts.

Measuring Crime

-Criminologists use a variety of research tools to collect information on crime, for without valid data,
they would neither be able to gauge crime patterns and trends nor be able to assess the effectiveness of
crime control methods and programs of the government.

Crime Statistics

The collection or study of numerical data of crimes recorded/reported to the police.

Importance of Crime Statistics

► Facilitate policy makers in the formulation of anti-crime strategy

►Assist leaders in the deployment/disposition of personnel

► Understand how statistics affect day day-to-day operations of the police station.

► Provides an analysis of the relationship of crime incidents with the different socioeconomic factors.

►Determines crime trends over the years

►Validates hypothesis regarding crime incidents

►Traces the prone areas and as to why they are labeled as such.

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting the Crime Situation

►Population density and size of location

►Variations in the compositions of the population, particularly age structure

► Economic conditions such as educational and religious characteristics

►Climate

►Effective strength of law enforcement agencies and emphasis of law enforcement

►Attitudes of citizenry toward crime

► Crime reporting practices of citizenry

Generation of Crime Statistics

►Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER)

►Uniform procedure for the PNP

►Police Blotter - a record of daily events occurring within the territories/jurisdiction of a given police
unit or office. It contains material details concerning the event for legal and statistical purposes. This
police blotter is therefore an informational record book that is utilized for evidentiary or referral
purposes.

►Data consolidated by a Crime Registrar

►Crime Incident Reporting System (CIRS) or e-Blotter

►real-time monitoring and inapping of crime incidents nationwide

►Incident Record Form

►Crime Victimization Survey

►Complements police-recorded data

►CVS conducted

►Nationwide Crime Victimization Survey: 2005-2007 by the National Police Commission (NAPOL.COM)

►2012 Crime Victimization Survey by the National Statistics Office (NSO)

CRIME STATISTICS

Crime Volume

-Total number of reported crime incidents in an area over a given period of time regardless of the
number of perpetrators.

Index Crimes

-crimes which are serious in nature and which occur with sufficient frequency and regularity such that
they can serve as an index to the crime situation. It is classified into:

►Crimes against Person

►Crimes against property

Non index Crimes

-These crimes are generated from the result of positive police initiated operations.

Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE)

Percentage of solved cases out of the total number of reported crime incidents handled by the police
offices for a given period of time. It is a general measure of law enforcement agency's investigative
capability or efficiency.

-PIC

Sample Computation:

Total No. of reported cases - 22,070

No. of solved cases - 6,367

= {6, 367 ÷ 22,070} x 100

= 0.29 x 100

CSE = 29%

Crime Clearance Efficiency (CCE)

► Percentage of cleared cases out of the total number of reported crime incidents handled by the
police offices for a given period of time. "Cleared" means a case has been filed in court, there has been
at least one suspect identified, but none have been captured yet. When a case is counted as solved, it is
also already counted as cleared. These numbers show how effective police respond to crimes
perpetrated in their communities.

(PIC SOLUTION)

Crime Rate

The number of crime incidents in a given period of time for every 100,000 inhabitants of an area/place

(PIC SOLUTION)

Sample Computation:

Crime Volume - 22,070

Population 10,262,992

= {22 070 ÷ 10, 262, 992} x 100000

= 0.00215 x 100000

CR = 215

Average Monthly Crime Rate (AMCR)

The average number of crime incidents occurred per month for every 100,000 inhabitants in a certain
area.

(PIC SOLUTION)

Sample Computation:

Crime Volume - 22,070

Population 10,262,992

No. of Months 12

{22,070 ÷ 10,262,992} x 100,000

215 ÷ 12
AMCR = 17.91 or 18

Crime Analysis

Percentage share of Crime Volume of a Certain Area

(PIC SOLUTION)

Sample Computation:

Crime Volume of NCR - 1,312

Crime Volume Nationwide - 22,070

{1,312 ÷ 22.070} x 100

= 5.94 or 6%

Percentage Share of the Occurrence of a Type of Crime

(PIC SOLUTION)

Sample Computation:

Total No. of Homicide Cases - 1,122

Crime Volume Nationwide - 22,070

{1,122 ÷ 22,070} x 100

= 5.08 or 5%

Variance or (%) Change

►One way of analyzing crime trends. It measures the percentage change over a given period of time.

(PIC SA SOLUTION)

Sample Computation:

Current Data - 22,070 (2019 Crime Volume Nationwide) Previous Data - 16,340 (2018 Crime Volume
Nationwide)

22,070 - 16, 340 =5,730

5,730÷ 16,340= 0.3506

0.3506 x 100

Variance or % Change = 35.06 or 35%