Questions of 2022 Unification Quiz

Program for High School Students

2022. 4.

The Peacuful Unification Advisory Council

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[ Peace and Unification ]
1. Policy for the Unification of South Korea and North
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2. Inter-Korean Relations of Conflict and Cooperation ·10
3. International Community and Unification of the Korean
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4. Case Study on the Unification of Divided Countries ·
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5. Understanding North Korea ·
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6. A Peaceful Korean Peninsula and Unification
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[ History of the Republic of Korea, Modern History ]

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8. Japanese Colonial Rule ·
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9. Independence Movements ·
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10. Establishment of the Government of the Republic of
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11. the Development of Democracy ·
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12. Economic Growth and the Republic of Korea in the
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NO
1. Policy for the Unification of South Korea and North Korea
The Korean constitution contains provisions on peace and reunification.
Which of the following is not included in the Constitution? (medium)
① The Republic of Korea shall seek unification and shall formulate and
carry out a policy of peaceful unification based on the principles of
freedom and democracy.
② The constitution presents the purpose and basic principles of unification
education.
③ The President shall have the duty to sincerely pursue the peaceful
unification of the homeland.
④ The Republic of Korea shall endeavor to maintain international peace
1
and shall renounce all aggressive wars.
[Answer] ②
[Explanation] The Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates,
“seeking unification and formulating and carrying out a policy of peaceful
unification based on the basic free and democratic order,” (Article 4),
“making endeavor to maintain international peace and renouncement of
aggressive wars” (Article 5) and “including in the President’s oath of
office commitment to ‘the peaceful unification of the homeland (Article
69). The purpose and basic principles of unification education are stipulated
in the “Unification Education Support Act.”
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates that “The Republic
of Korea shall seek unification and shall formulate and carry out a policy
of peaceful unification based on the principles of freedom and
democracy.” Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (low)
2
[Answer] O
[Explanation] The Constitution of the Republic of Korea includes “seeking
unification and formulating and carrying out a policy of peaceful
unification based on the basic free and democratic order,”(Article 4)

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NO
The Military Demarcation Line was established by the Armistice Agreement
signed on July 27, 1953. The area established by the agreement of both
sides to retreat by 2 km from the demarcation line is called a “civilian
control zone.” Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (high)
[Answer] X
3 【Explanation】The border area is divided into the Demilitarized Zone
(DMZ) and the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ). The question is describing
the demilitarized zone, and the civilian control zone refers to the zone
where civilians are restricted from entering, for the purpose of protecting
and maintaining the security and protection of military operations and
military facilities around the DMZ.
In 1972, South and North Korea agreed on the unification principles of
‘self-reliance, peace and great national unity’ in the July 4th South and
North Korea Joint Statement. Write O if this statement is correct or X if
it is not. (low)
[Answer] O
4 【Explanation】The core of the July 4th South and North Korea Joint
Statement are the principles of ‘self-reliance, peace and great national
unity,’ which means that the two Koreas must strive to achieve great
national unity in a self-reliant way, without relying on foreign powers or
foreign interference, and in a peaceful way without the use of armed force,
transcending all differences in terms of thought, ideology, or system.
The “Inter-Korean Basic Agreement” concluded in 1991 contains contents
such as that the South and the North should recognize and respect the
other party's system, not interfere with the other party's internal problems,
5 and do not criticize or slander the other party. Write O if this statement is
correct or X if it is not. (medium)
[Answer] O

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NO
[Explanation] In the “Inter-Korean Basic Agreement” (officially the
Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, and Exchanges and
Cooperation between South and North Korea), South and North Korea
pledged to make efforts for inter-Korean reconciliation, not to undertake
armed aggression against each other, and resolve differences of views and
disputes peacefully through dialogue and negotiations.
Which of the following is NOT a unification principle in South Korea’s
“Unification Plan of the Ethnic Community of Korea”? (medium)
① Equality
② Democracy
③ Peace
④ Self-reliance
[Answer] ①
【Explanation】”The Unification Plan of the Ethnic Community of Korea”
6
is based on the 3 principles of self-reliance, peace, and democracy.
“Self-reliance” means that unification should be done through the
self-reliance of our nation and through mutual consultation between the
parties concerned from South and North Korea. “Peace” means that
unification should be done peacefully rather than through war or by
overthrowing the government. “Democracy” means that unification should
be done through democratic integration based on the liberty and rights of
all the members of the nation.
Which of the following is not correct as a policy direction included in the
National Community Unification Formula, the official unification plan of
the government of the Republic of Korea? (low)
7 ① Peaceful unification achieved through democratic procedures.
② A type of unification that guarantees every Korean citizen’s freedom
and human rights along with national prosperity.
③ Ultimately aiming to achieve the Korean Commonwealth phase of one

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nation, two systems, which recognizes different systems.
④ Construction of the ethnic community of Korea through expanded
reconciliation, exchange and cooperation, and gradual unification based
on the achievement thereof.
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】The unification plan of the government of the Republic of
Korea is called the National Community Unification Formula. This pursues
a step-by-step, gradual unification process in which the two Koreas pass
through the phase of reconciliation and cooperation and the phase of the
Korean Commonwealth to establish unification as one-nation and one-state.
Please rewrite the following three stages of national unification in the order
proposed in the “Unification Plan of the Ethnic Community of Korea”.
(low)
a. South and North Confederation
b. Reconciliation and Cooperation
c. Unified State of One People and One State
8 [Answer] b-a-c
【Explanation】The “Unification Plan of the Ethnic Community of Korea”
suggests a three-stage unification process with the aim of building one
ethnic community with the keynote promoting a progressive and phased
unification of the two Koreas. It supports the creation of a unified country
of one people and one state by proceeding through the stages of
reconciliation, cooperation, and confederation.

The following is a description of the keynote that our government’s

9 unification policy has maintained. Write the words that best fit OOO and
□□□ in the description. (medium)

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The consistent keynote of our unification policy can be summarized as OOO
reunification through □□□procedures, freedom of all members of the nation,
and unification in which human rights and national prosperity are guaranteed.
[Answer] peaceful, democratic
【Explanation】The government’s unification policy has changed according
to the situation of the times, the demands of the people and the policy
will of the government. However, it has consistently maintained the
principles of peaceful unification based on democratic procedures and
promotion of unification in which the freedom and human rights of every
one of the Korean people are guaranteed along with the national
prosperity.
What is the title of the unification plan proposed by North Korea in its
6th Labor Party Convention in 1980? (medium)
[Answer] Plan to Establish the Confederal Republic of Koryo (Koryo
Democratic Confederation System Unification Plan)
【Explanation】North Korea adhered to unification by force based on the
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theory of a democratic base during the 1950s, advocated the South-North
confederation system during the 1960s, raised the Koryo Confederation
System during the 1970s, and then proposed the Plan to Establish the
Democratic Confederal Republic of Koryo in 1980 by rearranging the
existing unification plans and suggestions.
Which is NOT contained in the “June 15th South-North Joint Declaration”
agreed between South Korean President Kim Dae-jung and North Korean
leader Kim Jong-il on June 15, 2000? (medium)
① Independent resolution of the unification issue
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② Prompt resolution of the problem of separated families
③ Promise of the unification plan based on one country, one system
④ Promotion of inter-Korean exchanges such as economic cooperation
[Answer] ③

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[Explanation] The “June 15th South-North Joint Declaration” includes
agreement on the following five items: (1) Independent resolution of the
unification question, (2) Recognition of commonality in the South’s concept
of a union and the North’s formula for a loose form of confederation, (3)
Prompt resolution of humanitarian issues such as separated family members
and relatives, (4) Stimulation of inter-Korean exchanges including economic
cooperation, and (5) Holding a dialogue between relevant authorities.
At the second inter-Korean summit talks held in 2007, both parties agreed
to build another special economic zone in North Korea, in addition to
Gaesung Industrial Complex. North Korea also agreed to make a
concession regarding its western frontline to promote the plan. Which of
the following is its location? (medium)
① Pyongyang ② Haeju ③ Sinuiju ④ Chongjin
[Answer] ②
12
【Explanation】According to Article 5 of the October 4th Declaration,
South and North Korea agreed to establish a ‘West Sea Special Zone of
Peace and Cooperation’ where the two sides could actively strive to
establish a joint fishing zone and a peaceful waterway zone; create a
special economic zone; jointly use the port of Haeju; guarantee the sailing
of private vessels on the Haeju route; and promote the joint utilization of
the downstream area of the Han River.
In the “Military Agreement for the Implementation of the Panmunjom
Declaration” (“The September 19 Military Agreement”) adopted at the
Pyongyang Summit in September 2018, the South and the North agreed on
the establishment of a buffer zone in the DMZ, the prevention of
13
accidental clashes, and a pilot withdrawal of GPs in the DMZ, JSA
demilitarization, joint excavation of remains, establishment of a joint use
zone for the Han River Estuary, and the establishment of a peace zone
and joint fishing zone in the West Sea. Write O if correct, and X if

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incorrect. (high)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】 The main contents of the September 19 military agreement
include the establishment of a buffer zone and the prevention of accidental
collisions, the demonstration of GP withdrawal and demilitarization of the
JSA within the DMZ, the joint excavation of remains, the establishment of
a joint use zone for the Han River Estuary, and an agreement on a peace
zone and joint fishing zone in the West Sea.
The following is an explanation of one of the various visions for the
Korean Peninsula that has been pursued since inauguration of President
Moon Jae-in's administration. Write the term that commonly belongs in all
of the parentheses. (high)
( ) denotes a community in which the two Koreas prosper together by means
of activating inter-Korean economic cooperation and forming a “one market”
through a virtuous cycle linking peace and the economy. In order to achieve
( ), it is necessary to steadily prepare measures for the formation of ( ),
starting with tasks that can be implemented under the current conditions and
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promoting economic cooperation in stages.
[Answer] Economic community
【Explanation】"Economic community" refers to a community in which the
two Koreas prosper together by activating inter-Korean economic
cooperation and forming a “one market” through a virtuous cycle linking
peace and economy on the Korean Peninsula. To achieve an economic
community, it is necessary to steadily prepare measures to form the
economic community, starting with tasks that can be implemented in the
current situation and promoting economic cooperation in stages.
Name what the following text describes. (low)
This is the diplomatic office established in Kaesong in accordance with the
15
Panmunjom Declaration signed on April 27. It refers to the institution and the
building where South and North Korean personnel reside jointly and carry out

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inter-Korean liaison work. It was destroyed by North Korea on June 16,
2020.
[Answer] Inter-Korean Joint Liaison Office
【Explanation】The diplomatic office established according to the
agreement in the “April 27 Panmunjom Declaration.” This Office was to
perform negotiations and liaisons, meetings and consultations between
authorities, support for private exchanges, and guarantee the convenience of
traveling personnel. The organization consisted of the Director (Vice
Minister of the Ministry of Unification), the Deputy Director, the Operation
Department, and the Exchange Department.
Write the name of the law that the government enacted in 1999 to
promote unification education so as to ensure that citizens can obtain
proper values and perspectives on unification. (high)
[Answer] Unification Education Support Act
【Explanation】In the Unification Education Support Act The term
16 "unification education" is defined as education which helps the people
foster the sense of values and attitudes, required to achieve the
unification of South and North Korea, based on the belief in free
democracy, consciousness of the national community, and sound
awareness of national security. Unification Education Support Act, Article
2-1 (Amended on March 13, 2018)
2. Inter-Korean Relations of Conflict and Cooperation
Numerous projects for economic cooperation between the South and North
were carried out after the 2000 Summit Talks between South and North
Korea. The three most representative and symbolic economic cooperation
17 projects were the Geumgangsan Mountain Tourism Project, the Kaesong
Industrial Complex Construction Project, and the Najin-Seonbong Special
Economic Zone. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] X

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【Explanation】As a reconciliatory and cooperative mood was established

between the South and North after the 2000 Summit Talks, economic
cooperation between the two countries was revitalized with the focus on
the “Geumgangsan Mountain Tourism Project”, “Gaesung Industrial Zone
Construction Project”and “Railroad and Road Connection Project between
the South and North”. These three projects are collectively known as the
three major economic cooperation projects. The Najin and Sunbong Special
Economic Zone was established prior to the 2000 Summit Talks in 1991.
The following passage describes South Korea's policy on humanitarian aid
for North Korea and the current status of the aid. Which of the following
is incorrect? (medium)
① The government has been pursuing humanitarian aid to North Korea in
separation from the political situation.
② The government has continually implemented humanitarian aid, starting
with food aid in 1995.
③ Humanitarian aid to North Korea has been provided at the government
level and the private civic level.
④ The government provided aid only in the form of grants (free supplies)
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of food such as rice and corn.
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】South Korea's aid to North Korea is provided in the form
of both grants and loans. Starting with the free supply of rice in 1995, the
government began providing North Korea with a loan type of food aid,
including rice and corn, in 2000 and supplied North Korea with fertilizers
from 1999 to 2007. While providing the South-North Cooperation Fund to
channel the private sector’s humanitarian aid to North Korea, it also
promoted aid for North Korea through cooperation with international

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organizations such as the WFP(World Food Programme), UNICEF(United
Nations Children’s Emergency Fund), WHO(World Health Organization),
and the UN(United Nations).
Which word goes in parentheses in the following description? (low)
( ) has been implemented since the inter-Korean summit in 2000. In the case
of roads, the north-south connection of the Gyeongui and Donghae lines was
completed in October 2004 and used for inter-Korean traffic. In the case of
railways, following the inter-Korean test run on May 17, 2007, the
North-South freight train (Dorasan Station - Panmun Station) has been
operated regularly from December 11, 2007 on the Gyeongui Line.
① Railway and Road Connection Project between South and North Korea
② Kaesong Industrial Complex Project
③ Geumgangsan Mountain Tourism Project
④ Family Reunion Project
[Answer] ①
【Explanation】The Railway and Road Connection Project between South
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and North Korea was implemented after the summit talks between South
and North held in 2000. The connection of the road between South and
North Korea in Gyeongui Line and Donghae Line was completed in
October 2004, to be used for coming and going between South and North
Korea. In the case of railway, the test run of the trains of South and
North Korea was done on May 17, 2007, and cargo trains operated
regularly on Gyeongui Line (Dorasan Station ~ Panmun Station) from Dec.
11, 2007. Note, however, that the operation of the trains was stopped on
Dec. 1, 2008 by the measure of North Korea to restrict land transportation.
After that, according to the agreement on the connection and modernization
of the Donghae Line and Gyeongui Line railway and road in the “April
27 Panmunjeom Declaration” in 2018, a “groundbreaking ceremony for
connection and modernization of the railway and road of Gyeongui Line

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and Donghae Line” was held at Panmun Station in North Korea on
December 26 following the joint inspection of the “connecting section of
the railways of South and North Korea” and the “joint local inspection of
the section in North Korea” of the railway and road.
What is the name of the project that North and South Korea pursued since
2005 to restore linguistic homogeneity? (medium)
① Joint compilation of the Grand Dictionary of the Korean Language by
North and South Korea
② Korean language research cooperation
③ Joint compilation of the Gyeoremal Keunsajeon (national language
dictionary) by North and South Korea
④ Gyeoremal (national language) research cooperation

[Answer] ③
20
【Explanation】In 2005, South and North Korea formed the “Committee
for North-South Joint Compilation of the Gyeoremal Keunsajeon” and
compiled the “Gyeoremal” (national language) used in South and North
Korea and abroad. From the start of the project until 2015, a total of 25
inter-Korean joint compilation meetings were held to select 307,000
headwords to be included in the Gyeoremal Keunsajeon. The Grand
Dictionary of the Korean Language was a publication that had been
intended to be compiled by the Joseoneo Hakhoe (Korean Language
Society) during the Japanese colonial period. After liberation, it was
published by the Hangul Hakhoe (Korean Language Society) in 1957.
Write the name of the cultural heritage object, including the place name,
which belongs in parentheses in the following paragraph. (medium)
21 The project for the inter-Korean joint excavation of ( ) has been implemented
since 2007 to preserve the common cultural heritage of the nation through
the inter-Korean joint excavation of the Goryeo palace site.
[Answer] Gaeseong Manwoldae

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【Explanation】 The project for the inter-Korean joint excavation of

Gaeseong Manwoldae has been implemented since 2007 to preserve the
common cultural heritage of the nation through joint excavation and
investigation of the Goryeo palace site. The two Koreas conducted joint
excavations for a total of eight times over 12 years until 2018, producing
a total of about 600,000 artifacts. A project to build a digital archive to
open and share materials such as relics and artifacts discovered in this
project was also implemented. The Digital Archives opened in December
2021.
Which of the following is the first international sporting event in which
the two Koreas made a joint entry? (medium)
① 2002 World Cup
② 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
③ 2000 Sydney Olympics
④ 2004 Athens Olympics
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】The first international sporting event where South and
22 North Korea marched jointly was the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.
Thereafter, the two Koreas marched together at the 2002 Busan Asian
Games, the 2003 Asian Winter Games in Aomori, the 2003 Summer
Universiade in Daegu, the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, the 2005 East
Asian Games in Macau, the Turin 2006 Winter Olympic Games, the 2006
Doha Asian Games, the 2007 Asian Winter Games in Changchun, and the
2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games, 2018 Jakarta-Palembang Asian
Games. South and North Korea have made joint entrances at a total of
twelve international sporting events.
The late ( ), who was the Honorary Chairman of the Hyundai Group, was
23
from Tongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do and had been displaced from his original

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homeland. He visited his hometown twice in June and October 1998, with
1001 heads of cattle, crossing the Military Demarcation Line through
Panmunjom, which is a symbol of the division of South and North Korea.
Write the name of this person who visited North Korea. (high)
[Answer] Chung Ju-Yung
[Explanation] Chung Ju-yung’s cattle crossing into North Korea gave hope
that the inter-Korean relations would be improved and economic
cooperation and exchanges at the private level would increase in a difficult
economic situation right after the financial crisis at the time, which led to
the launch of the Mt Geumgang tourism project and the Gaesung Industrial
Complex in the North.
The social and cultural exchange between the two Koreas began with the
discussion of the possibility of entering as a single team in the 1988 Seoul
Olympics. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] X
[Explanation] Inter-Korean social and cultural exchanges began with a
24 program to enable separated families to make visits to their homeland in
1985. The North and South Korean art troupe also accompanied the visit
to give visiting performances, which became the starting point of
socio-cultural exchange. The 41st World Table Tennis Championships held
in Chiba, Japan in 1991 was the first competition in which South and
North Korea participated as a joint team.
Which word belongs in the parentheses in the sentence below?
( ) is a unique site of division in the world and a treasure trove for the
natural ecosystem. It has been the site of the most acute confrontation on
25 the Korean Peninsula and a heavily armed region, where the risk of
military clashes persists. At the inter-Korean summit in 2018, the leaders
of the two Koreas “decided to cultivate the ( ) into a substantive peace
zone.” (low)

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[Answer] Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
[Similar Answer] Demilitarized Zone, DMZ
[Explanation] The Demilitarized Zone is a unique site of division in the
world and a treasure trove for the natural ecosystem. It has been the site of
the most acute confrontation on the Korean Peninsula and a heavily armed
region, where the risk of military clashes persists. At the inter-Korean
summit in 2018, the leaders of the two Koreas “decided to cultivate the
Demilitarized Zone into a substantive peace zone.”
Which of the following is not an international competition in which the
two Koreas entered jointly? (high)
① 2000 Sydney Olympics
② 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup
③ 2002 Asian Games in Busan
④ 2007 Asian Winter Games in Changchun
[Answer] ②
26 [Explanation] South and North Korea has marched into the opening/closing
ceremonies of international sports competitions a total of 12 times
including 2000 Sydney Olympics, 2002 Busan Asian Games, 2003 Aomori
Winter Asian Games, 2003 Daegu Universiade, 2004 Athens Olympics,
2005 Macau East Asian Games, 2005 Incheon Asian Athletics
Championships, 2006 Torino Winter Olympics, 2006 Doha Asian Games,
2007 Changchun Winter Asian Games, 2018 PyeongChang Winter
Olympics, and 2018 Jakarta-Palembang Asian Games.
Which of the following incorrectly pairs an inter-Korean summit with the
declaration agreed upon at the summit? (medium)
① June 2000 summit - June 15 North-South Joint Declaration
27
② October 2007 summit - October 4 Declaration
③ September 2018 summit - September Pyongyang Joint Declaration
④ May 2018 Summit - Panmunjom Declaration

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NO
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】 The April 27 Panmunjom Declaration was agreed upon at
the April 2018 summit. At the summit held at Tongilgak in Panmunjom
on May 26, 2018, there was no separate declaration issued: the parties
reaffirmed the success of the June 12 Singapore summit between North
Korea and the U.S. and the prompt implementation of the Panmunjom
Declaration, and agreed to communicate without formality if necessary in
the future.
A law was enacted in 1990 to promote and systemize South-North
exchange and cooperation after the July 7 Declaration. Please write the title
of this law, which was designed to facilitate stable exchange and
cooperation within the framework of the laws and regulations of South
Korea. (medium)
28
[Answer] The Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act
【Explanation】The Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act was
enacted in 1990 to contribute to peace on, and unification of, the Korean
Peninsula by stipulating the requirements for promoting mutual exchange
and cooperation between South Korea and North Korea.
Write the name of the fund described below. (high)
This was a policy-based fund related to North Korea created in March
1991 for the purpose of promoting inter-Korean human exchanges and
economic cooperation. It was used for the North-South joint compilation of
the Gyeoremal Keunsajeon (national language dictionary) and UNICEF's
29 project to support North Korean infants and children.
[Answer] Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund
[Explanation] This was a policy-based fund related to North Korea created
in accordance with the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund Act, which was
enacted on August 1, 1990, with the purpose of facilitating inter-Korean
travel of residents, trade and economic cooperation.

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What is the name of the policy of President Moon Jae-in's administration
on the Korean Peninsula that belongs in the following parentheses?
(medium)
The Moon Jae-in administration's ( ) started with the "Berlin Initiative"
announced by President Moon Jae-in in Berlin at the invitation of the Körber
Foundation in Germany in July 2017.
[Answer] Peace Process on the Korean Peninsula
30
[Explanation] The Moon Jae-in administration's efforts for peace on the
Korean Peninsula are carried out through the “Peace Process on the Korean
Peninsula.” The Moon Jae-in administration, which was launched in May
2017, started the peace process almost immediately. The President’s peace
process was disclosed in the so-called “Berlin Initiative” that the president
announced in Berlin that he paid a visit to in July 2017 at the invitation
of the German Körber Foundation.
As of 2022, 17 local autonomous governments are supporting inter-Korean
exchange and cooperation projects by enacting (A) and creating (B) on their
own initiative. Write the terms that belong in ( A ) and ( B ) respectively.
(high)
[Answer] Ordinance, fund
【Explanation】Starting with the provision of tangerines in 1999 by Jeju
Province, the exchanges with North Korea and humanitarian support
31 programs of local autonomous governments have been changed from urgent
relief and support for recovery into development support programs, and the
contents of the programs were also developed from the simple supply of
goods to project businesses (Ex.: Rural area development program
composed of environment improvement project and income increase
project). In order to support such programs, the local government has
established ordinances and raised funds. Currently, 17 metropolitan local
governments have established related ordinances.

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NO
The animation Porong Porong Pororo is a joint production made by South
and North Korea. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】 The animation Porong Porong Pororo is the second 3D
32 animation jointly produced by South and North Korea in 2002. It was
planned by Iconix of South Korea and jointly developed by North
Korea's Samcheolli Corporation along with Ocon, SK Broadband and
EBS. Of the 52 5-minute episodes of Pororo Season 1, 22 were produced
in North Korea.
Select the words that belong in (A) and (B). (medium)
After North Korea declared its withdrawal from (A) in March 1993, and
then officially withdrew from (B) in 1994, the crisis on the Korean
Peninsula escalated. The Geneva Agreement was reached after former U.S.
President Carter's visit to North Korea. In exchange for North Korea's
nuclear freeze, an agreement was reached to support the construction of
two light reactors and provide 500,000 tons of heavy oil annually, and to
normalize US-DPRK relations. Thus, it became possible to overcome the
first North Korean nuclear crisis.
① (A) NPT (B) UN
33
② (A) IAEA (B) NPT
③ (A) NPT (B) IAEA
④ (A) IAEA (B) UN
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】When the North withdrew from the NPT in March 1993
and then officially withdrew from the International Atomic Energy
Agency(IAEA) in 1994, the crisis on the Korean peninsula escalated. Since
then, various measures such as negotiations and sanctions have been
implemented in response to North Korea's series of attempts to arm itself with
nuclear weapons, including six nuclear tests. The Korean Peninsula was able

- 19 -
NO
to overcome this first North Korean nuclear crisis through former US
President Carter’s visit to the North and the subsequent Geneva Agreement
on the construction of two light-water reactors and the supply of 500,000
tons of heavy oil per year along with the promotion of the normalization
of US-North Korea relations in exchange for North Korea's nuclear freeze.
3. International Community and Unification of the Korean
Peninsula
Which is not the United Nations organizations that resided or is residing in
Pyongyang, North Korea? (low)
① World Health Organization (WHO)
② UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
③ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
④ UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
[Answer] ③
34
[Explanation] The United Nations organizations in Pyongyang, North Korea,
include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Program
(WFP), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations
International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA). The United Nations Office for the Coordination
of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) withdrew from North Korea in 2005.
Which of the following is INCORRECT as the description of the
international community's sanctions against North Korea? (low)
① The sanctions are divided into multilateral sanctions by the UN and
independent sanctions enforced by individual countries such as the
35
United States.
② The goal of the UN sanctions on North Korea is to collapse the North
Korean regime.
③ China and Russia are participating, but they oppose sanctions that

- 20 -
NO
threaten the North Korean regime.
④ Protesting that the sanctions are an attempt to overthrow the regime,
North Korea is demanding both sanctions easing and regime security.
[Answer] ②
[Explanation] International sanctions against North Korea can be divided
into multilateral sanctions by the United Nations (UN) and independent
sanctions enforced by individual countries such as the United States. The
purpose of sanctions on North Korea, as stated by the UN Security
Council, is to "apply economic pressure on the North Korean regime to
give up nuclear weapons, nuclear programs, ballistic missile programs, and
weapons of mass destruction that threaten the international community.”
The US sanctions on North Korea are aimed at complete denuclearization
of North Korea. It says that it is difficult to consider easing sanctions
against North Korea prior to its complete denuclearization. China and
Russia that have been more actively participating in sanctions on North
Korea since North Korea's fourth nuclear test in January 2016 do not favor
the collapse of the North Korean regime as a result of sanctions on North
Korea. North Korea has strongly criticized the sanctions imposed by the
international community including the United Nations and the United States
as an attempt to collapse its regime, demanding both the relaxation of
sanctions and the security of its political system.
Which of the following is not one of the specialized agencies or
independent organizations under the auspices of the UN, which both South
and North Korea have joined, as of March 2022? (medium)
① World Health Organization (WHO)
36
② Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
③ International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
④ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
[Answer] ④

- 21 -
NO
[Explanation] The WHO was joined by South Korea in 1949 and North
Korea in 1973. The FAO was joined by South Korea in 1949 and North
Korea in 1977. The IFAD was joined by South Korea in 1978 and North
Korea in 1986. The IAEA was joined by South Korea in 1957 and North
Korea in 1974, but the latter withdrew from the IAEA in 1994 when the
first North Korean nuclear crisis occurred.
The QUAD is the ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue’ or ‘Quadrilateral
Security Forum’ in which the 4 key partners of the Indo-Pacific Strategy
including the US, Japan, Australia, and ( ) are participants. Which country
should be put in the parentheses? (medium)
① China
② India
37
③ Korea
④ UK
[Answer] ②
[Explanation] The QUAD is an security dialogue between the United States
and its key partners for its Indo-Pacific strategy such as Japan, Australia,
and India.
Which country is promoting the following security policies? (low)
It seeks to expand its political and military influence in the international
community while securing its own security through alliance with the United
States.
It partly recognizes the right to collective self-defense through a new
38 interpretation of the Peace Constitution (enacted in 1945)
① North Korea ② Japan ③ China ④ Russia
[Answer] ②
[Explanation] Currently, Japan is attempting to secure security through an
alliance with the United States and to expand its political and military
influence in the international community. By amending the 1945 Peace

- 22 -
NO
Constitution, Japan is attempting to establish limited recognition of its right
to collective self-defense.
Which of the following words correctly belongs in ( )? (low)
In the early 1990s, Ichirō Ozawa, a representative of the conservative political
wing in Japan, advocated the "( ) state theory." The key content of this
theory is that Japan should be able to exercise its right to collective
self-defense by holding its own armed forces and freely forming alliances
with foreign countries.
① strong ② autonomous ③ democratic ④ normal
39
[Answer] ④
[Explanation] In the 1990s, Ichirō Ozawa proposed the "normal state
theory" according to which Japan ought to enact constitutional amendments
to exercise its right to collective self-defense by holding its own armed
forces freely forming alliances with foreign countries . In general, the
"normal state theory" refers to the country being capable of waging war as
do other normal countries.
A multilateral meeting aimed to solve the North Korean nuclear issues
began in August 2003. ‘The September 19 Joint Statement’, ‘the February
13 Agreement’ and ‘the October 3 Agreement’ were adopted at the
meeting. Which is the correct name of the meeting? (low)
① The Four-Party Talks ② The Six-Party Talks
③ The Inter-Korean Summit ④ The South Korea-US Summit
40
[Answer] ②
[Explanation] The six-party talks were multilateral talks in which six
countries, including the two Koreas, the United States, China, Russia, and
Japan, participated to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue and
denuclearize the Korean Peninsula. A total of six talks were held from
August 2003 to September 2007.
In 1994, he visited North Korea as a private individual at the time of the
41
first North Korean nuclear crisis and held talks with President Kim Il-sung

- 23 -
NO
to discuss the nuclear standoff. He helped find a solution to the problem.
Write the name of this person, who was the 39th President of the United
States. (medium)
① George Bush ② Bill Clinton ③ Barack Obama ④ Jimmy Carter
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】During the first nuclear crisis in 1994, Jimmy Carter
visited North Korea for the first time as the former president of the United
States. He is regarded as having greatly contributed to the mediation
between the United States and North Korea. He also arranged a meeting
between president Kim Il-sung and president Kim Young-sam. Yet the first
summit between the heads of South and North Korea was not realized due
to the sudden death of president Kim Il-sung a few weeks later.
The Nobel Committee selected ( ) as the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize winner.
Regarding the reasons for the selection of the Nobel Peace Prize, the
Committee pointed to the efforts of ( ) to eradicate hunger, improve the
peace conditions in conflict areas, and prevent hunger from being abused
as a tool for war and conflict. Who is the person or group suitable for the
parentheses? (medium)
[Answer] World Food Programme (WFP)
42 [Explanation] Choosing the WFP as the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
on October 9, 2020, the Norwegian Nobel Committee said, "The World
Food Program is the largest humanitarian agency to combat hunger and
promote food security," adding “The WFP has bettered conditions for peace
in conflict-affected areas by preventing hunger from being used as a
weapon of war and conflict.” It went on to say, “Until the day we have a
medical vaccine (against COVID-19), food is the best vaccine against
chaos.”
Write the name of the location(or country) where the historic first-ever
43
US-DPRK summit meeting was held. (low)

- 24 -
NO
[Answer] Singapore
【Explanation】 The first US-DPRK summit between US President Donald
Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un was held in Singapore on
June 12, 2018. Agreement was made on new US-DPRK relations, a peace
regime, North Korea’s denuclearization, and the repatriation of US troops’
remains.
Write the name of the treaty described below. (medium)
It was concluded on October 1, 1953 as a result of the Korean War.
It served as a decisive driving force behind the formation of the ROK-US
alliance.
44
[Answer] The ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty
[Explanation] The Mutual Defense Treaty signed between the ROK and the
US in 1953 contributed decisively to the formation of the ROK-US
alliance system.
The following refers to China's policy announced by Xi Jinping, president
of China, on his trip to Central and Southeast Asia in 2013. Write the
exact name of the policy described in the following parentheses. (high)
This policy, a new Silk Road strategy, is aimed at creating the Land Silk
Road ( ) connecting China to Central Asia and Europe and the Maritime Silk
Road ( ) linking China to Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa to build a huge
economic bloc embracing more than 60 countries along the Land Silk Road
and Maritime Silk Road starting from China.
45
[Answer] The One Belt One Road (Initiative)
[Similar Answers] One Belt One Road Initiative / One Belt One Road
Policy / One Belt One Road Strategy
【Explanation】‘The One Belt One Road Initiative’, a new silk road
strategy promoted by China, is aimed at creating the Land Silk Road (One
Belt) linking China to Central Asia and Europe and the Maritime Silk
Road (One Road) connecting China to Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.
It involves a number of huge projects designed to build a modern-day Silk

- 25 -
NO
Road, which was the East-West transportation route in times past, over a
period of 35 years (2014~2049) and open the way for expanding economic
and trade cooperation between China and its neighboring countries.
Which of the following is not a goal of China's North Korea policy?
(high)
① Stabilization of the North Korean system and the Kim Jong-un
regime
② Maintaining a state of peace on the Korean Peninsula
③ Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
④ Strong sanctions against North Korea through cooperation with the
46
international community
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】While participating in international sanctions against North
Korea, China prioritizes the pursuit of the stabilization of the North Korean
regime and wants to resolve the issue of denuclearization peacefully rather
than through hardline measures or pressure. China wants a state of peace on
the Korean Peninsula for its own stable economic development.
The following is a description of a certain country's policy toward North Korea.
Write the name of the country in question. (high)
This country is responding stringently to North Korea's nuclear program,
including the use of UN sanctions and independent sanctions against North
Korea. Meanwhile, this country's North Korean policy also seeks to improve
relations with North Korea while continuously promoting working-level
47 contacts to resolve the issue of abductees.
[Answer] Japan
【Explanation】Japan is implementing a North Korea policy to improve
relations with North Korea, while continuously pursuing negotiations to
resolve the abductee issue while also responding harshly to North Korea's
nuclear development, adopting measures including the use of UN sanctions
and independent sanctions.

- 26 -
NO
At the North Korea-Japan summit held in Pyongyang in 2002, North Korea
admitted that it had abducted Japanese people, which it had previously
denied. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (high)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】On September 17, 2002, for the first time since the war,
the leaders of North Korea and Japan met and adopted the Pyongyang
48
Declaration. At this summit, Japan expressed an apology for Japanese
colonialism in the past, and North Korea changed its previous stance that
it had "never committed abductions" in regard to the abduction of Japanese
citizens. North Korea acknowledged that the abductions were committed for
the purpose of Japanese language education of special agents and
infiltration into South Korea.
The following is a description of a China’s policy on the Korean
peninsula. Write O if the following statement is correct, and X if incorrect.
(high)
China considers a stable Korean Peninsula as being advantageous to benefit
China, and hence pursues simultaneous suspension, paralleled propulsion as
China’s official position in dealing with the North Korean nuclear problem
and Korean Peninsula issue. simultaneous suspension means the simultaneous
pursuit of denuclearization and North Korea-US negotiations for a peace
regime on the Korean Peninsula; and paralleled propulsion refers to efforts to
49
create an opportunity for talks by simultaneously suspending both North
Korea’s nuclear missile development activities and large-scale South Korea-US
combined training.
[Answer] X
【Explanation】 China has asserted “paralleled propulsion” and
“simultaneous suspension” for the resolution of the North Korean nuclear
issue and the issue of the Korean Peninsula. “Paralleled propulsion” means
propelling the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and establishing a
peace treaty system between North Korea and the US in parallel, whereas

- 27 -
NO
“simultaneous suspension” means suspending North Korea’s development of
nuclear weapons and missiles and large-scale Korea-US combined forces
exercises at the same time to pave the way for dialogue.

Write O if the explanation below is correct, or X if it is incorrect. (high)

According to the October 3 Agreement reached at the sixth, two-stage
meeting the Six Party Talks held in 2007, it was agreed that by the end of
2007, North Korea would complete disabling its nuclear facilities and
reporting its nuclear program. In response, the United States agreed to initiate
the process of de-designating North Korea as a state sponsor of terrorism,
and to provide economic aid to North Korea equivalent to 1 million tons of
heavy oil.
50 [Answer] O
【Explanation】According to the October 3 Agreement reached at the
sixth, two-stage meeting the Six Party Talks held in 2007, it was agreed
that by the end of 2007, North Korea would complete disabling its nuclear
facilities and reporting its nuclear program. In response, the United States
agreed to initiate the process of de-designating North Korea as a state
sponsor of terrorism, and to provide economic aid to North Korea
equivalent to 1 million tons of heavy oil. This is referred to as the
“October 3 Agreement.”
The Biden administration stated that it would continue to consult with
allies such as South Korea and Japan for “complete denuclearization of the
Korean Peninsula” in its North Korea policy, and meticulously exercise
“strategic patience” of remaining open to diplomacy with North Korea.
51 Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] X
【Explanation】In April 2021, the U.S. Biden administration stated that it
will take a “calibrated practical approach.” “Strategic patience” was the
keystone of the Obama administration’s North Korea policy.

- 28 -
NO
China's Xi Jinping regime wants the North Korean nuclear issue to be
resolved peacefully and for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula to
be achieved based on the security of the North Korean regime. Write O if
correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
52 【Explanation】China considers the stability of the Korean Peninsula to be
beneficial to its national interest, and while participating in international
sanctions against North Korea to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue,
prioritizes the pursuit of stabilization of the North Korean system, and
adopts a friendly and support-oriented policy rather than hardline measures
or pressure.

4. Case Study on the Unification of Divided Countries

Germany, which was divided around the same time as Korea was, achieved
reunification ahead of Korea in 1990. Which is NOT appropriate as the
implication of the German reunification for Korea's unification? (low)
① Efforts are needed for mutual understanding.
② Unification between people is important.
③ Time is needed to adjust to new situations.
④ The result must be emphasized rather than the process for unification.
[Answer] ④
53
[Explanation] German reunification involved long-term efforts for
reconciliation and exchange and cooperation, but its actual realization took
only about a year. The two systems of East Germany and West Germany
were not united in a balanced state. Unification was achieved by the East
German system being absorbed into the West German system. Therefore its
shortfall was that East and West Germans were not equally respected.
Efforts to understand and respect each other are important in the process
of unification.

- 29 -
NO
Since the 1960s, West Germany’s Ostpolitik led by chancellor Willy
Brandt, advocating “changes through rapprochement,” aimed to recognize
the existence of East Germany and other Eastern European communist
countries before approaching them. Write O if this statement is correct or
X if it is not. (medium)
54 [Answer] O
[Explanation] West German chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik did not
directly target unification. He instead sought to begin to make changes in
minor things such as the exchange of letters, visa-free travel, and visits by
families across the border. That’s why it was also called a ‘policy of small
steps.’
The following are explanations of the exchanges between East Germany
and West Germany. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(low)
① East and West Germany received benefits such as customs-free and
exemption from VAT according to the “single economic unit
principle.”
② Economically, West Germany gave indirect support to East Germany by
granting interest-free trade credit, etc.
55
③ East and West Germany restricted private contact and visits and
maintained public exchanges between organizational units.
④ Sisterhood relations between cities were very active, and there were
brisk exchanges in private sectors including the media, culture, and
sports.
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】The number of travelers and visitors between East Germany
and West Germany was 8~9 million every year.
The following is a description of the unified Germany. Write O if this
statement is correct or X if it is not. (low)
56
East Germany and West Germany permitted people to travel every corner of

- 30 -
NO
the region of each side even before the unification and exchanged materials.
Thus, both sides could understand each other to a certain degree. The mutual
trust and magnanimous attitude obtained through such close relations
contributed to the stabilization of the country without much social conflict in
the unified Germany.
[Answer]X
【Explanation】Even though there had been many exchanges before the
unification, it was found, after the unification, that many aspects were not
correctly known. As a result, internal conflicts occurred due to the sense
of superiority of West Germans over East Germans or because West
Germans were perceived as arrogant by East Germans.
What is NOT the name of the peace agreement signed on April 10, 1998
between the eight conflict-related factions of the United Kingdom, the
Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland to resolve the bloody dispute
between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland? (high)
① Northern Ireland Peace Agreement
57 ② Oslo Agreement
③ Good Friday Agreement
④ Belfast Agreement
[Answer] ②
[Explanation] The Oslo Accords are a pair of agreements signed by Israel
and Palestine in 1993.
South Africa has worked to resolve problems that arose during the era of
racial discrimination policies. The "Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
was the agency that investigated cases of human rights violations by white
people as well as the overall state of crimes committed by the nation.
58
Write O if this statement is correct or X if it is not. (high)
[Answer] O
[Explanation] The “Truth and Reconciliation Committee” of South Africa
was established in December 1995 and was active until July 1998 to

- 31 -
NO
investigate crimes and human rights violations committed by the
government from the 1960s to the early 1990s. The committee’s activities
have been criticized for preventing reconciliation between black and white
by excessively digging into the painful wounds of the past although they
contributed to revealing the country’s dark history and setting the record
straight.
Which nation, among the divided nations, was unified first after the
Second World War? (low)
① Vietnam ② Germany ③ Yemen ④ China
[Answer] ①
【Explanation】North Vietnam and South Vietnam were unified in 1976,
59
and Germany was unified in 1990. South and North Yemen was first
unified in 1990, but the Yemen Civil War broke out in 1994 and South
Yemen is in the midst of a re-separation movement. China and Taiwan
have yet to achieve unification, and the two countries currently have
different views on unification.
The united Vietnam experienced difficulties in achieving social integration
due to the economic imbalance between the two parts of the country.
Vietnam had to promote a new policy to achieve social integration and
achieve reforms and change. Write down the Vietnamese term described by
the following passage. (medium)

60 This Vietnamese word means “Renew” or “Reform.” It refers to the

economy-first, open-door reform policy implemented by Vietnam in the late
1980s. While maintaining the basic framework of communism, the policy
sought to incorporate market opening and market economy into its ideology,
which led Vietnam to have a surge in foreign capital inflows that enabled the
country to achieve high economic growth.
[Answer] Doi Moi

- 32 -
NO
What is the name of the country described below? (high)
• The country is the first case of peaceful unification after the Second World
War.
• The country was separated again for a while after unification due to
religious conflicts but later re-unified by military force.
• The country is in extreme confusion due to the intervention of neighboring
countries in the civil war, and the country is actually in a state of national
61
division.
[Answer] Yemen
【Explanation】Yemen was unified in 1990, the year when Germany was
unified, but several months earlier than Germany (Germany was unified in
October, and Yemen was unified in May). It is Yemen that was unified
and re-separated after the Second World War and is currently locked in a
civil war.
5. Understanding North Korea
Which of the following is not a basic ideological tenet of North Korea's
foreign policy? (high)
① Independence
② Peace
③ Friendship
④ Equality
[Answer] ④
62
【Explanation】The basic ideological principles of North Korea's foreign
policy are autonomy, peace and friendship. The basic ideology of its
foreign policy is stipulated in the party rules and constitution. The Rules
of North Korean Workers' Party state that the basic ideology of foreign
policy is "independence, peace, and friendship." In foreign policy, the
emphasis is especially on “strengthening the unity of anti-imperialist
independence capabilities, opposing imperialist aggression and war

- 33 -
NO
provocations, and developing the global socialist movement.” Article 17 of
North Korea's Socialist Constitution also stipulates the three values of the
Party Rules as the principles of the country's foreign affairs activities.
Which of the following is not one of the "four strategic directions"
proposed for the military during the Kim Jong-un era? (medium)
① Strengthening political ideology
② Strengthening ethics
③ Strengthening tactics
④ Strengthening multiple branches of the armed forces
63 [Answer] ②
【Explanation】While maintaining the four major military policies, Kim
Jong-un newly proposed the "four strategic directions" as "the strategic
directions of military construction for the strengthening of the People’s
Army." The four strategic directions refer to "strengthening political
ideology, strengthening ethics, strengthening tactics, and strengthening
multiple branches of the armed forces."
What is NOT an explanation of the July 1st Measure taken by North
Korea in 2002? (medium)
① North Korea raised prices to the level of those at farmers' market using
the price of rice as the standard.
② North Korea raised wages significantly, the most for soldiers and heavy
workers.
64 ③ North Korea shifted its policy in the direction of reducing the market
function while raising the government’s responsibility for citizens’
livelihood.
④ North Korea transferred some of the central government’s economic
planning functions to local governments and enterprises.
[Answer] ③
[Explanation] On July 1, 2002, North Korea reduced the ration system by

- 34 -
NO
the state, serving as the core of its planned economy, and expanded the
market, allowing its residents to purchase daily necessities at markets and
stores through its “economic management improvement measures,” which is
called the July 1st Measure, which was implemented under the principles
of “Eradication of Average-ism” and “Evaluation by Earnings.” It
reinforced corporate autonomy and accountability.
In North Korea, there is a university established jointly by South and
North Korea. What is the name of this university? (medium)
① Pyongyang University of Technology
② Wonsan University of Science and Technology
③ Pyongyang University of Science & Technology
④ Pyongyang University of Science
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】Pyongyang University of Science & Technology is a special
university and graduate school located in Seungli-dong, Nangnang Region
65
of Pyongyang Direct-controlled City. It was established jointly by the
Minister of Education of North Korea and the Northeast Asia Education
and Culture Cooperation Foundation of Korea. The project began in 2001,
but the opening of the university was postponed several times; it admitted
new students from the fall of 2010. The university was established with
the assistance of expatriates, universities in South Korea, and Christian
circles. The departments in the undergraduate course and graduate school
include IT Engineering, International Finance and Management, Agricultural
Biotechnology, Medicine, and Dentistry.
The No. 1 National Treasure of South Korea is Sungraemun Gate. Which
of the following is the No. 1 National Treasure of North Korea? (high)
66 ① Mt. Baekdu ② Pyongyang Fortress
③ The Tomb of King Dongmyung ④ The Tomb of Dangun
[Answer] ②

- 35 -
NO
【Explanation】The cultural assets of North Korea are classified into
National Treasures, Semi-National Treasures, National Treasure Site and
Semi-National Treasure Site (preservation grade) according to their heritage
value. North Korea’s No. 1 National Treasure Site is Pyongyang Fortress.
In September 2018, the North Korean Academy of Social Sciences newly
published the National Symbols of Joseon, which comprehensively covers
national symbols, including the national name, flag, and emblem of North
Korea. Which of the following pairings is incorrect? (low)
67
①National Flower - Magnolia ② National Tree – Pine Tree ③ National
Bird – Goshawk ④ National Drink– Daedonggang Beer
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】The national drink of North Korea is Pyongyang soju.
What is the name of the agricultural system of North Korea described
below? (medium)
- This refers to a farming method operated at the family unit by subdividing
the groups called "bunjo," which are the smallest-scale units of cooperative
farming in North Korea, and reducing the scale further to 4-5 people.
- After the implementation of the July 1st Measure in 2002, it was briefly
introduced on a trial basis and then suspended, but it was emphasized again
under the Kim Jong-un regime, and was added to the statutes after the Farm

68
Act was revised in 2015.
[Answer] Pojeon (Farmland Unit) Responsibility System
【Explanation】The pojeon ( 圃田
, divided unit of farmland) responsibility
system refers to a farming method operated at the family unit by
subdividing the groups called "bunjo," which are the smallest-scale units of
cooperative farming in North Korea, and reducing the scale further to 4-5
people. After the implementation of the July 1st Measure in 2002, it was
briefly introduced on a trial basis and then suspended, but it was
emphasized again under the Kim Jong-un regime, and was added to the
statutes after the Farm Act was revised in 2015.

- 36 -
NO
From 2012 to 2013, Pyongyang implemented modernization and housing
construction projects. Representative examples include the Mansudae
Apartment District, the Mirae (Future) Scientist Street, and Yeomyeong
Street. Among them, which is the project completed in 2017 and the site
where the majority of the faculty of Kim Il-sung University live? (medium)
[Answer] Yeomyeong Street
【Explanation】From 2012 to 2013, Pyongyang implemented modernization
and housing construction projects. Representative examples include the
69
Mansudae Apartment District, the Mirae (Future) Scientist Street, and
Yeomyeong Street. Yeomyeong Street was completed in 2017, and many
faculty members of Kim Il-sung University reside there. The Wuiseong
Scientists' Residential Area was also completed in Pyongyang's Eunjeong
district. In addition, a commercial center with a floor area of 12,700 m2
was established in the Gwangbok district centered on Gwangbok Street. In
2016, a project for large-scale commercial facility construction in the East
Pyongyang area was undertaken in partnership with Chinese capital.
In North Korea, Chinese medical treatment was called Eastern Medicine
and has been encouraged politically since the ceasefire in 1953. In 1993,
Eastern Medicine was renamed for the “revival of the national identity.”
What is the new name? (high)
70 [Answer] Koryo Medicine
【Explanation】North Korea defines Koryo Medicine as a “precious
medicinal heritage of our nation that has contributed to the treatment of
diseases and protection and promotion of health with the unique remedies
created during the long history of the nation.”
This place is home to North Korea’s special economic zone, which is
located in a strategic position for triangular trade between China, Russia
and North Korea. What is the name of this location? (medium)
71
[Answer] Najin and Sunbong
【Explanation】The Najin and Sunbong Special Economic Zone, located on
the border of China, Russia and North Korea, was formed to build a base

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NO
for trade, tourism and finance by taking advantage of its geographical
position.
As the economic difficulties of North Korea worsened and its distribution
system collapsed in the 1990s, black markets known as “Night Markets”
and another type of illegal but standing market emerged in North Korea.
The illegal trading of commodities such as rice, corn and certain industrial
products became prevalent, and since then such black markets, along with
a large-scale wholesale market have developed as specialized markets in
North Korea. What is the Korean name for the North Korean markets
which first introduced the market phenomenon in the country? (medium)
72 [Answer] Jangmadang
【Explanation】In the 1990s, North Korea was faced with severe disruption
of its planned economy system and the widespread collapse of its
distribution system. Jangmadang markets selling a range of food items
became a permanent fixture, particularly in the northern part of the
country. At first the farmers' markets were expanded to enable people to
obtain food for survival, and these developed into large-scale distribution
markets as merchants accumulated capital and emerged as so-called “donju
(money owners)’.
In North Korea, housing can be viewed as a kind of permanent rental
housing arrangement, in that (A) is owned by the state and (B) is given to
the people. Write the words that belong in (A) and (B) in the proper
sequence. (medium)
[Answer] Right of ownership, right of usage
73 【Explanation】Housing is regarded as collective property, and therefore
individuals cannot have ownership. North Koreans are allocated housing
and live there paying a monthly fee. Houses are classified according to
differences in size and facilities, and housing is assigned according to
status, class, and affiliation. However, in recent years, there has been an
increasing phenomenon of houses being openly traded or sold.

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NO
This is one of the five famed mountains on the Korean Peninsula. It rises
on the border of North Pyongan Province and Jagang Province, and is the
site of Bohyeonsa Temple, designated National Treasure of North Korea
No. 40. What is the name of this mountain? (medium)

[Answer] Myohyangsan
74 【Explanation】This mountain is in the middle of Myohyang Mountain
Range, and Birobong Peak, the highest of its peaks, rises 1,909 m high,
spanning 375 square km in area and 128 km in length. The bedrock is
Paleozoic biotite granite. Myohyangsan is a famous tourist destination in
North Korea. The Myohyangsan tourist zone is divided into three districts:
Sangwon-dong, Manpok-dong, and Birobong. There is a temple called
Bohyeonsa in Myohyangsan.
The following is a statement about North Korean holidays. Mark O if
correct and X if incorrect. (low)
In North Korea, folk festivals such as the Lunar New Year and Solar New
Year are not institutionalized holidays, but rather are designated by the
authorities. In order to rest on a folk holiday, the North Korean cabinet needs
to perform the procedure of formally announcing the designation of that
75
year's folk festival as a holiday.
[Answer] O
【Explanation】In North Korea, folk festival days may or may not be
holidays depending on the designation of the North Korean authorities. The
North Korean cabinet makes an official announcement designating a certain
day as a holiday.
North Korea has been broadcasting Chosun Jungang Television (Chosun
Central TV) to Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe through Thailand’s
76
communication satellite Thaicom 5 since 1999, and to the Americas
through Intelsat since 2015. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect.

- 39 -
NO
(medium)
[Answer]O
【Explanation】North Korea has been broadcasting Chosun Jungang
Television (Chosun Central TV) to Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe
through Thailand’s communication satellite Thaicom 5 since 1999, and to
the Americas through Intelsat since 2015. From February 9, 2015, Chosun
Central TV satellite broadcasting was converted to digital high-definition.
In the 7th joint excavation survey conducted by the two Koreas in the
Gaesung Manwoldae area, metal movable type, presumed to be from the
Goryeo Dynasty, was unearthed. After a joint excavation survey at
Manwoldae, a palace site dating to the Goryeo Dynasty, an additional
piece of ' 嫥 (jeon)', the world's oldest metal movable type, was discovered
in 2015. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (low)
77
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The South and North Korean Historians’ Association said
in the “briefing of the 2015 results of excavation in Gaesung Manwoldae
”that“19 building sites and more than 3,500 relics were found in the
excavation survey of the7,000㎡ site at the western part of Manwoldae,
Gaesung.”
There are subways in Pyongyang and Gaesong in North Korea. Write O if
this statement is correct or X if it is not. (low)
[Answer] X
78 【Explanation】There are no subways in Gaesong. The Pyongyang Metro
currently runs on three lines: the Chollima Line which runs from north to
south (1973), the Hyoksin Line which runs from east to west (1978), and
the Mangyongdae Line which is an extension of the Chollima Line (1987).
The first foreign language of North Korea is English. Write O if this
79 statement is correct or X if it is not. (high)
[Answer] O

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NO
【Explanation】English language education in North Korea started in 1964
when Russian and English were designated as the first foreign languages in
middle schools, with each school having the option of choosing between
the two. But as English became increasingly important, greater focus was
placed on English starting in 1975, and Russian language education was
abolished in the mid-1980s. English was designated as the country's only
first foreign language in 1991.
In September 2018, the North Korean Academy of Social Sciences newly
published The National Symbols of Joseon, which comprehensively covers
national symbols, including the national name, flag, and emblem of North
80 Korea. This book states that the national drink of North Korea is
Pyongyang soju. (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The national drink of North Korea is Pyongyang soju.
Naegeori chobyeong (traffic police officer), gopdeungeo (dolphin), aegicha
(pram), and tonggwa amho (password) are all North Korean words.
Seonbuho is the North Korean word for what is called "barcode" in South
Korea. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
81

[Answer] O
【Explanation】In North Korea, barcodes are called seonbuho (line
symbols).
According to the North Korean system of military service for all citizens
adopted as law in 2003, men are required to mandatorily serve five years
and women serve three years if they apply. Write O if this statement is
82 correct, and X if incorrect. (high)
[Answer] X
【Explanation】In 1993, following the directive of Kim Jong-il, North
Korea implemented a 10-year military service limit system, which required

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NO
10 years of service before discharge. At the 6th session of the 10th
Supreme People's Assembly in 2003, the general military service system
for all citizens was adopted as law, and the mandatory service period was
set as 10 years for men and 7 years for women if they apply.
6. A Peaceful Korean Peninsula and Unification Preparations
Among the concepts of peace, ‘positive peace’ refers to a social condition
without exploitation and structural violence - not just the absence of war.
Write O if this statement is correct or X if it is not. (medium)
[Answer] O
83
[Explanation] Maintaining order by force without war is called negative
peace; A state where structural and cultural violence has disappeared and a
social structure without exploitation has been created is called positive
peace.
What type of peace theory does the following passage describe? (medium)
This theory of peace seeks to achieve a vision for a more peaceful and
sustainable world by looking at issues such as war, poverty, food and
security, resource conflict, and environmental destruction. This theory of peace
demands an attitude of peaceful coexistence of humans and nature beyond
finding solutions to a reality in which conflicts related to nature and
resources are increasing.
① Ecological peace theory
84
② Democratic peace theory
③ Market peace theory
④ Feminist peace theory
[Answer] ①
[Explanation] The passage describes the ecological peace theory, which
claims that peace is not just related to political or social issues and also
raises questions about how to peacefully share resources and what should a
sustainable type of cooperative lifestyle look like, among others.

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NO
Born in Oslo, Norway in 1930, this person is a peace scholar, founded the
Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), and played a leading role in the
founding of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA). The
person divided peace into “negative peace” without direct violence
including war and “positive peace” with indirect or structural violence
85
because structural problems involved in conflicts have been solved. Who is
this person that is called the founder of modern peace studies or peace
research? (medium)
[Answer] Johan Galtung / Galtung
[Explanation] Johan Galtung is a Norwegian peace scholar.
The following is the thought of peace inherent in Koreans’ tradition. Write
the most suitable word for the parentheses. (low)
Various discussions have continued about peace in our history. Most notably,
Wonhyo's ( ) idea calls on people to refrain from getting obsessed with any
single theory and communicate with others about other theories in order to
overcome confrontation and move up to a higher level of wisdom. The idea
of ( ) advocated by Wonhyo of Silla was passed down to Uicheon and Jinul
during the Goryeo Dynasty, laying the foundation for Korean Buddhism.
[Answer] Hwajaeng
86 [Explanation] Wonhyo's ideology of ‘hwajaeng’ presents the spirit of
peaceful coexistence of people with various value systems as its central
value. Wonhyo interpreted hwajaeng as the efforts of each theory to break
from its own obsession and communicate with other theories, thereby
getting over confrontation and advancing to a higher level of wisdom. The
Buddhist ideology hwajaeng calling for communication with various sects
about theoretical confrontations and integrate them at a higher level
originated from Wonhyo of Silla and was passed down to Uicheon and
Jinul during the Goryeo Dynasty, laying the groundwork for Korean
Buddhism. In addition, Joseon's political ideology also respected the spirit

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NO
of peace by embracing and developing the traditional Confucian values of
peace pursuing neighborly relations without war and harmonious
circumstances without conflict or controversy.
What is NOT appropriate as an explanation of Johan Galtung's concept of
peace? (high)
① Negative peace means 'the absence of structural and cultural violence'
beyond the absence of war.
② It aims to end direct, structural and cultural violence through the
concept of positive peace.
③ He insisted that it is important to understand the conditions for
preventing violence for peace.
87
④ He insisted that positive peace should be linked both at the
international level and at the domestic level.
[Answer] ①
[Explanation] Galtung’s concept of peace is focused on positive peace. He
argues that it should not be aimed solely at ending direct and structural
violence, and that it is important to understand the conditions under which
violence can be prevented. To that end, he argues that peace and violence
must be grasped in relation to all aspects of human life.

If a ceasefire agreement or an armistice agreement is an agreement to stop

disputes in military terms, ( ) is an agreement intended to pursue stability
and peace in not only military but political, economic and social
dimensions as well. What is the suitable word for ( )? (low)
88 [Answer] a peace agreement
[Explanation] A peace agreement is defined as a comprehensive agreement
concluded as a legal and political mechanism to end armed conflicts
between the parties to a dispute, institutionalize reconciliation and
coexistence, and ensure peace for all parties involved moving forward.

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NO
UNESCO emphasized that in order to preserve peace without war, respect
for cultural diversity must be prerequisite in its 2001 Universal Declaration
on Cultural Diversity. Write O if this statement is correct or X if it is
not. (medium)
89
[Answer] O
[Explanation] The 2001 UNESCO “Universal Declaration on Cultural
Diversity” emphasizes tolerance and respect for cultural diversity, win-win
and cooperation in a multicultural society.
What is the correct order of the words in the following (a), (b), (c), and
(d)? (medium)
The Korean War which broke out in 1950 did not reach the ( a ) on July
27, 1953. It was put into a state of ( b ). Since ( c ) is not ( d ), a
battlefield situation in which war had not completely ended according to
international law.
① Ceasefire – end of war – ceasefire – end of war
90
② End of war – ceasefire – end of war – ceasefire
③ Ceasefire - end of war – end of war – ceasefire
④ End of war – ceasefire – ceasefire - end of war
[Answer] ④
[Explanation] The Korean War did not end on July 27, 1953. It was put
in a state of ceasefire. Since the cease-fire is not the end of the war, the
Korean peninsula still remains a battlefield under international law.
Name what the passage below explains. Write the appropriate word in ( ).
(high)

At the 21st International Red Cross Congress in 1969, it was declared that
91
"Man has the right to enjoy lasting peace." In 1976, the UN Commission on
Human Rights recognized human ( ). Also, in 1978 and 1984, the UN
General Assembly adopted the ‘Declaration on the ( ) '.
[Answer] right to peace

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NO
[Explanation] According to the "Declaration on the Right to Peace" adopted
by the General Assembly of the United Nations, human rights are “those
that are inherent in all humans as they are born as humans,” and they are
essential for humans to enjoy a human life. Human life means a life that
preserves 'dignity as a human being.' Peace is a necessary condition for the
protection of human rights and human dignity. Therefore, human dignity
and human rights cannot be respected without the existence of genuine
peace. In this regard, peace not only helps realize human dignity. It is also
the only way to achieve the goals, too.
Write a common term for the parentheses. (high)
The French author Voltaire mentioned the importance of ( ), saying, "Let the
minor differences that exist between the dusts called humans do not become
excuses for hatred and persecution." Jürgen Habermas figured that the political
culture of ( ), which embraces even heterogeneity, and the value of
coexistence that acknowledges the existence of the other are the key factors
in which democracy is practically consolidated beyond the institutional level.
92 [Answer] tolerance
[Explanation] The division of the Korean peninsula has served as a factor
that helps form and force a uniform culture. A uniform culture imposes
homogeneity and does not tolerate differences, which leads to the
intolerance of existing differences and the hatred of them as a whole. To
overcome such hatred and a uniform culture, a culture of tolerance is
necessary, and peace is an essential condition for the formation of such a
culture of tolerance.
The following is an explanation of one of the measures required to
establish peace. Write a common term for the parentheses. (medium)
Adjacent concepts related to ( ) include arms restrictions, military
93
confidence-building measures (CBMs), and disarmament. In general, ( ) can
be divided into the operational ( ), which restricts the operation of military
power, such as deployment, movement, and training of troops and weapons,

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NO
and the structural ( ), which focuses on reducing the scale and related
structures of military power.
[Answer] arms control
[Explanation] Arms control refers to all measures that limit the
development, deployment, use, and spread of military power. It is aimed at
preventing the threat of war by increasing the transparency of military
power and increasing trust between countries. Military power in this
context includes conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction,
but the target and scope of specific arms control is limited by agreement
between the parties. Adjacent concepts related to arms control include arms
restrictions, military confidence-building measures (CBMs), and
disarmament. In general, arms control can be divided into the operational
arms control, which restricts the operation of military forces such as
deployment, movement, and training of troops and weapons, and the
structural arms control, which focuses on reducing the scale and related
structures of military forces. In Europe during the Cold War, both East
and West camps began to discuss the operational arms control and then
proceeded to talk about the structural arms control. On the Korean
peninsula, South Korea has placed relative importance on the operational
arms control while North Korea has emphasized the structural arms control.
Given the military reality of the Korean peninsula, it is reasonable to take
a step-by-step approach to realizing disarmament through trust-building
measures or progress in the operational arms control.
If the Korean Peninsula is connected by railway to China, Russia,
Mongolia and Europe, a united Korea will be able to reduce its logistical
costs and increase the number of both inbound and outbound tourists to
94
and from these areas by rail. To that end, the ( ) railway connecting
South and North Korea should be linked to the Trans-Siberian Railway
(TSR) and the Trans-China Railway (TCR) first, which will require

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NO
inter-Korean exchange and cooperation above all else. Write the name of
the railway line in the blank space above. (Medium)
[Answer] Trans-Korean Railway (TKR, Trans-Korean Railway)
Because of the delayed unification, South and North Korea must bear
various costs, including the cost of dealing with the following issues. Write
down the names of such costs. (low)
•Humanitarian issues, including confirmation of separated family members’
survival, meetings and reunions of separated families.
•Excessive defense spending issues due to military confrontation between
South and North Korea
•Geopolitical issues that prevent South Koreans from advancing into the
continent by land, even though South Korea is part of the continent.
•Diplomatic issues that compel the two Koreas to compete unnecessarily in
95 the international community.
[Answer] Division costs
【Explanation】The term “division costs” refers to all the expenses that we
will have to bear for as long as the national division continues. Division
costs include tangible costs that we can calculate and intangible costs that
we cannot calculate. Tangible costs include the costs of national security,
diplomacy, and maintenance of the political system. Intangible costs refer
to costs associated with social problems, such as the fear of war, the
suffering of separated families, ideological conflicts, and restrictions on land
use accompanied by unbalanced economic growth. These intangible costs
are also called social costs.
What is the compound word that refers to the total economic and
non-economic compensation and benefits that unification will bring? (low)
[Answer] Tangible unification benefits
96
【Explanation】Tangible unification benefits include the reduction of
defense budgets, elimination of diplomatic competition costs, expansion of
the domestic market, and increased supplementary economic functions

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NO
between the two halves of the Korean Peninsula. Intangible benefits include
the resolution of the separated family issue, elimination of the risk of war,
improvement of Korea’s international standing, increased self-reliance,
enlargement of the geographical areas where citizens can travel on a daily
basis, and the promotion of cultural diversity.
This facility was opened in 1999 to protect and support North Korean
refugees more effectively as their number had increased greatly. It provides
them with resettlement and vocational training. What is the name of this
facility? (medium)
[Answer] Office to Support the Settlement of North Korean Refugees
(Hanawon)
【Explanation】The Hanawon helps North Korean refugees to settle into
97
South Korean society. After undergoing a joint investigation by the
authorities, they are helped to achieve psychological and emotional stability
through various intensive counselling services on their difficulties and
offered guidance on their life in South Korea. The Hanawon also provides
them with resettlement and vocational training so they can adapt to South
Korean society as quickly as possible. There are two offices including
Hanawon 1 in Anseong and Hanawon II in Hwacheon.
What is the name of the institution which is based on Article 92 of the
Constitution of the Republic of Korea and which is a constitutional
institution directly under the President's office with the function of advising
the President on the establishment of a policy for peaceful unification?
(low)
98
[Answer] The Peaceful Unification Advisory Council (PUAC)
【Explanation】Article 92 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea
states, “The Peaceful Unification Advisory Council (PUAC) shall be
established to advise the President on the formulation of peaceful
unification policies.”

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NO
What does NOT fall under the social cost of division described below?
(low)

There are many costs that cannot be estimated financially, which can be
called intangible costs in that they cannot not identified in detail. They can
also be called 'social costs' in that they are related to social issues.
① Pain of separated families ② Ideological conflict and confrontation
99 ③ Fear of the possibility of war ④ Security costs for national defense
[Answer] ④
[Explanation] Of division costs, intangible costs are also called social costs
which include fear of war, suffering of separated families, ideological
conflict and confrontation and restrictions on the use of land as well as
lost opportunity costs due to geographical constraints leading to the
unbalanced development of the country.
The ( ) on the Korean peninsula means a state in which solid peace is
guaranteed legally, institutionally and substantially on the peninsula through
an official end to the state of war between the two Koreas and related
countries. What is the appropriate word in ( )? (low)
[Answer] peace regime
100
[Explanation] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea
defines a peace regime on the Korean Peninsula as a state where solid
peace is guaranteed legally, institutionally and substantially on the
Peninsula through an official end to the state of war between the two
Koreas and related countries.
7. Modern Nation-Building Movements
Fill out the names of the two countries in the parentheses regardless of the
order. (high)
101 The second special envoy Kim Hong-jip brought‘A Policy for Korea’ written
by a Qing Dynasty diplomat Huang Zincian from Japan and presented it to
King Gojong. ‘A Policy for Korea’ contained an argument that Joseon must

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NO
join forces with China, ( ), and ( ) to block Russian advance into south.
When informed of the contents of‘A Policy for Korea’, Confucian scholars in
Yeongnam strongly protested it by submitting a “maninso" (literally ten
thousand people’s petition) among others.
[Answer] Japan, the USA
【Explanation】 The main content of A Policy for Korea is that Joseon
must stay close to China, Japan, and the United States in order to prevent
Russia from moving South.
Troops belonging to conventional military units were treated poorly
compared to Byeolgigun, the first modernized military force of Korea,
which was newly instituted after the opening of ports. After not receiving
wages for a long time, the rice, which was given as payment to the troops
for the first time in 13 months was found to contained bran and sand.
102 This led to an uprising of the conventional soldiers whose discontent
exploded. Write the name of this incident. (low)
[Answer] Imogunran (The Imo Incident)
【Explanation】Troops belonging to the conventional military units who
were treated poorly compared to Byeolgigun rose up in Imogunran in
1882.
Write the name of the delegation described in the passage below. (medium)
Following the Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation between
Joseon and the United States in 1882, a delegation was sent to the United
States in 1883 in reciprocation for the appointment of a U.S. envoy to Joseon
after the signing of the treaty. Members of the Enlightenment faction were
103 dispatched, including the main envoy Min Yeong-ik, the vice-envoy Hong
Young-sik, and secretary Seo Gwang-beom in addition to Byun Su and Yu
Gil-jun, the attendants.
[Answer] Bobingsa (or the Bobing delegation)
【Explanation】The Bobingsa (the Bobing delegation) was dispatched to
the United States in 1883 in reciprocation for the appointment of an

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NO
envoy to Korea. The Bobingsa party also met with the President of the
United States.
What is the name of the newspaper described in the following passage?
(medium)
This is the first modern newspaper in Korea, published in 1883 by
Bakmunguk. It promoted the policies of the Joseon government and
introduced domestic and foreign political situations, and was published purely
104
in Chinese characters (hanmun).
[Answer] Hansǒng Sunbo
【Explanation】In 1883 Bakmunguk began to publish Hansǒng Sunbo. In
the name Hansǒng Sunbo, "sun (旬)" is a Chinese character meaning ten
days.
Which modern reform movement was made with the following platform?
(low)
1. Bring back Regent Heungseon as soon as possible and discontinue the
empty formalities of paying tributes to Qing China.
2. Abolish lineage to establish equal rights of the people and appoint officials
according to their abilities.
12. Have “Hojo” (the Finance Department) manage the nation’s finances and
abolish all other financial offices.
13. Ministers and senior grade officials shall decide political affairs by
105
holding meetings every day at the office inside “Uijeongso” (the present
office for government coordination).
-Kim Ok-gyun, “Gapsin Diary”-
① Gwangmu Reform ② Gabo Reforms ③ Gapsin Coup ④ Donghak
Peasant Revolution
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】The presented passage is about a part of the 14 articles of
reform related to the Gapsin Coup. In the context of the Qing government's
intensifying interference in internal affairs after the Imogunran (Imo incident),

- 52 -
NO
they killed high-ranking government officials by seizing the opportunity at
the celebratory party of the opening of the Bureau of Post Office and
established the government of Gaehwadang (Enlightenment Party).
Nonetheless, the coup ended in 3 days as the Japanese army did not keep
its promise to support troops but retreated after the intervention of the
Qing troops.
After the Gapsin Coup, as the Qing government's interference in internal
affairs intensified, King Gojong pushed for a secret pact between Joseon
and Russia. Britain, which was at war with Russia in many sites across
the globe, took advantage of this as an excuse to illegally occupy
106
Geomundo. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The British illegally occupied Geomundo from 1885 to
1887 under the pretext of checking the influence of Russia.
Which is appropriate for the blank in the passage? (medium)
In the wake of the Gapsinjeongbyeon, the powers’ struggles over the Korean
peninsula intensified, and German diplomat Budler in Joseon suggested ( ) as
a diplomatic strategy that the Joseon Dynasty should take.
① The theory of neutralization
② The theory of “Chinese Substance, Western Application”
107
③ The theory of delegation
④ The theory of small country alliance
[Answer] ①
[Explanation] After the Gapsin Coup, German diplomat Budler in Joseon
suggested a theory of Joseon’s neutralization. Meanwhile, Yoo Gil-Jun also
argued that Joseon should become a neutral zone.
What is the name of the government agency described below? (high)
This government agency, established by the Joseon Dynasty, was temporarily
108
established on June 11, 1894 (the 31st year of King Gojong’s reign) for
political reform following the withdrawal of the Donghak Peasants’ Army

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NO
from Jeonjuseong Fortress in May.
Resisting Japanese interference with the political reform plan, the agency laid
out 12 specific reform measures on June 16, most of which had already been
proposed by Donghak Peasants’ Army.
[Answer] Gyojeongcheong
【Explanation】 After the signing the Jeonju Peace Treaty with the
Donghak Peasants’ Army, the government set up Gyojeongcheong so as to
execute reforms autonomously.
Which of the following lists the facts in the correct sequence in which
they occurred? (high)
(A) Jeonju Convention was signed between the Donghak Peasant Army and
the government that occupied Jeonjuseong Fortress.
(B) Jeon Bong-jun and others circulated the Sabaltongmun and gathered the
leaders of the peasant army and then rose up in Gobu.
(C) The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed to deal with the aftermath of the
Sino-Japanese War.
① (A)-(B)-(C) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(B)-(A)

109 [Answer] ②
【Explanation】Jeon Bong-jun and others started an uprising in Gobu, and
when the official (ahnheksa), dispatched for the purpose of rectifying the
situation, dealt with the situation with partiality, the 1st Donghak Peasant
Movement took place. Under the pretext of suppressing the 1st Donghak
Peasant Movement, Qing and Japanese forces landed in Joseon, and the
Joseon government signed the Jeonju Convention in an effort to convince
the foreign forces to leave. However, Japan raided Gyeongbokgung Palace
and started the Sino-Japanese War. After winning the Sino-Japanese War,
Japan signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with the Qing Dynasty.
In the context of the Eulmi Reform, King Gojong decided to flee to the
Russian legation. Write O if this statement is correct, and X if incorrect.
110
(low)
[Answer] O

- 54 -
NO
【Explanation】While the Eulmi Reform was in progress, promoting
measures such as the implementation of the solar calendar, King Gojong fled
to the Russian legation for his safety. King Gojong, who returned to
Gyeongungung Palace after about a year, set the name of the year as
Gwangmu and proclaimed the Korean Empire.
Emperor Gojong, who declared the Korean Empire in 1897, carried out
reforms based on the principle of taking the framework of the old and
referencing the new ("gubonshincham"). Which of the following was part
of this reform? (medium)
① Abolition of the traditional examination system for the appointment of
officials
② Establishment of Wonsubu
111
③ Introduction of the solar calendar
④ Establishment of the Sasimgwan system
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】"Gubonshincham" meant taking the framework of the old
and referencing the new. During the Gwangmu Reform period, when
gradual reform was pursued, the Wonsubu was established as the supreme
military commanding institution directly under Emperor Gojong.
Write the name of the club described in the passage below. (low)
Seo Jae-pil and other government officials promoted the construction of the
Independence Arch and founded this club in 1896. This club inspired
patriotism by converting the Mohwagwan into the "Independent Hall." This
club led the campaign for people's enlightenment by holding debates at the
112 Independence Hall.
[Answer] Independence Club
【Explanation】During the period of King Gojong`s flight to the Russian
legation, Seo Jae-pil and others founded the Independence Club. The
Independence Club developed from an association led by bureaucrats to a
national organization in which members from all walks of life participated.

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NO
As tensions presaging war between Russia and Japan increased, the
imperial government of Korea declared neutrality abroad. However, the
Japanese imperialist government that started the Russo-Japanese War
ignored this neutrality and landed in Incheon. Write O if correct, and X if
incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
113
【Explanation】In November 1903 and January 1904, prior to the
Russo-Japanese War, the Korean Empire declared its neutrality in foreign
relations in the international community. However, the Japanese imperialist
government ignored this and landed in Incheon. The Japan–Korea Treaty of
1904 was forcibly signed, allowing Japan to freely use military bases in
Korea.
Write the name of the treaty explained in the passage below. (low)
This treaty was executed to end the Russo-Japanese War in September 1905.
Article II of the treaty reads, “…The Imperial Russian Government,
acknowledging that Japan possesses in Korea paramount political, military and
economic interests, engages neither to obstruct nor interfere with measures for
guidance, protection and control which the Imperial Government of Japan may
114 find necessary to take in Korea…”
The treaty essentially allowed Japan to secure exclusive control over Korea.
[Answer] The Treaty of Portsmouth
【Explanation】The Treaty of Portsmouth was a peace treaty signed
between Russia and Japan in Portsmouth, the USA, in September 1905 to
end the Russo-Japanese War. In the treaty, Russia acknowledged Japan’s
exclusive control over Korea.
Write the name of the newspaper explained below. (medium)
This newspaper, run by Yang Gi-tak and Bethel (British), among others,
115 between 1904 and 1910 was published in Korean, Korean mixed script, and
English. As Bethel, a Briton, worked as its publisher, the paper could publish
articles condemning various aspects of the Japanese invasion despite censorship

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NO
and push aggressively for nationalist movements including the Nationwide
Movement to Redeem the National Debt. This paper published Emperor
Gojong’s letter claiming the illegality of the Eulsa Treaty and Shin Chae-ho’s
‘A New Reading of History’.
[Answer] The Daehan Maeil Sinbo
【Explanation】The newspaper explained above is the Daehan Maeil Sinbo.
The Daehan Maeil Sinbo actively promoted the Nationwide Movement to
Redeem the National Debt.
The Joseon government hired American teachers such as Hulbert and
established a modern school called Dongmunhak in 1886. Write O if
correct, and X if incorrect.
116
[Answer] X
【Explanation】Dongmunhak was an interpreter training institute established
in 1883. The passage is an explanation of Yookyounggongwon.
Daehan Medical Center was the first Western-style hospital in Joseon. It
was built after the missionary Allen treated the queen's relative, Min
Young-ik. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
117 [Answer] X
【Explanation】This passage is a description of Gwanghyewon in 1885
(later renamed Jejungwon). Daehan Hospital was a Western-style hospital
established in 1907.
Which of the following statements regarding the acceptance of modern
culture and materials after Korea opened its ports is not correct? (high)
① Electric Light - The first electric light was installed in Gyeongbokgung
Palace.
118 ② Trams – Introduced during the Korean Empire.
③ Railroad – Following the Gyeongbu Line, the Gyeongin Line was
opened.
④ Postal System – Postal service was resumed during the Eulmi Reform.
[Answer] ③

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NO
【Explanation】The Gyeongin Line (1899) was opened before the
Gyeongbu line (1905).
Sinminhoe was an organization formed in 1927 by the merger of the
non-compromising nationalists and socialist groups. Write O if correct, and
X if incorrect. (medium)
119
[Answer] X
【Explanation】This is a description of Singanhoe (1927-1931), not
Sinminhoe (1907-1911).
During the Sino-Japanese War, Japan illegally occupied Dokdo with the
Shimane Prefecture Notification. Write O if correct, and X if incorrect.
(low)
120
[Answer] X
【Explanation】In 1905, amid the Russo-Japanese War, Japan illegally
occupied Dokdo with the Shimane Prefecture Notification.
The theory of Dongdoseogi was led by conservative Confucian scholars
before and after port opening. They insisted on maintaining the
Neo-Confucian order and rejecting everything from the West. Write O if
correct, and X if incorrect. (medium)
121 [Answer] X
【Explanation】This is an explanation of the Wijeongchucksa Movement.
The theory of Dongdoseogi advocated partial modernization based on a
theory of enlightenment, and was led by people of the moderate
enlightenment group.
Japan decided that it was an urgent priority to completely subdue the
"Righteous Army" in the Honam region to control the Korean Empire and
in 1909, the Japanese carried out a grand campaign to subjugate the south
122 regions of Korea for about two months. Write O if correct, and X if
incorrect. War (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】After the failure of the Righteous Army's operation to enter

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NO
Seoul, the army's activities became prominent in the Honam area. In
September 1909, Japan carried out a grand campaign to subjugate the
south of Korea for about two months to eradicate the Righteous Army in
the Honam region.
8. Japanese Colonial Rule
What is the name of the law explained below? (low)
This law was enacted by the Japanese Empire to control and suppress ideas
that deny its national system (the Emperor system) or the private property
system. This law reflected the desire of the Japanese Government-General of
Korea to establish stable colonial rule over Joseon and the Japanese
imperialist regime's intent to establish Joseon as a buffer zone against socialist
ideology. This law was used to suppress the freedom of thought and
expression of the Korean people and suppress many independence activists.
① Hongbeom Article 14
123
② Public Order Maintenance Act
③ The Anti-national Activist Punishment Law
④ The reformation of political corruption
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】In 1925, the Japanese enacted the Public Order
Maintenance Act to punish socialists and independence activists who
resisted colonial rule. Based on this law, the Japanese imperialist
suppressed the socialist movement, the peasant/worker movement, and the
anti-Japanese national movement.
The following describes the result of a certain policy implemented by the
Japanese imperialism during the period of unlawful rule. Write the name of
this policy. (low)
124
• The Governor-General of Korea's land tax revenue increased.
• The number of independent farmers decreased, and the number of small
tenant farmers increased.

- 59 -
NO
• The status of small tenant farmers declined because cultivation rights were
not recognized.
[Answer] Land Survey Project
【Explanation】These are the results of the Land Survey Project
conducted in the 1910s. In principle, the Land Survey Project required
the landlord to report within the deadline, and the right of cultivation,
which had been customarily recognized for farmers, was denied.
Accordingly, as a result of the project, the undeclared land became the
property of the Governor-General of Korea, and the number of small
tenant farmers increased and the status of small tenant farmers decreased.
Land tax revenues of the Governor-General of Korea increased.
Write the name of the economic policy of the Japanese imperialist regime
that is explained in the following passage. (low)
Japan achieved rapid economic growth during World War I. However, in the
process of industrialization, there was a shortage in the rural labor force and
the rice supply, leading to social instability. Accordingly, to respond to this
125 food insufficiency, Japan implemented this plan to secure food from Korea.
[Answer] Campaign to Increase Rice Production
【Explanation】The food situation in Japan worsened due to
industrialization after World War I. Accordingly, the Campaign to
Increase Rice Production was carried out from 1920 to 1934 to make up
for the shortage of food in Japan.
What is the name of the Japanese policy described in the following passage?
(medium)
This policy was implemented by the Japanese Empire to protect the Japanese
126
textile industry, which had difficulties in sourcing raw materials due to the
Great Depression. It forced Korea to grow cotton in the south and raise sheep
in the north.
[Answer] Policy to Produce Cotton in the South, Sheep in the North
【Explanation】To protect the Japanese textile industry, which suffered

- 60 -
NO
from the Great Depression in the 1930s, the Japanese imperialists
implemented the Policy to Produce Cotton in the South, Sheep in the
North.
Governor-General of Korea Jirō Minami emphasized the integration of
Japan and Korea, claiming Koreans and Japanese are one in order to
obliterate Korean national consciousness. Write O if this is correct, X if
incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
127 【Explanation】Jirō Minami was the 7th Governor-General of Korea
(tenure of office: 1936-1942), and called for the “integration of Japan and
Korea” during his tenure. He implemented a policy of annihilating nation
identity (the policy of cultivating imperial subjects), with measures such as
forcing the recitation of the New Imperial Subject's Narrative and
implementing the volunteer military system.

9. Independence Movements

It asserted, “Each nation has the right to decide its own political fate.” It
became the ideological basis for the independence movements of the
colonial minorities. President Wilson of the United States advocated the
idea at the Paris Peace Conference, and it had a great influence on the
March 1st Movement in Korea. Write the name of idea. (low)

128 [Answer] national self-determination

[Explanation] The Paris Peace Conference held after World War I adopted
national self-determination as its basic principle, based on the proposition
of President Wilson of the United States saying that 'Each nation has the
right to decide its own political destiny and cannot be interfered with by
other nations.' This principle of self-determination influenced the March 1st
Movement.

- 61 -
NO
Which independence movement group is the passage referring to? (low)
The head of this group was Park Sang-jin.
The group executed the pro-Japanese faction and planned an independence
war.
The group pursued the establishment of a modern nation in the form of a
republic after restoring national sovereignty.
The organization was formed by an alliance of righteous armies and patriotic
enlightenment movement groups.
129
① Songjukhoe
②Independence Righteous Army (Dokripeuikumbu)
③ Daehan Gwangbokhoe
④ Korean Independence Corps (Daehandokripgundan)
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】The group described above is Daehan Gwangbokhoe
(Korean Liberation Association). Daehan Gwangbokhoe was a representative
anti-Japanese secret society active in the 1910s.
Which independence movement group is the passage referring to? (medium)
This is a representative independence movement group in America that was
organized as a result of the worthy undertaking of Jang Inhwan and Jeon
Myeong-un who assassinated Durham Stevens. With its head office in San
Francisco, the organization had its regional offices in North America, Hawaii,
Mexico, Siberia, and Manchuria and more than 100 branches under the
regional offices. Its organ was Shinhanminbo, and the organization collected
130
funds for national independence and supported the independence movement.
This organization publicly advocated the establishment of a democratic
republic.
① Shinminhoe
② Shinhan Youth Corp.
③ Korean National Association
④ Korean Independence Army Government

- 62 -
NO
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】The independence movement group described above is the
Korean National Association. The Korean National Association developed
into a representative independence movement organization in the Americas.
The California Korean Reserve (Tiger Brigade) carried out Korea-China
combined operations in Northern Manchuria and won major battles in
Ssangseongbo, Sadohaja and Daidianziling. Write O if this statement is
correct or X if it is not (medium)
[Answer] X
【Explanation】On September 18, 1931, Japanese imperialists caused the
131
Manchurian Incident, which intensified anti-Japanese sentiment among the
Chinese. Accordingly, the Korean Independence Army, led by Ji
Cheong-cheon, conducted a joint Korea-China operation in Manchuria. They
won the battles of Ssangseongbo, Sadohaja and Daidianziling. The
California Korean Reserve (Tiger Brigade) was a Korean military group
organized in Los Angeles, USA in 1942.
Following the March 1st Independence Movement in 1919, provisional
governments of the Republic of Korea were set up in multiple places
including Shanghai, Yeonhaeju and Seoul. Write O if this statement is
correct or X if it is not. (low)
[Answer] O
132
【Explanation】It is reported that following the March 1st Independence
Movement, provisional governments of the Republic of Korea emerged in
multiple places including the National Council of Korea in Yeonhaeju, the
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, and the
Hanseong Provisional Government in Seoul.
The Principle of the Three Equalities advocated by Cho So-ang offered the
133 philosophical grounds for the basic principles and policies for the
establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

- 63 -
NO
Which of the following is NOT one of the Three Equalities? (medium)
① Political equality ② Cultural equality
③ Economic equality ④ Educational equality
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】Cho So-ang’s principle of the three equalities aimed to
realize equality between individuals through equality in politics, economy
and education, thereby achieving equality between peoples and between
nations.
Write the names of the persons who were members of the Korean Patriot
Squad that belong in (A) and (B) in sequence. (medium)
( (A) ) threw a bomb at the Japanese Emperor in 1932 in Tokyo, but it
failed to go off.
( (B) ) threw a bomb at Hongkou Park in Shanghai, China in 1932 to kill
and injure many high-ranking Japanese officials.
134 [Answer] Lee Bong-chang, Yoon Bong-gil
【Explanation】Kim Gu, the Premier of the Provisional Government of
Korea at the time, established the Korean Patriot Squad in 1931 to
overcome the difficult situation through active struggle for national
independence. Since then, it had been possible to publicize the strong will
of Koreans for national independence with the worthy undertakings of Lee
Bong-chang and Yoon Bong-gil who belonged to the Korean Patriot Squad.
Who is the person described below? (high)
He established the Korean Independence Army after the March 1st Movement
in 1919.
In June 1920, he lured the Japanese troops to Bongodong and won a great
135 victory.
He participated in the Great Victory at Qingshanli in October 1920.
He was forcibly relocated to Central Asia (Kazakhstan) in 1937.
He died in Kazakhstan in 1943.
In 1962, he was conferred with the Presidential Medal of the Order of Merit

- 64 -
NO
for National Foundation.
[Answer] Hong Beom-do
【Explanation】The person described in the presented passage is Hong
Beom-do.
What is the name of the national movement that occurred during the
Japanese colonial period related to the following manifesto? (medium)
The master of Changdeokgung Palace, Yi Cheok, who was the last monarch
of the Yi Dynasty, met his demise on April 25, 1926, at the tender age of
53. Weeping people! Let's unite and gather under the flag of the
revolutionary group! Today, let's gather the loyalty and wrath of grief and
136 revenge and dedicate ourselves to our struggle for liberation! Let's eradicate
Japanese imperialism!
[Answer] June 10th Independence Movement
【Explanation】The references to the “last monarch of the Yi Dynasty,”
and “his demise in 1926” indicate that this passage is about Emperor
Soon-jong. The national movement that arose after the funeral of Sunjong
was the June 10th Independence Movement.
Write the name of the largest independence movement organization
established in 1927 with the following platform. (medium)
We promote political and economic awareness.
We consolidate national unity.
We reject any forms of opportunism.
137
[Answer] The Singanhoe
【Explanation】The above three aims constituted the platform of the
Singanhoe, which had 120~150 local branches across the country and an
estimated 20,000-40,000 members, making it the largest anti-Japanese
organization during the Japanese occupation period.
Who made the following petition? (medium)
138 Dear Mr. President of the USA, we make this petition in the name of the 20
million people who love peace. Please assert strongly the liberty of Korea at

- 65 -
NO
the Peace Conference so that the Korean people could break out of the
tyranny of Japan through the support of the world powers with your
leadership. We hope that the complete independence of Korea could be
guaranteed after being ruled by the League of Nations for a while.
① Sin Dol-seok ② Ahn Joong-geun ③ Park Heon-yeong ④ Rhee
Syngman
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】Rhee Syngman submitted a petition to President Woodrow
Wilson of the US suggesting mandatory rule.
Lee Dong-whee, who served as the second president of the Provisional
Government of the Republic of Korea, was also the author of
Hanguktongsa, which described our nation's anti-Japanese struggle. Write O
139
if this is correct, X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] X
【Explanation】This is a description of Park Eun-sik, not Lee Dong-whee.
Write the name of the organization that is related to the following:
(medium)
This Korean language research organization was a successor to Chosun
Yeonguhoe (The Korean Language Research Society) and was active during
the Japanese colonial period.
It established the Hangul Spelling Unification Plan and the Standard Language

140
and Foreign Language Orthography Unification Plan.
While developing the Grand Dictionary of the Korean Language, 30 members
were arrested and imprisoned by the Japanese.
The film Mal-Mo-E: The Secret Mission, released in January 2019, was based
on this group's activities.
[Answer] Chosun Eohakhoe (The Korean Language Society)
【Explanation】The presented passage is an explanation of Chosun
Eohakhoe (The Korean Language Society).

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NO
The movement to establish private universities developed in the first half
of the 1920s, aiming to raise funds to establish higher education
institutions that would inherit the national culture. Write O if this is
correct, X if incorrect. (low)
141
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The movement to establish private universities was an
attempt to establish higher education institutions by fundraising 10 million
won.
Write the name of the movement described below. (low)
This was one of the rural enlightenment campaigns developed by the Dong-A
Ilbo with the participation of students.
This movement's motto was “Let's learn! Let's teach! All together _____!!”
142
"_____" means "into the people" in Russian.
[Answer] The V-narod Movement
【Explanation】The passage above describes the V-narod movement which
occurred in the first half of the 1930s.
Write the name of the unit of the Independence Army that is described
below. (medium)
This was the first Korean armed force organized in China.
With the support of the Kuomintang government of China, it engaged in

143
psychological warfare and rear operation activities against the Japanese army.
Some members moved to the Huabei region to engage in active anti-Japanese
struggle, and those who did not joined the Korean Liberation Army.
[Answer] Korean Volunteer Corps
【Explanation】The presented passage is an explanation of the Korean
Volunteer Corps, which was organized in 1938.
The commander-in-chief of the Korean Liberation Army, founded by the
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Chongqing with support
144
from the Kuomintang government of China, was Ji Cheong-cheon. Write O if
this is correct, X if incorrect. (medium)

- 67 -
NO
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The commander-in-chief of the Korean Liberation Army,
established in 1940, was Ji Cheong-cheon. Later, a part of the Korean
Volunteer Corps joined forces, and Kim Won-bong assumed the position of
deputy commander-in-chief.
In 1941, when the Japanese invaded Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, USA and
launched the Pacific War, the Provisional Government of the Republic of
Korea declared war on Japan. Write O if this is correct, X if incorrect.
(medium)
145
[Answer] O
【Explanation】Right after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on
December 7, 1941, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
announced a document of declaration of war on Japan on December 10.
What is the name of the conference described in the following passage?
(medium)
In February 1945, Roosevelt of the United States, Churchill of England, and
Stalin of the Soviet Union met to discuss the defeat of Germany and the
management of its aftermath. At this meeting, a secret agreement was signed
stipulating that the Soviet Union would participate in the war against Japan
146 within two to three months after the surrender of Germany, and in return the
Allied Powers would return the territories lost by the Soviet Union in the
Russo-Japanese War.
① Cairo Conference ② Yalta Conference ③ Potsdam Conference
④ Tehran Conference
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】The passage describes the Yalta Conference.
Write the name of the person whose activities are listed below. (high)
Born in 1878
147
Joined the Independence Club in 1897
Participated in the Sinminhoe (New People's Association) organization in 1907

- 68 -
NO
Established Taesong School in 1908
Organized the Central Assembly of the Korean National Association in 1912
Appointed as head of the Labor Bureau of the 1919 Provisional Government
Died in 1938
[Answer] Ahn Chang-ho
【Explanation】Ahn Chang-ho contributed to the organization of Sinminhoe
(New People's Association), and after the breakup of the Korean National
Convention, he announced the declaration of the Beijing Promotion
Association of the Single Korean Independence Party, and developed the
movement to form a single national party.
What "this" described in the following passage? (medium)
This was a secret administrative organization created by the Provisional
Government of the Republic of Korea for domestic and foreign business
liaisons. A "dokpan (督辦)" was installed at the provincial level, and the
"bu" district unit had a bu director, the "gun" unit had a gun-chief, and the
"myeon" unit had a myeon-chief assigned to manage the administrative affairs
within the district, and to direct and supervise the officials under their
148
jurisdiction. The funds raised through the issuance of independent bonds were
transferred to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea through
this.
[Answer] Yeontongje
【Explanation】The passage describes the system called "yeontongje." A
"dokpan" was assigned at the provincial level, and chiefs were assigned
at the district levels of gun and myeon to handle administrative affairs.
The film Arirang directed by Na Woon-gyu was released in 1926 at the
theater Dansenogsa. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
149
【Explanation】The film Arirang directed by Na Woon-gyu was released
in 1926 at the theater Dansenogsa located in Jongno, and Na Woon-gyu
also played the leading role.

- 69 -
NO
During the Japanese colonial period, Yim Byeong-chan was a leader of the
Righteous Army and later organized the Korean Independence Righteous
Army under the secret orders of King Gojong. The Korean Independence
Righteous Army was an organization that pursued the restoration of King
Gojong. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (medium)
150
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The Korean Independence Righteous Army was discovered
and disbanded while it was planning to submit a demand for the return of
sovereignty to the Japanese Prime Minister and the Japanese
Governor-General.
Write the name of the Independence Army unit described in the following
passage. (medium)
• This independence army unit was formed in Manchuria in May 1929.
• In 1932, at the Battle of Yeongneungga, about 10,000 troops led by Yang
Se-bong, commander-in-chief of this unit, and about 20,000 troops of Lee
Chun-yun, commander in chief of the Chinese Voluntary Army, formed a
151
united front and defeated the Japanese forces.
[Answer] Choseon Revolutionary Army
【Explanation】This is the description of the Choseon Revolutionary
Army. The Choseon Revolutionary Army united with the Chinese
Voluntary Army and won the Battle of Yeongneungga against the
Japanese forces.
At the Korean National Convention held in 1923, members of the
Changjopa (Creative Group) such as Shin Chae-ho advocated for the
establishment of a new provisional government in Manchuria or Primorsky
152 Krai. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】The Korean National Convention was held in 1923 to
overcome the crisis situation within the Provisional Government of the

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NO
Republic of Korea. The Korean National Convention broke down due to
the confrontation between the Changjopa (Creative Group) and the
Gaejopa (Reform Group).
What is the name of the women's group described in the following
passage? (medium)
This was a group unifying women from the left and right, and was motivated
by example set by the formation of Shinganhoe during the Japanese colonial
period. The purpose of founding this group was "to develop a new women’s
153 movement by firmly uniting the capabilities of all women, since the women’s
movement in the past was dispersed, lacking a unified organization, and there
was no unified goal or guidance to achieve adequate effects."
[Answer] Geunuhoe
【Explanation】This is an explanation of Geunuhoe (1927-1931).
Geunuhoe was the sister group of Shinganhoe.
The title of the children's magazine founded by Bang Jeong-hwan in 1923
was Sonyeon (Boys). Write O if correct, X if incorrect, (medium)
154 [Answer] X
【Explanation】The title of the children's magazine founded with the
leadership of Bang Jeong-hwan was Eolinyi (Children).
10. Establishment of the Government of the Republic of Korea and
the Korean War
Write the name of the organization that is underlined below. (medium)
On the day of liberation, Yeo Un-hyung met with the Governor-General of
Joseon to discuss the transfer of administrative power. Also, along with Ahn
Jae-hong and others, he formed this group with collaboration between the left
155 and the right. Immediately after liberation, this group worked for social
stability, while focusing on securing food and daily necessities to stabilize
people's lives.
[Answer] Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence (Geonjun)
【Explanation】Immediately after liberation, Yeo Un-hyung organized the

- 71 -
NO
Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence and worked for
social stability and the establishment of a government.
After liberation, the Korean peninsula was divided along the 38th parallel;
the U.S. military took control of the area south of the 38th parallel, and the
Chinese military took control of the area north of the 38th parallel. Write O
156 if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] X
【Explanation】The area north of the 38th parallel was controlled by the
Soviet Army, not the Chinese.
In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers
representing three countries, the United States argued for Korea's immediate
independence. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] X
157 【Explanation】At the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers
representing three countries, the United States presented a proposal for the
United States, the United Kingdom, China, and the Soviet Union to
implement trusteeship over Korea for five years (with the possibility of a
one-time extension).
At the first round of the US-Soviet Joint Commission meetings, the Soviet
Union insisted on allowing only those organizations that had endorsed the
resolution of the Moscow Conference of Three Foreign Ministers to take
part in setting up the provisional government of Korea. Write O if this
statement is correct or X if it is not. (medium)
[Answer] O
158
【Explanation】The Soviet Union and the United States confronted each
other at the US-Soviet Joint Commission. The Soviet Union insisted on
allowing only those organizations that had endorsed the resolution of the
Moscow Conference of Three Foreign Ministers to participate in the
formation of a provisional government while the United States requested
that all organizations be allowed to do so.

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NO
Write the names of countries that belong in the blanks ⓐ and ⓑ,
respectively. (low)
Due to the sharp conflicts between the two superpowers, the ( ⓐ ) and the (
ⓑ ), after the Second World War, the world was reorganized into the
capitalist group led by the ( ⓐ ) and the communist group led by the ( ⓑ
). The two sides confronted each other in many areas of the world -- even
159
though they did not use force directly – and this is called the Cold War
[Answer] ⓐ US, ⓑ USSR
【Explanation】After playing decisive roles in winning the Second World
War, the US and the USSR emerged as two superpowers and vied for
holding hegemony in the international society, and this is called the Cold
War.

Which of the following statements about the 1948 inter-Korean negotiations

is correct? (medium)
① It was held with the support of the U.S. Military Government.
② A request was made for the continuation of the US-Soviet Joint
Committee.
③ Syngman Rhee from the South and Kim Ilsung from the North were in
attendance.
④ A statement was issued in opposition to the separate election in South
160
Korea.
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】①The U.S. did not support the inter-Korean negotiations.
②This refers to the contents of the 7 Principles of Left-Right Coalition.
③Syngman Rhee did not attend the inter-Korean negotiations since he
supported the establishment of a separate South Korean government. Kim
Gu and Kim Kyu-sik from the South and Kim Du-bong and Kim Il-sung
from the North were in attendance.

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NO
The following are excerpts from the first Constitution of 1948. Write the
term that belongs in the blank. (medium)
Article 1 The Republic of Korea is a democratic republic.
Article 53 The President and Vice President shall respectively be elected by
161 secret ballot by ( ) .
[Answer] National Assembly
【Explanation】The first Constitution of 1948 stipulated indirect election
system that authorized the National Assembly to elect the President and the
Vice President.
The farmland reform implemented during the Syngman Rhee administration
followed a paid purchase and paid distribution method. Write O if this
statement is correct or X if it is not. (low)
162 [Answer] O
【Explanation】The principle of "paid purchase and paid distribution" was
adopted for South Korea’s agricultural land reform. North Korea's land
reform followed the method of "unpaid confiscation and free distribution."
Members of the Constituent National Assembly elected through the general
election on May 10, 1948 served a term of four years. Write O if correct,
X if incorrect. (low)
163
[Answer] X
【Explanation】Constituent National Assembly Members had a term of 2
years.
The Constituent National Assembly allocated 100 seats south of the 38th
parallel. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (high)
`[Answer] X
【Explanation】There were 200 seats, not 100. The May 10th general
164 election was held in South Korea following the resolution of the UN
Interim Committee that elections should be held first only in areas where
election monitoring is feasible. For the Constituent National Assembly, 200
seats were allocated to the area south of the 38th parallel and 100 seats
were allocated to the area north of the 38th parallel in proportion to the

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NO
population. The National Assembly Members in the region north of the
38th parallel were to be elected when elections became possible.
Write the name of the location described below. (low)
After the outbreak of the Korean War, this became the temporary capital on
August 18, 1950. However, with the recovery of Seoul on September 28 of
that year, the government returned to Seoul. When Seoul fell again in 1951
due to the intervention of the Chinese army, it became necessary to relocate
the capital to this site on January 4, 1951, and it remained the provisional
capital of the Republic of Korea until the end of the Korean War.
165
[Answer] Busan
【Explanation】A temporary capital is a city designated by the government
when the original capital is occupied by the enemy or at a critical risk by
war, etc. to function as the capital for a while. Busan served as the
temporary capital of Korea from Aug. 18 to Oct. 27, 1950, the year the
Korean War broke out, and again from Jan. 1, 1951 to July 27, 1953 due
to the January Fourth Retreat.
Write the name of the person that belongs in the blank. (medium)
The U.S. Secretary of State ( ) announced in January 1950 that the U.S.
Far Eastern defense line consisted of the line connecting the Aleutian
Islands-Japan-Okinawa-Philippines. As a result of this announcement, South
Korea, Taiwan, and the Indochina Peninsula were excluded from the U.S.
166
defense line, resulting in weakening the security of these countries.

[Answer] Acheson line declaration

【Explanation】 South Korea was excluded from the Acheson Line that
was declared by then US Secretary of State Dean Gooderham Acheson.
Which of the following statements about the Korea-U.S. Mutual Defense
Treaty is correct? (medium)
167
① It served as the basis for the presence of U.S. forces in Korea.
② It was signed before the outbreak of the Korean War.

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NO
③ It was announced by U.S. Secretary of State Acheson.
④ It stipulated that the United States would provide compensation for the
dispatch of Korean troops to Vietnam.
[Answer] ①
【Explanation】After the signing of the armistice agreement, South Korea
and the United States signed the Korea-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty. As a
result of this treaty, U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea. ② It
was signed after the Korean War. ③ This refers to the Acheson
Declaration. ④ This refers to the Brown Memorandum.
Which of the following is not a signatory of the armistice agreement
signed in July 1953? (medium)
① Commander-in-Chief of the UN Forces
② Supreme Commander of the North Korean Army
③ Commander of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army
④ Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army
168
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】The armistice agreement was signed by Kim Il-sung,
Supreme Commander of the North Korean Army, Peng Dehuai,
Commander of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army, and General Clark,
Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Forces. The government of
Syngman Rhee opposed the armistice.
The Military Armistice Commission was established to oversee the
implementation of the armistice agreement signed after the Korean War and
to deal with violations. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
169
【Explanation】The Military Armistice Commission convened whenever
there was a violation of the Armistice Agreement, thereby suppressing
all-out armed confrontation between the two Koreas and contributing to the
stability of the situation on the Korean Peninsula.

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NO
Which of the following is not true about the effects of the Korean War on
the Korean Peninsula? (low)
① The development of democracy
② Reinforcement of anti-communist education
③ Destruction of economic facilities
170 ④ Weakening of the sense of unity of the nation
[Answer] ①
【Explanation】 The government of Syngman Rhee used anti-communism
to strengthen his dictatorship. North Korea's Kim Il-sung also sought out
responsibility for the defeat, purged his political enemies and established a
regime with exclusive power held by Kim Il-sung.
11. the Development of Democracy
Write the name of the democratization movement that corresponds to the
following description. (medium)
In January 1987, after Park Jong-cheol, a student of Seoul National
University, was tortured to death by the police and the government issued a
statement stating that it was opposed to an amendment to the constitution,
students and citizens demonstrated fiercely across the country, chanting
171
slogans such as “Abolish the Constitution Protection,” and “Fight for a
Democratic Constitution.”
[Answer] The June Democracy Movement of 1987
【Explanation】The references to the torture death of Park Jong-cheol and
abolishment of constitution protection indicates that the passage is about
the June Democracy Movement of 1987.

Write the name of president who implemented the following policies?

172
(medium)

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NO
• Implementation of all-out local autonomy system
• To promote “correct understanding of history”
• The Special Act on the May 18 Democratic Movement enacted to punish
those involved
[Answer] Kim Young-sam
Which of the following is NOT one of the policies promoted by the Roh
Moo-hyun administration? (medium)
① Korea and Japan signed the December 28 Agreement.
② Promoted the relocation of major public institutions to the provinces.
③ Establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
173 ④ Pursuit of political reforms based on engagement and integration along
with decentralization and balanced national development
[Answer] ①
【Explanation】① The December 28 Comfort Women Agreement between
South Korea and Japan regarding the issue of “comfort women” victims of
the Japanese military was signed during the Park Geun-hye administration.
Which of the following is the term described in the following passage?
(low)
The Liberal Party submitted a constitutional amendment bill to the National
Assembly stating that the first president could run for multiple terms of
presidency without limitation. As a result of the National Assembly vote, this
bill was rejected by a margin of one vote, but the Liberal Party declared that
the constitutional amendment had passed two days later, arguing based on a
174
rounding-up logic.
① Constitutional Amendment for 3 Times Consecutive Presidential Election
② October Yushin
③ Excerpt Constitutional Amendment
④ Constitutional Amendment of Four Rounds
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】It is called the Constitutional Amendment of Four Rounds

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NO
because its forcible passage was criticized as following a rounding-up
logic. It was a constitutional amendment for the long-term rule of the
Syngman Rhee government.
It was in Gwangju where the body of student Kim Joo-yeol, who was
killed by police tear gas while protesting against the March 15th election
fraud, was found. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] X
【Explanation】Protest against the election fraud on March 15, 1960
175
occurred in Masan. Kim Joo-yeol, a student at Masan High School,
disappeared after participating in a protest and was found dead in the sea
off the coast of Masan. When it was revealed that this was the result of
police abuse, the anger of students and citizens exploded, leading to the
April 19 Revolution.
As a result of the presidential and vice president elections held on March
15, 1960, Syngman Rhee was elected president and Kipoong Lee was
elected vice president. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】In the March 15, 1960 election, the Syngman Rhee
government and the Liberal Party committed large-scale fraud to extend
176
their long-term government and elect Lee Ki-poong as vice president, who
had the right to succeed in the event of a presidential vacancy. As a
result, the Liberal Party candidate's winning vote rate reached 95-99%, but
it was adjusted and lowered, and the official tally announced was 9.63
million votes for Syngman Rhee (85%) and 8.33 million votes for Lee
Ki-poong (73%).
The first inter-Korean summit was held during the Park Chung-hee
administration. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
177
[Answer] X
【Explanation】Inter-Korean summits took place during the Kim Dae-jung,

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NO
Roh Moo-hyun, and Moon Jae-in administrations.
The following is a part of the Constitution as amended in 1972. Write the
term to fill in the blank space ⓐ. (medium)
Article 53 Paragraph (1) … … When it is determined that it is necessary to
take prompt action … ( ⓐ ) can be issued as necessary throughout national
affairs.
Paragraph (2) When the President deems it necessary in the case of paragraph
178 (1), he/she may temporarily suspend the people's freedoms and rights
stipulated in this Constitution by issuing ( ⓐ ), and may issue ( ⓐ ) with
respect to the authority of the government or courts.
[Answer] Emergency Measure
【Explanation】Article 53 of the Yushin Constitution grants the President
the right to proclaim Emergency Measures to suspend the basic rights of
the people.
Write the name of the constitution that contains the following: (medium)
The president has the right to recommend one-third of the total number of
members of the National Assembly and may order the dissolution of the
National Assembly.
The president is elected for a six-year term with no restrictions on
179
re-election, and is elected by secret ballot without discussion by the National
Council for Unification Subject.
[Answer] Yushin Constitution
【Explanation】The passage is a part of the Yushin Constitution, as
amended in 1972.
Which of the following is the name of the movement against the Yushin
regime? (medium)
① April 19 Revolution
180
② June Democratic Uprising
③ May 18th Democratization Movement
④March 1st “Save the Nation” Declaration of Democracy

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NO
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】On March 1, 1976, leaders from all walks of life,
including Kim Dae-jung, Yun Bo-seon, Ham Seok-heon, and Ham
Se-woong, proclaimed the “Save the Nation” Declaration of Democracy at
Myeongdong Cathedral. They criticized the Yushin regime and demanded
the abolition of emergency measures and the resignation of the Park
Chung-hee administration.
The Roh Tae-woo administration promoted diplomacy toward North Korea
and established diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union and communist
181
countries in Eastern Europe. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
[Answer] O
The April 19 Revolution spread in the wake of the torture and death of
Park Jong-cheol. Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (low)
182 [Answer] X
【Explanation】The torture and death of Park Jong-cheol precipitated the
democratic uprising in June 1987.
Write the name of the location that corresponds to the following
description. (low)
This is a metropolitan city located in the central northern part of
Jeollanam-do and was called Mujinju and Muju during the Unified Silla era.
In 1929, an anti-Japanese movement led by students grew vigorously and
183 expanded into the largest anti-Japanese movement since the March 1st
Movement. During the May 18 Democratization Movement in 1980, many
citizens were sacrificed while fighting against the New Military
Administration.
[Answer] Gwangju
【Explanation】This passage refers to Gwangju.
Write the name of the religious group that corresponds to the following
184 description. (high)

In 1974, after Bishop Ji Hak-sun made a declaration of conscience that the

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NO
Yushin Constitution was invalid, he was arrested and sentenced to 15 years in
prison.
On May 18, 1987, it was revealed that the torture and death of Park
Jong-cheol was covered up and facts were fabricated, and this group widely
publicized the immorality of the Chun Doo-hwan regime and the truth of the
incident.
[Answer] Catholic Priests' Association for Justice (Priests' Association for
Justice)
In opposition to President Chun Doo-hwan's April 13 Announcement of
Protection of the Constitution, Jang Jun-ha launched a one-million signature
petition for constitutional amendment. Write O if correct, X if incorrect.
(medium)
185
[Answer] X
【Explanation】The one million signature campaign for constitutional
amendment was a movement against the Park Chung-hee regime's Yushin
system.
Select the correct time period of the April 19 Revolution from the
timeline. (low)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Excerpt December 12
Constitutional March 15 May 16 military
election fraud military coup October Yushin
186 Amendment uprising
① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D)
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】The April 19 Revolution was a democratization movement
that took place in response to the March 15 election fraud aiming to
ensure long-term administration of the Syngman Rhee government.
12. Economic Growth and the Republic of Korea in the World

Which of the following statements about the economic policy of the

187 Syngman Rhee government is correct? (low)
① The Real-Name Financial Transaction System was implemented.

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NO
② South Korea received economic aid from the United States.
③ The heavy chemical industry was intensively fostered.
④ The five-year economic development plan was implemented.
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】Economic aid from the United States served as a great
support in the post-war reconstruction and restoration of the Syngman Rhee
government after the Korean War. ① Kim Young-sam government, ③
Park Chung-hee government, ④ A policy during the Park Chung-hee
government.
Which of the following statements about the economic policy of the Park
Chung-hee government is correct? (medium)
① A free trade agreement (FTA) was signed.
② The import substitution industrialization policy was promoted.
③ South Korea joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD).
④ A five-year national-led economic development plan was established.
188 [Answer] ④
【Explanation】The Park Chung-hee government revised and supplemented
the economic development plan established by the Jang Myeon government,
and implemented nationally-led economic development plans in four rounds.
① A free trade agreement was signed with Chile in 2004 during the Roh
Moo-hyun administration. ② The Park Chung-hee government promoted an
export-oriented industrialization policy. ③ This happened during the Kim
Young-sam government.
Which of the following is not true about the economic situation during the
Kim Dae-jung administration? (low)
① The layoff system was expanded.
189
② A movement to collect gold was developed.
③ The tripartite committee was active.
④ A five-year economic development plan was implemented.

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NO
[Answer] ④
【Explanation】The implementation of the five-year economic development
plan occurred under the Park Chung-hee administration.
In the process of overcoming the foreign exchange crisis, there grew a
large number of unemployed and irregular workers. Write O if correct, X
if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
190
【Explanation】In the process of overcoming the financial crisis, large-scale
restructuring was carried out, which resulted in mass unemployment, and
companies reduced employment or expanded the non-regular worker system
to reduce costs.
During the Syngman Rhee administration, the industrial goods industry
developed with economic aid from the United States. Write O if correct, X
if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] X
191
【Explanation】Agricultural products such as raw flour, raw sugar, and raw
cotton comprised the largest proportion of aid from the United States.
Thus, consumer goods industries such as milling, sugar processing, and
cotton textile processing developed.
Write the name of the road described below. (low)
It was completed during the time of the 2nd Five-Year Economic
Development Plan.
It is the country’s second expressway.
Some of the funds came from the 1965 Agreement between Korea and Japan

192
and funds gained from the dispatch of South Korean troops to Vietnam were
also invested into its construction.
[Answer] The Gyeongbu Expressway
【Explanation】The Gyeongbu Expressway was the country’s second
expressway promoted as a key project of the Second Five-Year Economic
Development Plan after the Gyeongin Expressway was completed in 1968.
Its construction began in 1968 and ended in 1970. It made the whole

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NO
country into a one-day transportation zone, linking major cities including
the metropolitan metropolitan area and the three major cities of Daejeon,
Daegu and Ulsan.
Write the name of the system described below. (low)
It was fully implemented during the Kim Young-sam government.
It became prohibited to borrow someone else's name for financial
193 transactions.
It was intended to make financial transactions transparent, thereby eliminating
political and economic collusion, and to help levy taxes rationally
[Answer] Real-Name Financial Transaction System
Write the name of the musician group who gave the following speech at
UN Headquarters in September 2018. (low)
Last November, we launched the Love Myself campaign with UNICEF. It is
a campaign built on the belief that true love starts with loving yourself. The
End Violence program, in which we partnered with UNICEF, aimed to protect
children and young people from all kinds of violence. … (omitted) … Speak
194
yourself, wherever you come from, whatever color your skin is, whatever your
gender is. Find your name and voice and speak yourself.
[Answer] Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS)
【Explanation】BTS were the first South Korean musicians to speak at the
UN headquarters. BTS also gave speeches at the United Nations in 2020
and 2021.
Write the correct term to fill in the blank. (low)
The phenomenon of South Korean popular culture, such as Korean dramas,
movies, and music, attracting a huge following abroad is called ( ). This
195
became a global phenomenon by the 2010s, not only in Japan, China, and
Southeast Asia, but also in Central and South America, North America, and
Europe.
[Answer] Hallyu
Which of the following is the correct title for a drama starring Oh
196
Young-soo and Lee Jung-jae, which became the first Korean to win a

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NO

Golden Globe for acting? (medium)

① Parasite ② Minari ③ Squid Game ④ All of Us Are Dead
[Answer] ③
【Explanation】Actor Oh Young-soo won the Best Supporting Actor in a
TV Series for a role in the drama Squid Game at the American Golden
Globe Awards in January 2022. The Golden Globes is considered to be
one of the two major U.S. film awards along with the Academy Awards.
In 2020, the movie Parasite and in 2021, the movie Minari won the
Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

In 2002, this person served as the head coach of the Korea World Cup
team and the Asian Games soccer team, and since 2017, he served as the
head coach of the Vietnam national soccer team, led the Vietnam national
football team to the semi-finals of the 2018 Asian Games. He also helped
win the gold medal for the under-22 soccer team at the 2019 Southeast
Asian Games. What is his name? (medium)
① Park Ji-sung ② Park Hang-seo ③ Hong Myung-bo ④ Ahn Jung-hwan
197
[Answer] ②
【Explanation】Vietnam national football team coach Park Hang-seo
became Vietnam's national hero by leading teams in the 2018 Asian
Football Confederation (AFC) U-23 Championship runner-up, the Jakarta
Palembang Asian Games semifinals, and the Suzuki Cup. In 2019, he led
the under-22 national football team to win a gold medal for the first time
in the 60-year history of the Southeast Asian Games.
Write the name of the martial art that was first adopted as an official
sport at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. It is a traditional Korean
198 martial art based on traditional martial training. (medium)
[Answer] Taekwondo
【Explanation】Taekwondo was as an official Olympic sport at the 2000

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NO
Olympic Games in Sydney and it has remained an official sport to this
day.
The Seowon of Korea is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Write O if correct, X if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】Korea's World Heritage Sites include the Gyeongju Historic
199 Site, the Dolmen Sites in Gochang, Hwasun, and Ganghwa, the
Namhansanseong Fortress, the Baekje Historic Site, Sansa, Seokguram and
Bulguksa Temple, Joseon Royal Tombs, Jongmyo Shrine, Changdeokgung
Palace, Seowon, Hahoe and Yangdong Village, Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong
Panjeon Hall, and Hwaseong Fortress (as of February 2022).
Arirang is a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Write O if correct, X
if incorrect. (medium)
[Answer] O
【Explanation】In December 2012, Arirang was added to the UNESCO
Intangible Cultural Heritage list. In addition to Arirang, Kimjang,
200
Namsadangnori, Nongak, Daemokjang, Korean Falconry, Yeondeunghoe,
Yeongsanjae, Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut, Jeju Haenyeo Culture,
Jongmyo Jerye and Jongmyo Jerye Music, Tug of War, Korean Tightrope,
Cheoyongmu, Taekkyeon, Pansori, and Hansan Mosi Weaving have been
designated as intangible cultural heritage (as of February 2022).

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