Useful for Neet/IIT JEE/NDA/CDS Exams

मख्
ु यमंत्रीअभ्यदु य योजना

chemistry
Chemistry in Everyday life
Prepared by: VIKALP (SDM 2019)
मुख्यमंत्री अभ्यदु य योजना प्रकोष्ठ
उत्तर प्रदेश प्रशासन और प्रबंधन अकादमी
सेक्टर-D, अलीगंज, लखनऊ -226024

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 1

 यह अध्ययन-सामग्री मख्
ु यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ (उत्तर प्रदे श प्रशासन
और प्रबंधन अकादमी) द्वारा उत्तर प्रदे श सरकार की मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना
के अंतर्गत नीट और जे.ई.ई. परीक्षा की तै यारी कर रहे प्रततयोगर्यों की सहायता
के लिए तैयार कराई र्ई है ।

इस पाठ्य-सामग्री को उत्तर प्रदे श प्रशासन एवं प्रबंधन अकादमी, िखनऊ में 19वें
व्यावसातयक प्रलशक्षण कायगक्रम के अंतर्गत प्रलशक्षण प्राप्त कर रहे प्रलशक्षु (डिप्टी
किक्टसग-UPPCS-2018, 2019) द्वारा प्रोजेक्ट कायग के रूप में तै यार ककया र्या
है ।

इस सामग्री की पूणत
ग : शैक्षणणक और जन कल्याणकारी-उद्दे श्यों के लिए तैयार
ककया है -इसका एक मात्र उद्दे श्य प्रदे श के छात्र/छात्राओं का प्रततयोर्ी परीक्षाओं
की तैयारी में मार्गदशगन व सहयोर् करना है ।

वैधाननक सच
ू ना - इस अध्ययन सामग्री का ककसी भीप्रकार से व्यावसाकयक उपयोग प्रकिबकं िि है।

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 2

 INDEX

S.N. Chapter Name Page

Number
Chemicals in medicines 4
1.
Chemicals in food 15
2.
Cleansing agents 19
3.

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 CHEMICALS IN MEDICINES

Analgesics
 Definition- Analgesics are medications that relieve pain. Unlike medications used
for anaesthesia during surgery, analgesics don’t turn off nerves, change the ability
to sense your surroundings or alter consciousness. They are sometimes called
painkillers or pain relievers.
 Used for- Analgesics are used to relieve pain and inflammation. For example:
After surgery, Due to injury, such as a fractured bone, acute (sudden, short-term)
pain, such as a twisted ankle or headache,
For aches and pains like menstrual cramps or muscle soreness, For chronic
painful conditions such as arthritis, cancer or back pain.
 Common analgesics-
1. Acetaminophen- also known as Paracetamol, or APAP, is a medication used to
treat pain and fever. It is typically used for mild to moderate pain. In combination
with opioid pain medication, paracetamol is now used for more severe pain such as
cancer pain and after surgery. It is typically used either by mouth or rectally but is
also available intravenously. Paracetamol is classified as a mild analgesic.
2. NSAIDS- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a drug class that groups
together drugs that decrease pain and lower fever, and, in higher doses, decrease
inflammation. The most prominent members of this group of drugs, aspirin,
ibuprofen and naproxen.
3. Cox-2 inhibitor- These drugs have been derived from NSAIDs. The
cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibited by NSAIDs was discovered to have at least two
different versions: COX1 and COX2. Research suggested most of the adverse
effects of NSAIDs to be mediated by blocking the COX1 (constitutive) enzyme,
with the analgesic effects being mediated by the COX2 (inducible) enzyme. Thus,
the COX2 inhibitors were developed to inhibit only the COX2 enzyme (traditional
NSAIDs block both versions in general). These drugs (such as rofecoxib,
celecoxib, and etoricoxib) are equally effective analgesics when compared with

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 4

 NSAIDs, but cause less gastrointestinal hemorrhage in particular. After widespread
adoption of the COX-2 inhibitors, it was discovered that most of the drugs in this
class increase the risk of cardiovascular events by 40% on average. This led to the
withdrawal of rofecoxib and valdecoxib, and warnings on others. Etoricoxib seems
relatively safe, with the risk of thrombotic events similar to that of non-coxib
NSAID diclofenac.
4. Analgesic opioids- (also called narcotics) work by changing the brain’s perception
of pain. An opioid can be any drug, natural or manmade. Many are similar to
morphine, but newer, unrelated opioids have been created in the laboratory, too.
Examples include:
5. Morphine- is a pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in a dark
brown resin in poppies. There are numerous methods used to administer Morphine:
oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle; by injection under the skin;
intravenously; injection into the space around the spinal cord; transdermal; or via
rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce
analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. It can be taken for
both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial
infarction, kidney stones, and during labor. Its maximum effect is reached after
about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when
administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting
formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian etc.

i.
6. Codeine-is an opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain, coughing, and
diarrhoea. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.
It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater benefit may
occur when combined with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. It typically starts

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working after half an hour, with maximum effect at two hours. Its effects last for
about four to six hours.

i.
b. Oxycodone - sold under the brand names Roxicodone and OxyContin
(which is the extended-release form) among others, is a semi-synthetic
opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is highly
addictive.
c. Hydrocodone-(Dihydrocodeinone) is an opioid used to treat pain and as a
cough suppressant. It is taken by mouth. Typically it is dispensed as the
combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone for
pain severe enough to require an opioid. Hydrocodone is a controlled drug,
in the United States a Schedule II Controlled Substance.
d. Dihydromorphine /Paramorphine -is a semi-synthetic opioid structurally
related to and derived from morphine. The 7,8-double bond in morphine is
reduced to a single bond to get dihydromorphine. Dihydromorphine is a
moderately strong analgesic and is used clinically in the treatment of pain
and also is an active metabolite of the analgesic opioid drug
dihydrocodeine.

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Tranquilizers
 Definition-A tranquilizer refers to a drug which is designed for the treatment of
anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and disturbances of the mind, specifically to
reduce states of anxiety and tension. Tranquilizer, as a term, was first used by F.F.
Yonkman (1953), from the conclusions of investigative studies using the drug
reserpine, which showed the drug had a calming effect on all animals it was
administered to. Reserpine is a centrally acting Rauwolfia alkaloids.
 Classification and Examples-
1. minor tranquilizer- usually refers to anxiolytics e.g diazepam (Valium),
chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and alprazolam (Xanax).
2. major tranquilizer- refer to antipsychotics. Major Tranquillizers also called
neuroleptics were developed to treat psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.
These drugs combat hallucinations and other delusions. Usually prescribed for long
terms, major Tranquillizers include phenothiazines, thioxanthenes,
butyrophenones, clozapine and rauwolfia alkaloids.

Antiseptics
 Definition- is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living
tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics
are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to safely destroy
bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms
found on non-living objects.
 Examples-
1. Phenols -such as phenol, triclosan, hexachlorophene, chlorocresol, and
chloroxylenol. The latter is used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical
instruments. It is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound
cleaners.
2. Diguanide- including chlorhexidine gluconate, a bactericidal antiseptic which (with
an alcoholic solvent) is the most safe & effective antiseptic for reducing the risk of
infection after clean surgery. It is also used in mouthwashes to treat inflammation
of the gums (gingivitis). Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is
मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 7
 an antimicrobial compound suitable for clinical use in critically colonized or
infected acute and chronic wounds. The physicochemical action on the bacterial
envelope prevents or impedes the development of resistant bacterial strains.
3. Quinolines- such as hydroxyquinolone, dequalium chloride, or chlorquinaldol.
4. Alcohols- including ethanol and 2-propanol/isopropanol are sometimes referred to
as surgical spirit. They are used to disinfect the skin before injections, among other
uses.
5. Peroxides- such as hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide. Commonly, 3%
solutions of hydrogen peroxide have been used in household first aid for scrapes,
etc. However, the strong oxidization causes scar formation and increases healing
time during fetal development.
6. Iodine- especially in the form of povidone-iodine, is widely used because it is well
tolerated; does not negatively affect wound healing; leaves a deposit of active
iodine, thereby creating the so-called "remnant", or persistent effect; and has wide
scope of antimicrobial activity. The traditional iodine antiseptic is an alcohol
solution (called tincture of iodine) or as Lugol's iodine solution.
7. Quat salts- such as benzalkonium chloride/Lidocaine (trade name Bactine among
others), cetylpyridinium chloride, or cetrimide. These surfactants disrupt cell walls.

Disinfectant
 Definition- A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate
or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill
all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than
sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of
life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such
as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and antiseptics,
which destroy microorganisms on living tissue. Disinfectants are also different
from biocides—the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just
microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or
interfering with their metabolism. It is also a form of decontamination.
 Difference between disinfectant and antiseptics-Disinfectants and antiseptics are
both used for killing the microbes but still, there is a difference between them. An

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 8

 antiseptic is used for killing the microbes on the living tissues whereas a
disinfectant is applied on a non-living object. Secondly, the concentration of both
differs. We can use the same chemical as a disinfectant and an antiseptic by
varying its concentration. For example, phenol can be used as an antiseptic if its
concentration is 0.2 per cent but to use it as a disinfectant the concentration should
be 1 per cent. We can broadly conclude that the cleaning products contain
disinfectants and the healing products (for curing the living tissues) contain
antiseptics. Lysol is a disinfectant whereas Dettol is an antiseptic.
 Types and examples-
1. Air disinfectants - are typically chemical substances capable of disinfecting
microorganisms suspended in the air. An air disinfectant must be dispersed either
as an aerosol or vapour at a sufficient concentration in the air. various glycols,
principally propylene glycol and triethylene glycol.
2. Alcohol - and alcohol plus Quaternary ammonium cation-based compounds
comprise a class of proven surface sanitizers and disinfectants for Disease Control
for use as a hospital grade disinfectant. Alcohols are most effective when combined
with distilled water to facilitate diffusion through the cell membrane; 100% alcohol
typically denatures only external membrane proteins. Additionally, high-
concentration mixtures (such as 80% ethanol + 5% isopropanol) are required to
effectively inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such as HIV, hepatitis B, and
hepatitis C.
3. Aldehydes- such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, have a wide microbicidal
activity and are sporicidal and fungicidal.
4. Oxidizing agents - act by oxidizing the cell membrane of microorganisms, which
results in a loss of structure and leads to cell lysis and death. A large number of
disinfectants operate in this way. Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers.
Examples- Electrolyzed water or "Anolyte, Hydrogen peroxide (is used as a
medical sterilant and as room disinfectant). Hydrogen peroxide has the advantage
that it decomposes to form oxygen and water thus leaving no long-term residues.
Ozone is a gas used for disinfecting water, laundry, foods, air, and surfaces.
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purplish-black crystalline powder that
colours everything it touches, through a strong oxidising action. This includes
staining "stainless" steel, which somehow limits its use and makes it necessary to

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 use plastic or glass containers. It is used to disinfect aquariums and is used in some
community swimming pools as a foot disinfectant before entering the pool.
5. Phenolics- are active ingredients in some household disinfectants. They are also
found in many mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes.
6. home disinfectant- is chlorine bleach (typically a >10% solution of sodium
hypochlorite), which is effective against most common pathogens, including
disinfectant-resistant organisms such as tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis),
hepatitis B and C, fungi, and antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus and
enterococcus. It has disinfectant action against some parasitic organisms.
7. UV radiation- use of high-intensity shortwave ultraviolet light for disinfecting
smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but not porous materials that are opaque to
the light such as wood or foam. Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal water
treatment.

Antimicrobials
 Definition -An antimicrobial is a substance that kills microorganisms or inhibits
their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be categorized based on the
microorganisms they mainly act against.
 Examples-
Target and mode of action Examples of drug groups Examples of drugs
β-lactams Penicillins, cephalosporins
Glycopeptides Vancomycin
Damage cell wall
β-lactam with β-lactamase Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (co-
inhibitor amoxiclav)
Macrolides Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides Clindamycin
Prevent protein synthesis by
Streptogramins Quinupristin-dalfopristin
binding to ribosome
Oxazolidanones Linezolid
Aminoglycosides Gentamycin
Tetracyclines Tetracycline

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 Target and mode of action Examples of drug groups Examples of drugs
Flouroquinolones Ciprofloxacin
Prevent nucleic acid synthesis
Rifampicin Rifampicin
Sulfonamides Sulfamethoxazole
Inhibit metabolic pathway
Folic acid analogues Trimethoprim
Polymixins Colistin
Disrupt membrane structure
Lipopeptides Daptomycin

Antifertility drug
 Antifertility drugs are chemical substances which suppress the action of hormones
that promote pregnancy. These drugs actually reduce the chances of pregnancy and
act as protection. Antifertility drugs are made up of derivatives of synthetic
progesterone or a combination of derivatives of estrogen and progesterone.

 Antifertility drugs are actually synthetic hormones. When progesterone pills are
taken, the mucus in the cervix gets thickened. This makes it very difficult for sperm
to enter the uterus and fertilize the egg and hence chances of pregnancy are
reduced. Progesterone is a hormone which suppresses ovulation in women. The
synthetic progesterone derivatives are more potent as compared to natural
progesterone. Norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone which is one
of the most commonly used antifertility drugs. Ethynylestradiol is a combination of
derivatives of estrogen and progesterone.
 These drugs generally do not have many side effects, weight gain is the only issue
known to be reported. These drugs are very useful if taken in the proper dose, the
following are its significant benefits: They cause no interference in sexual activities
and the risk of pregnancy is reduced. They might cause a reduction in menstrual
bleeding. They can be taken immediately after childbirth. These drugs should not
be taken without the consultation of a doctor. The cycle of medicine should be
maintained. The chance of cancer in the uterus is reduced if the pills are taken in

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 long-term dose. They also provide protection against pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Progesterone acts as an anti-inflammatory drug and regulates the immune system.

Antibiotics
 Definition- An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against
bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial
infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in treatment and prevention
of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited
number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not
effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit
viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.
 Medical uses-Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, and
sometimes protozoan infections. (Metronidazole is effective against a number of
parasitic diseases). This involves the administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic
based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory
results that can take several days.
 When the responsible pathogenic microorganism is already known or has been
identified, definitive therapy can be started. This will usually involve the use of a
narrow-spectrum antibiotic. To avoid surgery, antibiotics may be given for non-
complicated acute appendicitis.
 Antibiotics may be given as a preventive measure and this is usually limited to at-
risk populations such as those with a weakened immune system (particularly in
HIV cases to prevent pneumonia), those taking immunosuppressive drugs, cancer
patients, and those having surgery. Their use in surgical procedures is to help
prevent infection of incisions. They have an important role in dental antibiotic
prophylaxis where their use may prevent bacteremia and consequent infective
endocarditis. Antibiotics are also used to prevent infection in cases of neutropenia
particularly cancer-related.
 Common antibiotics-

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 1. Amoxicillin - is a penicillin antibiotic that fights bacteria. Amoxicillin is used to
treat many different types of infection caused by bacteria, such as tonsillitis,
bronchitis, pneumonia, and infections of the ear, nose, throat, skin, or urinary tract.
2. Doxycycline- is used to treat many different bacterial infections, such as acne, urinary tract
infections, intestinal infections, respiratory infections, eye infections, gonorrhoea, chlamydia,
syphilis etc. it works by stopping the growth of bacteria when treating bacterial infections.
Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic.
3. Metronidazole- is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections of the vagina, stomach,
liver, skin, joints, brain and spinal cord, lungs, heart, or bloodstream.

Antacids
 Definition- Antacids are a class of medicines that neutralize acid in the stomach.
They contain ingredients such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or sodium
bicarbonate which act as bases (alkalis) to counteract stomach acid and make its pH
more neutral.
 Used for- Antacids are used to relieve the symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD also called acid reflux), heartburn or indigestion (also called
dyspepsia). By neutralizing stomach acid, antacids relieve symptoms such as
burning in the chest or throat area caused by acid reflux, a bitter taste in the mouth,
a persistent dry cough, pain when lying down, and regurgitation.
 Examples- Aluminum antacids: lower elevated blood phosphate levels and prevent
the formation of kidney stones, Calcium carbonate antacids: treat calcium
deficiency, Magnesium oxide antacids: treat magnesium deficiency. Milk of
Magnesia, Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia etc.

Anti-histamines
 Definition- Antihistamines are a class of agents that block histamine release from
histamine-1 receptors and are mostly used to treat allergies or cold and flu
symptoms, although some first-generation antihistamines may also be used for
other conditions.

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 Mechanism- Histamine-1 receptors are located in the airways, blood vessels and
gastrointestinal tract (stomach and oesophagus). Stimulation of these receptors can
lead to conditions such as a skin rash or inflammation, a narrowing of the airways
(bronchoconstriction), hay fever, or motion sickness. Histamine-1 receptors are
also found in the brain and spinal cord, and stimulation of these receptors makes
you more awake and alert. Sedating antihistamines oppose the effects of histamine
on H1 receptors in your brain, which is why they cause sedation and drowsiness.
 Categories-
1. First-generation antihistamines were developed more than seventy years ago and
are still in widespread use today. They act on histamine receptors in the brain and
spinal cord and in the rest of the body (called the periphery). They also act on
muscarinic, alpha-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. This means that first-
generation antihistamines are more likely to cause side effects such as sedation, dry
mouth, dizziness, low blood pressure, and a rapid heart-beat..
2. Second generation antihistamines were developed in the 1980s and are much less
sedating than first-generation antihistamines. They act on histamine-1 receptors in
the periphery and are unlikely to penetrate the brain, so are less likely to cause side
effects or interact with drugs. Most second-generation antihistamines do not cause
drowsiness, although some (such as cetirizine and fexofenadine), may be more
likely to do so at higher dosages.
 Used for- Antihistamines are very good at relieving symptoms of an allergic
reaction, such as: edema (swelling), inflammation (redness), itch, rash. This makes
antihistamines very effective in the treatment of: allergic rhinitis, colds, flu, food
allergies.
 Examples- brompheniramine, hydroxyzine etc.

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 CHEMICALS IN FOOD

Preservatives
 Definition- A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added to products
such as food products, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples,
cosmetics, wood, and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial
growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
 two modes- chemical and physical. Chemical preservation entails adding chemical
compounds to the product. Physical preservation entails processes such as
refrigeration or drying. Preservative food additives reduce the risk of foodborne
infections, decrease microbial spoilage, and preserve fresh attributes and nutritional
quality. Some physical techniques for food preservation include dehydration, UV-C
radiation, freeze-drying, and refrigeration.
 Types-
1. Antimicrobial preservatives: prevent degradation by bacteria. ancient methods
such as pickling and adding honey prevent microorganism growth by modifying
the pH level. The most commonly used antimicrobial preservative is lactic acid.
Nitrates and nitrites are also antimicrobial. Water-based home and personal care
products use broad-spectrum preservatives, such as isothiazolinones and
formaldehyde releasers, which may cause sensitization, leading to allergic skin.
3. common for cheese, wine, baked
2. sorbic acid, sodium
goods, personal care products
sorbate and sorbates

6. used in acidic foods such

5. benzoic acid and benzoates as jams, salad dressing, juices,
4.

8. stable at a broad pH range, personal care

products
7. parabens

10. common for fruits, wine

9. sulfur dioxide and sulfites
12. used in meats to prevent botulism toxin
11. nitrites
14. used in meats
13. nitrates

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 16. -
15. lactic acid
18. baked goods
17. propionic acid and propionates
20. used in some jams, preserves and
carbonated drinks; also used for
19. phosphoric acid acidification and for flavouring.

22. home and personal care products,

paints/coatings
21. isothiazolinones (MIT, CMIT, BIT)

23. formaldehyde releasers (DMDM 24. home and personal care products
hydantoin)

25. Anti-oxidants- The oxidation process spoils most food, especially those with a high
fat content. Fats quickly turn rancid when exposed to oxygen. Antioxidants prevent
or inhibit the oxidation process. The most common antioxidant additives are
ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and ascorbates. Thus, antioxidants are commonly added
to oils, cheese, and chips. Other antioxidants include the phenol derivatives BHA,
BHT, TBHQ and propyl gallate. These agents suppress the formation of
hydroperoxides. Other preservatives include ethanol and
methylchloroisothiazolinone.
26. Non- synthetic compounds for food preservation- Citric and ascorbic acids target
enzymes that degrade fruits and vegetables, e.g., mono/polyphenol oxidase which
turns surfaces of cut apples and potatoes brown. Ascorbic acid and tocopherol,
which are vitamins, are common preservatives. Natural preservatives include
rosemary and oregano extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaceous
earth and castor oil.

Artificial sweetening agents

1. Natural sweeteners like sucrose and fructose give sweetness to a substance, but
they also contain calories which can be harmful to humans when taken in extra
quantity. Artificial sweeteners are substances that are used as substitutes for natural
sugar (sucrose), they contain low calories. They are many times sweeter than
regular sugar, so they are also referred to as intense sweeteners.

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2. Saccharin: It was discovered in 1879 and is considered as the oldest non-nutritive
sweetener. Sucrose is about 300 times less sweet than saccharin, but it has a bitter
aftertaste. It cannot be used in products where baking of food is necessary as it
becomes unstable when it is heated. But it can be used to sweeten candies, drinks,
and toothpaste.
3. Aspartame: In 1879 Aspartame was discovered and it was found that it is
approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar. It is a dipeptide methyl ester and its
name is aspartyl phenylalanine-1-methyl ester. It is commonly used as a tabletop
sweetener and is also used in a variety of foods. When it is heated it breaks down
into amino acids and loses its sweetness, so it cannot be used for the baked foods.
As it becomes unstable at cooking temperature, it is only used in soft drinks and
cold foods
4. Acesulfame potassium or ace-K (Sweet One, Swiss Sweet, Sunett). You can use it
in both cold and hot foods, including in baking and cooking
5. Sucralose (Splenda). You can use it in hot and cold foods, including in baking and
cooking. Processed foods often contain it.
6. Advantame can be used in baked goods, soft drinks and other non-alcoholic
beverages, chewing gum, candies, frostings, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings,
jams and jellies, processed fruits and fruit juices, toppings and syrups
7. Allulose is a sweetener in the sugar family, with a chemical structure similar to
fructose. It's naturally found in figs, maple syrup, and some fruit. While it comes
from the same family as other sugars, it does not substantially metabolize as sugar
in the body.
8. Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) is 200 times sweeter than sucrose (common sugar),
as sweet as aspartame, about two-thirds as sweet as saccharin, and one-third as
sweet as sucralose. Like saccharin, it has a slightly bitter aftertaste, especially at
high concentrations. Kraft Foods has patented the use of sodium ferulate to mask
acesulfame's aftertaste. Acesulfame potassium is often blended with other
sweeteners (usually aspartame or sucralose), which give a more sucrose-like taste,
whereby each sweetener masks the other's aftertaste and also exhibits a synergistic
effect in which the blend is sweeter than its components.
9. Stevia is a natural non-caloric sweetener derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant,
and is manufactured as a sweetener. It is indigenous to South America, and has
historically been used in Japanese food products, although it is now common

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 17

internationally. In 1987, the FDA issued a ban on stevia because it had not been
approved as a food additive, although it continued to be available as a dietary
supplement. After being provided with sufficient scientific data demonstrating
safety of using stevia as a manufactured sweetener, such as Cargill and Coca-Cola,
the FDA gave a "no objection" status as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in
December 2008 to Cargill for its stevia product, Truvia, for use of the refined
stevia extracts as a blend of rebaudioside A and erythritol. In Australia, the brand
Vitarium uses Natvia, a stevia sweetener, in a range of sugar-free children's milk
mixes.

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 18

 Cleansing agents
Soap
 Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and lubricating products.
In a domestic setting, soaps are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and
other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners,
components of some lubricants, and precursors to catalysts.
 When used for cleaning, soap solubilizes particles and grime, which can then be
separated from the article being cleaned. In hand washing, as a surfactant, when
lathered with a little water, soap kills microorganisms by disorganizing their
membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their proteins. It also emulsifies oils,
enabling them to be carried away by running water.
 Soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a base, as opposed to detergent which
is created by combining chemical compounds in a mixer. Chemical formula of soap
is C17H35COONa
 Production- The production of toilet soaps usually entails saponification of
triglycerides, which are vegetable or animal oils and fats. An alkaline solution
(often lye or sodium hydroxide) induces saponification whereby the triglyceride
fats first hydrolyse into salts of fatty acids. Glycerol (glycerine) is liberated. The
glycerine can remain in the soap product as a softening agent, although it is
sometimes separated.The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap
product. Sodium soaps, prepared from sodium hydroxide, are firm, whereas
potassium soaps, derived from potassium hydroxide, are softer or often liquid.
Historically, potassium hydroxide was extracted from the ashes of bracken or other
plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be hard. These are used exclusively in greases.
 Cleansing action – Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in
water. The molecule of soap constitutes sodium or potassium salts of long-chain
carboxylic acids. In the case of soaps, the carbon chain dissolves in oil and the
ionic end dissolves in water. Thus, the soap molecules form structures called
micelles. In micelles, one end is towards the oil droplet and the other end which is
the ionic faces outside. Therefore, it forms an emulsion in water and helps in
dissolving the dirt when we wash our clothes.

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 19

 Soap is a kind of molecule in which both the ends have different properties.
Hydrophilic end and Hydrophobic end. The first one is the hydrophilic end which
dissolves water and is attracted to it whereas the second one is the hydrophobic end
that is dissolved in hydrocarbons and is water repulsive in nature. If on the surface
of the water, soap is present then the hydrophobic tail which is not soluble in water
will align along the water surface.

 In water, the soap molecule is uniquely oriented which helps to keep the
hydrocarbon part outside the water. When the clusters of molecules are formed
then hydrophobic tail comes at the interior of the cluster and the ionic end comes at
the surface of the cluster and this formation is called a micelle. When the soap is in
the form of micelles then it has the ability to clean the oily dirt which gets
accumulated at the centre. These micelles remain as colloidal solutions. Therefore,
the dirt from the cloth is easily washed away. The soap solution appears cloudy as
it forms a colloidal solution which scatters light.

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 20

Detergent
 A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties
when in dilute solutions. There are a large variety of detergents; often they are the
sodium salts of long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate or a long chain of benzene
sulphonic acid. The most commonly found detergents are alkylbenzene sulfonates:
a family of soap-like compounds that are more soluble in hard water, because the
polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to
bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

 Types of detergent
 Anionic detergents-Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzene sulfonates. The
alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic.
Two varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those
with linear alkyl groups. The former was largely phased out in economically
advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 21

 Anionic detergents are the most common form of detergents, and an estimated 6
billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for the domestic
markets.
 Bile acids- such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the
liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.
 Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,
linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.
 Cationic detergents are similar to anionic ones, but quaternary ammonium replaces
the hydrophilic anionic sulfonate group. The ammonium sulfate center is positively
charged.[7] Cationic surfactants generally have poor detergency.
 Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups.
Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside.
Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These
materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates and their metabolites,
nonylphenol. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup.
Examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series
detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup
 Amphoteric or zwitterionic detergents have zwitterions within a particular pH
range, and possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of
+1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include CHAPS.

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 22

मुख्यमंत्री अभ्युदय योजना प्रकोष्ठ – उपाम 23