Genetics and Inheritance (9744) DNA & Genomics (DNA replication) 2018

DNA REPLICATION
origin of replication (ori)
1. Before DNA replication, free deoxyribonucleoside
triphosphates are manufactured in the cytoplasm and 3
transported into the nucleoplasm via nuclear pores.
2. DNA replication occurs at S phase of interphase. 4&5
helicase single strand binding proteins
UNZIPPING OF PARENTAL STRAND
replication bubble
3. Replication begins at specific points of the DNA molecule 3’
each of which is known as an origin of replication (ori ). 5’ 5’
3’
4. Helicase binds to origin of replication. It disrupts 7&8 5’ RNA primer
hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, 3’ 3’
causing parental strands to unzip and separate. 3’ end
RNA primers are added by primase 5’ end 5’ of RNA
5. Single-strand binding proteins keep the strands apart so of RNA
that they can serve as templates for the synthesis of new primer
primer
strands.
6. Topoisomerase relieves “overwinding” strain ahead of DNA polymerase
replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA
strands.
9
ADDITION OF PRIMER

7. RNA primer is added to each template (parental) strand by

the enzyme primase. 10
23 - 13
8. RNA primer provides a free 3’ OH end for DNA
deoxyribonucleoside
polymerase to recognise and start DNA synthesis of the
triphosphate/ DNA
complementary daughter strand.
nucleotide
9. DNA polymerase can only add deoxyribonucleotides
(DNA nucleotides) to a pre-existing 3’OH end of a complementary base pairing
nucleotide.
parental
SYNTHESIS OF DAUGHTER STRANDS strand

10. DNA polymerase uses the parental strand as a template

and aligns the free activated deoxyribonucleoside DNA polymerase
pyrophosphate, PPi
triphosphates (dNTPs) in a sequence complementary to
that of the parental strand. phosphodiester bond forms
11. Adenine base pairs with Thymine and vice versa.
Guanine base pairs with Cytosine and vice versa.
12. DNA polymerase catalyses the formation of
phosphodiester bonds between adjacent daughter DNA
nucleotides of the newly synthesised strand.
13. Removal of the pyrophosphate (PPi) from the parental
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) and the strand
subsequent hydrolysis of PPi provides the energy to drive
the polymerization reaction. 3’
14. As DNA polymerase moves along the template, it proof
reads the previous region for proper base pairing. Any 5’
leading strand
incorrect deoxyribonucleotide is removed and replaced
by the correct one.
15. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ 5’
to 3’ direction. 16 & 17 5’ Okazaki fragments
16. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. 3’
3’
Its synthesis is similar to leading strand, except that the Together the Okazaki 5’
lagging strand is synthesised in fragments known as fragments form the 3’
Okazaki fragments. Each fragment is initiated by an RNA lagging strand
primer before the addition of DNA nucleotides. 5’
17. A different DNA polymerase then removes the RNA
primer and replaces it with deoxyribonucleotides.
18. DNA ligase seals the nicks by forming phosphodiester
bonds between adjacent nucleotides of the each of the
DNA fragments on the new strand. a different DNA polymerase
replaces the RNA nucleotides with
END OF REPLICATION DNA nucleotides
17 & 18
19. Complementary parental and daughter strands rewind into
a double helix.
20. Each resultant helix consists of one parental strand and
DNA ligase seals the nicks by forming a
one daughter strand. Hence this is called semi-
phosphodiester bond between adjacent
conservative DNA replication. nick nucleotides of the 2 DNA fragments of
the new strand

Prepared by: Mrs Selvamani Nair Raffles Institution (Yr 5-6) 4