SALAS - PhysicsModule6edited 2022 23

Republic of the Philippines
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

Balbagon 9100, Mambajao, Camiguin
Tel(088)8890183
www.cpsc.edu.ph|camiguinpolytechnic@yahoo.com
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AST 212
APPLIED PHYSICS – 1
LEARNING MODULE 6
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
1st Semester
S.Y. 2022-2023
Prepared by:
Engr. Gil B. Salas
Document Title: MEMORANDUM

Document Code: CPSC-ACA-IT-F011.4 Rev. No.: 01 Effective Date: August 26, 2020 Page 1 of 1
“CPSC commits to provide quality higher professional, technical instruction, research, extension and production services,
advanced studies in progressive leadership in Agriculture, Teacher Education, Engineering and Computer Studies, Industrial
Technology, Arts and Sciences, Tourism, Business and Public Administration.” Certificate No. SCP000538Q
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MODULE 6 – WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
LO1: Discuss and relate on mechanics about kinetic energy to the concept of work.
LO2: Define and distinguish Work, Energy, and Power
LO3: Apply Work – Energy Theorem to find information about the motion of a
particle, with a given forces acting on it.
LO4: Differentiate Kinetic, Potential, and Rest (Internal) energy .Analyze and solve
problems using basic equations..
RATIONALE
In this module, the concentration will be on mechanics. We’ll learn about one
important form of energy called kinetic energy, or energy of motion, and how it
relates to the concept of work. It also includes Power, which is the time rate of doing
work.
Introduction to Energy
The concept of energy is one of the most important topics in science and
engineering.
Every physical process that occurs in the Universe involves energy and energy
transfers or transformations.
Energy is not easily defined.
Systems
A system is a small portion of the Universe.
A valid system:
 May be a single object or particle
 May be a collection of objects or particles
1. May be a region of space
2. May vary with time in size and shape

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Problem Solving Notes

The general problem solving approach may be used with an addition to the
categorize step.
Categorize step of general strategy
 Identify the need for a system approach
 Identify the particular system
 Also identify a system boundary
System Example
A force applied to an object in empty space
 System is the object
 Its surface is the system boundary
 The force is an influence on the system from its environment that acts across
the system boundary.
Work
The work, W, done on a system by an agent exerting a constant force on the system
is the product of the magnitude F of the force, the magnitude ∆𝑟 of the displacement
of the point of application of the force, and cos 𝜃, where 𝜃 is the angle between the
force and the displacement vectors.
 The meaning of the term work is distinctly different in physics than in everyday
meaning.
 Work is done by some part of the environment that is interacting directly with
the system.
 Work is done on the system.
This is important for a system approach to solving a problem.

If the work is done on a system and it is positive, energy is transferred to the system.
If the work done on the system is negative, energy is transferred from the system.
If a system interacts with its environment, this interaction can be described as a
transfer of energy across the system boundary.
 This will result in a change in the amount of energy stored in the system.
W = F ∆r cos𝜽 Eqn.6.1
 The displacement is that of the point of application of the force.
 A force does no work on the object if the force does not move through a
displacement.

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 The work done by a force on a moving object is zero when the force applied is
perpendicular to the displacement of its point of application.
Fig.6.1
Work Example
The normal force and the gravitational force do no work on the object.
 cos𝜃= cos90°= 0
The force F is the only force that does work on the object.
More about Work

The sign of the work depends on the direction of the force relative to the
displacement.
 Work is positive when projection of 𝐹⃗ onto ∆𝑟 is in the same direction as the
displacement.
 Work is negative when the projection is in the opposite direction.
The work done by a force can be calculated, but that force is not necessarily the
cause of the displacement.
Work is a scalar quantity.

The unit of work is a joule (J)
 1 joule = 1 newton. 1 meter = kg ∙ m² / s²
 J=N·m

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W = F∆𝑟 cos𝜃 = F. ∆𝑟⃗ Eqn.6.2
Determining the amount of work done in different scenarios.
When is work done on an object?
• The force doing work on the object and the displacement can be in the same
direction: θ = 0°.
This is positive work.
• The force doing the work and the displacement are in opposite directions, θ = 180°.
Then the force (F) is doing negative work.
If the force is perpendicular to direction of the displacement, NO work is done on the

object by the force: θ = 90°
• Work is also done when energy is transferred from one form to another
The main steps involved in problem-solving are:
• Identify the force(s) acting on the object.
• Draw a free body or force diagram and identify the force(s) that do positive and
negative work.
• Copy the formula (W = FΔx cos θ) from the data sheet.

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• The angle θ is between the force and displacement of the object.
• Ensure that all quantities substituted in the formula are in SI units, otherwise carry
out the necessary conversions.
EXAMPLE1.
1. A constant force F of magnitude 100 N acts on a block of mass 15kg that is

resting on a surface. A constant frictional force of 20 N acts on the block and
the block moves a distance of 80cm.
Determine:
a) The work done on the block by force F, b) The work done on the block by
frictional force.
Solution,
a) By applying equation 6.1
W= F ∆r cos𝜃
W= 100 N (0.80m) cos0°=80 J, (Force F does work in the direction of
displacement)
b )Using eqn.6.1
W= F ∆r cos𝜃 = 20 N (0.8m) cos 180°= -16 J (Frictional force does work in the
opposite direction of displacement)
Example2.
2. A man cleaning a frictionless wooden floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force
F of 50 N at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal. a) Draw a labelled free-
body-diagram showing all the forces that act on the vacuum cleaner, b)
Calculate the work done by the force F on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum
cleaner is displaced 3.0 m to the right. c) What is the magnitude of the work
done by the weight of the vacuum cleaner?

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Solution
a)
b) Applying equation 6.1
W = F ∆𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 50 N (30 m) cos 30° = 129. 9 J
c) The answer is 0 J ,hence the weight is acting perpendicular tothe displacement of
the vacuum cleaner, therefore, No work done.
Energy
•Energy is a scalar* quantity (a number) that we associate with a system of objects, e.g., planets
orbiting a sun, masses attached to springs, electrons bound to nuclei, etc.
•Forms of energy: kinetic, chemical, nuclear, thermal, electrostatic, gravitational....
•It turns out that energy possesses a fundamental characteristic which makes it very useful for
solving problems in physics: **Energy is ALWAYS conserved.
Mechanical Energy
Definitions
Energy is the capacity to do work.
In order for work to be done, energy must be transferred from one form to another.
Energy is a scalar quantity. SI unit: joule (J) when work is done on a system, energy
is transferred to the system.
The two types of energy that we focus on are: gravitational potential energy and
kinetic energy. Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its position in a
gravitational field.
E p = mgh
Relationship between an object’s potential energy and height.
EP α h
The faster the object moves, the greater its kinetic energy. Relationship between
object’s mass, kinetic energy and velocity:
EK α v2

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The mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its potential and kinetic energy.
Thus ME = mgh + 1/2 m𝑣 2 . The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states:
Total mechanical energy (the sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy)
in an isolated system remains constant. Energy is a scalar quantity and it is measured
in joules (J). Remember that a system is isolated when the resultant/ net external force
acting on the system is zero. Let’s say that a suitcase falls off a cupboard. Consider
the mechanical energy of the suitcase at the top and at the bottom. We can say: The
total mechanical energy (EM1 = EK1 + EP1) at the top. The total mechanical energy
will remain constant throughout the motion. The total mechanical energy (EM2 = EK2
+ EP2) at the bottom.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is energy associated with the state of motion of an object. The faster
an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy.
One possible result of work acting as an influence on a system is that the system
changes its speed. The system could possess kinetic energy.
Kinetic Energy is the energy of a particle due to its motion.
 K= ½ m𝑣 2 Eqn.6.3
 K is the kinetic energy
 m is the mass of the particle
 v is the speed of the particle
Example3.
A car with a mass of 1000kg is traveling with a velocity of 20m/s. Calculate the
kinetic energy of the car.
Given: m = 1000kg: v = 20m/s
Required: Kinetic Energy, KE
Solution,
Applying Eqn.6.3
KE = K= ½ mv 2 = (0.5) (1000kg) (20𝑚/𝑠)2 = 200,000J
A change in kinetic energy is one possible result of doing work to transfer energy into
a system. Calculating the work:

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Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem, Wnet= Kf–Ki= ΔK Eqn.6.4
When work is done on a system and the only change in the system is in its speed,
the net work done on the system equals the change in kinetic energy of the system.
f the work done on it is positive.
net work is negative.
The work-kinetic energy theorem applies to the speed of the system, not its velocity.
The block is the system and three external forces act on it.
The normal and gravitational forces do no work since they are perpendicular to the
direction of the displacement.
Eqn.6.5
Example4.
The driver of a 1000kg car travelling at a speed of 16.7 m/s applies the cars breaks provide a
frictional force of 8000 N. Determine he stopping distance of the car.

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Solution:
Given: mass of the car,𝑚𝑐 = 1000kg; v = 16.7m/s; 𝐹𝑓 = 8000 N
Required: Determine the stopping distance of the car.
We apply the Work- Energy Theorem. We know that the cars kinetic is lost to friction.
Therefore, the change in the car’s kinetic energy is equal to the work done by the frictional
force of the car’s brakes. Thus, we first need to determine the car’s kinetic energy at the
moment of braking using equation 6.3
16.7𝑚 2
K= ½ m𝑣 2 = ½ (1000kg) ( 𝑠
) = 139,445 J
Determine the work done, assume the stopping be∆𝑥𝑜 , since the direction of the applied force
and the displacement are in opposite direction, 𝜃 = 180°, and the work done is,
W= F ∆r cos𝜃 = W= F ∆x cos𝜃 = (8000kg) (∆𝑥𝑜 )(-1) = - 8000 ∆𝑥𝑜 , then

Applying the Work – Energy Theorem
Wnet= Kf–Ki= ΔK =
-8000∆𝑥𝑜 = 0 – 139,445 J
∆𝑥𝑜 = 17.43 m. (the car stop’s in 17.43m)
Potential Energy
Potential energy is energy determined by the configuration of a system in which the
components of the system interact by forces. It represents stored energy, it can be
released later as kinetic energy.
The forces are internal to the system

.
Gravitational Potential Energy
The system is the Earth and the book.

Do work on the book by lifting it slowly through a vertical displacement.
∆𝑟⃗ = (𝑌𝑓 - 𝑌𝑖 ) 𝐽̂ Eqn.6.6

The work done on the system must appear as an increase in the energy of the
system.
The energy storage mechanism is called potential energy

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Assume the book in fig. is allowed to fall. There is no change in kinetic energy since
the book starts and ends at rest.
Gravitational potential energy is the energy associated with an object at a given
location above the surface of the Earth.
The quantity mgy is identified as the gravitational potential energy, Ug.
 Ug= mgy Eqn.6.7
Ug is a scalar. Units are joules (J)

Work may change the gravitational potential energy of the system.
 Wext= ∆𝑈𝑔 Eqn.6.8
Potential energy is always associated with a system of two or more interacting objects.
IN solving problems, the gravitational potential energy depends only on the vertical
height of the object above the Earth’s surface. You must choose a reference
configuration for which the gravitational potential energy is set equal to some reference
value, normally zero
 The choice is arbitrary because you normally need the difference in potential
energy, which is independent of the choice of reference configuration.
Often having the object on the object of the Earth is a convenient zero gravitational
potential energy configuration.
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒5.
A 1.0kg wood is dropped from a height of 10m.Calculate the work done that
has been done on the wood between the moment it is released and the moment
it hits the ground .Assume that air resistance can be neglected.

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Given: mass of wood,𝑚𝑤 = 1.0kg; initial height of wood,ℎ𝑖 = 10m.

Required: Work done on the wood as it hits the ground.
Solution:
The wood is falling freely, so energy is conserved. We know that the work done
is equal to the difference in kinetic energy. The wood has no kinetic energy at
the moment it is dropped, because it is stationary. When the wood hits the
ground, all the wood potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Determining the wood potential energy at initial height,

Ep = mgh > 𝑼𝒈 =mgy = (1.0kg) (9.8m/s2)(10.0) =98.0 J
Determining the work done on the wood. The wood had 98J of potential energy
when it was released and 0Joules of kinetic energy. When the wood hits the
ground, it had 0 Joules of potential energy and 98J of kinetic energy. Therefore,
𝐾𝑓 =0 J, and 𝐾𝑖 = 98 J
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆K = 𝐾𝑓 - 𝐾𝑖 = 98 J (Work done on the wood)
Example6.
A toolbox has a mass of 10.0kg. The box is lifted from the shop floor and placed
at the tool cabinet. If the box gains 150J of potential energy. How high is the
cabinet?
Given: m = 10kg. : Potential Energy (PE/Ug) = 150J
Required: Height of the tool cabinet, h(or y)
Solution;
From equation 6.7, 𝑈𝑔 = PE = m.g.y, substituting the given values to the
equation and solving for h becomes,(rearranging)
𝑃𝐸 𝑈𝑔 150𝐽
h= = = 9.8𝑚 = 1.53m ,
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 (10𝑘𝑔)( )
𝑠2
Internal Energy
The energy associated with an object’s temperature is called its internal energy,
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 .
In this example, the surface is the system.
The friction does work and increases the internal energy of the surface.
When the book stops, all of its kinetic energy has been transformed to internal
energy.
The total energy remains the same.

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Figure.
Conservative Forces
The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving between any two
points is independent of the path taken by the particle.
The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving through any closed
path is zero.
 A closed path is one in which the beginning and ending points are the same.
Examples of conservative forces:
 Gravity
 Spring force
We can associate a potential energy for a system with any conservative force
acting between members of the system.

 In general: Wint= -∆U Eqn.6.9
 Wint is used as a reminder that the work is done by one member of the
system on another member and is internal to the system.
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Non-conservative Forces
A non-conservative force does not satisfy the conditions of conservative forces.
Non-conservative forces acting in a system cause a change in the mechanical
energy of the system.
Emech= K + U
 K includes the kinetic energy of all moving members of the system.
 U includes all types of potential energy in the system.
The work done against friction is greater along the brown path than along the blue
path.
Because the work done depends on the path, friction is a non-conservative
force.
Conservation of Energy
Energy is conserved
 This means that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
 If the total amount of energy in a system changes, it can only be due to
the fact that energy has crossed the boundary of the system by some
method of energy transfer.
Mathematically, ∆Esystem= ∑ 𝑇
 Esystem is the total energy of the system
 Tis the energy transferred across the system boundary by some
mechanism
 Established symbols: Twork= W and Theat= Q
The primarily mathematical representation of the energy version of the

analysis model of the non-isolated system is given by the full expansion of the
above equation.
 ∆K + ∆ U +∆Eint= W + Q + TMw + TMT + TET + TER Eqn.6.10
 TMw –transfer by mechanical waves
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 TMT –by matter transfer

 TET –by electrical transmission
TER –by electromagnetic transmission
Power
Power is the time rate of energy transfer.
The instantaneous power is defined as
Using work as the energy transfer method, this can also be written as
The instantaneous power is the limiting value of the average power as ∆t
approaches zero.
The SI unit of power is called the watt.

1 watt = 1 joule / second = N.m/s = 1 kg.𝒎𝟐 / s3
Some conversion of units:
1N = 1kg.m/𝑠 2 : 1J = N.m : 1Hp = 746W = 0.746KW =550ft-lb/s
1KW = 1.34Hp = 738ft-lb/s
Units of power can also be used to express units of work or energy.

1 kWh = (1000 W) (3600 s) = 3.6 x106J
Equation of Power, P
𝑊 𝐹.𝑑 𝑚𝑔.𝑑
P= = = = F.v = ∆𝐾𝐸/t Eqn.6.11
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
Example7.
What is the power output of the engine of a 1200kg car if the car can go from
6.945m/s to 27.78m/s in 12s?
Solution. The work needed to accelerate the car is
W = ∆𝑲𝑬 = Wnet= Kf–Ki

Where, Kf = K= ½ m𝑣 2 =(0.50) (1200kg) (27.78𝑚/𝑠)2 = 463,037.04J
Ki = ½ (1200kg) (6.945𝑚/𝑠)2=28,939.82 J
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = Kf – Ki = 463,037.04J – 28,939.82J = 434,097.22J
The power needed to provide this amount of work in 15.0s is
𝑊 434,097.22𝐽
P= = = 36,174.77W = 36.17Kw = 48.5Hp
𝑡 12𝑠
Example8.
A jogger with mass of 60kg run towards the top of the hill 200m high. To lift himself
to the top in 20minutes, determine the joggers power output in unit of Watts (W).
Solution.
Solving for the work done by the jogger, from the equation

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W = mgh = (60kg) (9.8m/s2) (200m) = 117,600J

Applying the equation of power,
𝑊 117,600
P= = = 98W,
𝑡 1200𝑠
Alternatively, using
𝑑 𝑑
P = F.v = F. ( 𝑡 ) = mg. ( 𝑡 ) = (60kg) (9.8m/s2) (200m/1200s) = 98W.
REFERENCES:
University Physics with Modern Physics, 11th Edition
Young, Hugh, D.; Freedman, Roger A, Pearson Education Inc. Addison Wesley,2004
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 10th Edition
Raymond A Serway; John W. Jewett, C 299Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd. 2019
Fundamentals of Physics, Sixth Edition

Halliday, Resnick, WalkerJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004
https://sites.google.com/site/hasanmaridi
https://opentextbc.ca/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScxYUOmEOEAuniversityphysicsv1openstax/
https://l.messenger.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fscie
nce%2Fin-in-class9th-physics-india%2Fin-in-work-energy%2Fin-in-work-energy-
theorem%2Fv%2Fwork-energy-theorem-work-energy-physics-khan-
academy&h=AT2JEnjWDNLjte3EPdYnaXWFAH9DN2NmUhRZtQFyr9nRDn-
PJMalD2F7ED5QtDogWeExe6Wct5yE5t7gfll-
b9fODbrCAUxHCOeTVLSn5kNgGxllqEyNVjEuxGFJhu3v40dCDg
https://l.messenger.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3
Fv%3D5ximFGwcosc%26list%3DPLcJ1NYursFxiOuhRTdUmq7DQMiyRBh8l2&h=AT2JE
njWDNLjte3EPdYnaXWFAH9DN2NmUhRZtQFyr9nRDn-
PJMalD2F7ED5QtDogWeExe6Wct5yE5t7gfll-
b9fODbrCAUxHCOeTVLSn5kNgGxllqEyNVjEuxGFJhu3v40dCDg

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PROBLEM SET # 6.
1. How much work is required to push a 60kg package 10m ramp up a 35°
frictionless incline plane? What is the minimum force on a person must
exert along the incline plane to get the job done?
2. A brick flower pot has 500J of potential energy as it sits on a window of a
building 20m above the ground floor surface. Compute mass of the brick pot.
3. A 500N force is applied horizontally to 250kg engine block at rest for a
displacement of 3.0m across a frictionless surface.
a) How much work is done by this force?.
b) What is the final kinetic energy?.
c) How fast is the block moving?
d) What is the acceleration of the block in the horizontal direction?
e) Use kinematic equation to calculate the final speed of the block.
(hint: 𝑣𝑓 2 =𝑉𝑜2 +2 𝑎𝑥 d )
4. The escalator at Gaisano Mall transport people up and down a vertical height
of 10m in 10s.
a) How much work does the motor engine of the escalator do in taking
someone of might 600N from the bottom part to the top level of the next floor
line?
b) Calculate the power generated by the motor in raising it the traveler to the
top.
5. An engine develops a forward force of 2.0x105 N, when the aircraft is flying at
200m/s. What horsepower does the engine developed?


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Republic of the Philippines

CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

Engr. Gil B. Salas

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

MODULE 6 – WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

LO2: Define and distinguish Work, Energy, and Power

 May be a collection of objects or particles

1. May be a region of space

2. May vary with time in size and shape

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

Problem Solving Notes

 Identify the particular system

 Also identify a system boundary

 Its surface is the system boundary

 Work is done on the system.

This is important for a system approach to solving a problem.

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

More about Work

Work is a scalar quantity.

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

W = F∆𝑟 cos𝜃 = F. ∆𝑟⃗ Eqn.6.2

Determining the amount of work done in different scenarios.

When is work done on an object?

This is positive work.

If the force is perpendicular to direction of the displacement, NO work is done on the

The main steps involved in problem-solving are:

• Identify the force(s) acting on the object.

• Copy the formula (W = FΔx cos θ) from the data sheet.

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

• The angle θ is between the force and displacement of the object.

1. A constant force F of magnitude 100 N acts on a block of mass 15kg that is

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

•Forms of energy: kinetic, chemical, nuclear, thermal, electrostatic, gravitational....

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

KE = K= ½ mv 2 = (0.5) (1000kg) (20𝑚/𝑠)2 = 200,000J

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

net work is negative.

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

Given: mass of the car,𝑚𝑐 = 1000kg; v = 16.7m/s; 𝐹𝑓 = 8000 N

Required: Determine the stopping distance of the car.

W= F ∆r cos𝜃 = W= F ∆x cos𝜃 = (8000kg) (∆𝑥𝑜 )(-1) = - 8000 ∆𝑥𝑜 , then

The forces are internal to the system

The system is the Earth and the book.

∆𝑟⃗ = (𝑌𝑓 - 𝑌𝑖 ) 𝐽̂ Eqn.6.6

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

Ug is a scalar. Units are joules (J)

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

Given: mass of wood,𝑚𝑤 = 1.0kg; initial height of wood,ℎ𝑖 = 10m.

Determining the wood potential energy at initial height,

In this example, the surface is the system.

The total energy remains the same.

Examples of conservative forces:

The primarily mathematical representation of the energy version of the

 TMT –by matter transfer

The SI unit of power is called the watt.

Units of power can also be used to express units of work or energy.

W = ∆𝑲𝑬 = Wnet= Kf–Ki

Document Title: MEMORANDUM

W = mgh = (60kg) (9.8m/s2) (200m) = 117,600J

Fundamentals of Physics, Sixth Edition