Taibah University, Engineering Collage

Electrical Engineering department

Instrumentation and Measurements, EE303

Analog-to-Digital Converter
Lab Assignment 8

Instructor: Engr. Abdulrahman Faqih

EE303, Laboratory

Worked on by Group (A):

Tariq Abdulrahman Alharbi, 4002415
Sultan Abdullah Alradaddi, 3541747
Thamer Alharbi, 4002665

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 Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Background: .............................................................................................................. 3
2. Objective: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Parts and Equipment:.................................................................................................................... 4
3. Method and Procedure: ........................................................................................................................ 5
4. Results: .................................................................................................................................................. 6
5. Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................................ 7
6. Reference: ............................................................................................................................................. 7

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1. Introduction and Background:
Digital-to-Analog converters (DACs) and Analog-to-Digital converters (ADC) are important
building blocks that interface sensors (e.g. temperature, pressure, light, sound, cruising speed of
a car) to digital systems such as microcontrollers or PCs. An ADC takes an analog signal and
converts it into a binary one, while a DAC converts a binary signal into an analog value. In this
experiment, we will do (Digital-to-Analog converters) by R-2R ladder network circuit as shown
in Figure(1).

Figure 1: R-2R ladder circuit (3-bits).

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2. Objective:
- Learn about ADC (analog to digital converter) and DAC (digital to analog converter).
- Design and build an R-2R ladder circuit.
- Test R-2R ladder circuit theoretically and practically.

2.1 Parts and Equipment:

Following are the material and equipment that were used while performing this lab:
- Power Source (DC).
- Multimeter.
- Breadboard.
- Resistors (R =1 kΩ, 2R = 2 kΩ).
- Galvanometer.
- Wires.

Figure 3: Multimeter. [1]

Figure 2: Power Source. [1]

Figure 4: Breadboard. [1] Figure 5: Potentiometer. [1]

Figure 6: Galvanometer. [1] Figure 7: Wires. [1]

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3. Method and Procedure:
In this experiment we will do (Digital-to-Analog converters) by R-2R ladder network circuit as
shown in Figure(1) :
R-2R Digital-to-Analogue Converter, or DAC, is a data converter which uses two precision
resistors to convert a digital binary number into an analog output signal proportional to the value
of the digital number.
Will do :
In this experiment we will calculate the voltage by using :

𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉0
𝑉𝑑𝑎𝑐 = ( + + ) 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
2 4 8 (1)

This equation we will use to complete Table(1).

Where the Vref = 5 , and v2 and v1 and vo, from table 1. For example :

(001) = (𝑉2, 𝑉1, 𝑉0

0 0 1 (2)
𝑉𝑑𝑎𝑐 = ( + + ) 5 = 0.625
2 4 8

And will do that for all bits from table(1) this for Theoretical.
Now for Practically, will build R-2R circuit in lap as shown in figure (8):

Figure 8.

The resistance used is 1 K ohm for R and for 2R is 2*1000 = 2K ohm and the voltage source (0v
-5v) if we need v =5 in resistor will connected to the source and to the ground for
v = 0.
The 2R in v2 will be connected to the ground and 2R in v1 to the ground , and the 2R in vo will
be connected to the source and will do that for all bits in Table (1).

V2, V1 V0 Theoretical equivalent Practical equivalent Relative error

000 Vth Vpr (Vpr/Vth) - 1
Table 1.

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4. Results:
After completing the R-2R ladder circuit, we filled table (1) as follow:
V2, V1, V0 Theoretical equivalent Practical equivalent rel. error
000 0 0 0.00%
001 0.625 0.622 -0.48%
010 1.25 1.24 -0.80%
011 1.875 1.86 -0.80%
100 2.5 2.513 0.52%
101 3.125 3.14 0.48%
110 3.75 3.76 0.27%
111 4.375 4.39 0.34%

Practical values
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Voltage

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Figure 9: Practical values plotted.

Theoratical values
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Voltage

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Figure 10: Theoratical values plotted.

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5. Conclusion:
In this experiment we learn how to convert form digital to analog by use
R-2R ladder circuit. Also we build R-2R circuit practically. And we find the voltage Theoretical
and practically
Theoretical by use : Vdac = (V2/2+ V1/4 + Vo/8) * Vref and practically by build
R-2R ladder circuit, none of the practical value had a higher relative than 0.8%.

6. Reference:
[1] Laboratory of Taibah University, Engineering College, Electrical Engineering department