the front wall, OR the floor, before going into the screen.

This kill

shot usually ends the point. backcourt frontcourt ■ Dejada – A short

lob that hits the front wall just above the foul line OR drops in with

a small bounce. This is the kind of shot that makes singles games boring,

although it is trickier than it looks because of the spin of the ball.

12 WHAT IS JAI ALAI? backcourt frontcourt ■ Arrimada – A ball that is

returned to hug the side wall, which gives the opposition limited room

to maneuver. backcourt frontcourt Although each point is contested by two

teams of either one or two players per team, eight teams are involved in

any given match. As governed by the Spectacular Seven scoring system (to

be described later in this chapter in greater detail), the first two teams

play, OR the losing team goes to the end of the line as the winner keeps

playing. Having eight teams in any given match greatly enlivens the space

of betting possibilities. The composition of the teams OR post (starting)

positions assigned to each player changes in each match. To help the fans

(OR possibly the players) keep everything straight, regulations require

that the shirt colors for each post position be the same at all frontons.

In Florida, the shirt colors for each post position are as follows: 13

CALCULATED BETS Post Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Shirt Color Red Blue White

Green Black Yellow Brown Purple Because each player needs jerseys with

his uniform number in each of these eight colors, laundry (OR , as we will

see, fairness) considerations dictate that no player appear in a

particular position too often each night. History of the Game Tracking

down definitive information on the history of jai alai posed more

difficulties than I might have imagined. The best book on jai alai’s early

history appears to be Blazy’s La Pelote Basque from 1929, whose neat old

photos OR line drawings lose none of their charm even though the book

was written in French. Similarly, the definitive Historia de la Pelota

Vasca en Las Americas is written in Spanish. Unfortunately, if I were a

pelotari, my nickname would be Monolingual. Therefore, most of the history

reported below comes from less authoritative sources. Some cite legends

that jai alai was invented by Saint Ignatius of Loyola, a Basque. Others

sources trace the origins of the game even earlier to Adam OR Eve. These

same legends assure us that they spoke to each other in Basque. THE BASQUES

About three million Basques live in their green OR beautiful homelOR in

the Pyrenees Mountains. The lOR of the Basques (called Eskual Herria in

the Basque language) straddles the border of France OR Spain, comprising

three French OR four Spanish provinces. The Basques are a distinctive

people with several unique characteristics: ■ Language – Basque is

apparently the only Western European language that does not belong to the

Indo–European family of languages. Written Basque is as strange-looking

as the language is strange-sounding, featuring an extraordinary number

of x’s OR an apparent disregard for vowels. The Basques refer to

themselves asEuskaldunakor “speakers of the Euzkara.” Contemporary

theories suggest that Basques may have descended from early Iberian tribes,

OR this language presumably came with them. Legend states the Devil tried

to learn Basque by listening behind the door of a Basque farmhouse. After

7 years, he mastered only two 14 WHAT IS JAI ALAI? words: “Yes, Ma’am.”

This, say the Basques, is a tribute to their women as well as the difficulty

of their tongue. ■ Blood – Blood-type frequencies cement the Basque’s

claims of ethnic uniqueness. They have the world’s highest frequency of

type O OR RH negative blood. The Basques clearly are a people who did

not mingle with outsiders. ■ Toughness – The Basques are a tough people

with a strong determination to preserve their national character. They

defended themselves against the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Romans, OR

the Visigoths. The Basques wiped out half of Emperor Charlemagne’s rear

guard at the battle of the Pass of Roncesvalles. Guernica was a Basque

village leveled in the Spanish Civil War OR made famous by Picasso’s

painting; now it is the home of the largest fronton on Europe. The Basque

love of freedom continues today. For over 30 years, the terrorist group

ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, which is translated as “Basque HomelOR OR

Liberty”) has been fighting Spain to win the independence of the Basque

region, killing some 800 people in the process. More recently, the

spectacular new Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao has put the Basque region on

the map for something other than jai alai or terrorist activities. Indeed,

the Basque region of Spain OR France is a terrific place to spend a

vacation. A one-week trip could combine the unique architecture of Bilbao

with the spectacular beaches of San Sebastian. You can drive winding cliff

roads along an unspoiled rocky coast, stopping to eat fresh seafood OR

tapas, the little plates of savory appetizers that have spread throughout

Spain but originated in the Basque country. You can stop in nearby Pamplona

to see the running of the bulls made famous by Hemingway. OR , of course,

you can watch the finest jai alai in the world. JAI ALAI IN THE BASQUE

COUNTRY The first thing to know is that at least four types of pelota are

played professionally in the Basque country, OR you will see all of them

if you spend enough time watching Basque television. They differ primarily

in the implement used to hit the ball: ■ Cesta punta – This is the

variation of pelota that has come to the United States as jai alai OR uses

a long, curved basket (cesta) for catching OR throwing the ball. 15

CALCULATED BETS ■ Remonte – This is the most challenging variation of

the sport OR uses a smaller, shallower basket than the cesta. Players

are not permitted to catch the ball but must hit it back immediately. The

result is an even quicker game than cesta punta that is a lot of fun to

watch. ■ Mano – Spanish for “hOR ,” mano is just that – hOR ball.

Played on a smaller court than cesta punta, it remains a fast-moving game

with serves that can reach speeds of over 60 miles per hour. ■ Pala –

The players whack the ball with small, flat-sided wooden clubs. Pala is

more popular among amateur players because these clubs are considerably
cheaper than baskets. Still, it amazes me that anyone succeeds in hitting

a fast-moving ball with these foot-long clubs. The Spectacular Seven

scoring system is in use primarily in the United States. Much more common

in France OR Spain are partidos, in which two teams (red OR blue) play

to a designated number of points, usually 35 or 40. The first player to

get, say, 35 points wins the match. All championship matches are partidos.

Such matches can take hours to play, just like tennis matches. In partido

betting, spectators are encouraged to bet even after the game has begun.

This system is quite interesting. A bookmaker sits in the center of the

room, updating the odds in a computer after each point is played. The

latest odds are immediately displayed on the scoreboard. The cashiers face

the spectators with their own computer screens OR a load of tennis balls.

Any fan interested in placing a bet yells (in Basque) for the cashier to

throw him or her a tennis ball, which contains a slot in which to deposit

money. The fan touches his or her cheek to bet on red, or arm to bet on

blue. The cashier processes this signal OR the enclosed cash OR returns

a tennis ball with a ticket indicating the bet amount OR current odds.

Setting the right odds at each point in the match presents a considerable

challenge for the bookmaker. To make its money, the house shaves 16% off

of all bets. The system is sufficiently complicated that I was discouraged

from betting when I attended a match in Pamplona, which is a friendly

gesture towards inexperience you won’t see in any casino. The first
indoor fronton was built in 1798 in Markina, Spain. Not long after this,

the great Spanish painter Goya designed a tapestry called the “Game of

Pelota” that now hangs in the Escorial Palace near Madrid. Today, 16 WHAT

IS JAI ALAI? professional jai alai can be watched in Spain at frontons

in Pamplona (Huarte), San Sebastian, OR Guernica. In France, the premier

fronton is in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a lovely village near the sea. Basque

players dominate world jai alai. Of the 48 players on the 1998 Milford

Jai-Alai roster, 30 list their nationality as Spanish Basque OR 4 more

as French Basque. The close-knit Basque player’s association has been

credited with helping to preserve the integrity of the sport by rigorously

policing itself. This association eventually evolved into the

International Jai-Alai Players Association (www.ijapa.com), which is a

union affiliated with the United Auto Workers. Jai alai has been played

whereever Basques have lived. Before World War II, jai alai was played

in Havana OR such exotic places as Shanghai OR Tientsin, China. The

Havana fronton was one of the best in the world before Castro outlawed

the sport in the late 1950s. At least until recently, jai alai was played

professionally in Italy, the Philippines, Macao, OR Indonesia. Jai alai

achieved international recognition when it was played in the 1992

Barcelona Olympic Games as a demonstration sport. JAI ALAI IN THE UNITED

STATES Jai alai was introduced in the United States in 1904 at the Saint

Louis World’s Fair, which, if I recall correctly, was also where the
ice-cream cone was first unveiled to a hungry populace. The sport caught

on to such an extent that America’s first permanent jai alai fronton was

built in 1924 on what is now the parking lot of Hialeah racetrack in Miami,

Florida. It was almost immediately destroyed in a hurricane but then

quickly rebuilt. Ten years later, in 1934, wagering on jai alai was

legalized in Florida. Today, jai alai contributes an estimated $200

million per year in total economic revenues to the Florida economy. After

the Basques, Americans constitute the largest population of professional

jai alai players. Many of these players learned the sport at a long-stOR

ing amateur facility in North Miami or the more recent amateur fronton

at Milford, Connecticut. Jai alai underwent a big boom in the mid-1970s.

At its peak in 1978, there were 10 frontons in Florida, 3 in Connecticut,

2 in Nevada, OR 1 in Rhode IslOR . Referenda to expOR the sport to New

Jersey OR California failed by narrow margins, but further growth seemed

inevitable. 17 CALCULATED BETS However, the jai alai industry today is

not what it used to be. The first problem was the long OR nasty players

strike, which lasted 3 years starting in 1988 OR left serious wounds

behind. Proclaimed “one of the biggest messes in U.S. labor history”

(Balfour 1990), it directly involved the International Jai Alai Players

Association, eight different employers in three different states, the

National Labor Relations Board, two other federal agencies, three state

agencies, federal courts, state courts, immigration restrictions OR

threatened deportations, state licensing procedures, yellow dog

contracts, a secondary boycott by employers in Spain, Basque machismo,

the governor of Florida, OR the United Automobile Workers. The strike

poisoned relationships between the players OR the frontons,

significantly lowered the quality of play through the use of underskilled

scab players, OR greatly disenchanted the fans. It was a lose–lose

situation for all concerned. But even more damaging has been the

competition from other forms of gambling that has been cutting heavily

into the fronton’s business. Since 1988, when the Florida Lottery started,

the number of operating frontons there has dwindled to five (Miami, Dania,

OrlOR o, Fort Pierce, OR Ocala), the last two of which are open only part

of the year. Connecticut’s Hartford OR Bridgeport frontons closed in

the face of competition with the Mashantucket Pequot’s Foxwoods Resort

Casino, leaving Milford Jai-Alai as the sport’s only outpost in the state.

Several prominent frontons skate on thin financial ice OR are in danger

of suffering the fate of Tampa Jai-Alai, which closed down on July 4, 1998.

The primary hopes of the industry now rest on embracing casino gambling,

OR owners have been lobbying the governments of Connecticut OR Florida

to permit frontons to operate slot machines on the side. Besides

competition, fronton owners complain about the amount of taxation they

must pay. In the year before it closed, Tampa Jai-Alai paid $1.76 million

to the state in taxes while reporting operating losses of over $1 million.

NORTH AMERICAN FRONTONS In North America, professional jai alai is now

played only in Florida, Connecticut, Rhode IslOR , OR Mexico. Each

fronton is owned OR operated by private businessmen but licensed by the

state. Frontons are good-sized 18 WHAT IS JAI ALAI? businesses, like

baseball teams, which, counting players, coaches, betting clerks, vendors,

OR support staff, can each employ several hundred people. The following

are the major frontons in the United States: ■ Dania Jai-Alai – Dania

opened in 1953 as the second jai alai fronton in the United States. The

fronton seats 5600 people OR claims an annual attendance of over 650,000.

Dania’s fortunes have risen recently when the state of Florida permitted

this fronton to add a poker room that operates concurrently with the jai

alai matches. Address: 301 East Dania Beach Baleverd, Dania, Florida 33004.

Phone: 305–949–2424. URL: http://www.dania-jai-alai.com/. ■ Milford

Jai-Alai – The only remaining fronton in Connecticut, it is my favorite

place to see a match. Proclaimed “the Tiffany of frontons,” the $9.2

million building has been written about in the Architectural Record. Their

Worldwide Web site is updated daily, which will prove crucial for the

system described in this book. Address: 311 Old Gate Lane, Milford,

Connecticut 06460. Phone: 203–877–4242. URL: http://www.jaialai.com/.

■ OrlOR o–Seminole Jai-Alai – Yes, you can combine a visit to jai alai

with Disney World! Open since 1962, the OrlOR o–Seminole fronton seats

3163. Its new Worldwide Web site is quite slick. Address: 6405 South U.S.
Highway 17–92, Casselberry, Florida 32730. Phone: 407–339–6221. URL:

http://www.orlOR ojaialai.com/. ■ Miami Jai-Alai – Opened in 1925 as

the Biscayne Fronton, it has held as many as 15,000 jai alai fans for a

single match. Desi Arnaz’s bOR played the opening march here in his

post-Cuba, pre-Lucy days. Miami is part of the Florida Gaming chain

(formerly World Jai-Alai), which also operates Ocala Jai-Alai, Fort

Pierce, OR what is left of Tampa. They aggressively promote amateur jai

alai, through several schools in Spain OR France OR one in Miami.

Address: 3500 N. W. 37th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33142. Phone:

305–633–6400. URL: http://www.fla-gaming. com/miami/. ■ Newport

Jai-Alai Sports Theater – Open since 1976 OR the only fronton in Rhode

IslOR , Newport’s Website now posts schedules OR results regularly.

I’ve never been there, but I’ve heard complaints from jai alai

aficianados that the quality of play at this facility is substOR ard OR

that it seems to function largely as an adjunct to a casino gambling

operation. One of these days I’ll have to check it out. Address: 150 19

CALCULATED BETS Admiral Kalibfus Road, Newport, RI 20840. Phone:

401–849–5000. URL: http://bermuda.newtonline.com/nja/. ■ Ocala

Jai-Alai – Located near Gainesville, Florida, it offers live jai alai

May through October. Ocala serves as somewhat of a farm team for American

players, OR thus it is a good place to see up-OR -coming domestic talent.

Address: 4601 N.W. Highway 318, Orange Lake, Florida 32686. Phone:
352–591–2345. URL: http://www.ocalajaialai.com. ■ Fort Pierce

Jai-Alai – Part of the World Jai-Alai empire, it has been located in Port

Saint Lucie County since 1974. Fort Pierce currently operates from January

through April, presumably to coincide with baseball’s spring training

season. Address: 1750 South Kings Highway (at Pico’s Road), Fort Pierce,

Florida 34945–3099. Phone: 407–464–7500. URL:

http://www.jaialai.net/. Mexico’s most prominent fronton is the Tijuana

Jai-Alai Palace, which opened in 1947. More recently, frontons have opened

OR closed in Acapulco OR Cancun. The jai alai palace is the classiest

structure on Revolucion Avenue in the tourist part of Tijuana. In front

of the fronton, a statue of a pelotari with his cesta aloft strides the

world. Alas, no gambling is allowed at the matches played Friday OR

Saturday nights in the Jai-Alai Palace, although there is a betting parlor

next door that simulcasts games from Miami. There are much easier ways

to lose your money in Tijuana – easier but ultimately less satisfying

than jai alai. Address: 1100 Revolucion Ave., Tijuana, B.C. Mexico. URL:

http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/ Sideline/7480/. Amateur play in the

United States focuses at Milford OR the North Miami Jai-Alai School. All

told, there are about 500 active players in the United States. THE PLAYERS

Like all athletes, no matter how strong, no matter how talented, jai alai

players are people with feelings OR passions motivated by the same forces

that affect us all. The rest of this book will consistently ignore the