Chapter - 4

Linear Algebra

In[2]:= Question : -
Table[If[i ⩵ j, i, If[i > j, 0, 1]], {i, 10}, {j, 10}] // MatrixForm
Out[2]//MatrixForm=

Question :
{{- 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1}, {0, - 2, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1},
{0, 0, - 3, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1}, {0, 0, 0, - 4, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1},
{0, 0, 0, 0, - 5, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 6, - 1, - 1, - 1, - 1},
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 7, - 1, - 1, - 1}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 8, - 1, - 1},
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 9, - 1}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 10}}

In[5]:= (B = IdentityMatrix[2]);
(A = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}});
M = ArrayFlatten[{{A, B}}];
% // MatrixForm
Out[8]//MatrixForm=
1 2 1 0
3 4 0 1

In[9]:= M〚2〛 = M〚2〛 - 3 M〚1〛

Out[9]= {0, - 2, - 3, 1}

In[10]:= M // MatrixForm
Out[10]//MatrixForm=
1 2 1 0
0 -2 -3 1

In[11]:= (E1 = {{1, 0}, {- 3, 1}});

(UT = {{1, 2}, {0, - 2}});
F = Inverse[E1];
F.UT;
% // MatrixForm
Out[15]//MatrixForm=
1 2
3 4

In[16]:= (A = {{1, 7, 5, 0}, {5, 9, 2, 1}, {1, 4, 3, 2}, {4, 9, 3, 0}})

Out[16]=

{{1, 7, 5, 0}, {5, 9, 2, 1}, {1, 4, 3, 2}, {4, 9, 3, 0}}

2

In[17]:= A // MatrixForm
Out[17]//MatrixForm=
1 7 5 0
5 9 2 1
1 4 3 2
4 9 3 0

In[18]:= (B = IdentityMatrix[4])
Out[18]=

{{1, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 1}}

In[19]:= S = ArrayFlatten[{{B, A}}]

Out[19]=

{{1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 7, 5, 0}, {0, 1, 0, 0, 5, 9, 2, 1},

{0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 2}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 9, 3, 0}}

In[20]:= S〚2〛 × S〚2〛 - 5 S〚1〛;

S〚3〛 × S〚3〛 - 2 S〚1〛;
S〚4〛 × S〚4〛 - 8 S〚1〛;
S // MatrixForm
Out[23]//MatrixForm=
1 0 0 0 1 7 5 0
0 1 0 0 5 9 2 1
0 0 1 0 1 4 3 2
0 0 0 1 4 9 3 0

In[24]:= S〚2〛 = S〚2〛 / - 27;

S〚3〛 = S〚3〛 - 2 S〚1〛;
S〚4〛 = S〚4〛 + 8 S〚1〛;
S // MatrixForm
Out[27]//MatrixForm=
1 0 0 0 1 7 5 0
1 5 1 2 1
0 - 0 0 - - - -
27 27 3 27 27
-2 0 1 0 - 1 - 10 - 7 2
8 0 0 1 12 65 43 0

In[28]:= S〚4〛 = S〚4〛 + 55 S〚2〛;

S〚3〛 = (27 / 139) S〚3〛;
S // MatrixForm
Out[30]//MatrixForm=
1 0 0 0 1 7 5 0
1 5 1 2 1
0 - 0 0 - - - -
27 27 3 27 27
54 27 27 270 189 54
- 0 0 - - -
139 139 139 139 139 139
55 49 140 1051 55
8 - 0 1 -
27 27 3 27 27
 3

In[31]:= S〚1〛 = S〚1〛 - (2 / 27) S〚3〛;

S〚2〛 = S〚2〛 - (19 / 27) S〚3〛;
S〚4〛 = S〚4〛 - (19 / 27) S〚3〛;
S // MatrixForm
Out[34]//MatrixForm=
143 2 141 993 709 4
0 - 0 -
139 139 139 139 139 139
38 1 19 182 431 3313 1165
- - 0 - -
139 27 139 3753 417 3753 3753
54 27 27 270 189 54
- 0 0 - - -
139 139 139 139 139 139
1150 55 19 7324 20 030 149 680 8671
- - 1 -
139 27 139 3753 417 3753 3753

In[35]:= S〚4〛 (- 139 / 1986) S〚4〛;

S // MatrixForm
Out[36]//MatrixForm=
143 2 141 993 709 4
0 - 0 -
139 139 139 139 139 139
38 1 19 182 431 3313 1165
- - 0 - -
139 27 139 3753 417 3753 3753
54 27 27 270 189 54
- 0 0 - - -
139 139 139 139 139 139
1150 55 19 7324 20 030 149 680 8671
- - 1 -
139 27 139 3753 417 3753 3753

In[37]:= S〚1〛 = S〚1〛 - (325 / 139) S〚4〛;

S〚2〛 = S〚2〛 + (40 / 139) S〚4〛;
S〚3〛 = S〚3〛 + (9 / 139) S〚4〛;
S // MatrixForm

Out[40]//MatrixForm=
353 873 17 875 5897 325 1 851 127 6 095 669 45 985 123 2 803 063
- - - - -
19 321 3753 19 321 139 521 667 57 963 521 667 521 667
51 282 2339 3401 40 267 662 861 109 6 447 707 508 775
- - -
19 321 3753 19 321 139 521 667 57 963 521 667 521 667
2844 55 3582 9 3935 22 560 70 867 13 847
- -
19 321 417 19 321 139 57 963 19 321 57 963 57 963
1150 55 19 7324 20 030 149 680 8671
- - 1 -
139 27 139 3753 417 3753 3753

In[41]:= (A = {{8, 3, 2, 1}, {2, 5, 4, 6}, {0, 6, 6, 4}, {3, 5, 7, 3}})

% // MatrixForm
Out[41]=

{{8, 3, 2, 1}, {2, 5, 4, 6}, {0, 6, 6, 4}, {3, 5, 7, 3}}

Out[42]//MatrixForm=
8 3 2 1
2 5 4 6
0 6 6 4
3 5 7 3
4

In[43]:= Det[A]
Out[43]=

334

In[44]:= Inverse[A] // MatrixForm

Out[44]//MatrixForm=
15 7 45 11
-
167 167 334 167
40 37 107 82
- -
167 167 167 167
26 1 89 70
- - -
167 167 334 167
21 57 52 18
- -
167 167 167 167

In[45]:= Det[A] * Inverse[A] // MatrixForm

Out[45]//MatrixForm=
30 14 - 45 22
80 - 74 214 - 164
- 52 - 2 - 89 140
- 42 114 - 104 36

In[46]:= minorsMatrix[m_List? MatrixQ] := Map[Reverse, Minors[m], {0, 1}]

minorsMatrix[A] // MatrixForm
Out[47]//MatrixForm=
30 - 80 - 52 42
- 14 - 74 2 114
- 45 - 214 - 89 104
- 22 - 164 - 140 36

In[48]:= cofactorsMatrix[m_List? MatrixQ] :=

Table[(- 1) ^ (i + j), {i, Length[m]}, {j, Length[m]}] * minorsMatrix[m]
cofactorsMatrix[A] // MatrixForm
Out[49]//MatrixForm=
30 80 - 52 - 42
14 - 74 - 2 114
- 45 214 - 89 - 104
22 - 164 140 36

In[51]:= Transpose[cofactorsMatrix[A]] // MatrixForm

Out[51]//MatrixForm=
30 14 - 45 22
80 - 74 214 - 164
- 52 - 2 - 89 140
- 42 114 - 104 36
 5

In[52]:= MatrixPlot[Table[Abs[i - j], {i, 10}, {j, 10}]]

Out[52]=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

In[53]:= (A = {{1, 2, - 3}, {2, - 1, 5}, {4, 3, a ^ 2}});

(b = {{4}, {2}, {a + 3}});
LinearSolve[A, b]
Out[55]=

57 - 7 a + 8 a2 - 71 + 11 a + 6 a2 - 35 + 5 a
 ,  ,  
5 + 5 a2 5 + 5 a2 5 + 5 a2

In[56]:= NullSpace[A]
{}
RowReduce[ArrayFlatten[{{A, b}}]] // MatrixForm
Out[56]=

{}
Out[57]=

{}
Out[58]//MatrixForm=
57-7 a+8 a2
1 0 0
5+5 a2
-71+11 a+6 a2
0 1 0
5+5 a2
-35+5 a
0 0 1
5+5 a2
6

In[59]:= Det[A]
Out[59]=

- 5 - 5 a2

In[60]:= pts = {{4, - 3}, {- 4, 5}, {- 2, 7}}

Out[60]=

{{4, - 3}, {- 4, 5}, {- 2, 7}}

In[61]:= CircleThrough[pts]
Out[61]=

Circle{1, 2}, 34 

In[62]:= CircleThrough[pts];
Graphics[{%, Red, Large, Point[pts]}]
Out[63]=