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Received: 5 August 2021 Revised: 16 November 2021 Accepted: 2 December 2021 IET Power Electronics
DOI: 10.1049/pel2.12224

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Grid integrated solar energy transfer system with a two-layer

complex coefficient filter-based control
Renuka Varma P C1 Nirmal Mukundan C M1 Jayaprakash Pychadathil1
Ahmed Al-Durra2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Government College of Engineering
Kannur, A P J Abdul Kalam Technological
University, Thiruvananthapuram, India
2
Advanced Power and Energy Center, EECS
Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Correspondence
Renuka Varma P C, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Government College of
Engineering Kannur, A P J Abdul Kalam Techno-
logical University, Thiruvananthapuram 695016,
India.
Email: renukavarma96@gmail.com
Funding information
TEQIP and Centre of Excellence in Systems, Energy
and Environment; Khalifa University of Science and
Technology, Grant/Award Number: CIRA-2019-049
Abstract
In this paper, a novel control strategy for grid-integrated solar energy transfer system
(SETS) is proposed which enhances the grid power quality along with active power injec-
tion. Some of the conventional grid synchronization controls face problems due to imper-
fect estimation of fundamental active load current during both grid-side and load-side dis-
turbances. The proposed two-layer multiple-complex coefficient filter control improves
the performance of SETS by accurately estimating the fundamental active load current
at adverse operating conditions. One layer extracts the fundamental positive sequence of
the sensed three-phase grid voltages and derives the unit in-phase voltage templates for
grid currents reference generation to achieve unity power factor operation. The second
layer evaluates the average active fundamental component of the load currents, and finally
derives the reference amplitude of three-phase grid currents. The two-stage SETS con-
sists of a quadratic boost DC-DC converter to extract the maximum solar array power
forming an interface between PV array and inverter. It also provides high voltage gain
and decreases the length of the PV array string while maintaining a low DC-link voltage
ripple, extending the service life of the SETS. The effect of a nonlinear unbalanced load
is nullified and therefore the grid current’s waveform quality is maintained in compliance
with the IEEE-519 standard during the dynamic operating conditions. The SETS provides
sinusoidal, balanced, and steady grid currents at unity power factor withstanding adverse
operating conditions such as distorted grid voltages, varying irradiance and varying unbal-
anced nonlinear load currents. Due to its flexibility to operate in such adverse conditions,
the proposed control based SETS is suitable for grid-connected applications. Simulations
are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and results validate the performance of the SETS.
The hardware prototype of the proposed SETS is developed and rigorously tested under
various operating conditions to validate the proposed claims.

1 INTRODUCTION energy, several studies are being conducted to extract maximum

Conventional energy sources are widely used for electric power
generation, but they are not environment-friendly. Thus, a
shift towards clean and renewable energy sources is observed.
Renewable energy sources are soon to replace conventional
energy sources in the area of electric power production due to
their environment-friendly, free and clean nature. Solar, wind,
tidal, biomass are some of the free sources of energy that are
found to be cost-effective for long-term use. In the field of solar
power with reduced losses, for supporting the grid [1]. Nowa-
days, electric power generated from the emerging PV technol-
ogy is made accessible to customers through grid integration.
PV array voltage forms the DC voltage input to the two-stage
grid-integrated solar energy transfer system (SETS). A high
gain DC-DC converter is required as a power interface between
PV array and inverter for the two-stage SETS. The use of
coupled inductors, switched capacitors or step-up transformers
introduce high voltage gain in converters. The conventional

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properly cited.
© 2021 The Authors. IET Power Electronics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology

168 wileyonlinelibrary.com/iet-pel IET Power Electron. 2022;15:168–185.


VARMA ET AL.
boost converter has limitations for switching frequency, gain,
duty ratio, etc. A magnetically modular coupled converter
reported in [2] has a cascaded connection of boost converters
with inductors magnetically coupled to each other. But, the use
of coupled inductors has risks of electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and increases size. A switched-capacitor based converter
in [3] gives an appreciable gain of 30 but the use of a higher
number of capacitors makes the system bulky.
To overcome the problems due to complexity, EMI issues,
and reduced efficiency in conventional boost converters, the
scope of quadratic converters is studied in [4]. A comparison
between cascaded boost converter and conventional quadratic
boost converter (QBC) concludes that the cascaded boost con-
verter has better efficiency at the same operating conditions.
Moreover, in terms of the number of components used, switch-
ing stress, frequency, and gain, the quadratic converter is a better
option. A conventional QBC uses only one switch to obtain a
gain of four, while some other QBC-derived topologies have
additional features like lesser capacitor voltage stress, inductor
current reduction , output voltage ripple reduction [5]-[6]. Some
of the QBC-derived boost converters in [7], [8] are found to
have a higher number of components and complexity. A mod-
ified QBC (MQBC) in [9] aiming for lesser output voltage rip-
ple gives higher efficiency using less number of components.
MQBC is found to have a lesser output voltage ripple, lesser
voltage stress across the capacitor, and maximum efficiency of
95.8%. Duty ratio control of MQBC can be estimated by incre-
mental conductance (INC) algorithm based maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) technique [10]. It is simple to implement
with less computational burden and control complexity while
compared to advanced MPPT techniques.
In the practical distribution network, different types of
AC loads such as harmonic loads, reactive loads, unbalanced
loads, etc. are connected at the point of common coupling
(PCC). Due to these nonlinear loads, there are high chances of
distortion in the grid power quality. The control algorithm plays
a vital role to enhance power quality at the PCC and enables
any grid-connected SETS to withstand adverse operating
conditions. Graphical analysis of the decoupling process for
a decoupling controller consisting of inner current and outer
voltage loops is reported in [11] for standalone voltage source
inverters (VSIs). The use of more than one abc-dq0 transfor-
mation slows down the response of the controller. Robust
control of a grid-connected inverter is reported in [12] in which
the control gains of the current controller is found through a
discrete linear quadratic regulation. A control algorithm based
on an enhanced adaptive filter technology is employed in [13]
for a single-phase grid connected voltage source converter. It
generates orthogonal sequence component which ensures high
disturbance rejection capability, but phase-locked loops (PLLs)
and a higher number of abc-dq0 transformations reduces the
speed of response. Extraction of fundamental component is
possible through some advanced control techniques such as
the least mean square (LMS) technique [14], techniques based
on adaptive notch filter (ANF) [15], adaptive linear element
(ADALINE) [16], wavelet transformations [17], [18] etc. These
advanced techniques have higher accuracy but an increased
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169
computational burden is undesirable in grid-connected
systems.
Under abnormal grid conditions, unbalanced AC signals are
analyzed by their symmetrical components which is essential
for stability studies, fault detection, etc. Fundamental positive
sequence components (FPSC) are the balanced components
rotating at the same phase as that of the input quantity. There-
fore, in control algorithms without extraction of FPSC during
an unbalance, maloperation is expected as the grid currents per-
sist unbalance. During an unbalance in grid voltages, control
of positive and negative sequence components is reported in
[19], without utilising the unbalanced load currents. For gener-
ating grid reference currents, information of active load current
is important. In a damped second-order generalized integrator
(SOGI) based control algorithm [20], the fundamental active
component of load current is extracted using a damped SOGI
filter in each phase. In three-phase systems, the use of damped
SOGI in each phase make the control tedious. Sequence filter
(SF) built by integrators extracts fundamental sequence com-
ponents of a distorted signal. A second-order sequence filter
(SOSF) reported in [21] estimates the active load current for
the shunt compensator in an universal active power filter. It is
found that SOSF has better attenuation than SF above funda-
mental frequency and is sensitive to sub-harmonics and DC off-
sets [22].
Guo et al. have reported a multiple complex coefficient filter
(MCCF) in [23] for sequence component and harmonic content
extraction. This concept can be extended to any order by adding
more complex coefficient filter (CCF) units. Transient response
analysis of MCCF reported in [24] prove its ability to with-
stand unbalanced load conditions. Under unbalanced fault con-
ditions, the presence of nonlinear harmonic loads at the PCC
leads to distortions in voltage wave shape, so a selective har-
monic compensation using MCCF is implemented in [25]. Gen-
erally, MCCF inputs are 𝛼 − 𝛽 components, while in [26], abc
components are taken to obtain fundamental positive and nega-
tive sequence components using each filter at each phase which
makes it more complex. MCCF for grid voltage sequence com-
ponents extraction and SOGI for load active current extraction
is reported in [27]. In [28], MCCF filters out the sequence com-
ponents of grid voltages under polluted grid conditions, and
an improved SOGI based technique is used at each phase to
extract in-phase and quadrature components of load current
which makes the system bulkier. Active load current component
extraction in a three-phase grid-connected PV system, based on
a frequency adaptive MCCF reported in [29] shows that the sys-
tem exhibits overshoots in the grid currents waveforms at sud-
den changes.
In this work, a two-stage grid integrated solar energy trans-
fer system is presented. The circuit configuration consists of a
high gain modified quadratic boost converter as the first power
conversion stage to extract the maximum power from the PV
array. A voltage source inverter is used to synchronize the PV
power with the distribution network forming the second stage.
A sequence component extraction unit based on a two-layer
CCF is used for the grid integration. The major features of this
work include:

170
∙ A two-stage solar energy transfer system is presented here to
integrate the solar PV array power with the grid.
∙ A fundamental positive sequence components extraction unit
is used for the sensed voltages to withstand the grid side volt-
age fluctuations. The fundamental frequency of the grid is
tracked for the MCCF’s corner frequency selection, and also
used for unit template generation.
∙ A fundamental positive sequence components extraction unit
is used for the sensed load currents and the reference grid
currents are estimated.
∙ A PV feed-forward term is incorporated in the reference grid
currents generation to improve the dynamic performance at
irradiance variations.
∙ The maximum power point tracking is realized by the incre-
mental conductance algorithm which controls the quadratic
converter.
∙ During PV side and grid side variations, the system exhibits
fast response without any overshoots and oscillations.
∙ The high gain DC-DC converter gives high efficiency owing
to a fewer number of components and also reduces the out-
put voltage ripple, which increases the service life of the sys-
tem components.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the sys-
tem configuration and Section 3 discusses the inverter control
approach, Section 4 gives the design equations for SETS, Sec-
tion 5 illustrates the results and discussion. Section 6 explains
the experimental results and its analysis, Section 7 explains the
comparison study of different control algorithms and conclu-
sions are listed in Section 8.
2 GRID-CONNECTED SETS
Figure 1 represents the circuit configuration of the proposed
solar energy transfer system. Maximum power extraction from a
PV array is achieved through a DC-DC converter which forms
the first stage. A modified quadratic boost converter [9] with
quadratic gain helps in the reduction of DC-link voltage ripple.
The second stage is a three-leg DC-AC converter that transfers
the solar power from the first stage to the PCC whose control
is depicted in Figure 2. The grid integration requires auxiliary
components such as interfacing inductors connected between
the inverter and grid, RC filters connected in shunt to reduce the
current and voltage ripples in the SETS output. AC power avail-
able at the PCC is fed into the local load and the excess power is
injected into the grid. In the control approach, PV array voltage
and current, DC-link voltage, grid currents, grid voltages and
load currents are sensed. Sensing of currents and voltages in all
three phases make the system expensive and bulky. Since it is
a three-phase three-wire system, the sum of all the three-phase
voltages or currents is zero. Therefore, the total number of sen-
sors is reduced, which saves the cost and system complexity.
The modified quadratic boost converter has the unique prop-
erty of reducing the output voltage ripple which helps in the sta-
bilization of DC-link voltage and increases the service life of the
DC link capacitor. To reduce the number of PV array strings,
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VARMA ET AL.
employing a high gain, highly efficient DC-DC converter is
appropriate. High gain is commonly found in most of the boost
converter topologies which comes with either a higher num-
ber of components or auxiliary boosting circuit arrangement.
MQBC has less voltage ripple at the output, gives quadratic gain
even for a low duty ratio, and voltage stress on capacitors is min-
imum for MQBC.
3 CONTROL APPROACH
Two independent controls are used for two stages, one is the
INC MPPT technique in which switching of the converter
is controlled to operate at maximum solar power. Maximum
power point is chosen by the INC MPPT control by sensing
the PV array voltage (Vpv ) and current (I pv ), and the duty cycle
is varied. Once the duty cycle is derived from MPPT, it is com-
pared with triangular reference to achieve PWM pulses for the
switches as shown in Figure 3. Along with the high gain, the
converter facilitates maximum power operation with the INC
algorithm. INC MPPT algorithm is highly efficient in maximum
power point tracking during dynamic variations in irradiance
without any perturbations [10]. At MPP, the rate of change of
power (P) with respect to voltage (V) is zero in INC MPPT.
𝛿P
= 0, (1)
𝛿V
𝛿I I
=− . (2)
𝛿V V
During adverse grid, load and PV operating conditions, inverter
control is critical for achieving unity power factor (UPF) oper-
ation at the grid. The proposed control extracts the sequence
components of grid voltages and load currents to estimate the
grid reference currents. Extraction of the active component
of load currents is achieved along with fundamental frequency
tracking through this control.
3.1 Positive sequence component extraction
unit
The major objective of the control algorithm is to share sinu-
soidal, balanced three-phase grid currents with the grid. For
that, the positive sequence components extraction from the
sensed load currents and grid voltages is mandatory. The fun-
damental positive sequence components ensure balanced grid
currents references. The two-layer complex coefficient filter
extracts the sequence components of the sensed voltages and
load currents. The block diagram shown in Figure 2 is the con-
trol architecture, which is a single-stage structure that gives the
precise measurement of the fundamental positive sequence and
negative sequence components for any distorted inputs. The fil-
tering at the fundamental frequency is utilized to remove har-
monics in grid voltages and load currents. By cross-coupling the
positive and negative sequence components, CCF attain unity
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VARMA ET AL. 171

FIGURE 1 Circuit configuration of the two-stage SETS

FIGURE 2 Block diagram of a two layer complex coefficient filter based grid integration control algorithm

gain at the fundamental frequency and attenuates components where 𝜔c is the cut-off frequency and 𝜔0 is the desired fre-
below and above the fundamental frequency. The transfer func- quency. According to CCF(s), the gain plot resembles a low pass
tion of the CCF is given as [23], filter as shown in Figure 4. When the grid voltage’s fundamental
frequency goes beyond the design frequency, the fundamental
𝜔c component gets attenuated. Similarly, at low grid frequencies,
CCF (s) = , (3)
s − j 𝜔0 + 𝜔c the filter performance gets deteriorated. Therefore, the desired
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172 VARMA ET AL.

FIGURE 3 PWM generation for DC-DC converter

FIGURE 5 Phasor diagram representation of load current components

sensed only in two of the phases. Load currents in ‘a’ and ‘b’ is
only sensed and load current in ‘c’ phase is calculated as,

ilc = −(ila + ilb ). (7)

Similarly, grid current in ‘c’ phase is calculated as,

FIGURE 4 Bode diagram of complex coefficient filter
isc = (isa + isb ). (8)
frequency of filter design is crucial and is done by the online
frequency estimation loop. Hence, any variations in the funda- Grid voltages and load currents transformed to 𝛼 − 𝛽 frame
mental frequency are monitored and the filter cutoff frequency forms the input of complex coefficient filter. Phasor diagram
is selected accordingly. of grid voltages and load currents in abc and 𝛼 − 𝛽 frame is
as shown in Figure 5. The error signals vs𝛼e , vs𝛽e and il 𝛼e are
integrated to obtain the positive sequence components.
3.2 Inverter control scheme + +
vs𝛼e = 𝜔c vs𝛼 − 𝜔c vs𝛼 − 𝜔0 vs𝛽 , (9)
The proposed control algorithm is based on a two-layer com-
plex coefficient filter as shown in Figure 2. Active power of the + +
vs𝛽e = 𝜔c vs𝛽 + 𝜔0 vs𝛼 − 𝜔c vs𝛽 , (10)
load is supported by the SETS and the grid. Reactive power
and harmonics requirements of the load are met by SETS.
Thus, UPF operation at the grid power is realized in this work. il 𝛼e = 𝜔c il 𝛼 − 𝜔c il+𝛼 − 𝜔0 il+𝛽 . (11)
Pl stands for load power, PSETS is the power injected by the
SETS and Pg is the grid power. Ql is the load reactive power, + +
The positive sequence components of grid voltages vs𝛼 and vs𝛽 ,
QSETS is the reactive power injected by the SETS and Qg is the
grid reactive power. Hl stands for the harmonics in the load, and positive sequence component of load currents in 𝛼 frame
HSETS is the harmonics injected by SETS, and Hg is the grid il+𝛼 are extracted by integrating the internal error signals.
harmonics.
+
vs𝛼 = vs𝛼e dt , (12)
Pl = PSETS + Pg , (4) ∫

+
vs𝛽 = vs𝛽e dt , (13)
Ql = QSETS ; Qg = 0, (5) ∫

Hl = HSETS ; Hg = 0. il+𝛼 = il 𝛼e dt . (14)

(6) ∫

Positive sequence extraction at fundamental frequency Sequence components are finally extracted using CCF along
requires input quantities in 𝛼 − 𝛽 frame. SETS is a three-phase with with fundamental frequency tracking. Positive sequence
three-wire system in which grid voltages and load currents are components of grid voltages are transformed to dq0 frame to
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VARMA ET AL. 173

estimate the unit templates. Unit templates are the sinusoidal

waveforms with a magnitude of unity, in-phase with the pos-
itive sequence of grid voltages. Quadrature component of the
+
grid voltage’s positive sequence component is denoted as vsq . It
is compared with zero and is fed to a proportional-integral (PI)
controller. To increase the speed of estimation, angular speed
corresponding to 50 Hz (nominal grid frequency), that is 314
rad/s is added to the output of PI controller giving the accurate
angular speed 𝜔. The angle 𝜃 required for abc − dq0 transfor-
mation is derived from 𝜔 as,

𝜃= 𝜔dt . (15)
∫

𝜃 is used for generating unit templates as,

FIGURE 6 PV array characteristics
ua = sin𝜃, (16)

ub = sin(𝜃 − 120), (17) TABLE 1 PV module design parameters

Parameters Rating

uc = sin(𝜃 − 240). (18) Maximum power (W) 250.088

Open circuit voltage (V) 43.4
Sampling the fundamental positive sequence of load current Short circuit current (A) 7.89
(il+𝛼 ) at zero crossings of the fundamental positive sequence Voltage at MPP (V) 34.4
+
component of grid voltage (vs𝛽 ) gives the active component of Current at MPP (A) 7.27
load current (Il 𝛼 p ). Therefore, Il 𝛼 p is derived from the positive
sequence components of grid voltages and load currents.
The output of a DC-link voltage regulator (PI controller), Ispv
is added to Il 𝛼 p . PI controller input is the difference between
∗ each phase.
reference voltage at DC-link (VDC ) and sensed DC-link voltage
(VDC ).
isa∗ = Is∗ × ua , (22)
∗ ∗
Ispv = k p (VDC − VDC ) + ki (VDC − VDC )dt , (19)
∫
isb∗ = Is∗ × ub , (23)
where k p and ki are the PI controller constants. A PV feed-
forward term I pvg is subtracted from the sum of Ispv and Il 𝛼 p to isc∗ = Is∗ × uc . (24)
generate grid reference currents amplitude. Grid current ampli-
tude corresponding to maximum PV array power is obtained The error between reference currents (isa∗ , isb∗ , and isc∗ ) and
as, sensed grid currents (isa , isb , and isc ) are passed through the hys-
teresis controller, which generates gating pulses for controlling
2Ppv
I pvg = , (20) the voltage source inverter (Figure 6).
3Vs

where Ppv is the PV array power and Vs is the peak of sensed 4 DESIGN OF SOLAR ENERGY
grid voltage. TRANSFER SYSTEM
Amplitude of reference grid current (Is∗ ) is derived as,
For the proposed grid-supported solar energy transfer system,
Is∗ = Il 𝛼 p + Ispv − I pvg . (21) the following parameters are chosen.

Since unit templates are derived from fundamental positive

sequence component of grid voltages, unbalance in grid volt- 4.1 Design of PV array
ages do not affect the generation of unit templates. Reference
grid currents amplitude Is∗ is multiplied with each phase unit A PV panel is selected for a maximum power rating (Ppvm ) of
templates (ua , ub , and uc ) to obtain grid reference currents in 62.26 kW whose parameters are shown in Table. 1, and the
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174 VARMA ET AL.

expression for the maximum PV array power is, Selection of DC-link Capacitor

Ppvm = N p × I pvm × Ns × Vpvm = 62.26kW . (25) CDC =

6aVIt
. (31)
∗ 2
((VDC ) − (VDC 1 )2 )
Number of parallel strings (Ns ) is selected as 5 and number
of series strings (Ns ) is selected as 50. Vpvm and I pvm are the VDC 1 is the minimum voltage level of the DC bus, the overload-
PV panel voltage and current corresponding to the maximum ing factor a is included to protect the system from overloading.
power point. RMS value of phase voltage of source is V , I is the RMS value
of phase current of source. t is the time taken by DC-link to
reach its stable voltage. CDC is selected as 12000 𝜇F.
4.2 DC-DC converter parameters Selection of Interfacing Inductor: Interfacing inductor is
connected in series between the inverter and grid to reduce the
MQBC is used as the DC-DC converter for the SETS and current ripple.
the converter is designed to get the desired DC-link voltage of √
the VSI. ∗
3mVDC
Output voltage V0 is calculated as [9], Li = . (32)
12a fs Ir p
Vpvm
V0 = , (26) Ir p is the magnitude of the current ripple and fs switching fre-
(1 − D)2 quency. Li is selected as 4mH .
RC filter: The shunt connected RC filter provides high
where D is the average duty ratio of the converter derived from impedance to fundamental frequency and short circuit the
the INC algorithm (selected as 0.5). high frequency voltage ripples. Thus it is used to reduce the
Capacitors of equal value are selected in MQBC (C1 = C2 = unwanted frequencies at the PCC voltages.
C ) [9]. The value of C is derived from the voltage ripple (dV ),
currents through the indcutors L1 and L2 , converter output cur- Ts
rent Idc and switching time period Ts . RC = . (33)
10
(IL1 − IL2 − 2Idc )(1 − D)Ts R and C values are selected as 10 Ω and 2.2 𝜇F.
C = . (27)
dV

The two inductors L1 and L2 are selected as,

5 SIMULATION RESULTS
Vpvm DTs
L1 = , (28) The proposed SETS is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink at var-
2ΔIL1
ious dynamic conditions such as voltage sag, voltage swell, load
Vpvm DTs unbalances, and varying irradiation. Simulation results are pre-
L2 = , (29) sented and analysed in the following sections. Grid voltages are
2(1 − D)ΔIL2
made distorted to check the feasibility of the system to with-
where ΔIL1 and ΔIL2 are the maximum allowable ripple cur- stand such adverse grid conditions. Also, the load at the PCC is
rents through L1 and L2 , respectively. For a duty ratio (D) of a diode bridge rectifier which is a nonlinear harmonic load.
0.5 and switching time period (Ts ) of 10 kHz, MQBC parame-
ters are chosen as L1 = 0.004 mH, L2 = 0.246 mH, C1 = C2 =
80 𝜇F. 5.1 Sag and swell in grid voltages

In a distribution system, voltage sags are usually occurring due

4.3 Grid-connected voltage source inverter to sudden changes in the load, short circuit, etc. Swells in grid
voltage may happen due to an unbalanced fault in the whole
For a three-phase grid-connected system, the following equa- system. In this system, a three-phase programmable AC source
tions are used for component selection [30], is used to apply sags and swells. Variations in the amplitude of
DC-link Voltage grid voltages are applied in a sequence of sag, normal voltage,
and then swell. These results are analysed to study the nature of
√ grid currents during grid voltages magnitude variations in one-
∗ 2 2Vll
VDC = √ . (30) phase or all phases. Waveforms of Ppv , vs , is , il , iin j , and VDC
3m are shown in Figure 7, where iin j represent currents injected by
the SETS. A sag of 20% is applied in grid voltages for 0.6 to
∗ 0.62 seconds, then normal grid voltage for another 0.03 sec-
VDC is obtained as 700 V where Vll is the line voltage of source
and m is the modulation index (m=1). onds, followed by a swell of 20% for the next 0.03 seconds as
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VARMA ET AL. 175

FIGURE 7 Dynamic performance characteristics of SETS during sag and

swell in the grid voltages, waveforms of Ppv , vs , is , il , iin j , and VDC
FIGURE 8 Performance characteristics of SETS during sag and swell in
one of the phases of grid voltages, waveforms of Ppv , vs , is , il , iin j , and VDC

shown. While the sag happens at the PCC, the load currents
decrease as voltage and current are proportional to each other.
Now, the load power and currents are reduced, more power will
be injected into the grid. Therefore, the grid currents increase
during a sag in grid voltages. When the voltages at the PCC rise,
the load currents rise, grid currents decrease to achieve power
balance. The grid currents are maintained sinusoidal, steady and
balanced when dynamic changes occur in grid voltages. Also,
grid currents are out of phase with corresponding grid voltages
indicating injection of power into the grid at UPF. Response
time during dynamic variations in grid voltages is quick without
any overshoots and oscillations.
The performance characteristics when grid voltages ampli-
tude in one of the phases experience sags and swells are shown
in Figure 8. When a sag of 20% is applied in one of the phases,
that is phase ‘a’, the grid currents maintain the sinusoidal,
balanced and steady nature. Even though there is an unbalance
in grid voltages, the grid currents are balanced by the SETS
operation. These results also explain the efficient tracking of
fundamental positive sequence components. Similarly, for a
swell of 20% in phase ‘a’, grid currents magnitude is reduced
to maintain power balance, also they are sinusoidal, balanced,
and steady. Thus, it is clearly understood that even during
FIGURE 9 Performance of SETS at varying irradiation, waveforms of
grid voltages amplitude variations in one or all the phases, Irn , Ppv , vs , is , il , iin j , and VDC
the proposed control has maintained balanced, sinusoidal and
steady grid currents.
formance of SETS is analyzed under rapid irradiation variations.
Power characteristics also changes, so the amount of grid cur-
5.2 Varying irradiation rents and its nature is observed in results. Irradiation level (Irn ),
Ppv , vs , is , il , iin j and VDC waveforms are shown in Figure 9.
As we know that on a normal day there will be variations in Change in irradiation subsequently change the PV array power
solar irradiation intensities at different time intervals, the per- leading to changes in DC-link voltage which is the input for the
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176 VARMA ET AL.

inverter. Therefore, the output power of the inverter changes

and the excess power injected into the grid also changes. At
irradiations of 800 W/m2 and 400 W/m2 , SETS supports the
load and injects excess power into the grid. So whenever irra-
diation falls, PV array power reduces, the power injected into
the grid reduces, magnitude of grid currents reduce. During the
dynamic fall and rise of irradiation too, the grid currents are
maintained sinusoidal, balanced, and oscillation-free. For a finite
value of irradiation, the grid voltages and currents are 1800 out
of phase implying power injection into the grid at UPF. The
addition of the PV feed-forward term in the active load current
has enhanced the dynamic performance of SETS during irradia-
tion variations. When irradiation falls to 0 W/m2 , SETS fails to
meet the active power demand of the load, therefore the active
power of the load is taken from the grid. During this condi-
tion, the harmonics and reactive power demands of the load are
mitigated by the SETS. Therefore, the grid currents become in
phase with grid voltages indicating a power injection to PCC by
the grid. From the waveforms, one can identify that the SETS
exhibits shunt active filter operation while SETS is not able to
support active power demand of the load. Hence, the sinusoidal
and in-phase grid currents are ensured during the entire opera-
tion. FIGURE 10 Characteristics of SETS at varying load, waveforms of Ppv ,
vs , is , il , iin j and VDC

5.3 Varying load

Load unbalances prevails when any one or more phases are
being disconnected due to any external or internal factors lead-
ing to unequal currents. To understand how grid currents are
affected due to load current unbalance, waveforms of Ppv , vs ,
is , il , iin j and VDC are analysed as shown in Figure 10. It is
observed that the unbalance in one of the phase persist through-
out, but the grid currents do not exhibit unbalances. During
0.8 to 0.9 seconds, the load currents are out of phase with
each other as it has only two paths for the current flow. The
excess power at the PCC gets injected into the grid at a higher
amount since the load power falls during the unbalance. Due to
constant maximum power point tracking at the PV side, even
when the load is unbalanced, currents injected into the grid
increase as the load power is reduced. To obtain a sinusoidal,
balanced, and UPF operation at the grid, the inverter injects
non-sinusoidal unbalanced currents during the load unbalance.
Here, the inverter control maintains UPF operation without any
unbalances in the grid current for unbalances in the load cur-
rents.
5.4 Harmonic analysis
currents are in no way disturbing the quality of grid currents
as the proposed control is effectively withstanding these. Grid
currents are found to have THD of 1.11% which is within the
IEEE-519 standard as shown in Figure 11c.
6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The real-time performance of a solar energy transfer system is
experimentally verified and results are illustrated in this section.
The experimental setup is shown in Figure 12. A solar array sim-
ulator is considered as the PV array. IRFP460 model metal oxide
semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are used as
switches for MQBC. A three-leg SEMIKRON insulated-gate
bipolar transistor (IGBT) module is used for the inverter setup.
Control of MQBC and inverter is realized and gate pulses are
generated in digital signal processing and control engineering
(dSPACE) MicroLabBox. Interfacing inductors are serially con-
nected and RC ripple filters are connected in shunt between
the inverter and grid. At the PCC, a three-phase diode bridge
rectifier is connected as the nonlinear load. Characteristics of
grid voltages, grid currents, load currents, and injecting currents
are observed.

All the given conditions are carried out at highly distorted grid
voltages, harmonics will be certainly present in them. At the
load currents, there are non-linearities and harmonics. So it is
necessary to check if both the grid voltages and load currents
affect the grid current characteristics. THD of the grid voltages
is 6.75% as shown in Figure 11a, while the load current THD
is 17.7% (Figure 11b). Distortions at the grid voltages and load
6.1 DC-DC converter
Experimental validation of modified quadratic boost converter
is discussed in this section. For checking the hardware pro-
totype, the duty ratio of 0.7 is selected to achieve a gain of
10. The dSPACE controller realizes the INC MPPT logic and
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177

Total harmonic distortion and harmonic analysis of (a) grid voltage (b) load current (c) grid current

Hardware prototype of the proposed SETS

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 12
VARMA ET AL.

178
FIGURE 13 Waveforms of MQBC (a) Vpv and I pv , VDC and IDC , VL1
and IL1 (b) VC 1 and IC 1 , VL2 and IL2 , VC 2 and IC 2
generates the duty ratio for the converter to extract maximum
power from the PV array. A high voltage gain is obtained for
an input voltage of 19.03 V as the output voltage is 202.6 V.
From the results, it is observed that for a high output voltage,
the ripple is very less which is the main objective of MQBC.
Voltages and currents at the input, output, inductors (L1 and
L2 ), and capacitors (C1 and C2 ) are shown in Figure 13a,b. The
experimental values are compared with theoretical values which
state that the real-time performance matches with theoretical
performance. The performance of MQBC is tested at very
high ripple input voltage conditions. However, the output
voltage ripple is negligibly small which validates the proposed
claim.
6.2 Internal signals
The proposed control enables the extraction of the fundamen-
tal active component of load currents which requires evaluation
of various internal signals. Internal signals from the experimen-
tal setup are shown in Figure 14. Grid voltages, vsa , vsb and vsc
are converted to 𝛼-𝛽 frame, similarly ila , ilb , and ilc and their 𝛼-𝛽
components are also found. From Figure 5, one can understand
that voltage in phase ‘a’ (vsa ) is leading the voltage in 𝛽 frame
(vs𝛽 ) which is also observed in Figure 14a. The phase angle 𝜃
extracted from the fundamental positive sequence component
of grid voltage is used for abc-dq0 transformation. The unit in-
phase voltage templates are derived from 𝜃. In Figure 14b, the
load current in phase ‘a’ (ila ), fundamental positive sequence of
the load current in 𝛼 domain (il+𝛼 ) and fundamental active com-
ponent of the load current (Il 𝛼 p ) are plotted. It is seen that ila is
nonlinear having harmonics and il+𝛼 is the fundamental positive
sequence component which is sinusoidal and steady. Il 𝛼 p is DC
which is the active load current used for reference current gen-
eration.
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VARMA ET AL.
FIGURE 14 Internal control signals (a) vsa , vs𝛽 , il 𝛼 and 𝜃 (b) vsa , ila , il+𝛼
and il 𝛼 p
6.3 Steady-state operation characteristics
For the experimental validation of SETS, performance at
steady-state conditions is observed. The system has four operat-
ing conditions that are, excess power injection, sharing of power,
load unbalance and shunt active filter mode. Excess power injec-
tion occurs when the load active and reactive power is met by the
inverter and the rest of the power at the PCC is injected into the
grid. Sharing of power occurs when the load is supported by PV
array power and the grid power depending on the load demand.
During load unbalancing, there is a reduction in the load power
thus there is an excess power injection to the grid. Shunt active
filter mode is when there is no PV input and the inverter act as
an active shunt filter.
6.3.1 Excess power injection
When excess power at the PCC is injected into the grid after
meeting the load demand, it is known as the injection mode. The
injection of excess power occurs when PV array power is suffi-
cient enough to feed the load and the grid receives excess power
from the PCC. Hardware results of SETS using proposed con-
trol in injection mode are depicted in Figure 15 which is useful

VARMA ET AL.
FIGURE 15 Performance of SETS during excess power injection to the grid: (a) vsab with isa , isb , and isc and Pg (b) vsab with iin ja , iin jb and iin jc , and PSETS (c) vsab
with ila , ilb and ilc , and Pl (d) harmonic spectra of vsab , ila and isa
to analyse how well power is distributed at the PCC. Line voltage
vsab is taken as a reference for all the results. Grid phase currents,
isa , isb , and isc are shown in Figure 15a. Since there is an injection
of power into the grid, the currents are out of phase with their
respective phase voltages resulting in UPF operation. One can
note that the grid currents are maintained sinusoidal, steady, and
balanced. Similarly, inverter phase currents, iin ja , iin jb , and iin jc
are shown in Figure 15b. Injecting currents are not sinusoidal
as the inverter aids the grid currents to be steady, sinusoidal,
and balanced. Load currents, ila , ilb , and ilc shown in Figure 15c
are having non-linearities. THD of the grid voltage is 7.5%, and
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179
the load current THD is 21.3%, but the grid current THD is
maintained at a smaller value of 3.8% as shown in Figure 15d.
Even when the grid voltage and load current THD is quite high,
the grid current THD is made less. Power spectra of inverter
(PSETS ), load (Pl ), and grid (Pg ) are shown in Figure 15a–c. In
injection mode, inverter side power 413 W is shared by the
load of 51 W and then excess power of 364 W is injected into
the grid. Active power at the grid is negative because the grid
is accepting power from the PCC. From the results, it is seen
in Figure 15a that the grid is operating in UPF (power factor
= -1) as reactive power by the grid is negligibly small. Grid

180
FIGURE 16 Response of SETS during sharing of power: (a) vsab with isa , isb , and isc and Pg (b) vsab with iin ja , iin jb and iin jc , and PSETS (c) vsab with ila , ilb and ilc , and
Pl (d) harmonic spectra of vsab , ila and isa
current waveforms are sinusoidal which are not affected by
non-sinusoidal load currents and harmonics in the grid voltages.
Harmonic spectra show that the grid current THD is within the
IEEE-519 standard. Reactive power compensation of the load
is by the SETS due to which the grid is operating at UPF.
6.3.2 Sharing of power
At lower irradiations, both the PV and the grid are support-
ing the load, therefore it is in sharing mode. If one source fails,
another source succeeds in meeting the load demand. Here, the
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VARMA ET AL.
proposed SETS is tested in sharing mode, and the results are
shown in Figure 16 where it is reassuring the ability of SETS
to manage power demand. Line voltages are taken as a refer-
ence with grid phase currents as shown in Figure 16a where
they are in phase indicating UPF operation at the grid. The
load current of 2.051 A is not completely supplied by either
the SETS or the grid. A current of 0.882 A is supplied by the
SETS and 1.448 A is supplied by the grid. The grid currents
are maintained sinusoidal, steady, and balanced during all this
time. Similarly, inverter phase currents, are illustrated in Fig-
ure 16b. While the load currents are nonlinear having harmonics
(Figure 16c), non-sinusoidal currents are injected by the SETS

VARMA ET AL.
to maintain sinusoidal grid currents. Harmonic analysis in Fig-
ure 16d shows that the THD of the grid voltage is 7.8%, the
load current THD is 25.1%, but the grid current THD is main-
tained at a smaller value of 4.1%. The THD of grid currents is
maintained within the IEEE-519 standard which improves the
power quality of the grid. The power spectra of inverter, load,
and grid in Figure 16a–c convey that the PV and grid together
support the load. From the results, one can observe that the
load power of 381 W is the sum of the grid power 269 W and
the inverter power 117 W (loss at auxiliary components is also
considered) which is known as sharing mode. It is observed that
for distorted grid voltages and harmonic loads at the PCC, grid
power quality is not compromised proving efficacy in the pro-
posed control.
6.3.3 Load unbalance
Variations in load currents are observed when one of the
phases (phase ‘a’) is disconnected, leading to a reduction of load
currents, and load power. Thus, to observe how load unbal-
ance affect SETS and grid performance, hardware prototype of
SETS in unbalance operation is tested and results are illustrated
in Figure 17. In Figure 17a, the grid voltages are distorted but
do not affect the grid currents as they are maintained steady,
sinusoidal, and balanced. The load power is reduced due to load
unbalance, excess power at the PCC is injected into the grid
therefore, the grid currents and voltages are out of phase. Simi-
larly, inverter phase currents in reference with grid line voltages
are depicted in Figure 17b. Inverter injects non-sinusoidal and
unbalanced currents to meet the harmonics demand of load and
thereby improve the wave shape of the grid currents. Load cur-
rents are shown in Figure 17c which are non-sinusoidal due to
the nonlinearities. Harmonic spectra of grid voltages, load cur-
rents, and grid currents are shown in Figure 17d. There are only
3.7% harmonics in grid currents even if the grid voltage THD
is 6.7%, and the load current THD is 9.2%. Power spectra of
inverter, load, and grid are shown in Figure 17a–c. Here, the
load consumes only 31 W from the PCC power of 411 W, the
rest of the power is injected into the grid which accounts for
-375 W power at the grid. During distorted load condition also,
the proposed control has enabled the system to withstand such
adverse conditions.
6.3.4 Shunt active filter operation
In shunt active filter mode, solar irradiation falls to 0 W ∕m2
and the active power demand of the load is supplied by the grid.
All other demands of the load such as harmonics and reactive
power are supported by the SETS. Power quality improvement
through reactive power compensation is validated in this sec-
tion. For this operation, a charged DC-link capacitor is required
for which active power is supplied from the grid. The shunt
active filter operation of the SETS is tested in the hardware pro-
totype and results are depicted in Figure 18. Grid currents are
obtained as shown in Figure 18a, they are maintained steady,
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181
sinusoidal, balanced, and operating at UPF. Grid currents and
voltages are in phase implying that the power is taken from the
grid. The inverter phase currents are shown in Figure 18b which
are non-sinusoidal due to which a sinusoidal, balanced, steady,
and UPF operation is achieved at the grid. Load phase currents
with line voltages are shown in Figure 18c. Harmonic analysis
infers that the grid voltage THD is 5.4%, load current THD is
17.1%, but the grid current is maintained at a THD of 2.6%,
as depicted in Figure 18d. Thus, the proposed control scheme
brings the grid current THD within the IEEE-519 standard.
The power quality of a system is good when the harmonics are
reduced and fundamental is improved. From the power spectra
shown in Figure 18a–c, it is understood that a small amount of
active power is supplied by the grid to the SETS. Load power
of 336 W is given by the grid whose power is 374 W, from
which 22 W is used to charge the DC link capacitor through
the inverter. During this condition, the grid supports the load,
and compensate for losses at the inverter, interfacing inductors,
and RC filter. It is seen that the shunt active filter is compensat-
ing for the reactive power of the load while grid reactive power
is nullified. Even when the load is nonlinear with non-sinusoidal
load currents, the grid operates at UPF which reassures the aim
of the work.
From the above steady-state results, it is understood that
the proposed control works well with SETS to achieve bet-
ter power quality. It is very important to note that the reactive
power and harmonics requirements of the load are fulfilled by
the SETS alone. In excess power injection and load unbalance
mode, SETS injects excess power to the grid at UPF. While in
sharing operation, the active power of the load is supported by
both the SETS and grid and reactive power is supported by
SETS alone. In shunt active filter mode, reactive power and
harmonics requirements of the load are met by the SETS and
active power by the grid. One can observe that in all the above
conditions, a nonlinear harmonic load at the PCC and distorted
grid voltages are not affecting the grid power quality. That is,
the grid currents are sinusoidal, steady, balanced, and are at
UPF.
6.4 Dynamic operating conditions
Dynamic conditions such as grid voltage amplitude variations
(sag and swell), varying irradiations, and load unbalances are
tested in the SETS. The transient behaviour of the SETS
during all these conditions is evaluated. The grid voltage vsa ,
grid current isa , load current ila , and injecting current iin ja
during dynamic variations are being monitored. During volt-
age sag and swell conditions, dynamic results are as shown
in Figure 19a,b. It conveys that when there are variations in
grid voltages, then grid currents, load currents, and injecting
currents vary their magnitude to maintain the power balance.
When there is a voltage sag at the PCC, load current reduces
as they are directly proportional. The grid current which is
out of phase with the voltage increases to maintain power
balance, that is more power injection to the grid. When there is
a voltage swell at the PCC, load current rises as they are directly

182
FIGURE 17 Performance of SETS during load unbalance: (a) vsab with isa , isb , and isc and Pg (b) vsab with iin ja , iin jb and iin jc , and PSETS (c) vsab with ila , ilb and ilc ,
and Pl (d) harmonic spectra of isa , ila , and vsab
proportional, while grid current is decreasing to maintain power
balance.
During irradiation variations, results are shown in Figure 20.
While irradiation is varied from 1000 W ∕m2 to 500 W ∕m2 ,
the amount of power injected into the grid is reduced so the
grid current and the compensating current are also reduced.
Even when the irradiation varies, steady, sinusoidal, and bal-
anced grid currents at UPF are achieved. In the case of load
unbalance shown in Figure 21 where phase ‘a’ is disconnected,
the load current and load power are reduced leading to an
increase in the grid current. In such an unbalanced condition
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VARMA ET AL.
also, the MPPT at the input side ensures the power injec-
tion to the grid with sinusoidal, steady, and balanced grid
currents.
Dynamic operating conditions of the proposed SETS in its
hardware prototype depict that for sudden changes, the pro-
posed SETS achieves steady state values with no oscillations or
overshoots within a short time interval. Grid power quality is
not compromised and sinusoidal, balanced, and steady grid cur-
rent operating at UPF is obtained for all dynamic adverse oper-
ating conditions. Therefore, experimental results convey that
the proposed SETS entitles the desired performance.

VARMA ET AL.
FIGURE 18 Behaviour of SETS during DSTATCOM mode: (a) vsab with isa , isb , and isc and Pg (b) vsab with iin ja , iin jb and iin jc , and PSETS (c) vsab with ila , ilb and ilc ,
and Pl (d) harmonic spectra of vsab , ila and isa
7 COMPARISON STUDY
Based on the complexity, computation time, and performance,
some of the control techniques are compared in Table 2. Pro-
posed control takes less time to compute, easy to formulate,
frequency tracking without using PLL. During load current
and grid voltage unbalances, the proposed control maintains
grid current quality because of sequence component extraction.
The proposed control is comparatively superior to conventional
control techniques as seen in Table 2. Load active and reactive
power compensation, sequence component extraction during
unbalance, and dynamic operation during disturbances makes
the proposed control to be suitable for grid connected applica-
tions.
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183
8 CONCLUSION
A two-layer complex filter-based positive sequence extraction
controlled solar energy transfer system has been proposed in
this work. The first layer equipped for fundamental positive
sequence extraction of sensed grid voltages has empowered the
system to maintain the grid power quality, especially during har-
monic or unbalances in grid voltages. The unit in-phase volt-
age templates have been derived from the fundamental posi-
tive sequence of grid voltages. The second layer is a complex
filter associated with the estimation of reference grid currents
which ensures actual grid currents to be in phase with the fun-
damental positive sequence of grid voltages. The system injects
maximum available PV array power to the grid, and also has

184
FIGURE 19 Performance characteristics of SETS at varying voltages (a)
vsa , isa , ila , and iin ja at voltage sag (b) vsa , isa , ila , and iin ja at voltage swell
FIGURE 20 Dynamic results of SETS at varying irradiation, waveforms
of vsa , isa , ila , and iin ja
nullified the power quality issues caused by the nonlinear local
loads. A quadratic boost converter has ensured less voltage rip-
ple at the DC link, thus stabilized the inverter input voltage. The
feasibility of the control is proven as the system has attained
sinusoidal, balanced and steady grid currents during dynamic
operating conditions. The addition of a PV feed-forward term
helped in the faster settling of grid currents to reach the steady-
state. Since all the estimations were made based on fundamental
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VARMA ET AL.
FIGURE 21 Characteristics of SETS at varying load, waveforms of vsa ,
isa , ila , and iin ja
TABLE 2 Comparison of reported control algorithms
Features of reported control algorithms
[31] Active power component extraction, simple control with less number
of computations, use of three-phase PLL, no frequency tracking
[32] Instantaneous active and reactive power estimation, involves
mathematical computations, no frequency tracking
[33] Symmetrical component extraction, easy formulation, tedious power
calculation
[34] Simple and robust, higher number of iterations and mathematical
computations, individual calculation for each phase
[35] In-phase and quadrature current extraction, Active load current
estimation, separate computations for each phase
[36] Phase angle detection, calculation for each phases, not sustainable to
grid voltage unbalance
[37] Iteration based control, faster convergence, per-phase calculation, grid
voltage unbalance problems are not solved
positive sequence components, unbalance in grid voltages and
load currents did not lead to unbalance in grid currents. The
control has guaranteed that the fundamental frequency grid cur-
rent is maintained within IEEE-519 standards, eliminating the
possibility of undesired frequencies impacting the power quality.
The extensive testing and analysis of the SETS control confirm
that the reactive power and harmonics requirement of the load
is compensated by the inverter alone, which assured unity power
factor operation at the grid. Therefore, the proposed control is
well suited for the modern grid-connected solar energy trans-
fer systems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported in part by the TEQIP and Centre of
Excellence in Systems, Energy and Environment, Government
College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India and in part by the
Khalifa University of Science and Technology under Award No.
CIRA-2019-049.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

VARMA ET AL.
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How to cite this article: Varma P C, R., Mukundan C
M, N., Pychadathil, J., Al-Durra, A.: Grid integrated
solar energy transfer system with a two-layer complex
coefficient filter-based control. IET Power Electron. 15,
168–185 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12224