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    CH 2

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    This document summarizes key concepts in plant physiology, including: 1) Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using two photosystems. 2) The cyclic electron transport system uses only Photosystem I and generates ATP. The non-cyclic system uses both photosystems in the z-scheme and generates both ATP and NADPH. 3) Photophosphorylation occurs during both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport, producing ATP that powers the Calvin cycle to fix carbon into glucose in the dark reactions.

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    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    dd
    100 views45 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts in plant physiology, including: 1) Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using two photosystems. 2) The cyclic electron transport system uses only Photosystem I and generates ATP. The non-cyclic system uses both photosystems in the z-scheme and generates both ATP and NADPH. 3) Photophosphorylation occurs during both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport, producing ATP that powers the Calvin cycle to fix carbon into glucose in the dark reactions.

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    ch 2

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    This document summarizes key concepts in plant physiology, including: 1) Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using two photosystems. 2) The cyclic electron transport system uses only Photosystem I and generates ATP. The non-cyclic system uses both photosystems in the z-scheme and generates both ATP and NADPH. 3) Photophosphorylation occurs during both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport, producing ATP that powers the Calvin cycle to fix carbon into glucose in the dark reactions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    100 views45 pages

    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    dd
    This document summarizes key concepts in plant physiology, including: 1) Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using two photosystems. 2) The cyclic electron transport system uses only Photosystem I and generates ATP. The non-cyclic system uses both photosystems in the z-scheme and generates both ATP and NADPH. 3) Photophosphorylation occurs during both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport, producing ATP that powers the Calvin cycle to fix carbon into glucose in the dark reactions.

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    of 45

    Excellent

    10 0
    Target: USO (Stage-I)
    CLASS - IX

    ·~ p· GP~ ,rcra lrar )(=r.a-12~:c-: ~ . a r


    Phone: +91 -74-l-2757575 I E-~ ,.- ,•~ a,;,e,, ac ,r wet>5tte- ~..ac_s,
    ALLIIM
    CONTE NTS CAREER INSTITUTE
    l<OTA RAJASTHAN)

    Unit Page
    No.
    Topic No.

    1. Animal physiology 1

    2. Plant physiology 117

    3. Re p roduction in living organisms 161

    4. Heredity and evolution 195

    5. Our environment 2 21

    6. Management of natural reso urces 24 3


    Biology
    .-,"•-----:,L:--:A~N~T~P~H-Y_S_IO_L_O_G_Y_ _ _ __;~~
    ~-----------....;;..:-=-~:..:::.:=~~---------
    pHOTOSYNTHESIS
    • The study of various vital activities and metabolism of plants is known as plant physiology.
    • F.quation of photosynthesis

    6C02 + 12H O Pig.men!


    2 hght
    t
    C6H1206+ 602 + 6H20

    •
    l
    - -_-_
    L
    ____,JJ t
    Absorption spectrum of photosynthesis is blue & red light. (maximum absorbed part of spectrum)·
    • Action spectrum of photosynthesis is red & blue light. (most effective in reaction).
    • Rate of photosynthesis is higher in red light, but highest in white light.
    • Hill Reaction- Experiment on isolated chloroplast (Stelaria plant) study of light reaction, which is called
    as Hill Reaction.
    • 02 gas liberated from photolysis of f\O, only in the presence of suitable e- acceptor. (DCPIP
    (Dichlorophenol lndophenol- a dye), ferricyanide , NADP+-Hill reagents).

    l . ~/2H·
    202 ~
    2e_ + NADP ~ NADPH 2
    • Emerson & Arnold - worked on Chlorella and gave the concept of two photosystem or two pigment
    ~ems.
    • When Emerson gave light, shorter and greater than 680 nm (combined light) then photosynthetic, activity
    increases, this is called as Emerson effect or enhancement effect.
    (i) 680 nmi PS- I (cyclic process) red drop appears.
    (ii) 680 runi + 680i nm (Mixed light) Both cyclic & non cyclic operates. (Emerson effect).
    • Many pigment present in photosynthetic cells. PSU (Photosynthetic units) presents on thylakoid membranes,
    are made up of 230-400 molecules of various pigments, called Quantasomes by Park & Biggins.
    • PS I located -on both granum & intergranum (Stroma thylakoid), (P-700, 680 runt, Cyclic ETS).
    • PS II located - on only granum, (P-680, 680 nmi, non cyclic ETS).
    . • In paper chromatography/chromatogram
    . Chlorophyll 'a' appears bright or blue-green .
    l t
    i t Chlorophyll 'b' as yellow green/grass green

    1
    ;
    ' '!

    I
    l
    Xanthophyll as
    Carotenoids as
    yellow
    Yellow to yellow - orange
    " MEOiANISM OF PHOTOSYNnlESIS
    1
    j
    f
    l
    t
    t (AJ Light reaction/Hill reaction/Photochemical reaction/ Generation of assimilatory powers
    • (NADPH2 + ATPs)
    1< i ~

    , (I) Cyclic ETS and Photophosphoivlation

    1
    f li • In cyclic EfS, only PS-I works, which consists of carotenorls, some molecules of chl-b' & reaction centre-Chl-
    •~ 'a'- 700/P- 700.
    :i
    ~ 1 • Cyclic ETS OR PS-I is activated by wavelength of light greater than 680 nm.
    !
    1
    1 i • It occurs at grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids.
    ~
    I
    / • During Cyclic ETS the electron ejected from reaction centre of PS-I, returns back to its reaction centre.
    ? i • In cyclic ETS, no oxygen evolution ocrurs, because photolysis of water is absent.
    ; ! • NADP!--1 2 (reducing power) is not formed in cyclic process.
    '?
    \
    ----------------------117
    • Phosphorylation takes place at two places, thus two ATP generates in each cyclic ETS.
    j
    ff H'
    H'
    H' H'
    H'
    LUMEN

    THYI.AKOID MEMBRANE

    CYCUC-PHOTOPHOSPHORYI.ATION
    (D) Z-Scheme/Non,qdic ETS and Photophosphorylation
    • Both PS-I and PS-II involved in non c~lic ETS. . ..
    • P5-JI (P--680) consists of Chi-a, Chl-b, or Chl-c or Chi-d, carotenoids & phycobilms. Phycobilins Present
    only in PS ll.
    • It occurs at grana thylakoids only.
    • Thee· ejected from ~II never back to chJ-a-680 (reaction centre) & finaily gained by NAOP. Thusga
    of e· in PS-II is filled by photolysis of water as a result, oxygen evolution occurs in Z-scheme. P
    • Each tum of non cyclic ETS produces 1 ATP and 2NADPH2 (4 mol. of water is photolysed and 1 0
    released). 2
    • 12 NADPH + 18 ATP are required as assimilatory power to produce one molecule of Glucose .
    2
    dark reaction, thus 6 turns of Z-scheme are necessary for the production of one glucose molecule by~
    cyde.
    • Additional 12 ATP come from 6 turn of cyclic ETS. (over all 54 ATP equivalents).
    • Finale· acceptor in 2-scheme is NADP• (Hill reagent).
    NADP-Reductase
    H' NADP' NADPH + H'
    2H'

    i
    e ? ~
    >

    !
    i ~

    @]) eS/fRS i Jg
    ~ , ....
    i
    / _,. .....\
    [
    ..,
    1<

    ~
    .
    • p""° .
    .,_
    : p .•
    700 ~
    ~-
    '
    ~
    -c,
    i
    :;
    t
    j
    -~~
    ~ _;f:: + f -t:
    . K 3?
    ~~ H' H' H'
    . l
    1
    / ~
    ;,
    H" H' H' H' i B
    .._-_··_,..'-+
    __H_'_H_'_H_._ __:L:.:::UM.:.:.:.E:::_N::__ _H_'_ _ _~-i"----.J-.i
    1
    i
    ~
    "'.£
    iii

    ,• ~
    CF0 J .J!

    f 1
    j ,,J
    THYLAKOID MEMBRANE
    .•
    1
    I
    , .If
    ;.:;
    0
    i(
    i
    i
    i
    ~
    NON-CYCLIC - PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION '
    9
    1 l

    118-----------------
    Biology
    ~I,~ Dark Reaction/Blackman Reaction/Calvin cycle/C,.Cycle/Blochemlcal phase/Carbon
    .,.1m11at1on.
    • Blackman reaction is called as dark reaction , because no direct light is required for this. Calvin presented
    these reactions in cyclic manner & thus r..alled as Calvin cycle.
    , Rublsco (Ribulose bis-phosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) Is main enzyme in c3--<:yele, which is present in
    stroma. Rublsco Is most abundant enzyme.

    , CO 2-acceptor in Calvin cycle is RuBp. This carboxylation reaction is catalysed by Rubisco.


    • ea,boxylatlon ➔

    (1) 6 [RuBp (RuDp)\ + 6C0 2 (HCQ3-) (Ca~~lWel 6C unstable comp.~ 12 13-PGA (3C))

    • Glycolytlc revenal ➔

    (2) 12 Mol. I 3- PGA I + 12ATP Trioklnase


    12 11 . 3-BiPGAI
    (3Cl

    (3) 12 \1, 3-BiPGA\


    12N
    ~r~.::::.se
    ' 12NAl)p-
    ► 1213-PGALI (Trlose phosphate)+ 12H3P04

    (4) 5 Molecules of PGAL isomerlse in to DHAP (Dihydroxy acetone phosphate).


    Aldolase
    3, PGAL + 3 mo\. DHAP 3, Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate
    9C (3C x3) (9C) (3C X 3) (18C) (6C x3)

    11 mo\. fructose l10merue


    IC6H1206 \ Glucose--. Sucrose/Starch]
    (5) Regeneration of rlbulose 1,5 biphosphate
    In this process molecule of RUBP will be regenerated again and again.
    DIVERSllY IN DARK RFAcnONS
    C, cycle/Hatch & Slack Pathway.
    • Hatch & Slack Australia (1967). Studied in detail and proposed pathway for dark reactions in sugarcane
    & mabe leaves.
    Kranz (Wreath) anatomy - Present in leaves of C4plants.
    iI •
    ~) Green bundle sheath cells (BS cells) present around the
    Upper epidermis
    ll vascular bundles. - , -.....-~r-
    (I) Dimorphic chloroplasts present in leaf cells. Chloroplast MesophyU cell
    I
    h
    of B.S. cells or Kranz cells are larger and without grana. Chloroplasts
    Mesophyll chloroplast are small and with grana. Xylem }
    li • Rubisco present in BS cells, while PEPCase in mesophyll cells.
    Phloem Vascular
    Cells of bundle
    sheath with special
    t • In the C4- Plant, C3-cycle occurs in bundle sheath eels, while
    C4-cyde ocrurs In mesophytls.
    types of chloroplast

    lI • Thus operation of Hatch and Slack pathway require


    cooperation of both photosynthetk cell i.e. mesophyll cells
    and BS cells.
    Lower
    e ldermis

    l • Photosynthetically C4 plants are more efficient.

    -------------- -------119
    I.ISO · Class IX . - -- - · · -·- - 4 I
    - - - . . . . 111 itcd 1lwt11·••hl''!>, w1fh hkth t,•11,,.,,,011114, l•n,1,1,,fA-, lll
    • C4 pltintiu11t. four'k1 In traplc,,1 l11'1hft:ib11111 j '
    11
    I 1r, ~~
    1
    ,111el l111,•11 (.' huht
    ,. n£•!)()ph•;II ,,;t,,plw111, 11,1ftfl,, A'' ,,, 1,1 '.n·f
    • I II I wrl,oxylnth ,n 111 ( ,qx; le c1t t 11r• W Pl PCnte 1n I I ' If,,, A11,.,
    4 f th,,., I·
    ll11nl< 0 fl>mtlont,y( cyt1,,,;c,ur11l1bundlctH'D

    C - Ct,,r I~/ I luh h & ~bH k <.:ydv.


    _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..,;:•---- JU JNDIJ~Hllf./\1 H <,U.J.,t,
    .MJ:SOPHYU. Cl U..S
    Oxiik,1tcdr1t,, r, partdl<'
    ~• (ilC)

    A fin "' -I.II N/\f>Pfl1


    c·o, ~ cY j,, 'v.i, I NADP
    PFJ>
    (:--iC)
    fp+AMP
    1-'yntvnh~ phr,spJl(Jf• M;ihcAcid
    dtklnM.:- (PJ>f >Kl Pyn ,vie c1dd
    IXTP
    • 7 ""\
    N/\DI'/ f2 N/\IJP
    - Crnr,,11 chl,,rc,plast. /\qran,11 rhlm<,pl.J'>f.
    Syn. of NADPI 12 & /\"f P, ev,,l11tionc; ,A 0 7 J\t1"",n<e 1J( I "'hem~ ,,r f>S II, n,J ,,v,,I, ,,f ,,Jr, , A rJ,
    - Absence of Calvin cyclr> & Enzyme Rublsco N/\IJ/Jf 11 , (r,Jrn rncsophyll, hlrm Jp!d,t, <h,, 'I' lit, -v..-.n

    CAM-Plants/ Crassulacenn acid metabolleom.


    • Primary acceptor of CO2 is PEP (Phospho(.>ne,I pyruv<1t<~) ;ind ux.al, Jacefic ,,<id i!l Ilie first rJr' ,.J1.1'1 <A ,;,nthx•fa,tv111
    mac1lon.

    • In CAM rlants stomata am of ecotoactlve type. ~ lnltiol (JJ2 flxatkJn i, fr,und in nlght hut liwrl rc~irXlll
    operates at dcty tim<?. Final COl fixati(Jn (C, cycle) occurs rn diJy lime. Pf:Pc;,.:,e irKlw.:1t'H.-Jrhoxylation re.octrir1
    in night.
    • PEP carboxylase & Rublsco preS<mt in mesophyll udlc;. (No Kranz-anatomy).
    • CAM plants exhibits ecophysiologkal adaptation with xeric habits.

    Night (Stomata open) Day (Stomata closed)


    Carbohydrc1tcs

    l
    co 1
    ~1 \
    PEP +• --7......,....-~~--Pyruvlc.:
    AMP + ;p
    Pf.P carboxyl.a~
    PPDK

    ATP
    Add

    NADPH,
    I
    Rufip
    ~ f ,--+CluccJSP.
    c,
    (,..'.-1-,- -1:\
    .'-" vm eye ",1
    OM ( CAM procea•) NAfJP '?~,
    NADPH,~
    ~
    NADP+/4,
    Malic Acid
    (in vacuole) Malle Acid

    120----------------------_..
    ~,..,--...,,,.-~,,.---------------....:;~;;;1,;;a;.
    J
    p.,trNI p,htAl,r,.,M#bl 11 7 , J
    ,,_a"'6 '"" · (?J ♦ 'Q 41
    "'co lfl mtft,d lflftn.l' • 'I. J' t

    Pilalor11plU6Mi"PIMlla., f d1:
    ~c sd t dwe,c,cfe
    PAC'l"OU AfffC1'ING PHOl'OSVNTHE.sll!i
    (I) u., .
    t~ ... ... . ~ ... ... &II
    • Uallf()ll .,. ... ... .. ...M ax- ,w .tr~ t-.e
    ~ r,ee n "11'
    ,.,, al pMColl,nthellt i i ~ In I/KIiie .,;,a Mnr run
    ~ ,;.an rad l JP10 20 1 Qlrl) Ill. ,- 11111
    t
    • P/11 ~ ~ Ratio at md dat1 • 10 1
    N'lg rale of ~~ «JI MI SO lftJ ••.
    n hl~ c:a lld •'- -1 1a -•t -
    ,...
    d"4 ftlg & mor

    ii aled t • 21 ;• 1■ • p111alllllldlaie I
    cc t
    • P11rD ""'6ctl 1J11P adapwd to ,,aw ri hid', denlill/ d llijll
    tot, 0W lnlh ade ltld c1• •
    • T J t •
    • 0pl nun t1rnp f o r ~ - 20-35-C
    • Al..,_....., .-o 1~ c1 De 11 ud ue to. ,_n lal lof 11 pea

    .... ........, ...


    • a,, ... ..,.... ...
    .,,, . r ,, am I HI , C01 • - - • 1111111t
    • Alt1w11■ 11ncx,,~ up1o 1.r.n1eo1 ....

    -------------------121
    IJSO : Cfau IX

    SPECIAL POINTS

    first true & cr1neruc phr.1tosy1t!he3SWJ-rted 1!, f:ViB-.-,..-·- (B(,AJ'


    -~-...:i..--t..,t,a
    •

    • Roots of Tlnotpora ;,rd Traf)ll are r,fKJtrAy.11hetr.,

    • Otloroph;fl pigment v.Alble in mg?11k. ~ t}.2 ar...efm1,e ~ et£. ~dl,YJ,PVit: iur/ rii,J;,Jtt,,.. -~

    water sokmle pigment, v.hich Pfe<"Ani in w,c.urkj.

    Significance of r,h,oto,ynthais

    • Phr.11cxynthec;ts ~ \Mal proce,.s k,r fife 00 planet ear-fr, a, it is tl.e ooJo; JK(ll,W'•, th;.,• fir.}.., ttie µ: !/'.,,,.,.~ /·.c
    biologic31 ~ki by ~ t i o n ()f sr.1-lar energy into orgarilc rriatter, vA-J:h rfiil~i: ?.,./ of ti: f: d:-y rz:~ :.t
    any organism

    • Presence of O2 in the ahoosphere h ;,lsrJ an rJ1.JtW(T)e of pr,otl'JSlfatT~ This 0/.!!.:~1 b ht-Jpf;j t-., t.fk.g
    organisms in t\lJO WiYiJS

    1. Oxidative break demo of organic for.,d matter (respfratkm)

    2. Makrig ozone{O), ri outer layer of atmosphere, wruch helps in stopping the highl;destruct;w, UV Vft,

    C,-pathway C4-pathway CAM-pathway


    (1) l11 stable compound (1) J2 stable compomd (1) First formed cornr,,-.,...r,d
    is3-CPGA i.s4COAA tsO.AA
    (2) 18ATP&12 12, 30ATP& 12 ,2, 30ATPand 12
    NADPH2 used for l NADPH2 used for 1 l 1ADPH2 usoo for
    gLcose formation giJcose fonnation Production of 1 glucose
    13) Kranz anatOflJy absent (3) Kranz anatomy present (3) Kranz anatomy absent
    i
    (4) Presence of

    photorespiration
    (4) Absence of

    photorespiration
    (4) photorespiration
    i i
    may present ~

    (5) One type of (5) Tv.o type of


    l
    (5) T\I.Qtypeof i
    carboxylase enzyme, carboxylase enzyme
    1
    ,.
    catboxylase enzyme ~

    i
    Rubisoo only
    (6)
    Rubisco &PEPcase Rubisco & PEPcase Ij
    (6) CO2 acceptor - RUBP Primary CO2 acceptor - (6) Primary CO2 acceptor - I
    PEP&RUBP f
    is PEP&RUBP I

    ~
    is sec.ondary acceptor is secondary acceptor ~

    -' I
    i

    122----------------------
    1
    Biology

    ~l ~: oW TH IN PIANTS
    ture of all livi·ng organi.sms.
    Growth is a characteristic fea
    •
    t and irreversible ch an ge
    in any plant or its part.
    bri ngs abo ut pe nn an en
    which
    • Growth is a vital process, nt or plant part.
    ans inc rea se in sha pe , size, weight and volume of a pla
    • Growth in plants me mber. All these are
    sh We ight, dry we igh t, len gth , area, volume and cell nu
    in fre
    • Growth leads to increase ally (by Genetics).
    trolled extern ally (by env ironmental factors) and intern
    con plant stem,
    in pla nts gro wt h is loc alised & irregular (nail in
    animals, but
    • Growth is dif fu sed in several years of growth).
    occupies same hei gh t till
    suspended growth.
    ste p of pla nt gro wth . Ah nos t all the plants face a period of
    first
    • Seed germination is the
    n :- Number of cells is increa
    ses by cell division.
    isi on or ce ll for ma tio
    (1) Ph as e of ce ll div to vacuolization & TP
    nt or ce ll elongation :- Size of cells increases due
    (2) Ph as e of ce ll en lar ge me
    .
    {turgor pressure)
    ge nic phase)
    as morphogenetic, or ga no
    tion ph as e :- {Also called
    (3) Cell maturation or differentia s phase.
    opment or qualitative change is important feature of thi
    Devel
    nt grow th : (growth curve) Stationary phase
    Pattern or co ur se of pla

    (1) Lag ph as e:- In lag per


    iod the growth is slow.

    led as exponential phase. Du


    ring this phase
    l~
    ''
    '
    ~t ia l phase/log phase
    (2) Log ph as e :- Also cal
    0.
    rapid. .J'
    growth is maximum & most
    ph as e
    (3) St ea dy or stationary
    rand
    fie taken in growth phases {mainly log phase) is called as "g Time
    • Tif
    period of growth".

    Measurement of growth

    (1) By direct observation

    (2) By horizontal microsco


    pe
    as 10,000 times.
    . Bose) :- It magnifies growth
    (3) By Crescograph {J.C
    owth
    Factors affecting pla nt gr ht
    det erm ine the direct
    . ion of shoot and root growth. Llg
    · o1ves m
    • ht mv · photosynthesis and
    (1) Ug ht :- Llg genes1s.
    trolled mo rphog enesi s of plant is called photomorpho
    con 45°C damages the
    era tur e for growth is 20 - 35°C. temperature above
    . um temp
    (2) Temperature :- 0 Pt,m
    be retarded.
    protoplasm and growth can
    ation.
    Effect of low tem perature on flowering is called vemaliz
    • portant for growth.) in
    th tu 'dity of cell ' wh ich is ess~r1tial tor growth. (TP is im
    . • s e rgi
    (3) Water :- Water mamtam
    zero.
    must not be allowed to reach
    order to cell to grow 'I' 00
    yme activity in protoplasm.
    • Water is essential for the enz
    (4) Oxygen :- Necessary
    for cell respiration.
    olism .
    ti I eleme nts are compulsory for growth and metab
    essen a
    (5) Mineral nutrients :- AII

    -------- - -
    (6)
    - - - - -
    Genetic
    - - - - 1 2 3
    factors :- Genotype & Pheno
    type.
    !!_IJ~SO~:_!C~la~s~s
    PLANT HORMONES
    J:.IX!...------------------ 41.l .
    Hormones (a) Growth Promoters
    (IAA. GA, CK)
    r acto~
    (b) Grol.llth retardants or Inhibitors
    (ABA. C2H•)

    AtnaNS sat lva) Plant.


    (A
    • Bov-en & Jen9en 191 O .. Experiments on oat vena . nd then replaced it on stump. On providing
    llnila
    terai
    e tip a
    In the firs1 experiment. he removed the coleoptil
    e.
    light the coleoptile tip gave positive curvatur tip & cut stump, then coleoptile bends towa
    rd!, th
    e
    between the
    The y observed, that if gelatin inserted
    le fail to show pho totr opi sm .
    unilateral light . If mica inserted then coleopti
    s of auxin
    Phy siol ogic al effecta and app lica tion th of lateral b~s is
    Api cal dom ina nce :- The phen ome non , in which apical bud dominates over the grow
    (1)
    promotes densing of hedge.
    called apical dominance. Prunning in gardens
    in tiss ue culture & Grafting_
    Cel l dtvlelon & cell enla rgem ent/Callus formation :· Auxin is important
    (2)
    . Also in healing of wounds.
    Jt stimulates division of intrafascicular cambium
    s in apple, pear etc..
    AA induces the formation of dwarf shoot or spur
    (3) Sho rten lnp of lnte mo da :· a-N
    thus number of fruits increases.
    es & fruits.
    Pre ven tion of lod gin g :· Auxin spra
    y prevents lodging of crops, immature leav
    (4)
    th inhibited by aUXD1).
    Roo t Init iatio n :- Rooting on stem cutti
    ngs is promoted by IBA & NM (Root grow
    (5)
    ns.
    prevents premature abscission of plant orga
    (6) Pre ven tion of abl dss lon :· IM , NM
    e & litchi
    Init iatio n :- Auxin is inhibitor of flolM:!ring but it promotes uniform flowering in pine appl
    (7) flow er
    plants.
    can be produced by spray of IAA . (By Gusteffson)
    (8) Par then oca rpy :-Se ed less fruits

    (9) Sel ecti ve weed kill er :-Dicot broad leav

    Agent orange is used in biowar. It was used


    e

    by USA against Vietnam (1966-70)


    ----
    weeds can be eradicated by 2,4-D & 2,4
    -5-T
    Age nt orange

    (lO)Fcmalenas :· Feminising effect in som


    e plants. .
    e years. But j
    & frui t thin nin g :- ~rt ain trees like mango form less number of fruits in alternat
    (1 l ) ~ r l
    y year. This is known as fruit thin nin g.
    aUXJns can produced normal fruit crops ever I .
    GIBBEREUJNS
    liar symptoms in rice seedlings & called the
    bakanae difed! j
    • Hrs t of aU Japa nese farm ers obse rved pecu ;
    (foolish seed ling dlll QN ).

    GA induces intemode elongation, leaf exp


    ansion & used in sugarcane l
    (1) S t e ~ t • ~ ~o~ ati on :- . phe nornPnon know""' 3S i:
    n. Gtbb erellms indu ce stem elon gati on in rosette plant s (Cabbage). This "
    cultivatio . . ·
    mat1 on of ross ete habi t in .bbe •
    some ..J~.1ts bY91 re11ms action is bolting). j
    bol ting efN ct. (Ellm

    etic dwa rf plan ts :- Whe


    tAOJ

    n gibberellin are applied to dwarf maize, Pisu


    m & Vida fa~- !
    (2) Elo nga tion of gen . ~,.n be i
    beco me tall. The ross et plan t of suga rbeet ·1 d.1 te an extreme dwarfism this habit I.U'' ;
    then they n ca ' j
    .

    -
    by GA

    -
    tnat e

    -
    ehm

    124 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    lJIC'i:.s asllelll UIP, 1111111,oot ._.,. tu 1.,_: - ~al lflt",1<111.
    .. ~· ,._,,;•l.hlUQ\.eoge.lUU SUllofG\eho~lhtfonNH onof . . .ss{nals
    fl Sa'••:::-;:i of cehl INa1n•at or........_ :- The blennlals plants form their vegetative
    _ . In YMI' Then they l)a$'S through a winter season & proc1uc:ie flowef & frwts in o• year.
    GA lldlOIS ftowier 1n first yew
    - ...., ....... uq :-~ breeks1he<iormlnty of 9Nds. buds and~-
    Cit
    .......
    s-1 pr■ ...... :-Gibber.., iron the !¥1th.sis o f ~ ~ - - ~ . lpatlS, &

    • s--.nullm :-GAniaces~ilO&:mi s.umebis


    ti fNll a·•• .....
    :-Sim of grape fruits & \Q,ch & Geranun flowers incnl9ld bi} GA
    ca•b•11bitloa;-~~o fyeaistt.asb;GA.
    0• 1111 ...... o' S ••l'C' •plat :-(Men sugar contents baJ 1M ).

    ..
    c:.-tlOICIINS taQ
    • The first Ml\nl cytokinil was Identified & aystaued from immature com grains baJ Latham & named as

    (I) 0111 ..._"' a: c-,. wllil'Jt mt:- One of the most ll11)0ftant biologlcal effect of CK (q'lok--, on
    plants ls nb.tior\ of eel chisim. In tis9Je rukure also.
    Cit fG 1t'oaoflm.erl 1ckselar......_andincb.l!secondarygro'Mh.
    • Nw..a.ae 1 1111 :- Morphogenetic changes ilduced t,,, a< u1 paesence of IAA.
    . . . . . . + br CK-Root fonnation
    . . ~c ■ 0 edlo..Jfapbldo ,-,._. :-promotesgrowthoflateralbds.
    l5a • 1tf:le 'M dol r CV of INds :- Uke GA the dormancy of certain seeds can be broken baJ CX
    tit S.. r++-Mioa -;- s-ts of parasite plant (Shiga) can gemnte st the absence of host baJ a< trellltrnn.
    (I» Dllri, la II■ 11 cace :-(Rlclwond 1-a Effect) The agestg poam of BMS usual} aa:ornpMUIS wllh
    bsof dbopt,;I& nipd catabobn. This iscaled as ......a 9eneSa110e postiulld b}CX (b:: 1151
    short. of plant parts).
    t11 ....n11captla-fnlla.
    a, ., ..

    l (I.Ill O 01•• H~
    lWI CMICN::m
    kg

    • Mlt\a ................... becata ltprotedsplam fromaduerseoondlionslcawat.stras.


    MA-1:11111s Meranceof plamtowrtoustypeof stl8S91S.
    OI h I c d l1rlaa-ABACUl8Sagaklgendabscissfol'lofleaws&fds(antiauxW.
    II I: ft • W& .... 6w sr.y-ABA nagulales(INI-GA) lul & 118d doiH•'IOJ·
    • AM .-allllP'roll" ..t llllbntlon wbln& ~ to becamecbmn.
    I • ••rt II I [--ABA.--,,. ......araof.....
    .,_. •• f -~Clllth 11n-.-11111:1ac..
    ••11t11talll]lt•1 ,MA. . . ..._a,: •.__1n1rr._...._cxnllba.h-11111z

    ..
    ..... ,t ,,,_._..,..... a

    I
    :;:IJ::SO~:;_C~l~o!!ss~l~ 'X~------------------41.LI.
    ETHYLENE
    • Eth~ also formed in rex>ts in 1Aoeter logged condition.
    ~ effects and applicadon9
    apple tomato. used at comme · 1
    (1) P09t hanat ripening of fruiu - Otrus. oranges, ba nana, . . . rc1a leve1.
    .__,_ Eth· ,1,,ne is synthesiz.ed m large quantity by
    (2) Sdmuladooo1 . . .-.nca&..,__l,dnnof_,,_. ~ riPening
    fruits and senescent organs.
    (3) f1a •atng In pl, ,..,.__
    (5) lnhl»ltw root growth :- Ethylene is inhbitor of root growth but StirnUlates the formation of root hairs.
    (6) F.-nalar • 11 (Feml11Wng effect) Pineapple (Bromeliaceae).
    PH01'0PERIOOlsM
    • The relative length of day & night is called as photopaiod,
    • The resJX>r ise ex plants to the photoperiod. expressed in the fonn of flowering is caile.d as phot<>per1odlaan.
    " Effect a- requirement of relative length of day (photopenod) & night (dark phue) on flowering of plants
    is called as pbotoperiodlem ~.
    (1) SOP (Shon Day Plants) :- MThese plants give flowers on exposure to photoperiod equal or shorter
    than their altic:al dav length".
    • They need a continuous (uninterrupted} dark period for flowering. Thus SDP also called as LNP {Long
    Night Plants).
    • Ex. of SOP :- Tobacco. Soyaban, Viola, Xanthium (Cocklebur), Chrysanthemum, Cannabis,
    Colella, Olenopoclum, Muatmd. Dahlia, Sugarcane , Strawberry, Cosmos, Rice etc.
    • In SOP the dark patocl is crfflcal and must be continuous. If this dark period is breaks by a brief
    exposure to red light, then SOP will not flowers.
    • Prolongation of the continuous dark period, initiates early & good flowering in SOP.
    (2) LOP (Lone Day Plants) :- These pants flowers only when they exposed to critical photoperiod or photoperiod
    longer than their critical day length ...
    • The light period is critical for I.DP.
    • Ex. :- Spinach, Sugarbeets. Radish, Carrot. Wheat, Barley, Potato.
    • A brief exposure in the dark period stimulates flowering in l.DP.
    (3) DNP (Day Neutral Plants) or lntanN!CLte plants :- These plants do not need specific light period for :
    the flowering . Ex. Zea. Cotton. Tomato, Sunflower, Cuaunber
    PHYTOCHROME
    • Bodhlllick & Hendricks :- Discovered a light sensitive pigment responsible for flowering
    • Phytochrome mainJy located on ceD membrane of all type of plants.
    • Phytochrome :- exists in two different fomlS
    • Pr (Phytochrome red). - Red light absorbing form., indoce flowering in SOP.
    • Pfr (Phytochrome far red) - This is far -red light absorbing form, induce flowering in LDP.
    • The Pfr (YeBowish) form. gradually changed in to Pr (bluish) form in dark.

    660NM
    Pr

    L----------~~~~~--------------Jr
    Darlmeu
    • Dlrng the day the Pfr form is accum.tlated in the plants, which is Inhibited to flOVJering in SOP but stimulates j
    inlDP. ·

    126------------------------
    ~1,II
    •
    I NI plantsJdon't flower al th~ snml! ti Ea ~ Biology
    k me. c \ srx,c\es has· Its own flow
    ering season sometimes quit· e bne
    · f
    So h()WI :) r>I8 _~t-; 110w wlhen to l)tlirt flowerln ·
    off eel u Od 11v uurut1on o light hour ~ A11swer lies In the mechanism ~f pho
    h ~ toperiodism. The
    h ~ or P otoper\od., on growth and
    flnWt-·rlngl 1~ u.1 11c0 P otop('r\odlsm. It wa~ development of plants. especiallY
    111,imm ut I Vdrk tv of tolM cco The , • dlsc over nd by Gur ner and Alla rd (1920) in case of Maryland
    •• 1 · · m viro nrn1
    lime o f year 1·s the
    l,hol,o pcrkiu. 111e rclatlv<> kmgth f J mti) I stimulus a plant uses lo dete ct the
    . 0 111 •
    IO n 24 hnlll s dt,y. knm.vn as rirc1\ di < Y and nigh t Is usua lly the stlm L~Ul) . Plants have a blolog1ca • I 1 ·k t
    · 'r h h c oc se
    knqth of Jay and night Is the pl an r yt m. The photoreceptor responsible for keep , k O f th
    ~ · h ing lrac e
    two fom1 call('d photo Isomers ti 1 grne nt P ytoc hro rne. The phy · h
    tochrome molecule is a protein t at ex I5t 1
    1a are converted one n
    plant . 11 the pr form of protein Is exposed to cmother by light. Phytochrome Pr ,ts
    created ·m
    to red light It ls conv erted to its isomer P fr · Prr is changed top r on
    expo sure to the_far red (far red light Is
    slowlv cha nges Into P Da Ii ht just bord ering on the infrared light) P doe
    · I
    s not last indefinitely it
    ' r· Y g contain s more reel light than far r
    cont ains only th<> P1i form of phytochrorn red . So the plants exposed to sun 1·19hl
    e. In darkness p slowly changes back
    amou~ts of the two _f~rms phytochrome 1 lo Pr. So the relative
    found In a plant de~ nd on how long the
    whllt time for year it is. On the basis of pho day ls and therefore on
    SOP, LOP and DNP. toperiodic response to flowering, plants
    are of three type s :

    1-'hotolsomers of phytochrome

    Various developmental
    responses including
    flowering

    Phytochrome does nol last indefinitely:


    ii is slowly broken down
    VERNAUlATION
    • There are plants for which flowering is eith
    er quantitatively or qualitatively dependent
    temperature . This phenomenon is termed on exposure to low
    vernalization . It prevents precocious repr
    late in the growing season, and enables oductive development
    the plant to have sufficient time to reach
    • Site of vernalization is apical meristem mat urity .
    or all the meristematic cells, e.g. , shoot tip,
    etc. As a result of vernalization , a flowering embryo tips , root apex,
    hormone called vernalin is formed (reporte
    vernalin has never been isolated. d by Melchers), but
    Importance of vernalization
    • Crops can be grown earlier. Juvenile
    or vegetative period is shortened and brin
    Plants can be grown in such regions whe gs about early flowering.
    re normally they do not grow. Yield to the
    Resistant to cold and frost is increased. Res plant is increased.
    t, istance to fungal diseases is increased.
    • Plants do not have nervous system neit
    her they have nerves nor muscles. Even then
    which are well coordinated and controlle they show movements
    d. Plants possess only chemical co-ordinatio
    n.
    MOVEMENTS IN PlA NfS
    Movements in plants are change in position
    t they are of 2 types
    I 1. Movements of locomotion
    t 2. Movements of curvature
    Movements of locomotion
    ~
    Are changes in position of whole organism
    as cellular components. They are of 2 type
    l
    s
    ~ (l) Autonomic or spontaneous moveme
    •:i nts of locomotion. They occur automatically
    due to Intrinsic reasons.
    e.g. : flagellar movements in unicellular
    i algae like chlamydomonas, cyclosis or strea
    ming movements of
    i cytoplasm in amoeba .
    l
    l
    (ii) Paratonic or tactic movements of
    locomotion : They are locomotory moveme
    cell or cell organelles in response to exte nts of complete
    rnal stimuli.
    (a) Chemotaxis : It is locomotory movement
    in response to chemicals. e.g : spermat
    (b) Phototaxis: Locomotory movement in ozoids towards archegonia.
    response to light. e.g.: Chloroplast in diffe
    rent intensities of light
    inside palisade cells .

    ------------------------127
    HC
    ~ : r l ~ ~ -
    : Class IX- - - - - - ~ -
    ~-"1J~ nd ,lfVtt~ .
    the rs like bendin g, twi5ting a ekn
    .._....

    Movements of curvature tion to o f•"ed Cu rva ture movem~nt!, can ~ 0r,,11


    L f}":•
    . . t'on of plan ts par ts in rela ·
    • A ha nges m onen a I
    t they are - ~ ,
    re c aus e
    mo re com mo n in plan ts bec
    movements are to e'Xt€:rtli)f
    . d ced) or paratonic (in response ~'-t
    movements or turgor moveme.nts. r lly self in u
    (automa ica ' s .
    1. They could be either autonomic ture are of two typenas .
    ent o f curv a . ues (no n directional)
    2. Par a tonic or indu ced mo vem (ii) Nas tic or
    (i) Tro pic (directional)
    tur gor cha nge s . h cells shrink or swell up due to 1,.~'J •.
    tr
    Plant mo vem ent due to . O f ben dm g, w ere ni<., ~•
    Th could be aut ono mic or par ato
    ur in plan t org ans whi ch hav e regi ons •
    • The y ocr ly reversible. ey h ges caused by ·intr1.nsic t~
    . . se mo vem ent s are com mo n to turg or c an
    o f turgidity . The h t ocairs due
    : Mo vem ents t a . - • nd taIJj ng 1,.,..__ -- .
    ~ of rt,Jt
    ~ ,; ,

    1. Autonom ic tur gor mo vem ent s I flets sha w ,erky nsm g a t:t
    plan t (De smo dium gyra ins) whe re two ea
    ex. Telegraph
    base of leaflet stalks. d ~.
    due to turgor changes caused /irxfuce VoJ ~ .,]j
    turgor changes in cells present at the
    s : Movements that occurs
    2. Paratonlc turgor movement
    water, light, touch etc . the ,..
    factors . The external factor could be . t d'um1
    aJ turgor cha nges in leaves. Here · ~
    occurs m response o
    (a) Nyctinasty : (Sleep movement)
    the day eg. legumes, oxalis.
    folds up at night and opens up during ficie nt water is ~
    ty : In man y gras ses leav es fold s up in drought and ope n up wh en suf
    (b) Hydronas y qui ck respor~ .,_
    ons e to a stim ulus by any plan ts is shown by sensitive plant. A ver
    • The quickest resp ch-me-Not, ~
    d in the leav es of Sen sitiv e plant (Mimosa pudica, also called Tou
    stimulus is obs erve starts. I t ~
    h, injw y, elec tric curr ent and oth er shocks. Within 0.1 sec the response
    The stimulus is touc of petiole . The movemen:~
    of pinn ules , com ing tog ether of pinnae and drooping down
    of upw ard fold ing
    shock). The stimulus of touch or sho
    ck recef.'ed IJ,,n
    y or seis mo nas ty (in resp ons e to
    called haptonast mical called turgorin. Tr~
    is con ver ted into eith er an electrochemical ,x>tential or a che
    par t of the leaf . Here large tf-~
    rate of 20 cm /sec . and reac hes bas es of pinnuJes, pinnae and petiole
    same travels at the na and petiole bases. As 17.i
    s occ ur, on the upp er side of pinnule bases and lower sides of pin
    walled cell y shrink in S'2i
    reac hes her e, the thin wal led cell s eject K+ ions and the n water. The
    impulse/chemical
    in fold ing and dro opi ng mo vem ents . The leaf recovers after 10 min utes.
    resultin g

    .. .... .
    . -

    Folded
    Pinnules

    (A) (B)
    Pl I A
    Seismonasty or Haptonasty in Sensitive ,
    unstimula ted. B, Stimulated an .

    Plant movements du e to growth f


    .
    • Unequal or differential gro wth in diff ere nt par t
    an results in its bending and other
    1# , .:
    nom ic and ts ~ an org
    movements . They are bot h auto
    1 Autonomi ~e me nt of gro wth : They are shown
    para oruc
    b . . ...-rt
    •'."' .
    .
    s tend rils. Th e~
    • c
    umn utations ). Wh ile . Yapical rewons of stem and
    are called nutations (or circ mg, the apices of these organs bend
    in different ~
    ir rota tion . It help s the clim b. grow
    resulting in the st climbing or ~....... ,ip
    vem ent s of gro wth . Th mg ems and tendrils to find sup por t for
    2. Paratonic mo · ey are growth rnal SfJ'"...-
    . types . movements in response to an exte

    128-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Paratornc movements of growth are of two ' nastic and tropic.
    JJ,I,•---~==;-::-:=~~-----------~~
    (i)
    ~-tic move ment of grow th· N d'
    1
    .. ctl f th d" f .
    f • on irectional movements that are determ
    irrespe bve od eh irec ion_ o ~timu ined by the responding organ
    Biology

    organ to en tot e opposite side. lus which is generally diffuse. Greater growth on one side causes the
    ffypo nasty : Grea ter growth on the I
    ower s1•de; the flat organ began to bends upwards.
    Epin asty: Greater 9: wth on ihe uppe r side; the flat organ
    0
    at maturity due to epmasty. began to bend downwards . Ex. Flowers open s

    (ill·) Trop hic move ment of grow th . Th


    · ey are d· . onal parat
    the direction of movement is determ· db h1rech d'
    onic growth movement of curvature m
    . n of stimulus.
    · w h'ich
    me Yt e irecho ti
    Tropic movements gener a Yoccur m ·
    cylindrical. organ s like stems and
    I . roo ts. The impo
    hydrotrop1Sm, th1gmotropism and chemotropism.
    · rtant tropic movements are phototrop1·sm, geotropism · ,
    (a) Phot otrop ism : It is directional grow ths movement
    of curvature which occurs in respo nse to unidirectional
    I exposure to light. The region of photoperceptlon is shoot
    apex while the region of respo nse is in the area of
    elongation. The light effective in phototropic response is
    blue light. The photo recep tor is a flavoprotein called
    phot otrop in. Leaves are essential for producing
    the
    response. Stem s generally bend towards the direction of
    light. They are positively photo tropic . Leaves generally
    come to lie at right angl es to light. They are
    diaphototropic. Roots are either neutral (nonphototropic)
    or negatively photo tropi c. Positively photo tropic heads
    of Sunf lowe r perfo rm solar takin g as they move from Demon stratio n of photot ropism

    east to west along the direction of sun. Phototropic move


    ment is brought abou t by a plant horm one auxi n.
    Uneven lighting does not chan ge the amou nt produced,
    but it does cause a redistribution of auxin . Auxi n
    moves away from the sourc e of light, leading to more auxirl
    , more growth on dark side and less auxin , less
    growth on light side. The oppo site happ ens in root wher
    e less auxin stimulates grow th while highe r auxin
    inhibits grow th. Root is negatively photo troph ic stem is positi
    vely phototropic.
    (b) Geot ropis m : It is directional grow th movement of curva
    ture which occurs in respo nse to force of gravity.
    Many plant parts respo nd to gravity and the way they
    detect it, know n as perce ption mech anism . The
    region of gravi perce ption is (i) root cap in roots (ii) node
    s and apex in shoo ts.
    • The regio n of respo nse or curva ture is the zone of elongation in case
    of stem and root.
    • Main root is positively geotr opic
    • Main stern or shoo ts are negatively geotr opic.
    • Runn ers are diag eotr opic (lies to 90° angle with the force
    of gravity)
    • When roots and stem lie at angle ; the plant is said to be
    plag iogeo trop ic . Negatively
    • Pneu mato phor es or breat hing roots of mang roves
    are
    geotro pic

    negatively geotr opic. The apical part of the shoo t bent upwa
    rdly
    due to its negat ive geotr opic natur e. The apical part of the
    root
    bent down ward ly due to its positive geotr opic natur e. Nega
    tive
    geotr opic respo nse of shoo ts is useful in stand ing up of
    lodge d
    crop plants. Similarly, seedlings comi ng out of the seeds
    placed
    in different direc tions in the soil will pass their shoo ts upwa
    rds
    out of soil (due to nega tive geotr opic and positive photo Positively
    tropi c geotro pic
    response) while their roots will bend downwardly (due to
    positive A potted plant showing
    geotr opic respo nse).

    -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - geotro pic respon se


    IJSO : Class IX . •41.Lla.
    rvature which occurs in response to unu- .,
    f
    (c) Hydrotropism : It is directional growth movement o cu t Roots are positively h~rotropi c. pOsit• ater~
    h wn only by roo s.
    stimulus of water. Hydrotropism is generallYs nse This can be tested b %
    O
    .
    their geotropic respo · Y PlaCi
    hydrotropic response of roots is stronger than did will pass down and com Ilg
    e out of tl11
    . d. ·eve The ra es , t e
    germinating seeds in moist saw dust contame ma si fter· some growth ' they bend back and en .
    er the Si!w
    . . However, a .
    sieve pores under the influence of gravity.
    . th n geotrop1c response.
    dust again showing that h~rotropic response rs stronger a

    Trough

    Perforation

    Hydrotropic response is stronger than geotropic rP<nnnsP

    (d) Thigmotropism (Haptotropism) : It is directional growth ,...,____Support

    movement of curvature which occurs in response to stimulus of


    Coiling of
    contact. Thigmotropism is found in twiners and tendrils. After Tendril
    initial contact with support due to nutation, the tendril or twiner
    shows less growth in the region of contact and more growth on
    the other side. As a result they bend over the support. Later on Thigmotropism in tendril
    bending or coiling may occur in lower parts of the tendril as
    well.
    (e) Chemotro pism : Chemotropism is directional growth movement of curvature that occurs in response to a
    chemical stimulus. It is best seen in the growth of pollen tube inside style, ovary and ovule. Here every
    region produces its own nutrients and chemotactic chemicals for growth and passage of pollen tube;
    Chemotropism can be observed by germinating a number of pollen grains in a minimal medium. A drop of
    nutrient medium containing boron will result in bending of pollen tubes towards it from all directions.
    Nutrient medium with Pollen tubes growing towards
    Minina/ medium carbon and boron nutrient rich medium
    ·1:, ~ -

    WATER REIATIONS OF PIANTS

    iI
    DIFRJSION
    • 'The movement of molecules or atoms or ions of a materials from an area of higher concentration to an
    area of their lower concentration is cal.led diffusion." 1 jJI
    • The diffusion is continue till the dynamic equilibrium is not established. At this stage the net movement of J :i

    molecuJes is equal in both direction. J 1


    11
    molecules of material is distributed equally in their available ~
    • The kinetic energy, which is present in the

    •
    space by their nature.
    Diffusion rate ➔ Gas > Liquid > Solid

    13 0- --- --- --- --- --- --- --


    ~
    l 'l
    i
    j
    ~:uSION PRf.5SURE
    Biology

    • Water molerules moves from their higher concentration to the their lower concentration in plants
    •
    The rate of diffusion decreases with increas·mg size
    . f
    o molecules
    s ~ of diffusion
    Ill Exchange of gases like CO2, 0 2take place through the diffusion.

    121 The distribution of honnones in the plants takes place through the d'ff ,
    I uS1on.
    131 The process of transpiration is a diffusion process. The evaJX)ralion of water from the intercellular spaces
    ls linked with diffusion during the transpiration.
    141 The Ions of the minerals may diffused into the plant body.
    151 The process of osmosis is a special type of diffusion of solvent molecules through semi-permeable membranes.
    ()5MOSIS
    • "Osmosis is defined as the special diffusion of solvent (water in this context) from the solution of lower
    concentration to the solution of higher concentration vJhen both the solutions are separated by a
    semipermeable membrane."
    • Passing of water through the semipermeable membrane is the example of osmosis.
    • The water moves into the cell during the osmosis is called endosmosis.
    • When the water starts moving out of the cell then it is called exosmosis.
    PERMEABRIIY
    • The exchange of materials in and out through the membrane is called permeability.
    • The membranes are divided in the following types on the basis of permeability
    0) Permeable membrane
    • Such membranes are permeable for both• solutes and solvent. e.g. cell wall, filter paper.
    (ii) Semipermeable membranes
    • Such membranes allow diffusion of solvent molecules, but do not allow the passage of solutes. e.g. artificial
    membranes like Cellophane.
    {Hi) Selective permeable membrane OR differentially permeable membrane
    • These membranes are permeable for CO2, N2, 0 2 gases, alcohol, ether and water, but impermeable for
    JX)lysaccharides and proteins.
    (iv) Impermeable membrane :- Rubber membrane, Al-foil, Suberised cell wall, cork wall.
    OSMOTIC PRESSURE OR O.P.
    • Osmotic pressure is the pressure developed in a solution when solution, and water are separated by
    semipermeable membrane.
    • The osmotic pressure of pure water is zero. 0.P. is due to presence of solute into the solution.
    • The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of solute in it.
    • The osmotic pressure shows maximum variation in the plants cells.
    • According to Hariss the osmotic pressure is highest in leaves and lowest in roots.
    • The highest osmotic pressure is found in the halophyte group. Atriplex confortifolia (202 atm.)
    • The lowest osmotic pressure is found in aquatic plants or hydrophytes.
    • Hydrophytes < Mesophytes < Xerophytes< Halophytes.
    • Generally osmotic pressure is lesser during the night and higher at noon.
    • Water moves from lower 0.P. towards the higher O.P.

    ---------------------131
    I
    Osmotic
    pressure

    nJRGOR pRESSURE

    Significance of Osmosis
    gh the process of osmosis.
    (1) Root hairs of the roots absorb water from the soUth rou
    (2) The conduction of water from one cell to another cell in plant and di5tribution of water in plant through

    the osmosis.
    (3) Turgidity is developed by the process of endosmosi s, which helps to maintain a definite shape of
    leaves. stem and f!o\.Vers. Turgidity also provides mechanical strength to the plants.
    (4) The opening and closing of stomata is also depends on the process of osmosis.
    (5) The leaves of Mimosa pudica ('Touch me not") are drooping down only by contact and dehiscence of fruits
    depends upon turgor change after osmosis.
    (6) The resistance power increases due to high osmotic concentration against the dry d imate and low
    temperature .
    TURGOR PRESSURE OR T.P. AND WAlL PRESSURE OR WP
    • ''When a cell is immersed in water, then water enter into the cell because osmotic pressure of the cell sap
    is higher. The cell content press upon the wall or develop a pressure against the cell wall, which is called
    turgor pressure."
    • Plant cell does not burst, when placed in a pure water due to wall pressure, but an animal cell burst when
    placed in pure water because wall pressure is absent due to absence of cell wall.
    • For example the consequence of endosmosis in animal cell can be demonstrated by placing RBCs of human 1
    blood in distilled water. When examined after some time, the RBCs are found to have burst upon, leaving ~
    their cell membranes as empty cases. {
    l
    • A flaccid cell has zero turgor pressure. J
    • The highest value of turgor pressure is found in fully turgid cell and it is equal to the osmotic ~ressure. Fully f
    turgid cell has OP = TP · !
    i
    ~
    Significan ce of T.P.

    [11 Prot~pl~m of the cell attached with.the c_eH wall due to turgidity of the cell and cell is in stretched condition. /
    It mamtams the normal shape of the cell m which physiolog1·ca1 processes are gomg • on. fJ
    [21 Turgor pressure helps in cell elongation or growth of cell. J
    . .
    [3) Plant movement like, movement of guard cells of stomata, wilting movements and se1smonasti rnentd i
    c move
    etc. depend upon turgor pressure. 9
    j

    .
    [41 Turgor pressure provides essential power to the plumule to coming f . . tration j
    out rom the sod and help m pene •
    of radicle into the soil. l
    --- --- --- --- --- --
    .a,11.!rosK>N PRESSURE DEFlar Biology
    (DPI)) OR SUCllON PRESSURE
    [)PO : The difference between the diffuskm . . , (SP)
    . __ nJ DPO PfeSisure of the sohrtion and its JX.1f€ solvent at partirular temperature
    IS~

    or The DPD of any solution is the difference be . .


    n and diffusion p f tween the diffusion pressure of the water, whim is present in the
    solutiO ressure o J)I.D"e water.
    • The DPO of any free solution is
    equal to the osmotic pressure of that solution.
    DPD•O P

    (i) DPD In partially turgid or normal cell


    DPD•O P-TP
    (ii) DPD for fully turgid cell
    So that DPD • O
    (iH) DPD in flacdd cell
    Therefore , DPD or S.P.• OP
    (iv) DPD for plasmolyaed cell
    • DPD of the plasmolysed cell is greater than osmotic pressure .
    It means - DPD • OP + TP
    Demand of water = Plasmoly sed cell > Flaccid cell > Partially turgid cell > Fully turgid cell

    WATER POTEN11AL OR 'l'w


    • 'The difference between the free energy of molecules of pure water and free energy of the solution is
    called water potential of the system."
    • The water potential of pure water is maximwn the pure water has greater free energy. The free energy ,
    lower down by addition of solute.
    • Water always flO\VS from higher water potential to lower water potential.

    • Water potential is represented by Greek word 'lf{Psi)/'lfwand it is measured in bars or Pascal (Pa).

    1. Osmotic potentia l ('I'J


    I} • Osmotic potential or solute potential represents the concentration of the solutes. Water potential ('l'w) is
    ..
    IJ •
    negative in the presence of solutes. So that osmotic potential is also negative.
    According to thermodynamics, osmotic pressure is caled solute potential or osmotic potential. It is represented
    } by '¥ s and shown by negative sign (- ve) or it is better to say osmotic potential on the basis of free energy.
    l
    l • Osmotic potential or solute potential measured in bars. [1 Bar = 0.987 atmospheric pressure).

    ' • OP = 22.4 atm => osmotic potential= - 22.4 atm. (1 M glucose solution).
    ti 2. Pressure potential ('I'p)
    \ • T · known as pressure potential. It is shown by positive sign (+ve).
    urgor pressure ts

    ! ~
    •
    •
    According to this concept their relation is as follows.
    Water potential = Osmotic po
    tential + pressure potential + matric potential

    i
    l
    1 ~'¥ or \J'w = 'l's+ 'l'p + 'I'm
    n

    I \ (_\JI W
    _ \ As m and \f g (Matric potential and gravitational potential) are negligible .

    --- --- --- --- --- --- --1 33


    - \JI S + 'J' p - T m
    ~ ~ !! .. _ -- -- -- -- -.. . . .
    IJSO : Class IX
    lYPE S OF SOLtm ONS
    (i) Isotonic soluti on .
    --..._

    centration to that of cell sap, the outer SOhJ!ion


    • If solutio n in which a cell is placed, has equal osmotic con
    l<i
    called isotonic solution.
    (ii) Hypot onic solutio n
    • f . . 1 than that of the cell sap, theulouter soluti0 n 1s. ca~
    I the osmotic concentration of outer solution ts esser I res ts ' cell swells up_e.g.
    hypotonic solution. If a cell is placed in such solution endosmosis takes pace,
    Swelling of dried grape (resins).
    fiiiJ l-lypertonic solutio n
    th 0th er (cell sap), solutio n is knO\vn ilS
    • If the osmotic concentration of a solution is higher than that of e
    hyper tonic solution.
    of the cell sap diffused O\Jt
    • If a cell placed in this type of solution ' exosm osis takes place. It means water
    into the outer solution, resulting cell become flaccid.
    cont ra ctsl.
    • e.g. Grapes placed in higher concentration of sugar solution becomes flaccid(
    PlASMOLYSIS
    out from the cell. As a tesult of
    • If a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution, water molecules diffused
    shrinking. This is ~
    exosmosis, the protoplasm of the cell detached from the cell wall and starts
    plasmolysis.
    • The various sequences of plasmolysis are as follows ➔
    (i) In a turgid cell. the cell sap pushed away the protoplasm, so that it is in close contact with
    cell wall.
    due to shrinking of ceU becaUSe
    (iQ When it placed in a hypertonic solution , the volume of the cell reduces
    decreases by which cell wall
    some amount of water of cell sap diffuses out by exosm osis. Turgor pressure
    total volume of the cell. This
    is not pushed by the protoplasm, so that shrinking cell membrane reduces in
    situation, is called the first stage of plasmolysis.
    (iiO If the diffusion of water to the outside is continue by the exosmosis
    then central vacuole contracts and v.;th
    is seems to detach from
    this protoplasm also shrinks but cell wall is not contracting. So that protoplasm
    lysis or inciµen t ~ -
    the comer s of cell wall. This condition is knov.,n as second phase of the plasmo
    it detaches from the cell wall IDJ
    (iv) The shrinking of protoplasm is continuous due to continuous exosmosis,
    plasm olysis.
    assumed a spherical shape. This phase is knov.,n as evident plasm olysis/ full
    lasm.
    • Hyper tonic solutio n is present in betwe en the cell wall and protop
    Signif icance of plasm olysis
    Because plasmolysis 1
    [iJ A living cell is distinguished from the non living [dead! cell through the plasmolysis.
    does not occur in dead cell.
    ~
    j
    , !

    [iii The osmotic pressure of any cell can be measured by incipient plasm olysis.
    [iii) If the plasmolysis remains for long duration in a cell then it dies.
    To destroy the weeds, salts puts in their j
    1
    roots. 1
    or browning of the plant due to plasmo ~- i
    [iv] High amount of chemical fertiliz.ers near the root causes death
    kept in marine water. i
    fv) The fresh water growing plants are either wilted or die when they are
    1
    JMB181110N
    ion of water by h~phi l( J
    • Adsorption of undissolved !quid by any solid material is called imbibition or adsorpt {
    1!
    colloids is known as imbibition.
    • This is a physical process by which a dry solid colloid material swells up by adsorp
    tion of water. i
    etc. All they are in nature- i
    • The cell wall is made up of colloidal substances as ceJlubse, pectin, hemicellulose
    ;
    Therefore they imbibe water. i

    • A huge pressure is developed in material due to imbibition.This pressur e is called fmbibi don ~ f
    _ _,__
    134 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
    (IP).
    Biology
    I

    ~~!t ocan ce of lmblbltton


    th thr'J1.lf,li 0111 ir,JJ1l.it1icm
    (1) Absorption of water during e see.cl germlnatl1m ls only lnltidte
    (2) Initial process of water absorption in roots by roo1haln, ilS lrnl,iblUon.
    l,,m.
    (3) The water enter into the aerial roots and dry fruitc, b <l•Je to lmbihi
    AB50RPTIONOFWATERBYP1ANTs
    ,,rvJ Mir)!'> ln tJfJ t~Jt .,,.,,f ~JAJ1 AY11,
    • Water is an excellent solvent and ~ ntlal for the r>hY6iok><Jical pre~ -,
    of nutrients and solutes for growth and development <A plant'I
    t. and inr,rfl;;nk, rn;,.t ~ "1~ to,mJt;11~
    • Water partlcipates in many vital activities of the plants. AU th€ c>rgarii
    th trJ ~ter. It hdr,<>m ti~ q,,;;,# ,
    only through e water. The cells of the plant rernairn, in turrJid a1rid1t 1,111 dt.¥?
    the ~rv.yrn~ N.11fJn r,nly f,aJ,,P,t, rA,>)(R, ir, tf~
    of the plant. Water is essential for germination of seed'l All
    presence of water. Plant movements is due to the turgidity of the CP,1
    11-J. Tr-,n~~.,.:;arvm of n1Jt~t• ;,rili
    chemical reaction of plants take place In aqueouc; solution.
    PATH OF WATER ABSORPTION
    Endodermlt (p ■srage
    • Soll solution ➔ Root hatn ➔ Eplblema/Epldermi, ➔ cortex ➔ Cortex ➔
    cells) ➔ Perlcycle cells ➔ Protoxylem ➔ Metaxylem.
    • The water situated in the soil is lo be
    reach up to the xylem of root. Root hairs
    remains in the contact of water. First of
    all water is easily adsorbed on pectin
    wall of root hairs, then water entered
    into the epidermis of root hairs. From
    here water reaches up to the endoderrnis
    throu gh the cortex . The wall of
    endodermis are suberised. But cells lie
    in front of the protoxylem are thin walled
    known as passa ge cells. These cell
    transfer water to the xylem . From here
    PATH OF WATF.R ABSORPTION IN ROOT
    water reached to the xylem from
    endodermal cells through the thin walled
    pericycle cells.
    (a) Symplast
    e. The movem ent of water from celJ
    • A sustainable living path is known as symplast. This is the living passag
    movement of water through cd
    to cell through plasmodesmata is called symplastic path in plant. This
    membrane is also called as transmembrane pathway.
    . .
    ~ Apoplast ular space and xylem cavity associ ate
    • This is the non living path in plants. Watered cell wall, interceU
    _
    together to form;.a.:.po.:,:p:_la_st_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
    1
    Plasmodesmata Tonoplut

    Vacuo.le Cell wall Cytop lum


    V Apopl ut pathway
    ___. Symp lut pathway
    - Vacuolar pathway

    ------135
    ~US::O~:_:;C:la!!''.!IX~------ --------•ALL1.
    MECHANlsM OF WATE.R Aa4iORP"f'ION
    Water Is absorbed by t\\,~ dllfttr.,nl \\Ww'S
    (l) Adtw w•ter abeorptlon (2) PulJw wat•r aN<"1llkln,
    Mechaallan
    i,himrlllltf d11i1 to lhti n, llvltv c,/ 1111 11
    I. Active abeorpUon tl# wat•r ... A,' \11 rn 1hl" nw1h(l( I "-'11 Ior 11 ~ ' '' 111_,
    expenditure of ATPs.
    • Only 4% of total ~bsorbed "1<1tcr Is li\ken hv 1hl11 pr()('ti~41
    _ .,,1 fnrfil~ for tlw """' 11 pli1111 11f w,1111
    2• n...__ .__ ~ -..•-- f
    r--.ff'W -JAR"• o water ➔ Acl'11mln!,l to I11
    J
    1~ 100IIiuu 1111 ~llt1t1t,,, 1,
    1
    Mrial puta by rapid transplr~tlun & t\x>ls remain llB J)(\ti•lve Ol'Qllll ,
    • About 96% of water Is ftbsomed by passive ,~,,hod. Hc1pld lritru ptrc,tl1}n , tt11111ll l11 iurUon fore·•. wli1c Ii
    suck the water from roots
    Facton affecttne water abeorpdon
    (IJ Avallable 90l.l water
    (21 Soll tems,enirure
    • Soll temperature affocts the followtng mechanisms
    Ill Low temperature decreases the permeablUty of cell mombnme.
    /iU It Is essential for the activity of enzymes for the fonnatlon of root hairs.
    fiiJ At low temperature viscoslty of capillary water Is Increased.
    f3J SollAir
    • Absorption of water proceeds more rapidly In well aerated soll.
    • Poorly aerated soil is physiologically dry.
    (4J Soll Concentration
    • The rate of the absorption Is Inversely proportional to the concentration of minerals present In soll.
    f5J Transpiration
    • The rate of water absorption is directly proportional to the rate of transpiration. Because passive water
    absorption increases due to transpiration.
    ASCENT OF SAP
    • Upward movement of absorbed water against the gravitational force upto top parts of plants Is called as
    ascent of sap. t
    • Xylem is water conducting tissue In plants. l j
    -
    •
    p - theo,y , By Priatloy.
    According to it, a positive pressure ls develop Into xylem sap, due to rurgtdlty or actMty of root ceUs (cortiClll
    I
    Ii J
    cells), is called root pressure, which pushed water upwards is xylem.
    • Transpiration pull & cohesion force theory:- By Dixon & Jolly. ·
    • Most accepted or universaJly accepted theory of ascent of sap. j j
    • According to it 3 components are involved in ascent of sap. / j
    (a) Cohesion : Mutual attraction between the water molecule Is known as cohesion, which form a continuous ., , j
    water column in xylem elements. 1l
    (b) Adhesion : Att~tion between xylem walls & water molecules Is called adhalon force, which helps In j
    maintainance of water coloumn of xylem.
    (c) Transpiration Pull: A tension or negative pressure dewlaps In xylem, due to rapid transpiration In
    leaves (because of high DPD), this creates a transpiration pull, which is responsible for the pulling up of
    I!
    water oolumn in xylem. So ascent of sap is constitutive effect of coheslon, adhesion & transpiration pull.

    136--------- ------------
    ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::8~io~/og~y
    11
    .-. •r-· :::::~:: Wa te r los s du e to
    Tr an sp ira tio n
    Wa ter los s du e to
    Tr an sp ira tio n

    Le a f

    Ste m -- -- i-
    +i - - - - + - - - Xylem strand

    To wa rds roo ts ---+---1-! Fro m roo ts

    ♦ ♦
    t
    As ce nt of sa p
    t Tr an sp ira tio n pu ll
    (M ovi ng tow ard s roo t)
    ves ) ♦
    (W ate r mo vin g tow ard s lea .___ _.:, .--- -JL ....- ---1

    ) an d as ce nt of sa p
    Tr an sp ir at io n pu ll (t en si on

    IN Pl AN fS Girdling experiment) .
    FOOD TR AN SL OC AT IO N inly occurs by ph loe m. (Proved by
    con duc tio n in pla nts ma
    • Fo od /or gan ic material sin k. So urc e is ne t exp ort er
    while sink is ne t im po rte r.
    .rrs in bet we en so urc e and like
    • Fex>d con du cti on oca syn the tic plant parts acts as sou rce like leaves while no n ph oto syn the tic parts
    oto
    • Ge ner aly gre en ph k.
    root, sho ot, fruits acts as sin unidirectional
    uir ed dir ect ion unl ike the wa ter con du cti on wh ich is a
    in an y req
    • Focxf con du cti on ma y be
    d chemically
    pro ces s.
    in the for m of su cr os e or it is no n-r edu cin g sug ar an
    y occ urs
    • Tran sJo cat ion of foo d mainl
    ine rt in pa thw ay of condu
    ction. nch (1930). Th is is
    po the sis of foc xf/ suc ros e tra nsl oca tio n - Given by E. Mu
    hy
    • Pre ssu re flo w /~ flo w
    foo d conduction in pla nts. lecules.
    the mo st acc ep ted the ory of l'ce ➔ It is an act ive pro ces s hel ped by car rie r mo
    loa din g at 80U ssl.D"e
    • Ph loe m loading/SUCl"C)lle tio n of sie ve cel ls inc rea se, results In Increase in osmotic pre
    g concen tra pr ess ur e (T.P)
    At. source clJe to ph loe m loa dn int o sie ve cel ls res ults in in cr eu e In tur go r
    ne arb y xyl em
    an d water will mo ve s fro m her T.P. at source an d in sieve tub
    es. Sucrose mo ves
    l (':l'w). lt est abt ish a hig
    and inc rea se in wa ter po ten tia h T.P /H igh \f/C.O to towards the low
    T.P /lo w ':l'w.
    tow ard s sin k from hig
    from source in sie ve tubes k ➔ It an act ive pro cess helped by carrier mo ler ule
    s.
    • Phloem amloadlng/.uc:roae
    unloadln9 at sin is
    wa ter into
    dec rea se in osm oti c pre ssu re (O .P), it results in exi t of
    ult s in
    At sink sucrose is unloaded res r pre ssu re (T. P.) an d wa ter po ten tia l (\J'w) of
    ph loe m. In sin k
    in Tu rgo
    near by xy lem leads to decrease sta rch (as sta rch no t cha ng e 0 .P) or con sw ned
    , to ma int ain
    her ch an ga i int o
    eel s the un loa ded suc ros e is eit
    US urooacfing . an d it req uired
    Jow O.P and c.ontinUOces con du cti on is an active proc.ess

    -------137
    of mo de rn res ear ch ph Joe m
    • According to eviden
    s.
    metabofic energy in phloem ceU
    IJSO . Closs IX
    L,eaf f>ieg()j)hyU Celll __
    -~
    -
    pt,otmYOtheSit

    Gli,e.ote
    Six:ro,e
    .

    !
    Rite in OffllO!lc pr~,rure

    !
    [ ~o~s]

    ! yll cell
    I Rise in Turgor pressure of mesoph

    l
    Mass flow of HP & Sucrose
    due to Turgor Gradient

    A:=:,!
    ADP
    [
    0
    'en mass· comes in
    companian cell and then
    i;
    into sieve tube cells z
    C)

    l
    Water comes in Sieve tube
    cell from Xylem and increase
    Turgor pressure Gradient

    A:=::{
    ADP
    E
    C
    Sucrose canes to Root ceU :z
    [ {
    and convert into Starch or 0 i
    )>
    energy or get consumed in S2 l
    Respiration :z '
    I
    C)
    l;
    '
    1
    Decrease in O.P. 1
    of Root Cells 'I
    t
    ~
    •!
    1
    HP Water moves to
    Root Xylem

    Sucroee tranelocation In .,._u


    138
    Biology
    -
    . .'J1lANSPIRATION
    · uo
    -"" oi \I.later in fom, of vapour • from the aen•a1 parts(organs) of living plants .is known as Transpira · n.
    • ,L.-U-'-'
    N Stofa8hl tnnspinltion
    • Transpiration takes place through the stomata which are present on the leaves of the plants and delicate
    organs. is called stomata! transpiration. lne maximum amount of water is lost ~ this transpiration· about
    801' to 90% t:nn.spiration is occurs through the stomata.
    • Stomata are absent in algae, fungi and submerged aquatic plants.
    • Foliar transpiration: Total transpiration takes place through the leaves is called as foliar transpiration.
    • Foliar transpiration • Stomata! + Cuticular, from the leaves.
    Iii Cutkular Transpiration
    • Loss of water through the cuticle which present on the herbaceous stem and leaves. Cuticle is a wax like
    thin la~r present on epidennis. About 9% transpiration is cuticular.

    Iii) Lentiallar Transpiration


    • Minute pore like structure found on the stem of some woody plants and epidermis of some fruits called
    lenticels. Some amount of water is lost by lenticels is known as lenticular transpirartion. However it is
    approximately 0.1 % to 1% of the total water lost.

    SlRUCllJRE OF STOMATA

    Turgid

    NudluS
    ,_lhlck
    ,..ll of

    _....
    tyMICII

    ........
    OVW1tlill

    ~Aa.-•~e
    The al w.n t.c. N ill(l the stomatal pol'e ls thk:ka- than that of nut to the surrounding cells -
    (A) Aperture cloMd (B) Aperture open

    • Stomata are found on the aerial delicate organs and outer surface of the leaves in the form of minute
    pores. Stomata! pore is surrounded by two specialised epidermal cells called as guard cell. They are
    kidney shaped. The number of guard cells are two.
    • The structure of guard cells in monocots (Gramineae) is dumr.q! c:hap~d
    • Guard cells are epidermal cells. But due to presence of chloroplast they are different from that of epidermal
    cells.
    • The outer wall of the guard cells is thin and elastic, while inner wall is thick and non elastic.

    • Guard cells are surrounded by some specialized epidermal cells called subsidiary cells or accessory cells.

    • In xerophytic plants position of stomata is deep in the surface of the leaf. Stomata are present in this
    position are called sunken stomata.

    --------------- --------139
    IJSO ·. Clo,s IX
    MECHANISM OF OPENING AND CLOSING Of STOMATA OR
    STOMATAL MO\IEMllNT <'ND i,recJIANISM OF TRANSPIRATION

    (J)

    •
    1'11'

    (l) D\,oohwretH
    ► PC:P .. co~

    (IOOAA. - •MallcAdd < H' ~


    ATP
    Malat•~
    K•

    (Ill) Ml\leta+K· --► K-malat• · --+ [Conc.cT.9f~ eftseaJ


    u
    § .TH,O In GCJ ➔@0'."rgld]--+ ~ •I• openl ➔ Cooling

    H'

    Q\rboh~mt<'.S
    ....•············-... ~
    ( \
    / '

    ~•~Yeo, \
    PEP

    OM

    \.' ~'"
    t
    1.' \
    :.
    • I

    : GC tu1yit
    .: Malle Acid

    ./ ·t
    Endosmosis
    .i •

    ..'.! ..f
    1
    t '
    '
    I •
    • Rise '

    \ , . , •1" o.P....../
    ........... .....•·
    K·Malate

    K'- H' Ion Exchange Theory

    1.40
    "91• Biology
    JJ . whicCloelng of ltomata :- Plant hormone
    (Sosiog of 5'oma ta :- Plant hortrxlne ABA-acts on guard cells,
    ASA-acts o n ~ cells, which interfere the exchange of K• ~ H• ions in guard cells, results
    in rewrse
    decrease during night, which
    of rxn. of opening of stomata, hence stomata closed. pH of guard cells is
    favours stomata! closing.
    fadOIS affecting stoma tal openj ng and dosing
    (1) Ugbt
    ytic plants and dose during the
    • In most of the plants stomata open during the day except succulent xeroph
    lue light is most effective
    dark. Opening of stomata completes in the presence of blue and red light.B
    and causing stomata) opening.
    (2) Temperature
    (3) C01 conc:entration
    of CO 2•
    • Stomata opens at low concentration of CO 2 while closed at high concentration
    • CO 2 is antitranspiran gas.
    (4) Growth Hot mones
    the influx of K• ions and stimulate the
    • Cytoldnin hormo ne induce opening of stomata. It increase
    stomata for opening.
    • While ABA stimulate the stomata for closing .
    (5) Atmos pheric humidlty
    atmosphere, while stomata
    • Stomata opens for long duration and more widen in the presence of humid
    be stop but
    in dry atmosphere or partial opening at higher atm. humidity transpiration will
    remains closed
    stomata remain completly open.
    (6) Anti transpirants
    nts. Anti transpirants
    • Chemical substances which reduce the rate of transpiration are known as antiba .spira
    are as follows
    • Aspirin, (Salicylic acid), Abscisic Acid [ABA}, CO2 and low viscous wax.
    • PMA closed the stomata for more than two weeks partially.
    • Antitranspirants are used in dry farming .
    .t Signtftcance of transpiration
    ~ (1) In regula tion of tempe rature
    f •
    ation, due to VJhich temperature
    Coolin g effect on the surface of leaves is produced by the process of transpir
    t
    j remains constant in plants.
    j ation of water produces
    J • The plants are protected from the burning of heat due to transpiration. Evapor
    I j
    I cooling effect.
    ' I l
    ~ (2) Translocation of minerals in plant body
    • I
    r
    is assumed that minerals enter
    l
    !
    lt • Mass flow of water is found during the passive absorptio1, 0t water. Hence it
    :i the roots through the water.
    1
    ~,
    i (3) In ascen t of sap
    ~
    ~
    ...'
    .J

    ! (4) In water absorp tion


    ~ ~ (5) Distrib ution of absorbed salts
    a...
    ~
    L
    ·
    -i \
    ~ (6) Gaseous ex.change
    . 1
    ----------------------141
    l7} Control of hydrological cycle.
    USO : Class IX
    WITATION
    • , ~-
    ~
    U-'16 of water fTom the lri-ljured part Olf fTliU9ll of le.a\ies of the p&ar; in the fom1 of water cir~ts is
    ctS~fboo. ~
    • ou.ded ~ of guttaoon abog w1th water containS some organic ancl inorgaruc (dt~-ed) ~
    f'l"M>2~ ·t ·
    .. ......, ., r IS not pure \A.'ater. ~•
    • Guttatlon occurs from the margins of the lea\~ through the special JX>re (aJwa~'S open lik e ~
    ~~(
    called ~thodes or \4,ater stoma.ta.
    • Genera'1 gl1tatjoo OCC\JJS during mid night O f ' ~ ,noming.
    • The process of guttation take place due to root pressure. develope in cortex cells of root.
    Bl£EDING
    • F~ lowing of liquid from the injured OI' ~ p1115 of the plants is caled bleeding o r ~
    • This process takes i:a::e due to high root p.ets&n.
    • ~ is inllX)Ctari i1000IIC4tic ~ - be:-aJse Opium.1..-.x of rubber isobtai'led ~ -this
    wa.JNi
    • Droping of soft parts of the (.D)ts due to loss ol turgidity i1 their rels is caBed \A.-ilting. \.¼Jting is Collied()_.,
    to high rate of transpiration dumg m.id-da~; or deficiency of \l@ter in soil and also in prolonged ~ l-t
    corxim..
    • Wilting may be temporary or permanent.
    • lndpieut wilting : This lS the starttlg of \Aliiing 1Nithoot any external ~mptom is called inciµent v.iill)g
    MINFRAL ABSORPnoN AND NUTRITION OF PIANTS
    • lnere are ~ methods of absorption of mineral salts.
    (A) P--..e al.o.ptioo of miuaa1s : (Without apendiluff of ATP)
    (1) By Simple diffusion : According to this method mineral ions ma~- diffuse in root cells from the so:
    SOUion.
    (2) By IDilN flow : According to this method mineral ions absorption occurs \vtth fb.v of water under the
    infJuenc.e of transpiratioo .
    C3) By ion exchamge : This is exchange of mi1eral ions v,ith the ions of same charge.
    CB) Active ion absorption : (By expn.diture of ATPs)
    • Carrier concept ; By Vanden Hooert. According to trus theory some specific carrier molecules rnooe u;:
    of proteins are present in eel membrane of root cell. which absorb both the ions and forms ion-carrier
    complex. This complex is broken inside the cell membrane with the use of energ~:.
    MIN£HAl MJl1ll110N
    i
    • About 50-60 elements are present in plant body but only 16/ 17 elements are considered as essential t
    eJements.
    According to Amon-Criteria of essent:iality of milerals 'J
    :}
    t
    (iJ The eJement must be necessary for normal growth dDd reproduction of all plants.
    M The requirement of the element 11M15t be specific for plant life.That is indespensible element to plaru
    }
    i
    (iii) The eJements must be dindly inYolved in metaboism of plant. i"'
    1. Major element/Macro md:rients : Concentration must be 1-10 pg L-1 / 10 m mole kg-1 of dry
    ....uer. (;■wanle Milmnlar) li
    C. H, O. N, K. S, Ca. Mg, P ~

    2. Moor~nubienls : ~ pn:sesa less than 1.0-0.1 mL-1/ 10 m mole kg1 per!P" f


    cA(kymattaj j
    •
    Fe., Cu. Zn. B, ~Mn.Mo
    Almost al types of soil are deficient of N, P and K so these elements are known as critical ~ t s .
    ;
    and are given to the soil in form of NPK-fertilizers to take good crop yield.
    1
    1
    142----------------------
    • Plants grown in moistened air with nutrients is aeroponics_
    Biology
    -·------:::MINERAL~~---NlTrRITI--ON-----=~
    NAME ROl.E/FUNcnoN DEFICIENCY SVMPTOM.S
    __~:.:
    L---"--NITROGEN---::-=:=----Tt;,1)--i-hn:-p-.c_OOStJtuent_ - _(M)
    :_ of:prot=eris~ __j_ -
    ti)-=01:.h::om=·:.:_(yelaal_:~::_lng).:...._w-_. c&-
    RNA DNA. leaves (high.\_; mobie,
    (bnP- in growth. metabolism.
    (ii) Presen t in porphy rins of
    hefedity & repn:xi.iction) Chloro phylls &
    ~och.u nes, tlus active role
    NOl ·form in photos ynthes is &
    {Nitrate) respiat ion. (£I'S).
    6nl Part of vitamins. C<renzymes
    rarely N02· or NH~·
    (NAO_NADFi & al<abrls.
    fiv) Const ituent of plant
    hormones -IAA, & AT Ps.
    (v) Absorbed from soil as NOi .

    N02 • ~ some plants from air


    by nitroge n fi xeres
    (Rhizoba.Azdla. hngi)
    SUlPHUR (i) Parts of cystinine. cystein e. & (i) Cbloro sis or yellow ing in
    so!· (Sulpha te) form methio nine amino younger leaves.
    adds.
    PHOSPHORUS fl) Very hnp. in RNA, DNA (he- fl) Prema ture leaf fall ,
    redity) Phospholipid (Cell necros is , anthoc yanin
    Hz Po4 and HP02; (Ortho - formati on.
    phosph ate anion form) membr ane) NADP (Co-en-
    ~ ) AlP(En ergy ructions)
    fri) Imp . in Photos ynthes is
    (NADP ), protei n synth.
    (DNA.R NA. AlP, AA)

    Imp. for mechan ical stJeugth. fl) Disinte gration of growin g


    CALCIUM (Q
    because Ca is constit uent of apices (root, shoot, leaf
    middle lamella (Ca-pe ctate apa).
    ea♦♦ form
    in cell wall)
    fri) Perme ability of fli) lnegu lar cell divisio ns
    t biomem brane is u.ait•aioed (mitosi s) and death of
    f
    I i friQ Stabili ty of chrom osome
    i structure & in spindle fonna-
    tion (Hewitt 1963)
    I
    t1 t - -MOLYB - -tic-
    - - - - (Q+Role-as-prosthe
    - -DENUM -+------.1
    group of fl) lnten.einal doorosis e.g. Lemon.
    ase and nitrate reduct
    ! MoO.~ fonn nltrog enase in nitrog en
    metabolism.
    ~ (Mulybdate ion)
    l
    i r-- --- -...
    = MoO/·
    ;.-- --+ --- --- --- --- t--- --- --- --- -1
    1l POT~ (0 Key role snm1.atal
    I(• is only Monovalant cation in
    fl) Mottle d (interv einal)
    md baapb c6,n
    ~
    chloro sis. & shorter the
    intemod es. (bushy habit}
    (ii) 1n starch 5y'l'lthesi5 & dimiwoon.
    l
    §
    Free form
    regulat ion of permea bility
    and balance charge of cells
    1 (Cation-anion balance)
    1--
    -----------------------143
    /JSO · Class IX .. cH on .l.
    ro ..........and ~
    .ca l• form atio n
    (I) eon .mu ent of ChJor oph ~
    o1c1era...v.:,'
    MAGNESIUM
    Mg• •fon n .....
    and In blndlft9 of r t ~

    Ad h,a tOr alm anY ~ln


    - ~ - - In

    (ll) Carbohydrate rnet abo lf•rn ·


    hexoklnaM (I) Rapid lnte rvei nal c ~
    •w ron . po,.-1.o. ..an prot ein
    da
    for (Ne wle ava )
    cyt~ hro me• , Pero xl.."n>• (II)
    1 ,.■,-•-.:
    IRO N(fe ) Inhibition of respiration.
    (Ph ub....
    Qata l....
    Absorption in Fe•• (us) fonn, which (II) Important for ferr edo xln&
    Is active form . biol ogic al N1 fixa tion
    ETS. • ._ ___._d i
    (iii) Essential role In Cfll0 "1l"• Y-
    Deficiency causes chlorotic &
    ,ynt halt .
    0
    (ii) t:,,e ntla l for 1 evo ludo n (I)
    neaotic spots on leaves. (Mosaic
    ~ er In
    and photoly81• of wat pattern)
    Mn• •fon n
    light reaction (11) Mania •po t of pea, and grwy
    •pe ak of oat.
    roo t tlpe (apa)
    (I) B 11 only mlc ronu trle nt, (I) Ste m and th stunte.d.
    BOR ON dla . root grow
    which le not aaodat.ed with
    H,B O,-o r
    enz yma .
    B(OH)1 or BO,...s
    (ii) Req uire d for upta ke and
    (Bor ate) util leat lon of Ca1 •,
    mem bran e fun ctio ning ,
    poll en germ inat ion, cell
    elon gati on, cell
    diff eren tiat ion and
    carbohydrate tranaloc:atlon
    (iii) 8 I• esse ntia l In poll en tube
    formation.
    (I) Vlt. ·c (aec orb lc Aci d) (II) "Di
    e-back of dtru e" and
    COPPER
    formation. othe r fnalt tre a Exandllllll
    Cu++form lntr ea.
    'toxk: in High cons.
    (I) Spe cific role In Au.xJn (IAA) 0, Mottle leaf dlM ue In fndt
    lJNC
    horrrone S'ynthesisln eel. trees 1.Jtde laf clH■H'.
    Zn• •fon n 01) 'Khaira dlM ue of paddy' j
    (ii) Actlvat.orofCmbonk:
    ~ . calb oxy laaa , RcJNet dlN •e In walnut.
    hol~ (ill) Inhibit seed formation, ...1.u.
    ..... .
    I
    alc
    Pe,iC'ituo
    _j_,
    1
    bud dleeue in maize. J
    (lli) In Neel formation
    _ _
    - - - - - - - - ' - - - . . : . : . . _ - - L_
    I

    144-------------------
    Biology
    PHYS IOLO GY EXER CISE

    When stomata open, the pH of guard cells :_ 12 . Oimacte ric fruit shows :
    •• (1) 1ncreases (2) Decreas es (1) high respiratio n rate at ripening
    (3) Remains same (4) Both 'l' and ·2· (2) Sudden change in taste
    Water lost in guttation is :- (3) Sudden chage in colour and shape
    z. (2) Impure water
    (1) Pure water (4) None of the above
    (4) Either '1' and '2' in
    (3) In vapour form 13. What will happen if plant cells are placed
    ,. Which of the follwoing element s are essenial for
    the photolysis of water :-
    hyperton ic solution :
    (2) Plasmol ysed
    (1) Turgid
    (1) Ca and a (2) Mn and Cl (3) Deplasmolysed (4) Lysed
    (3) Zn and I (4) Cu and Fe Loss of water from tips of leaves is called :
    14.
    ,. Plant hormon es are :-
    (1) Bleeding (2) Guttatio n
    (1) Growth regulato rs (4) Transpir ation
    (3) Respiration
    (2) Growth promote rs Which of the following is releated with transfer of
    15.
    (3) Growth inhibitor s food material :
    (4) None of above (1) Xylem (2) Collenc hyrna
    s. The most common auxin is :- (3) Phloem (4) Parench yrna
    (1) GA (2) ABA (3) kinetin (4)1M Which of the following apparatu s is common ly used
    16.
    6. Gibberellin promote s cell division and elongation to measure the rate o f transpir ation is :
    in : (1) Porome ter (2) Altimete r
    (1) Leaves (2) Roots (4) Luxmet er
    (3) Potomet er
    (3) Shoots (4) All of these
    17. Genetically dwarf plant can be converte d into a
    7. 1ne deteriorative processe s in plants, that naturally plant of normal height with the applicat ion of :
    terminat e their function al life, are collectively (2) Gibberellins
    (1) Ethylene
    called :-
    (3) Cytokinins (4) Auxin
    (1) Wilting (2) Abscission
    (4) Senesce nce 18. Which of the following element is most mobile in
    (3) Plasmolysis
    plant metabol ism :
    8. Which of the follwing is used for ripening of fruits
    (2) Phospho rus

    LIf
    (1) Calcium
    (1) Auxin (2) ASA
    (3) Carbon (4) Magnes ium
    (3) Ethylene gas (4) Cytokinin
    19. The process of converti ng ammoni a to nitrate by
    9. Induction of flowering in plants by low tempera ture
    j bacteria is known as :
    J t treatmen t is called :
    (1) Ammonification
    J! (1) Vemalization
    (2) Nitrification
    l ~ (2) Photope riodism
    (3) Nitrogen fixation
    " (3) Cryooiology
    jl I (4) ChUozology
    '.i 10. Plant growth is : 20.
    (4) Denitrification
    Root nodules which are present in plants are meant
    1] l
    j (1) Limited (2) Unlimited for fertilizers and are found in/on :

    i (3) Diffused (4) Both (1) & (2) (1) Certain legumin ous plants
    ~ 11. (2) Casurina
    ~ Hormon e produce d during leaf fall is :
    II
    j j (1) IAA (2) ABA (3) A/anus
    ~
    j (3) Florigen (4) Kinetin (4) All of the above
    1
    145
    IJSO : Clo,, IX
    2 1· Aftrk.ultt1rl11te have r(i'J'Orted about 40#50% higher
    yled8 o f rice by ttpplylng :
    30.
    What would be the drectlon of the r n ~
    water if two cells have the same Op b
    TP?
    ,t
    ut d·ff 1~
    I ~ ii)

    ( 1) /lzo/ht (1) no net flow


    (2) Cyanophy~ n nulmber, (2) from lower TP to higher TP
    (;3) Myc--0rrhtzae
    (3) from higher TP to lower TP
    (4) Thorn forest
    (4) data insufficient
    22. A nutrie nt e le m4?nt enentlal for the forma1itlon of
    micro-tubules o f the mito tic spindle apparatus Which one is not related to transpirarion .
    31-
    during cell dlw lon 11 : (l) Regulation of plant body temperature ·
    ( l) Phospho rus (2) Sulphur (2) Absorption and distribution of mineral salts
    (3 ) Calcium (4) Zinc
    (3) Circulation of water
    23. Phytochrome Is responsible for :
    (4) Bleeding
    ( l) Photosynthesis (2) Flowering
    32. Which element is essential for photolysis of
    (3) Fruit formation (4) Respiration Water
    24. Whic h o f the followlng ts a gaseous hormone : (1) Nitrogen (2) Manganese
    (1) Ethylene (3) Carbon (4) Oxygen
    (2) Cytoklnln 33. Most of the plants are seasonal due to :
    (3) Both ethylene and auxin (1) Photoperiodis m (2) Phototropism
    (4) Gibberellln (3) Photosynthesi s (4) Photolysis
    25. No n -symbiotic N 2 fixer Is : Certain chemical substances having profOUJ'Xi effect
    34.
    (1) Anabaena (2) Rhizobium on plant growth are called :
    (3) Azotobactor (4) Azolla (1) Catalyic agents (2) Phytohonnones
    26. The pineapple which under natural conditions is
    (3) Enzymes (4) Compost
    difficult to blossom has been made to produce fruits
    th roughout the year by the application of : 35. Which one of the following can utilize moleOJ!ar
    nitrogen (Ni) as nutrient for growth
    (1) IAA, IBA
    (1) Rhizobium (2) Spirogyra
    (2) NAA, 2,4-D
    (3) Phenyl murc uric acid (3) Mucor (4) Methancoccus
    (4) Cytokinins 36. Stomata can open at night also in
    .,
    27. The N 2 fixing bacterium associated with root (1) Xerophyte (2) Gametophyte . t.
    nodules of legumes is known as :
    (3) Hydrophyte (4) None o these
    lI 1i
    (1) Azotobacter (2) Nitrobacter evil" i ~
    (3) Lactobaclllus (4) Rhizobium
    3 7. W ho had said that "transpiration is necessaIY :\ J
    28. The bacteria which convert nitrate in to molecular
    (1) Curtis (2) Steward \ j
    nitrogen is called : (3) Andersen (4) J .C. Bose ; J
    (1) Nitrifying bacteria 38. The activity of a -amylase in the endospore of barleY J i
    (2) Methanobact eria germinating seed in induced by : IJ
    j f

    29.
    (3) Diazotrophic bacteria
    (4) Denitrifying bacte ria
    The bacterium capable of anaerobic N2 Fixation 39 .
    (1) Ethylene
    (3) IM
    (2) Cytokinin
    (4) Gibberellin
    A pigment concerned with floral induction is
    j =i
    !
    1~
    i
    is known as : (1) Florigen (2) Chlorophyll \l
    1

    rne
    (1) Clostridium
    (3) Azotobacter
    (2) Bacillus
    (4) Rhizobium
    (3) Plastocyanin (4 ) Phytochro
    1
    1·

    j
    $

    146 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~
    Biology
    ~IIJ'bberelllns were first discovered ln fungal genus SO. Hormone vAtich br~ ~ dormancy is :
    40. (1) Mucor (2) Rhik>pus
    (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
    (3) AgarlcuS (4) Fusarium
    (3) Ethylene (4) Cytokinin
    ,1. WhlCh of the following ls a biofertUizer .
    51. tn CAM plants stomata are :
    (l) funaria (2) Fem
    (1) Closed at rught and open dumg the day
    (g) Anat>aena (4) Fungus
    Closed during the day and open aJ night
    (2)
    ,2. StoffllllZI opens during day because the guard eels (3) Never closes
    have :
    (4) Newr opens
    {1) Outer walls thin (2) Kidney shape
    52. The real force responsible for the movement of
    (3) Qoorophyll (4) large nuclei
    water from ceJ1 to eel is :
    Which one of the following elements is present in
    "· chlorophylls :
    (1) OP

    (3) DPD
    (2)

    (4)WP
    TP

    (1) Manganese (2) Magnesiwn


    53. Which of the following is symbiotic bacteria :
    (3) Copper (4) Iron
    (1) Rhizobium (2) Azotobactor
    44. Which one of the following bacteria has potential (4) Streptomyces
    (3) Closridium
    for nitrogen fixation :
    54. Which of the foDowing have sunken stomata :
    (1) Nltrosomonas (2) Nltrob«ter
    (1) Neriwn (2) Mangifera
    (3) Nitrosococcus (4)Rhizoblum
    (3) H¢ri/Ja (4) Zea mays
    45. The presence of auxins in a solution coold be tested
    55. If a cell shrinks when placed in a solution. this
    (1) Awna sativa stem tip test solution is :
    (2) Caroon tetrachloride test (1) Hypotonic (2) Hypertonic
    (3) Iodine test (3) Isotonic (4) Pure solvent
    (4) Defoliation test 56. If a cell A with DPO 4 bars is connected to cell
    46. Stomata open and close due to : B, C, D whose osomotic pressure and turger
    presure are respective)y 4 and 4, 10 and 5. 7
    (1) Turgor pressure change
    and 3 bar, the flow of water will be :
    (2) Hormone change
    (1) C to A, B and D (2) A to D, B and C
    I! (3) Temperature change
    (3) B to A, C and D (4) A to 8 , C and D
    J (4) AH of the above
    57. Whidl one of the following is not_a synthetic auxin
    j 47. For nitrogen fixation, pigment useful is :
    (1) 2, 4-D (2) 2-4-5-T
    j (1) Nltrogenase (2) Haemoglobin
    (3)NM (4)1AA
    i (3) Myoglobin (4) Leghaemoglobin
    58. Guard cell controls :
    '
    } 48. In plasrnolysed cell, the space between cell wall (1) Intensity of light entering
    , and Protoplasm ls occupied by : (2) Photosynthesis

    j
    I 11) HYPotonic solution 12) Hypertonlc solution 13) Closing and opening of stomata

    13) Isotonic solution 14) Dlstll water 14) Change In green colour
    nd 59. Which plant hormone causes fruit ripening :
    :; J 49. The pigment sensitive for red a far red light Is
    I (2) Cytokinin
    (1) Ollorophyll (2) Phytochrome (1) lAA
    Ij
    l
    -- -- -- -- ~- -- -- -- -147 14) Carotene
    (3) C\,tochrome 13) Ethi,lene 14) GA
    USO : Ciao IX . . - -vi ~ UA
    Ult ~11 -
    • 111 , llliP.U for
    ......_
    . . . t ,It 141 u1nw1I, 7().
    b(), Whit h l11 111 110 11tt 11, lttllftt lll ■lldci tit 1-11 . I II n,nWtli i ,f pl,.,,tq
    (~•) f\U/\ yt ftutt', 1.1bq('lgslnn
    (JI IAA (i) 1Jf!l8 f'1ft
    (/l ) ( IA ('l) /\II I ,I ths1iiP (:J) rtlt~ nl11/:t of frtJtlA
    fil . A, 11ve h~1111putl I lfJ tJu~ lettf Absclsslofl
    (4) Hlof)11 I
    (l) n~l4tn1Wli t rc~pted theory for ascent of sap
    11. 1 ltf' 11109
    lfllill~\I 1
    8 s
    (~) ltt1q11htt111 1;111~rwv (l) HldttYJ1Utf1P theory
    (:1) Pn ,<.hu ti• /\'IP
    (i ) t>ttl!tttllon th«ory
    l'111d111 $'!I n lr l l(h 1111l111tn111 P
    ('1)
    (~) Root pr~""ure th~ory
    62. The mutnl 11111 111vnlwd Ill 11hm1ntnl rtt1,tlllAlllm 1"
    ( ) i ritn"ptrntlcm pull cohesion theory theory
    (I) I ti ti ) Mu 4
    lent" ere lmportnnt for crop production
    (;i) Zn 14) K 72. LMgum« P
    b,cs tJH lh1y :
    63. Ah11cl!il( tirld ,·onfrul;, ·
    (J) Halp In N02 Flxntlcm
    (J) C"II ,ilnnQf\t.lOl'I nnd rfill wnll lortt1t1tlm1
    (2) Do not help In Nz Flxntlon
    (2) Shoot oloogoti<H1
    (3) u:i1.1f fi,II Mui d<1ro1nnt y (3) lncr,nse 9otl fertlllty
    (4) C1JII dlvltlcm (4) All of thase
    64. Whld1hCJrtfl<ll'lQi. 1~ J 1<> Induct rtf»nlng In ~MM 78. Op,nlng of flower 15 an example of
    (1) Cytoklnln (2) l!thyl,mtt (1) Spontnneous movement
    (3) ABA (4) GA1 (2) Hyponastlc movement
    65. Valamen tlte8UC?I are H80clttttd with : (3) EplnMtlc movement
    (1) Haui1tortal function
    (4) Oelstogamous movement
    (2) Alstmllatlon
    74. RemOVtJl of rtng wood of tiS5Ue outside the vascular
    (3) Absorption of molsture etimblum from the tree trunk kills It because :
    (4) Nutrition
    (1) Water cannot move up
    66. Cohe11on-ien81Qn theory reg1ndlng a.cent of 811P
    wa, given by : (2) Foo:! does not travel cbMl and root become-
    (1) Dix.on and Jolly (2) J.C. Bote (3) Shoot become starved

    (3) Christian Wolf (4) Godlewski (4) Annual ring are not produced
    67. Which bmong the following It a synthetic plant 75. Root hair absorb water from the soil on account
    hormone : of :
    (1) IAA (2) GA (1) Turgor pressure (2) Osmotic pressure
    (3} 2, 4-0 (4) ABA (3) Suction pressure (4) Root pressure
    68. Velamen tissue ts found In : 76. Which of the follovi,ing plant hormone Is e ~
    ( 1) Mev;phyt~11 (2) Eplphytes from fungus :
    (3) Hydrophyt~t (4) Xerophyte, (1) Ethylene (2) Gibberellin
    69. In 1.t fully turgid plant cell which one Is zero :
    (3) Cytoldnln (4) 2, 4 D
    ( l ) Turgor prcn ure
    77. H)Qhest concentration of auxin Is found in :
    (~) W12II preMum
    (1) Root and Shoot tips (2) Leaves and f rtriU
    (3JDPD
    (1) Non~ r,f th~~ n ) Mid stem portlon (4) None of the,e

    148 __,,
    Biology
    ~~·re.ased
    ~
    of :
    t
    humidity in atmosphere decreases rae
    87. Which of the following is part of ctyochrome :
    (1) Mg (2) Zn
    (1) Transpiration (2) Photosynthesis
    (3) Fe (4) Ca
    (3) G)ycolysis (4) Growth
    88. Food in plants is translocated in the form of :
    In osmosis there is movement of :
    79. (1) Glucose (2) Starch
    (1) Solute only
    (3) Sucrose (4) Fructose
    (2) Solvent only
    89. Which of the following statements is correct :
    (3) Both '1' and '2'
    (1) Cell membrance is involved only in exosmosis
    (4) Neither solute nor solvent
    (2) Cell membrane is involved only in endosmosls
    so. The movement of pollen tube is called :
    (3) Cell membrane is involved both in exosmosls
    (1) Chemotropism (2) Thermotaxis and endosmosis
    (3) Thermonastic (4) hydrotropism (4) None of the above
    81. Which of the following is a nitrogen fixing organism 90. Which of the following is not related to N2fixation
    (1) Some BGA (2) Rhizobium (1) Rhizobium (2) Anabaena

    (3) Both '1' and '2' (4) Aspergillus (3) Pseudomonas (4) Azotobacter

    82. Which of the following pair of bacteria Is involved 91. The root hairs absorb which of the following type
    in two step conversion of NH3 into nitrate : of water :

    (1) Azotobacter and nitroso1TK>nas (1) Capillary water


    (2) Hygroscopic water
    (2) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
    (3) Gravitational water
    (3) Azotobacter and and Achromobacter
    (4) All of the water
    (4) Pseudomonas and Nitrobacter
    92. Which pigment is responsible for flowering in plant
    83. Phytochrome occurs in two forms. It's stable form
    (1) Phytochrome (2) Cytochrome
    is :
    (3) Anthocyanin (4) Xanthophyll
    (1) Ptr forms (2) Pr forms
    93. Process of vemalization can be induced by :
    (3) Both forms (4) None of these
    (1) Cytokinin (2) Auxin
    84. The plant ash is an indication of :
    i (3) Phototropin (4) GA
    1
    (1) organic matter of plant
    94. If flowers are cut and dipped in dilute NaCl solution,
    J (2) Waste product then:

    l (3) Mineral salts absorbed by plants


    (4) None of these
    ~ 85. Guttatton takes place through :
    (1) Transpiration is low
    (2) Fndo-osmosis occurs

    (3) No bacterial growth takes place


    '
    '
    (1) lenticels (4) Absorption of solute inside flower cell takes place
    (2) Pneumatophores
    '
    1 (3) Stomata
    95. Which of the follwings is not caused by deficiency
    of mineral :

    I (4) Hydahodes (1) Chlorosis


    ~ 86. Plant ash has maximum content of : (2} Etiolation

    -i (1) Mg (2) Fe (3) Shortening of intemodes


    1 (3) K (4) B (4) Necrosis
    149
    !;I'J~S~O:,.;:.~C?lo~s::_1~/~X~------'"'T~;'.F;::::;:.o4.
    od:pt,o
    1s:rn~a:ffe~ct::
    1
    1 toP""
    (1) Vegetative growth
    's7:'-- -~ ,,
    96. The min eral present in cell wall ·
    (2) lnternode elongation
    (2) Ca
    (1) Na ( ) 5eed germination
    (4) Mg 3
    (3) K (4) Reproductive growth
    97. Which of the followlng plant Is LOP 106. Magnesium is found In :
    (1) Xanthlum (2) Soyabean (l) Chlorophyll (2) Carotenoid
    (4) Tobacco (4) Cytochrome
    (3) Wheat
    (3) phycobllin
    Phototro plsm Is due to th(> hormone
    98. 1()6. Stomata are not found in :
    (1 ) lM (2} GA
    (1) Algae (2) Mosses
    (4) Cytokinin
    (3) 2-4 D (4) Liverworts
    99. What happened tM1en we inoculate:j RhJzobi (3) Ferns
    umin
    _ Apical dominance is not affected by ,
    wheat fleld : 107
    (1 ) No increase in production (nitrogen (l) 1ndoleacetic acid (2) Gibberellins
    cont ent of
    soil remains same) (3) lndoleacetaldehyde (4) lndolebutyric acid
    (2) A lot of increase in production (nitr l08 , In which of the following the rate of trans
    ogen content
    piration
    of soil Increase)
    is high :
    (3) Fertility of soil decreases (2) C3 plants
    (1) CAM plant
    Fertillte of soU increases
    (4) (4) C4 plants
    (3) c3 and C4 plants
    100. Nltrifying bacteria are able to :
    109. Which of the following is a trace elem
    (1) Conwrt atomospherx: nitrogen into solu ent :
    rk forms (2) Mg
    (2) Convert ammonia to nitrate (1) S
    (4) Fe
    (3) Ammonia to nitrogen Cu
    (3)
    110. Cell sap is found in which ceU orga
    Nitrate to nitrogen
    (4) nelle :
    (1} Nucleous (2) Chloroplast
    101. Phytochrome is present in :
    (3) Vacuole (4) Golgi Apparatus
    (1) Vascular cryptogams
    111. Which one of the following fixes
    (2) Prokaryotes nitrogen
    (3) Brain cell (1) TMV (2) Yeast 1
    Kidney cell (3) Nostoc
    (4) (4) Denitrifying bacteria j
    i
    102. N!trogenase enzyme is found in Nos 112. Active transport of ions by the cell
    toc in the cell requires : Il
    of : 1
    (1) High temperature (2) ATP
    (1) Vegetative

    (2) Heterocyst
    (3) Alkaline pH (4) Salts
    113. To initiate cell plasmolysis, the salt conc
    I
    (3) Both vegetative and heterocyst entration /
    must be :
    i
    None of these
    (4)
    103 . Turgidity in guard cells is controlled
    by :
    (!) Isotonic
    (3) Hypertonic
    (2) Hypotonlc I 1'.
    (4) Atonlc ]
    (1) Chloride
    114. Which one of the following organisms maY
    resii" i j
    (2) Malic
    (3) Potassium
    acid in the absence of oxygen :
    (1) Azotobacter
    I/ ~
    ~
    (2) Clostridium I !
    (4) Potassium, chloride and malic acid
    (3) Rhizobium (4) Lactobaci1"'5 i
    150
    Biology
    ~I, ~ acf:ivity of a-amylase in the endo spore of barley 124. If is possible to drop a small particle throu gh the
    5 stom ata of leaf, what will you concl ude :
    11 · germinating seed is induced by :
    (1) Ethylene (2) Cytokinin (1) It will fall on the earth surfa ce

    (3) I.A.A (4) Gibberellin (2) It will stop on lower epide rmis
    (3) It will stop on meso phyll cells
    Which of the following is not a trace elem ent :
    I 116 ' (4) It will stop on vascu lar tissue
    (1) Zn (2) Mn

    (3) Mg (4) Cu 125. The bacte rium capab le of anae robic nitro gen-
    fixation is :
    . Symbiotic micro organ ism is :
    117 (2) Rhizo bium
    (2) Azoto bacte r (1) Azato bacte r
    (1) Clostridium
    (3) Bacillus (4) Clostridium
    (3) Rhizobium (4) Chro matiu m

    of stom ata! open ing is : 126. In plant metabolism phos phoru s play a majo r role
    118. The basis
    to :
    (1) Endosmosis
    (1) Evolve oxyg en durin g photo synth esis
    (2) Plasmolysis of guard cells
    (2) Creat e aerob ic cond ition
    (3) Decre ase in cell sap conce ntrati on
    (4) Ex.osmosis (3)Gene rate metabolic energ y
    (4) Evolve carbo n dioxide durin g respi ratio n
    119. Essential mine ral nutrie nts are the elem ents
    (1) In the absen ce of which plants canno t complete 127. Photo synth etic food mater ial is trans porte d in the
    their life cycle form of :
    (2) Sucro se
    (2) Which cann ot be repla ced by other elem ent in (1) Glusose
    its function (3) Starc h (4) Fruct ose
    (3) The elem ent whic h is directly assoc iated with 128 . During trans pirati on turgidity in guard cells is
    metabolism of the plant controlled by :
    (4) All of the abov e (1) Potas sium (2) Brom ine
    120. Plants absor b carbo n dioxide from : (3) Sodiu m (4) Oxali c acid
    (1) Millet s
    129. Chlorosis is caued due to deici ency of
    (2) Cereals
    (1) Mg (2) Ca (3) B (4) Mn
    (3) Carb ohyd rates prese nt in the soil
    \ 130. Plant cell plasmolysed in a solut ion whic h is :
    i (4) Atom osphe re
    (1) Hypo tonic
    j 121. Which of the follwing may be the substitute of
    photoperiodism : (2) Hype rtoni c
    (1) Humidity (2) Temp eratu re (3) Isotonic
    (3) Mineral nutri ents (4) Soil moist ure (4) conce ntrati on no mean s
    J
    ' l22. Which of the following enzym e fixes nitro gen 131. Phyto horm one comm only called stress horm one is
    f
    t
    (1) Nitrate reduc tase (2) Nitro genas e (1) Auxin (2) Absc issic acid

    l 1
    (3) PEP carboxylase (4) Rubisco
    of :
    (3) Gibberellin (4) Cytok inins
    j 23. Transpiration will incre ase with the incre ase 1 32. Fruit ripen ing can be haste ned by treat ment with
    (1) Humidity
    ijl (2) Temp eratu re
    (1) 1AA (2) Aorig en
    ~ (3) Carb on dioxide (4) Sulph ur dioxide
    § (3) Ethyl ene (4) Cytok inin

    t
    . . . ----------"-----------1 51
    143. In f'holOOl,'1tl,esls ene,gy from ligt,i 41,a.
    IJSO : Class IX reaction iS transferred in the form ~~
    l33. Transport of water and salt iS rnecfiated by : of:- "
    (1) ADP (2) ATP
    (1) Xylem (2) sieve tubeS
    (3) RUDP (4) OlloroPhyq
    (3) Sclerenchyrna (4) PhloerTl __ -,is
    134. In which of the folk,win9 process, the light e,.,...:,.,. 144• In sugarcane plant t4CQ2 is fixed in .
    ......ich the enzyme that fixes CO . tnalicarw .
    converted into chemical energy? WII 2 IS '"II, ~

    (1) Digestive action (2) RespiratiOn (1) rubulose biphosphate carb o~


    (3) Photosynthesis (4) FerrnentatiO" (2) Phosphoenol pyruvic acid carb o~ (Pa)
    135. Which of the following order is correct about tbe (3) rubulose phosphate kinase ~
    rate of photosynthesis? (4) fructose phosphatase
    (1) Blue> yellow> orange> red
    s. Phot0 resplration in C3 plants starts frorn :,
    (2) Blue > red > yellow > oranse 14
    (1) Phosphogtycerate (2) Glycerate
    (3) Red > blue > yellow > orange
    (3) Glycine (4) PhosJXtog~le
    (4) Yellow > orange > blue > red
    136. During photosynthesis, oxygen is evolved from:- l 46· Photorespiration is favoured by
    (1) H S (2) Hp (1) Low light intensity
    (3) CO 2 (4) HC03
    2
    137. In chlorophyll molecule "Mg"is situated in (2) Low 0 2 and high CO2

    (1) Centre of porphyrin ring (3) LoW temperature

    (2) Comer of porphyrln (4) High 0 2 and Low CO2


    (3) In phytol tail 147. The substrate of photorespiration is:-
    (4) In isOcyelc ring (1) Glycolate (2) Glucose
    138. Which of the following absorb light energy for (3) Pyruvic acid (4) Acetyl CO-A
    photosynthesis :-
    148. Tracer elements are:-
    (1) QuorophyO (2) Water molecule
    (1) Micro-elements
    (4) RUBP
    (3)02
    (2) Macro-elements
    139. The enzyme that fixes am,ospheric CO2 in C4 plants
    (3) Radio-isotopes
    is :-
    (2) Hexokinase (4) Vitamins
    (1) PEP carboxyiase
    (3) RUBP oxygenase (4) Hyclrogenase 149. Choose the correct match :-
    t 40. Bundle sheath chloroplast of C4 plant are :- Bladderwort, sundew, venus flytrap :-
    (1) Large & agranal granal
    (2) Large & (1) Nepenthese, Dionea, Drosera
    (3) Small & agranal (4) Srnall & granal (2) Nepenthese, Utricularia, Vanda
    141. Which of the following is used during discovery of (3) Utricularla, Drosera, Dionea
    caMn cycle: (4) Dionea, Trapa , Vanda
    (2) VoJ\.ox 10
    (1)Spirogyra 150. Which one of the following is wrong in relatiOl1
    (3) Chlam¢omonas (4) Chlorella
    photorespiration :-
    142. J>rimarY receptor of CO2 in photosynthesis is :-
    (1) PhosJlhoric acid (!) It occurs in chloropias!s
    (2) Ril,ulose phosphate (2) k occurs in daytime only
    (3) Giuoose (31 It is a characlerisiliC of C, plan~
    (4) RibuJose-!,5-biphosphate

    152--------L....------,,,,_,,,
    (4) It is a d,aracterisliC of c, plan~
    ,l~·
    'j
    .
    Ph~ thatl r11l ly -,ruve r Nl11t11, '" (l'AI C) 1" 1"i$Wtt ,111
    . /1/o/

    15 · th" foUowlno r1111ot- 11f Wt1Vt•'6!,1u11i

    (l) 400 700 nrn (~) liOO ,,.,o 11 ,, 1


    I l I "' "' 1r1
    m,,,1,.,,,,,111
    (3) 450 -9f>O nm ('1) :Mo '1 hO 111 11

    152, Inc! ,-ntA, the fll'lt •lllhi.t rw<•h1 ,, pt,111 ~•It it.iii ('1) l,,,llt u,111111 1111il 111,1,11111
    during th" dark rnactlon h, 111111
    11\8. A, """''11"1" 1,, 11, 1 1A111,I 1,11w "'"''v ,itltll1 t I
    (1) Photphoglyc,m•ldeh!,Klc ,,,,,lut1,l'11i 1,f A'll 1 11rti 1t11.ulwl f,,, ,,-1 r,1
    1
    ,h" '"'"
    1,l ,,,,ll n11,lc1111t• ,,f l,u,,,_,1li•l(JA' 1,v < 4rA t
    11111
    (2) M.,llc acid

    (3) Qxaloacetlc ac.ld (l)lw <,

    (4) 3-phosphoglycerlc add 1171


    159. Cnrht ,lrt,tjr;ite•. tilt: t(l{ ~, 11111,r,rl,mt hV,rf~ ii.tw
    i.,
    l53. Plant, adapted lo lr,w light lnlen~lly hl'lw c•.11rtli , 11," prr,dw,wl 1,v
    (1) (.nves modified lo 11plne11 (I) nil I,111 1,1'111, funttl nntl nl(iM
    (2) Lvge photosynthetic unit 117~ than 1tw, 111m pl,mtJi (2) f11r~1I I nl(fM "'"' (IYIU!n fMftl , ~u-
    (3) Higher rate of col fliutllon thbn the aun plllnti1 (: i) 11t 1r11ll lin<.IMrln, 11~1"" 11rt1l W~tn r1l1111tfl .«II•
    1

    (4) More extended root system (4) vim~ •. full(ll 11rt<I l,11tl~r1n

    154. In chloroplast.s, chlorophyll Is pre.11ent In th~ · l60. TM ,J.c:flcl~-r~l'ill 1,f rnla1,r11Jtrkalt11, rir,t M1ly 11ffv,0•
    growth of pl,,nl11 hut nlv, vlt1,1l funr.;11t,n11 -..uii ••
    (1) Stroma phot.<nynthetlr.. ontl rr,1tr,<,h1,ndrb.1l ci.«..trr,r, fk-,w,
    (2) Outer membrane Among th~ 11,111twn l>"MIW , whllh grr,ur, ,,f tt,r~
    elementAffl'!I affc;,t.;t mr,M, lx,th r,hot,~rthfltlr, tirvf
    (3) Inner membrane mltochondrlnl elecirc,n tr11n11por1 •
    (4) Thylakoids (1) Cu, Mn, F(.l (2) 0 ,, NI, Mu

    155. Which one of the following categories of organisms (3) Mn, Ca, C11 (4) Oi, K, N11
    do not evolve oxygen during photo,ynthesl, ·
    161 . In light rebctlon of phr,to"ynlh~•I• oxygen i. C:Om
    it

    (1) Red algae from -


    (2) COz

    l (2) Photosynthetic bacteria (1) Water

    (3) Soll (4) At.rr10tphere


    (3) C4-plants with Kranz anatomy
    I
    162. Product of light reaction of phototyntheai. 1,
    (4) Blue green algae

    'f
    J
    156. Photosynthesis in C4 plants is relatively le58 llmlt.ed
    by atmospheric CO2 levels because :
    (1) Carbohydrate

    (2)ATP

    (3) NADP and Oz


    (1) Four carbon acids are the primary lnltiaJ CO2
    ' fixation products (4) NADPH2 , ATP & 02
    (2) The prim ary fixation of CO2 Is mediated via 163. In photosystem-1, the flrtt electron acceptor la
    PEP carboxylase (1) Plaatocyanin
    (3) Effecti\le pumping of CO2 into bundlesheath (2) An lron-aulphur protein
    ~
    (3) Ferredoxln
    (4) RU>isoo in C4 plants has higher affinity for CO2
    (4) Cytochrome

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153
    IJSO : Class IX
    112. The colil9 of tendril around some base~
    164• During photorespration, the oxygen con""1fl9
    to touch is called: '~
    reactton(s) occur in
    (1) Hydrotaxis (2) ~
    (1) Grana of chloroplasts and pProx.lsomes
    (3) ThigrnOtaXiS (4) Geo~
    (2) Stroma of chloro~sts
    173. Prunnin9 of plants promo~~ branching,
    (3) Strcm1a of chloroplasts and mitochondria
    the axillary buds get sens1tized to :- ~
    (4) Stroma of chloro~sts and peroxtsomes
    (1) Ethylene (2) Gibbereiin
    165. In the leaves of C4 plants. malic z,cid formation
    (3)Wokinin (4) 1M
    during col fixation ocru~ in the cells of :·
    ( 1) Epidermis (2) Mesophyll 174. CeDelogation in intemodel regions of the
    plants takes place due to :- ~fl!t
    (3) Bundle Sheath (4) Phloem
    (1) Ethylene
    166· If the temperature is Increased above 35"C
    (2) Indole acetic acid
    ( 1) Rate of decline of respiration wil be earlier than
    dedine of photosynthesi.s (3) Cytokinin

    (2) Rate of decline of photosynthesis will be earlier (4) Gibberellins

    than decline of respiration 175. One set of a plant WdS grown at 12 hrs. day~
    (3) Both dedine simultaneously 12 hours night period a;des arxl it flowered. ~
    in the other set night phase was interrupted by'-
    (4) Both do not show any fixed pattern of light and it did not flower. Under which one d
    l67 · Enzymes are made up of :- the following categories will you place this~

    (1) Edible proteins (1) Short day (2) Long day

    (2) Proteins 'Mth specific structure (3) Darkness neutral (4) Day neutral

    (3) Nitrogen containing carboh~rates 176. The maximum growth rate occurs in :·

    (4) Carbohydrates (1) Exponential phase (2) Stationary phase

    (3) Senescent phase (4) Lag phase


    168. Hydrolytic enzymes, which act on low pH are caBed
    as ? 177. The ability of the Venus Flytrap to capture ~
    is due to :
    (1) Protease (2) a-Am~
    (1) Chemical stimulation by the prey
    (3) Hydrolases (4) Peroxidase

    169. Cu Is present in :
    (2) A passive proces.s requiring no special • i
    1
    on the part of the plant I
    (1) Plasmalemma (2) ~oquinone i
    I
    (3) spedaliU!d "musde-like" cells I
    (3) Pal.5tocyanin (4) Ferridoxin
    (4) rapid turgor pressure changes J
    170. Which of the following is a coconut milk factor ? t
    178. wt1y is w.iipary an tn:lesiralje character for ll'ld :
    (2)Af3A
    (l)Auxin a-op plants ? l
    (3)M~ (4) Cytokinin
    (1) It reduces vigour of the plant j
    171. Seed dormancy is due to the :- (2) The seeds caMot be stored ooder nonr" !
    (1) Ethylene (2) Abscisic add conditions for the next season. 1
    l
    (3)1AA (4) Starch (3) The seeds cannot exhibit long dorman<-Y i
    (4) It adversely affects the fertility of the Jia"- 1
    15, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __,___ _ _ _ _ _ ____
    ~~=-;;can=prom=:o:te~SE:eed:;ge:mun~·~a:ti:on
    of their influence on :
    ~beca=use=T':'='--==--~-------~B?!i~o/i~ogy~
    186- The physical process involved in the release of
    (1) Rate of cell division molecular oxygen from leaves is:-
    (1) Diffusion (2) Transpiration
    (2) Production of hydrolyzing enzymes
    (3) Synthesis of abscisic acid (3)0smosis (4) Capillarity

    (4) Absorption of water through hard seed coat. 187 • One molar solution of which substance will have
    maximumO.P. :-
    190. I.A.A. mainly inhibits
    growth of _
    (1) NaCl (2) Glucose
    (1) Root (2) Leaf
    (3) Fructose (4) Starch
    (3) Shoot (4) Generallyv.nole pant
    l81, How does pruning help in making the hedge dense 188. Pieces of beet root do not lose their colour in cold
    water, but do so in boiling water because:-
    (1) The apical shoot grows faster after pruning
    (2) It releases \OOund hormones (1) The cell wall is killed in boiling water

    (3) It induces the differentiation of new shoots from (2) Hot water can enter the cells readily
    the rootstock (3) The plasma membrane gets killed in boiling
    (4) It frees axillary buds from apical dominance water and becomes permeable

    182. Parthenocarpic tomato fruits can be produced by? (4) The pigment is not soluble in cold water

    (1) raising the plants from vemalized seeds 189. The movement of molecules from their higher
    (2) treating the plants with phenylmercuric acetate concentration to lower concentration is called :-

    (3) removing androecium of flowers before pollen (!)Osmosis (2) Diffusion


    grains are released (3) DPD (4)DPG
    (4) treating the plants with low concentrations of 190. Osmosis is the diffusion of a solution of a weaker
    gibberellic acid and auxins concentration when both are seperated by
    183. Which one of the following pairs, is not correctly semi-permeable membrane. What is error in the
    matched? statement?

    (1) IM - Cell wall elongation (1) The movement of solvent molecule is not
    specified
    (2) Abscisic acid - Stomatal closure
    (3) Gibberellic acid - Leaf fall
    (2) There is no mention of DPD

    ! (4) Cytokinin - Cell division (3) Behavior of semipermeable membrane is not


    specified
    J 184. ''Foolish seeding" disease of rice led to the discovery
    l of :- (4) The exact concentration of solutions are not

    l (1) 1AA (2) GA


    indicated

    191. What statement can be cited for lffio ~ chbme


    l (3) ABA (4) 2, 4-D
    solution and 100/2 sugar solution present ?
    ~ 185. Senescence as an active developmental cellular
    f process in the growth and functioning of a flowering (1) &l~ he.ve equal OP

    ! plant, is indicated in :- (2) The concentration of sodium chloride solution


    l (1) Stems will be less than concentration of sugar solution

    i (2) Floral parts (3) The OP of sugar solution will be higher than OP
    ~ (3) Vessels and tracheid differentianon
    of sodiwn chlome solution
    ~
    (4) DPD of sodium chloride solution will be higher
    i (4) Leaf abscission

    '-----------....----------155
    than DPD of sugar solution
    IJSO : Class IX 200. Grape
    s p1aced in salt solution shrink d 41.a . ..
    ue t~~
    192. If a plant ceU is i,mmerSed in water, the water (1) lrnbibitiOO (2) Endosrnasis ..
    continues to enter the cell until the :- th (3) f.xosmosis (4) Osmosis
    (1) Concentration of the salts is the same inside e Process of selective transmission of a liqUid
    20 1· semi permeable membrane is called :- thr~
    ceU as outside
    (2) Cell bursts . . ide the (1) Diffusion (2) Osmosis
    (3) Concentratioin of water IS the same ins (3) Pla5molysis (4) Transmission
    cell as out side _ Water enters into the root hair from the ..
    th
    (4) Diffusion pressure deficit is the same inside e 202
    normal condition because the osmotic PrSOil I!\~
    ceU as out side the soU solution :- ~e 01
    193. If a cell swells, after being placed In solution, the
    (l) Remains lesser than that of root hair sap
    soh.rtion is :-
    (1) Neutral (2) Hypotonic
    (2) Remains equal to that of root hair sap
    (3) Hypertonic (4) Isotonic (3) Remains higher than that of root hair sap
    194. Osmosis means :- (4) And that of root hair sap remains zero
    (1) Solute from low concentration to higher
    203 _ Which helps in maintaining form and structure 01
    (2) Solute from higher concentration to low cells & soft parts of plants ?
    (3) Solvent from low concentration of solution to (1) Osmotic pressure (2) Turgor pressure
    higher cone. of solution (3) Atmospheric pressure (4) DPD
    (4) Solvent from higher concentration solution to
    low concentration solution 204. In terms of permeability, the cell wall and
    plasrnalemma are:-
    195. If a ceU is reduced in size (shrinks) of placing in a
    (1) Permeable and differentially permeable
    sok.ltion of sugar, the solution is:-
    (1) Hypertonic
    respectively
    (2) Hypotonic
    (3) Isotonic (4) None of the above
    (2) Both semipermeable
    196. 1ne process of osmosis in\.Olves :- (3) Semipermeable and permeable
    (1) Movement of solute through a semipenneable (4) Both differentially permeable
    membrane 205. Plasma membrane controls :-
    (2) Movement of solvent through a semipermeable (1) Passage of water only
    membrane (2) Passage of water and solutes in and out of the
    (3) Movement of solution through semipenneable cell
    membrane (3) Passage of water and solutes into the cell
    (4) None of the above
    (4) Movement of cell contents out the cell
    197. A cell increases in volume if the external medium is
    206. Which process occurs against a concentration
    (1) Hypotonic
    gradient of solute ?
    (2) Slightly hypertonic
    (1) Diffusion (2) Osmosis
    (3) Sltonic
    (4) Much more concentrated than the protoplasm
    (3) Transpiration (4) Translocation !
    of the cell 207. When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, l
    198. Osmosis in\.Olves diffusion of :- which of the following will not apply ? \
    (1)Suspended particles from higher to lower (1) Wall pressure is decreased lI
    concentration (2) The cell become turgid j
    (2) Suspended particles from lower to higher (3) Suction pressure of the cell sap will decrease ;
    concentration (4) Water potential of the cell sap will increase j
    (3) Water from more to less concentrated solution 208. When beet root slices are washed and then plae£d !
    . \
    (4) water from less to more concentrated solution
    m cold water, anthocyanin does not come out. l
    199. A cell placed in a strong salt solution will shrink
    because plasma membrane is ? \
    because:-
    (1) Differentially permeable to anthocyanin ·
    (1) The cytoplasm will be decomposed
    (2) Dead structure
    (2) Mineral salts will break the cell wall
    (3) Salt will enter the cell (3) Impermeable to anthocyanin
    (4) Water will move out the cell by exosmo · (4) Permeable to anthocyanin
    156 u
    ,,.,....~:::::::~::.;7-----r;;:-~~~~-~----...!~~
    ,<IJ. Os~ pressure is highest In :-
    (!) Xerophytes (2) l.Jthophytes
    21
    I.
    Biol
    Wh•t l1/•rv th• twlvn11t"t1«(1) ul u<1nu "" ,i., 1,,.,
    n1lnuac<1r.K1?
    (3) Halophytes (4) Mesophytes
    210. The osmotic Pressure of distilled water Will~ . 1 Vc;i,\I high 1P111lut1,111
    (1) Mlnlrrum D. Vgry high II 1nu11lfkallt,n

    (2) Maximum DI. The l)O!islbtllttv of ,•Xor11lralr1u llvlr111,n11t4•rlnl


    (3) 1-figler than aIJy ~litioo (1) I only
    (4) Variable (2) I 11nd fl unly
    JU. Tonoplast ~ :- (~) II and Ill unly
    (1) Permeable membran e (4) I. II and Ill
    219
    (2) Semi penneable membrane • Of the followln~ producta, whlc h 111 pr1j(ju,.4•d hy
    (3) Impermeable membrane both
    In humans '? re11µlratlo1aand twrnhh r~iiplr,-1 I, ,11
    anlleroblc
    (4) Selectively permeable membrane I. PynivatE>
    212. Osmosis Is the iitenome non exPl'essed by :- II. ATP
    (1) Solutes J)reSent in the SOiution Ill. Lactate

    (2) Sootion (1) I only (2) I•nd II only


    (3) Semi-penneable membrane (3) I, II end Ill (4) II and Ill

    (4) 02 220. What Is needed In photosynthe1ls to convert carbon


    213. The osmotic pressure of the cell is measured by :- dioxide Into orgenlc mok!cule11 ?
    (1) Plasmolysis method (1) Ught and hydrogen from the splitting of weter
    (2) Osmometer (2) Ught and oxygen from the splitting of water
    (3) Molar concentration of the cell sap (3) ATP and hydrogen from the splitting of wabir
    (4) Deplasmolysis (4) ATP and oxygen from the splitting of water
    214. When grapes are placed in water, then which 221. During aerobic respiration, energy Is released In
    process occurs ? stepwise manner and ATP formation takes place
    (1) Plasmolysis with the help of this energy. What w111 happen If
    (2) Exosmosis this energy Is released at a single step Instead of In
    parts?

    (3) Eooosmosis (1) Incomplete oxidation of glucose takes place


    (4) None of the above (2) all the amount of energy Ciln be utill1£d by the
    215. Maximum osmotic pressure is found in:-
    cell as more ATP molecules are produced
    (1) Root hair
    (3) maximum amount of this released energy ls
    (2) Cortex cell of the root wasted In form of heat and cell may die
    i (3) Passage cell of the root

    I
    j
    (4) Mesophyll cell
    216. The osmotic pressure is due to :-
    {1) Solute
    (4) cell will follow anaerobic pathway of respiration
    222. The relations hip between respiratio n and
    photosynthesis Is truly Intricate. What wlll be the
    effect on the number of mitochondria and
    f
    t
    (2) Semi permeabl e membran e chloroplasts In a plant species occuring In higher
    altitude as compared to the same plant species In
    J (3) Hypertoni c soh..ition
    lower altitude?
    ' (4) Water
    f QUEsno NS ASKED IN PREVIOUS EXAMS
    (1) nu mber of mitochondria and number of
    cl ,loroplasts will remain unchanged
    ! 217. Green leaf is placed in a dark room is illuminated
    (2) number of mitochondria In high variety will be
    l by red Ught. The leaf will appear to be more
    (1) Green
    (3) number of chloroplasts In high altitude variety
    (2) Red
    will be more
    {3)Yellow
    (4) both number of mltochondrte and number of
    (4) Black chloroplasts will be less In high altitude varltey

    --- --- --- ..i ... --- --- --1 57


    USO : Clau IX ~
    _ HydriJla spp. an aqua~ plant i s ~ ..
    t2S. \.Vhictt oi the fob.wlg does no( happen ~ the
    CaMrlq.de ?
    228
    in a beaker- A tunnel ~pt ~
    tube filed with water 1s mvened on
    inverted=- ~
    the ' · -',
    ( 1) Regeneratio n of the 001 acceptor the ft.smel. Four such sets a.re pr€Par~ ~ -~
    (2J Oxidation ot NADPH of them is exposed to differ ent~~ ,
    {3} Raease oi o.x ygen which were a.s follows: ~~ ,
    (4} Consunpoo n ot ATP
    Set ll: Bn.ie ~
    224. When one giucose mo&eeue ~ one tum of Set 1: Yellow light
    aerobic respiation . 38 ATP molecules are Set ID : Red light Set N : Green~
    produc-e.d _ Cellular respitation takes party in
    Q,o,gon ~ <.rlder d ~ ~ COrd:c.o-a
    ~'loplas-n and party in mitochondria- During the
    process_ some ATP mo&ecuies are prcdJC0d in the
    ~1op&asm. some in the mitochondr ial matrix and e
    -"
    .r
    some ., the oxysome on cristae. Maxirm.m number
    ot these ATP molecules is proruced in . ....
    (l)~opbsm
    (2) mitochondr ial matrix
    (3) q~~ and mitochondr ial together
    (4 ) oxysomes on cristae
    L4't conanons fQ..la!r,,
    225. Which of the folowmg statemenV is/ are true for
    Maiz.e (Zea mays} ? The experiment is continued for 5 hours aod ~
    (i) CO2 is fixed only o nce in the process of amcxmt of oxygen evolved by the Dlant ~
    ~thesi s in terms of number of bubbles) in each Set ~
    {ii) C()2 is fixai twice a1 the process of photos¢le5i s
    measured. The following graph is obtained 1-rQ;.
    ~ It undergoes the process of photorespiration
    the data which details different quantities of~~
    6'.i CO1 can be fixed even in ~ low concentraio n
    cbing phot05¥1the sis. evolved when eXJX>sed to different quality oi ~
    (1) fl) and fl.ii) (2) fli) only A. B. Cand D.
    (3) fl) and fl\/) (4) (ii) and (iv) \Vhid1 of the fol1owing rombinatic m match comm.
    226. G case. a carboo!,dra te. is used by c.eJl:s as primary with the data represente d in the graph? ·
    SOU-a? of energy and metabolic intermediate . If 100
    g of glucose is oxidized . it releases 1560 kJ of
    (1) A- Red. B - Green. C - Blue and 0- Yeb
    ~ - Ma.rush isgiwn 100 g of glucose. Manish (2) A - Green. B - Yellow. C - Red and 0- Bk
    utwes 50% of the gained energy in the event Rest (3) A - Blue. B - Red . C - Yellov.: and 0 - Green.
    of the energy is used up in the process of sweating
    (evaporatio n) _Hc,.v much quantity of water Manish (4) A - Yellow. B - Red . C - Blue and 0- Green.
    has to drink to compensat e for this sweating . 229. Students were studying cellular processes sucha5
    Consider enthalpy of evaporation of water to be
    osm osis and p lasmolysi s. To make thet:. .
    44k.J/~ .
    (2) 345 ml understatnd the concept better. the teacher aw!
    {l j 319ml
    (3 ) 2300 ml (4) 3300 ml them to study the effect of a given solution «,c
    227. Repiratory quotient (R. Q .) is defined as the ratio of specific plant cell_ They placed the plant mare.re
    voiume of CO2 ~ to the 'X>lume of 0 2 taken in a given solution and studied the pattern :t .
    in during the respiration process. Value of R.Q. fTlC>Uement of water for about two hours o.rran:x: l .
    depends on the nature of resJjratory substrate and was observed. that there was no net ~ cI
    to the extent to u.ruch this substance is broken down
    water during this period from the cell into ~ ,
    into simpler products. Which of the following
    situation wil gi\e us the R.Q . vaJue as infinity ? solution or vice a versa. Which of the f~~
    (1) Fats used as substrate under aerobic conditions. condition must be true in the given siruation?
    C2) Organic acid is used as a sthstrate under aerobic (1} Turgo r pressure is more than thP 1.1.,all P ~
    corditicns. :
    (2) Turgor pressure is equal than the wal pres9ft
    (3) Any type of substrate used under anaerobic
    cocidituts. (3 ) Turgor pressure is less than the wall pr~ '
    !"¢ ~
    (4) Any type of substrate used under aerobic (4) Turgor pressure is zero and wall pressure

    158-- --- --- ~~ --- --- -----


    caitmons. negative value.
    Biology
    ~ " !ch of the following adnptallon11 CM hl'lp n plant 234. n1111 ruboldul strips are made by slicing a potato.
    i50· to overcome water strus·t 1n~y ar~ all made to oo exactly 8 cm long and 2
    (l) Increase In the surfare ar,•l'I . mm wkl" Et,ch strip Is placed In sugar SOlutlons of
    (2) opening of the stomnta dtflcn.mt com,•nlrntiun After soaking II for 5 hours,
    (3) Increased rate of growth th1tlr lengths nre measured again . The following
    (4) [)ecre.ase In shoot to root ratio gr/'lph 'lhrJWS tlw r4'.!lults of the experiment. What
    <<HI< e11lrollon ',f 'IUy,u solution Is Isotonic with the
    _ PL,nts absorb nitrates from the •,oll, whk_h ori• mrn,I
    231 c<Jnlents of the c~lls o f lhe potato.
    , 988 nttal to produc"
    !I',
    (1) Protein!! (2) Carb< )hydrtdl''I
    11 >\ -.._
    (3) Fats (4) Cell Willi II l
    r--...
    '\
    232. The dry mass (mass excluding watc>r) !/I ,, w"d 111
    10

    the. process of gennlnat1on fl I


    I"\.
    '\
    II
    (1) Increases over time unlit the first leaves appear i\.
    7 lj
    (2) decreases over time until the first leaves appear
    (3) stays constant until the first leaves appear
    7 fl

    7'
    "" ,-..,
    (4) first lncrP.ases and then decrea!>Cs until the first 71' 0 01 0% 01 04 O', Oh 07 OR
    leaves appear. (1) 0.2 (2) 0.4 (3) 0 .6 (4) 0. l
    233. Which of the following Is true about ATP 235. Which of the fr)UovJing does NOf contain IMng cells?
    (1) It is a derivative of one of the nitrogenoll'> bases (1) Bone tissue (2) Xylem sieve tubes
    that form DNA (3) Phloem (4) epidermis
    (2) It splits Into ADP and phosphate and the energy 236. The number of squares formed by 5 vertical and 4
    produced Is used by muscle cells to contract horizontal lines (all are equispaced) Is
    (3) It Is produced In both aerobic and anaerobic (1) 60 (2) 20 (3) 40 (4) 46
    corxiltlons.
    (4) All of the above

    f
    a
    1
    l
    ii
    j
    1
    ---------------------159

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