FORENSIC 1
Forensic
 It refers to the application of
scientific knowledge to legal
problems especially scientific
analysis of physical evidence
 Derived for Latin word “Forum”
which means “a market place” where
people gathered for public
discussion.
Photography
 Sensitized material with the aid of a
camera, lens and its accessories,
and the chemical process
 Derived from the Greek word “ Phos”
or “Photos” means “ light” and
“grapho” means “writing “ or “
graphia” meaning “ to draw”
Police Photography- its relation to the
police work and in the administration of
justice.
Forensic Photography- process of
recording the crime scene or any object for
court presentation, it is photographic
evidence .
Photograph- is the mechanical and
chemical result of photography , is an image
that can only be a product of photography.
Picture- is a generic term refers to all kinds
of formed image.
Camera Obscura- darkened box with a
convex lens or aperture for protecting
image, small round building. Latin words
“Moti” means dark room.
Mo Tzu or Mozi- Chinese philosopher was
the first people that we know to write about
the basic idea of pinhole.
Alhazen- Father of Optics, who found out
that light entering a small hole on the wall or
shuttered window of dark room, he carried
out experiments with candles and described
how the image id formed.
Leonardo da Vinci- suggested that the
human eye is like a camera Obscura.
Giambattista della Porta – added a
concave lens near to where light enters the
pinhole
Johannes Kepler- he camera obscura for
astronomical applications and created a
portable version.
Daniel Barbaro- encourage the use of
camera obscura for artistic endeavors.
Johann Heirich Schulze- major pioneer,
he discovered silver nitrate was sensitive to
light.
Joseph Nicephore Neipce- silver chloride
solution, (heliograph) Father of
Photography.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre- he
produced first practical photograph. He
used “hypo or sodium thiosulfate” (fixer)
William Henry Fox Talbot- he introduced
an important concepts to the future of
photography (the Negative Talbot) his
image called Calotype. Father of Modern
Photography.
Sir John Frederick William Herschel-
invented photographic process using
sensitized paper.
James clerk maxwell- made research on
additive colors of light, father of modern
physics.
U.S Eastman Kodak- George Eastman
company adds innumerable develops to the
technology of photography.
Edwin H. Land- led the Polaroid
Corporation in its development .
Red, blue and green-
 it create white light
 primary colors
 also known as bands
Black- has no wavelength
Green and red- create color yellow
Blue and green- cyan color
Blue and Red- magenta
Black, Yellow, Cyan, magenta- subtractive
colors.
Yellow and Cyan= green
Magenta and yellow- red/orange
Cyan and magenta = blue/violet
Color Additive Theory-
 invented by James Maxwell.
 Is a fundamental component of
color theory and must be
understood by students and
professionalism.
Photographic film- consist pf a sheet of
silver halide grains which ‘expose” when
exposed to light.
Film Speed- is a measure of light gathering
capacity of the film
Digital Photograph- is made when a light
sensitive microchip captures light.
Single Lens Reflex (SLR)- most commonly
used camera in crime scene
SLR and DSL- allow for adjustment of
camera settings such as shutter
Normal Lens- focal length of 50-55mm and
used for most photograph that need to be
taken at a crime.
Telephoto Lens- focal length of 100 mm or
greater and used to magnify images
Wide angle lens- focal length of 35mm and
used to show much more area in one
photograph than a normal lens.
Macro lens- focal length of less than 50mm
and used for highly detailed close up
photographs
Multi purpose lens- focal length from 28-
80 mm used to take normal, wide etc.
Camera Aperture- is a measure of the
diameter of the opening of the diaphragm.
Shutter Speed- is the leght of time that the
film, measured as a fraction of a second by
factors of ½.
Depth of Field- shown in a photograph is
the amount of area in the foreground and
background of an object .
DSLR Modes
 auto mode automatically selects an
appropriate f stop and shutter speed
 sports mode captures subjects in
motion by using a higher
(faster)shutter speed.
 Night mode use a lower (slower)
shutter speed
 Landscape mode automatically
selects the higher f-stops to improve
depth of field.
 Portrait mode select lower f-stops
to decrease the depth of field.
Illumination
Hot- if it has a bluer hue
Cold- light source has a red-orange hue.
Flash Unit- can produce either direct
reflective lightning , angle less 90% to
surface to show detail.
2 Kinds Of Filters
Barrier Filters- block one specific
wavelength (color) of light from reaching the
, making areas of that color appear lighter in
the photograph.
Bypass Filters- allow only a small range of
wavelenghts of light to reach the film or
microchip and block all other.
Tripods
 to take photographs eliminates the
possibility of blurred photos
resulting from unsteady hands.
 A level of ensire of 90 degrees of
images of evidence
 Independently adjustable
Crime Scene Photograph Log
 A log of each photograph taken
at the crime scene is kept by the
CS photographer
 At the top may include (case
number, type of scene, date,
location etc
Crime Scene Photograph
 Should record the area in which the
crime actually took place and all
adjacent
 Prerequisite for photographing a
crime scene
 Completely possible in a logical
succession
 Sequence- will show the overall
scene first.
4 Minimum Photograph
Overview-
 photograph the entire scene and
surrounding area including points of
exit and entry.
 Include visual tag
Medium Range-
 photographs show the layout of
smaller significant areas of the
crime scene
 include the center of the scene
Closed-Up
 photographs are taken last and
show greater detail of individual
object
 taken 90 angle
Night Photography- requires the use of
external lightning or painting with light
Indoor photography- requires photographs
of the neighborhood, entry and exit etc.
Outdoor Photography- requires location of
photographs to be recorded by a Global
positioning device measurements from
landmarks.
Arson Photography- requires photograph
of the point of the fire’s origin and use of
special equipment.
Sexual assault photography- requires
photographs of all wounds and clothing
while showing discretion.
Impression photography- requires oblique
lightning to show detailas, it create 1:1 scale
photograph for comparison to footwear or
tire samples.
Bloodstain photography- requires
photograph of all pertinent stains and
determined area of convergence.
Latent fingerprint photography- requires
1:1 scale using special latent fingerprint
camera.
Advantages of Digital CS Photography
 the ability to observe images
immediately after taking them
 re resolution available can exceed 6
megapixels
 computer programs can stitch digital
crime scene.

Digital CS Photography
 digital images are easily
manipulated using computer
programs and may not show.
 May lose image data or details
through compression.
Camera Talk
Aperture F=Stops- it relates to the size of
the opening in the Lens
Shutter Speed- refers to the shutter is open
Perspective- refers to the spatial
relationship in the image.
TTL- refers to through the lens metering
Light- is a measure by wavelength and the
unit of measurement is usually the
nanometer &(m x 10-10)
Fluorescent Photography
 Usually requires tripod, remote
shutter release with standard of
35mm camera.
4 BRANCHES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Amateur Photography- include both
casual taking of photographs for record or
amusement and the serious pursuit of
pictorial as an art.
Professional Photography- used in press
photography
Radiography- means of x-rays, for medical
scientific and industrial purposes.
Applied Photography- in correction with
the arts and sciences such as Aerial
photography, photomicrography etc.
8 KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Snapshot Photography- either black or
white or colored taken by amateur with
simple cameras.
Art Photography- collection of photographs
of high artistic merit
Photojournalistic Photography- used in
news, papers etc.
Commercial Advertising Photography-
used for catalogue, illustrations, promotions
etc.
Portrait Photography- usually capture the
face of a person
Educational Photography- usually see in
visuals aids, slides and motion pictures.
Scientific Photography- used to make
observations of the heavens by the
astronomers.
Aerial Photography- used in military
reconnaissance, mapping etc.
5 ESSENTIAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Light- is an electromagnetic energy that
travels in a form of wave of with speed of
186,000 miles per second.
Camera- a light tight box designed to block
unwanted or unnecessary light.
Lens- is the light gathering mechanism of
the camera
Sensitized material- composed of a highly
sensitized chemical compound.
Chemical process- is the process
necessary for reducing silver halides into
form so as a latent image and a positive
image be made.
2 Types of Light
Visible Lights- a type of light that produces
different sensation when reach the human
eye, its capable or exciting retina.
Invisible light- which their wavelength are
either too short or too long to excite the
retina of human eye
LIGHT SOURCE
Natural Light- are those light which come
to existence without the intervention of man
Bright Sunlight- object in an open space
cats a deep and uniform shadow.
Hazy sunlight- open space cats a
transparent shadow.
Dull sunlight- open space cats no shadow
due to thick clouds.
Artificial light- otherwise known as “man
made light”