PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
RESEARCH
 √
Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check ( ) on the
space before the number if you think that the sentence is a
description of research. Put a cross (X) if you think that it is
not. Write your answers on your notebook.
_____1. Research must be hurriedly conducted.
_____2. There should be enough data before conducting
research.
_____3. The researcher must have a final say in his or her
findings.
_____4. The cause why students fail in quizzes are worth
researching.
_____5. Any concern or issue confronted by the students
is researchable.
What is Research?
Over the years, many experts have given their own
definition of the word “research.” Different
perspectives on the subject have been adopted that
resulted in the following definitions:
1. Research follows a step-by-step process of
investigation that uses standardized approach to
answer questions or solving problems
-(Polit & Beck, 2004).
What is Research?
2. Research plays an important role in tertiary
education. Though there are many problems
confronted by higher education, developments are
realized through research. After all its main purpose is
to answer a question or to solve an issue (Palispis,
2004).
What is Research?
3. Research is a continuous undertaking of making
known the unknown (Sachez, 2002). It entails an
investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of
new ideas, methods, or improvements. It is an attempt
to widen one’s outlook in life. It always proceeds from
the known to the unknown. Thus, the end of research
is to arrive at a new truth.
What is Research?
4. Research is an investigation following ordered steps
leading to a discovery of new information or concepts
(Sanchez, 1999).
5. Research is a very careful investigation of
something that purports the contribution of additional
or new knowledge and wisdom (Basseyy, as cited by
Coleman & Briggs, 2002).
What is Research?
6. Research is a tested approach of thinking and
employing validated instruments and steps in order to
obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is
otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means
(Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
Importance of
Research
1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice
or methodology in any field or discipline.
2. Research is undertaken for the continuous
development and further productivity in any field.
3. Research helps develop tools for assessing
effectiveness of any practice and operation such as
psychological tests, intelligence quotient tests,
psychological assessments, among others.
Importance of
Research
4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning at
most all issues encountered in the different areas of work.
5. Research impacts decision-making.
6. Research develops and evaluates alternative
approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline.
7. Research aims to advance the personal and
professional qualifications of a practitioner.
Lifestyle Lounge also lists down seven importance of research. It
says that “contrary to popular belief research need not only
pertain to science.” Research is important in all spheres of life.
(“Importance of Research,“ 2017) Research is important:
1. to gather necessary information
2. to make changes
3. to improve standard of living
4. to have a safer life
5. to know the truth
6. to explore our history
7. to understand the arts
Characteristics
of a Research
1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical- Research is based on valid procedures and
principles.
3. Cyclical- Research is a cyclical process because it
starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical- Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical- Research exhibits careful and precise
judgment.
6. Methodical- Research is conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using systematic method and
procedures.
7. Replicability- The research design and procedures
are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Characteristics
of a Researcher
1. Intellectual Curiosity- A researcher undertakes a
deep thinking and inquiry of the things and situations
around him.
2. Prudence- The researcher is careful to conduct his
research study at the right time and at the right place
wisely, efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism- The researcher is always
doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.
4. Intellectual Honesty- An intelligent researcher is
honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to
arrive at honest results.
5. Intellectual Creativity- A productive and
resourceful investigator always creates new
researches.
Research
Process
Step One: Define the Research Problem
The first step in research process is to develop a
research question. This can be a problem that
needs to be solved or some piece of information
that is missing about a particular topic. Answering
this question will be the focus of the research
study.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017)
Step Two: Review the Literature
The researchers must now learn more about the topic
they are investigating. This not only provides important
background information about the issue they are
researching., but it also tells them what other studies
have already been conducted, how they were designed,
and what those studies found. In research, you often
do not want to repeat old studies, but rather add
something new to the field.
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended
to be investigated. It should be specified before
research is conducted and openly stated in reporting
the results.
Step Four: Design Research
The research design refers to the overall strategy that
you choose to integrate the different components of
the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby,
ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data.
Step Five: Collect Data
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the
information needed to answer the research question.
Every study includes the collection of some type of
data-whether it is from the literature or from subjects –
to answer the research question. Depending on the
plan of the research, data can be collected in the form
of words on a survey , with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the literature.
Step Six: Analyze Data
Analysis of data plays an important role in the
achievement of research aim and objectives.
(Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have been collected ,
these must be analyzed in order to answer the original
research question.
Step Seven: Interpret and Report
In this final part, you will have to justify why you think
that research aims and objectives have been achieved.
(Dudovskiy, 2016) Profread the paper you have created
and report the results. There are different ways to
share the results of your research, among them is by
publication either in print or on the internet.
Activity 1:
(Identify Me)
Identify what step in Research Processes is
illustrated by the given scenario.

Scenario 1: Jessie distributed questionnaires to

Grade 7 students who have been bullied and at risk
of dropping out.
TRY TO IDENTIFY THESE SCENARIOS:

Scenario 2: Bella shared her research findings to

the Supreme Student Council so that they can help
to address the problem.
TRY TO IDENTIFY THESE SCENARIOS:

Scenario 3: Don was a victim of body shaming so

he personally chose body shaming as his research
topic.
TRY TO IDENTIFY THESE SCENARIOS:

Scenario 4: Kristine visited the municipal library to

look for previous studies about the research she’s
working on.
Ethics of
Research
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about
what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or
bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s
1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice.
Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify,
or misrepresent data.
Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,
data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research.
Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully
and critically examine your own work and the work of your
peers. Keep good records of research activities.
Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be
open to criticism and new ideas. Respect for Intellectual
Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such
as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel
records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance
research and scholarship, not to advance just your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors
that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education and
learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
Research
Misconduct
(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or
changing or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the research
record.
(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's
ideas, processes, results, or words without giving
appropriate credit.
Activity 2:
Answer in the following questions below. (5 points
each)
1. In your own opinion, why do you think
researchers should avoid falsification of data,
fabrication and plagiarizing a research paper?
2. As a future researcher, what will you do to
avoid such research misconducts?
Qualitative
vs.
Quantitative
Research
What is quantitative research?
Quantitative research is “explaining phenomenon by
collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).”
This design is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be
transformed into usable statistics.
What is qualitative research?
This design seeks to answer questions about why and
how people behave in the way that they do.
Qualitative research is an inductive, subjective process of
inquiry done in a natural setting in order to build a
complex, holistic picture, described in words, including the
detailed views of the informants are reported in informal,
personal language. (Tabinas, 2014)
Activity 3:
QUALITATIVE vs. QUANTITATIVE