TECHNOLOGIES/ INNOVATIONS IN RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Nitesh Mourye Deparment of Electronics Thakur college of engineeting and technology University of Mumbai India Abstract—In India majority of the popalation still ives in villages. A lot of work needs tobe done in making the villages clean. There are different aspects of « clean water supply, sanitation, indoor air quality, sol ‘management, renewable energy, ete. all thest aspects have different alternatives withthe associated merits and demerits. Im some aspects such as water supply, considerable work Is done whereas in some areas lke sanitation lot of work is required to be done, At the endpaper recommendations forthe festive making of water supply and sanitation, Keywords —Water supply, Water Quality, Water storage 1. INTRODUCTION Water is an essential component to ensure equitable, sustainable, and productive rural economies. Its required for guaranteeing food security, health, and personal hygiene, as ‘well as for agricultural production and energy supply, among. others. Sustainable water management, sufficient water infrastructure, and access to a sale, reliable, and affordable supply of water and adequate sanitation scrviees are key to improving rural livelihoods, expanding. local economies, creating decent jobs in rural areas and across economic sectors, and maintaining a healthy and productive workforce. A Tiailure to address issues related to water runs the risk of | having negative repercussions on rural economies, livelihoods, and decent work. Rural livelihoods are often dependent on adequate water supply, and increasing water scarcity and competition for water resources are threatening these livelihoods Tl, MOTIVATION Sanitation is one of the basie determinants of the quality of life and human well-being and also the most essential basic facility for every household and so creates awareness among people and involve communities in improving sanitation facilites in rural areas. UL, PROBLEM DEFINITION In rural areas, some villages may be so situated as to obtain their water supplies entcely by gravity from springs or inflation galleries originating in nearby bills. Other villages and individual farms may depend om pumps to raise ‘water from wells, lakes, oF reservoirs, or to boost water into distribution pipes. The choice of the right pump for any particular situation is of the utmost importance. Experience hows thal pumping problems are most often responsible for the breakdown or poor operation of small. water-supply NOX IXKX ARK AOSHN D C20 TELE Abhimanyu Yaday Department of Electronics Nets Salvi Department of Electronic Thakur college of enginecring and technology ‘Thakur college of engineering and technology University of Mumbai India Universiy of Mumbai India systems, Tt is, therefore, appropriate to include in this ‘monograph a brief discussion of various types of pumps, their principles of operation, and their efficiency and ‘maintenance. It is important to remember that each pump hhas been developed by its manufacturer for a specific purpose, and has a definite range of applications. It is the responsibility of the water-supply designer to choose the ‘pump that will do the best job a the least cos IV, PROPOSED METHODOLOGY ‘This project is based on the supply of water in rural ae: and how can we improve the quality of water and store the water, We aim to innovate the new technologies that can supply water and help to improve the quality of water and store it As this project is aimed at rural area, it needs to be implemented immediately and in large numbers. This project can implement by engineers & with the help of ‘workers. Students can collaborate with governments or sarlups companies to implement this project. The main ‘motive is that should supply water to every rural area in India and persons. should benefit from it, By using technologies itis possible to store and improve the quality ‘of water in rural areas, LV. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ‘Traditionally, the people in rural areas have obtained water from unprotected ponds or tanks, wells, cistems, and sometimes streams and rivers, These water sources are frequented daily for collecting drinking and cooking water, washing clothes, bathing, livestock washing, ete, Mostly, these waters are unsafe for consumption duet contamination by fecal matters as well as by their heavy use Consequently, the populations suffer from frequent epidemics. To supply potable water to all such communities by an ideal comprehensive water supply system that supplies water with quality matching international standards is not feasible, Water quality standards which have less bearing on health (such as hardness of wate, or the presence of iron and manganese or chlorides normally included in any drinking water of quality standards) can be relaxed tunless this causes technical problems, and so long as the rural population finds the water acceptable. This will help to minimize financial constraints in providing safe drinking water. Considering the present situation of rural communities, where water from polluted sources is carried fover long distances and used directly, any simple {improvement in service and water quality could be expected to have a large beneficial impact on health. That is to say ‘that what is needed is an effective short-term alternative tothe ideal situation, Such an alternative to achieve an overall low-cost water supply scheme consists of an appropriate water source; ‘an appropriate water extraction method from the source + Tow-cost water treatment systems, wherever required ‘san appropriate water distribution system VI. FUNCTION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION A. WEBSITE AND BLOG We create website and blog how water supply and sanitation in rural areas for awareness ofthe idea B. METHOD OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION + Rainwater based Rural Water Supply Systems RAINWATER HARVESTING Rainwater can be considered as a source of water supply in regions where the pattern of sainfall permits its harvesting, Rainwater harvesting is possible in counties where rainfall is heavy, with Jong intervals with no rainfall. It can be a suitable source in arid and semi-arid areas where people live in scattered settlements and no other sources ace available. Rainwater harvesting may serve well for houschold as well as community-level supplies. 1 can also be used in conjunction with supplies from other sources when their supplies are Unpredictable. Rainwater harvesting atthe houschold level is done by storage of rainwater rough roof catchments and at the community level by storage through ground catchments Ground Catchment and Storage By appropriately preparing a piece of surface on the ground, it ean be used as a catchment for harvesting rainwater for small communities. Part of the rainfall will serve to wet the ground or get lost due to eveporation or infiltration, A. considerable reduction in such losses can be attained by making the catchment surface smooth and impervious using clay, tiles, asphalt, or plastic sheets. Ground catchment involves land alterations for contouring, clearance of rocks and vegetation, simple soil compaction, preparation of surface (tiling, ete.) © reduce infiltration, construction of ditches slong contours, and construction of storage tanks Storage facilities for ground catchment rainwater, harvesting system can be either aboveground or below-ground. Whichever type of storage is, it should be protected from contamination by providing an adequate enclosure that prevents entcy ‘of pollutants. Dark storage conditions using a tight cover are required to prevent algal growth and mosquito breeding. There is a wide choice of materials for the construction of storage tanks. Small storage containers can be built up of cla wood, or water-proofed bamboo frameworks While large storage tanks ean be constructed using sone or brick masonry works, Ferro-cement or reinforced cement concrete works better, Ground catchments for communily water supply need proper management and maintenance. It may be necessary to provide fencing or hedging to protect against damage and contamination, Trees and shrubs ean be planted around the catchment to limitthe entry of wind-blown materials and dust into the ‘catchment area, * Groundwater-based Water Supply Systems ©, SANITATION METHOD OF WATER SUPPLY © Onlarge Seale 1. Slow Sand Filter: Slow sand filters are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce 2 potable produet. They are typically 1 t0 2 meters deep, can be rectangular or cylindrical in eross-section, and are used primarily o treat surface ‘water. The length and breadth of the tanks are determined by the flow rate desired by the filters, which typically have a loading tate of 200 to 400 liters per hour per square meter (oF 0.2 to 0.4 cubic meters per square ‘meter per hou). Slow sand filters differ from all other filters used to teat drinking water in that they ‘work by using a complex biological film ‘that grows naturally on the surface of the sand. The sand itself does not perform any filyation function but simply acts as @ substrate, unlike its counterparts for UV and pressurized treatments, Although they are often preferred technology in many developing countries because of their low energy requirements and robust performance, they are also used to teat water in some developed countries, such as the UK, where they are used to treat the water supplied to London. Slow sand filters now are also being tested for pathogen cyontrel of nutrient solutions in hydroponic systems, 2. Rapid Saad Filter ppt ‘The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water Purification and is commonly used in ‘municipal drinking water facilities as part of ‘2 multiple-stage treatment system. ‘+ On small Scale 1. Household purification ‘VIL SOFTWARE USE FOR WATER SUPPLY EPANET is apublic domain, water distribution system modeling software package developed by the United Slates Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Water Supply and Water Resources Division, It performs an cextended-period simulation of hydraulic and water quality ‘behavior within pressurized pipe networks and is designed to be "a research tool that improves our understanding of the movement and fate of drinking water constituents within distribution systems EPANET is available both as a standalone program and as an open-source toolkit (Application Programming Interface in C). Its computational engine is used by manysoftware proprietary packages, often GlS-centi. companies that developed more powerful, ‘The EPANET “inp” input file format, which represents network topology, ‘water consumption, and control rules, is supported by many free and commercial modeling packages. Therefore, itis arguably considered the industry standard, A. FEATURE EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network input data, running hyeratlic ‘and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. EPANET provides @ fully equipped and extended period of hydraulic ‘analysis that can handle systems of any size. The ppackage also supports the simulation of spatially ‘and temporally varying water demand, constant or variable speed pumps, and the minor head losses for bends and fitings. The modeling provides information such as flows in pipes, pressures at junctions, propagation of a contaminant, chlorine concentration, water age, and even alternative scenario analysis. This helps to compute pumping energy and cost and then model various types ‘of valves, including shutoff, check pressure ‘regulating and flow contol EPANET's water quality modeling functionality allows users to analyze the movement of a reactive ‘or non-reactive tracer material which spreads ‘rough the network over time. It tracks the reactive material as it spreads, measuring the ‘percentage of flow from the given nodes. The package employs the global reaction rate coefficient which ean be modified on a pipe- by-pipe basis. The storage tanks ean be modeled as ‘complete mix, pug Ml, or two-compartment reactors ‘The visual network editor of EPANET simplifies the process of building piping network models and ‘editing ther properties. These various types of data reporting visualization tools are used to assist to analyze the networks, which include the graphics AckNOW:EDGMENT As the availability of groundwater is highly inconsistent and exhibits substantial variations actos the country, ‘management of groundwater resources in the Indian context isan extremely crucial proposition ounur In rural ateas, some villages may be so situated as to obtain their water supplies entirely by gravity from springs or Other inflation galleries originating in nearby bills. villages and individual farms may depend on pumps to raise ‘water from wells lakes, or reservoirs, or to Boost water into distribution pipes We make simulations using Epanet a basie water supply system CONCLUSION In this paper, we give the method of water supply and sanitation in rural areas and show the simulation of water supply in Rural areas a a Rerexences ‘Adgressing Sanitation and Health challenges i rural India through socio-technologieal nlrventions A Case Study in Odishe Water quality. monitoring for rural arcas- a Sensor Coud.based eeanomieal project,